Academic literature on the topic 'Localisation inverse'

Abstract The relationship between wavefunction (de)localisation and avoided crossing in a quadrupole billiard is analysed. The following three-types of measures are employed for wavefunction (de)localisation: inverse participation ratio, inverse of Rényi entropy, and root-mean-square (RMS) image contrast. All these measures exhibit minimal values at the centre of the avoided crossing, where the wavefunction is maximally delocalised. Our results indicate that these quantities can be sufficient for the indication of wavefunction (de)localisation.

RÉSUMÉL’objectif de l’étude est d’établir les conditions sémantiques, discursives et pragmatiques qui favorisent ou, au contraire, empêchent l’interprétation dite « inverse » de la subordonnée temporelle postposée introduite parquandoulorsque. Les phrases à subordonnée temporelle postposée qui permettent une interprétation « inverse » sont soumises au traitement à l’aide du concept de point de vue. Ce traitement vise à mettre en évidence le rapport entre la localisation spatio-temporelle du sujet de conscience (porteur du point de vue) et la possibilité de l’interprétation « inverse » de la subordonnée, ainsi qu’à éclaircir les causes sémantiques, discursives et pragmatiques des deux effets de sens les plus saillants de l’interprétation « inverse » : l’effet de surprise (l’événement décrit dans la subordonnée est ressenti comme inattendu) et l’effet d’interruption (l’événement décrit dans la subordonnée semble interrompre l’action décrite dans la principale).

Abstract This paper is focused on the problem of the pollutant source localisation in streams in other words the solution of the inverse problem of pollution spreading with in an extensive open channel network structure, i.e. in a complex system of rivers, channels and creeks in natural catchments or sewer systems in urban catchments. The design of the overall localisation procedure is based on the requirement that the entire localization system be operative and fast enough to enable quick operative interventions and help prevent the spread of pollution. The proposed model, as well as, the overall localisation procedure was calibrated and tested on a real sewer system, which represents in this case an extensive open channel network structure with free surface flow. The test results are successful and confirmed applicability of proposed localization tool in simple real conditions. However, the localisation procedure has pros and cons, which are discussed in the paper.

Near infrared (NIR) calibration and prediction represents a strategy for solving the inverse problem of determining the input sample property from its output NIR spectrum. The spectrum is an indirect measurement of the property that has been smoothed, leading to a loss of information. As a result, small changes in the spectra can, on occasions, correspond to large changes in the property. However, the well-established mathematical theory of regularisation has been developed for the solution of indirect measurement and inverse problems. Regularisation seeks an approximation to the input that simultaneously forces the model output to agree closely with the observed output and guarantees that appropriate constraints about the behaviour of the input are satisfied. In partial least squares regression, this is achieved through the simultaneous fitting of a model to the measured spectra and another to the property data, with the models coupled through the same set of regression factors. It is this idea that must be carried over to localisation in order to transform it into a stabilised algorithm. In other words, localisation should be carried out with respect to both the spectrum and the property. This paper presents a theoretical basis for this concept together with the results of simulation experiments that compares the effects of localisation with respect to both the spectra and the property with spectrum only and property only localisation.

This paper proposes a leakage detection method based on detecting significant discrepancies between pressure measurements and their estimations obtained from the simulation of a calibrated water distribution network model. Every sensor in the network will allow to detect a discrepancy in pressure due to leakage depending on its location. Then, a set of well distributed pressure sensors will generate a leakage signature that allows leakage localisation. This paper presents the methodology used in the Barcelona network for distributing properly the sensors for a good discrimination in the leakage localisation process. The methodology for sensor placement uses the pressure sensitivity matrix to the leakage presence. This matrix is normalised and binarised in order to be used as a leakage signature matrix using the standard model based fault diagnosis approach. Sensors may be installed in any node and leakages are simulated as a constant demand that can appear in any node too. The problem of deciding which are the best localisations for a small number of sensors in order to detect and localise leakages is an inverse problem that should be solved using optimisation. The resulting optimisation problem is of discrete nature and very huge for a real network. This type of problem is, in general, hard to solve and very time consuming. The use of GA (Genetic Algorithms) has been proved adequate according to the formulation of the signatures in the sensitivity matrix.

L’électro-localisation est le nom donné aux capacités sensorielles de certains poissons électriques, vivant en eaux troubles, capables de détecter les perturbations électrostatiques dues à la présence d’objets dans leurs voisinages. Cette aptitude à interpréter un signal électrique pour se repérer dans l’espace ouvre l’importance perspectives, notamment dans le domaine de la robotique brio-inspiré. Mathématiquement, l’électrolocalisation est proche de la tomographie d’impédance électrique : il s’agit donc d’un problème inverse non linéaire, notoirement mal posé. Nous proposons dans cette thèse d’étudier des méthodes de reconstruction qui permettraient d’obtenir de manière robuste certaines caractéristiques de la forme des obstacles, plutôt que l’ensemble des détails de leurs géométries. Il s’agit donc d’étudier la stabilité de la partie observable des obstacles par rapport à des erreurs dans les mesures<br>Electrolocation is the name given to the sensor ability for certain electric fish robots, which are able to detect electrostatic perturbations caused to the presence of some objects in their neighborhood. This ability to interpret an electrical signal to locate itself in space opens important perspectives, including in the field of biologically inspired robotics. Mathematically, electrolocation is linked to the electric impedance tomography: so it’s about a non-linear inverse problem, particularly ill-posed problem. We will, in this Phd, study some methods of reconstruction, which could be obtain robustly some characteristic of the obstacle’s shape, rather all of their geometry details. So, it’s about to study the stability between the observable part of the obstacles and the errors of measurements

La gestion et la dépollution de sites contaminés peuvent être complexe et demandent un investissement important pour localiser les sources de contaminations, zones émettant les flux de polluants les plus importants. Les travaux réalisés proposent une stratégie pour localiser les sources de pollution à partir de mesures in situ de flux massiques et de modélisation inverse. Ainsi, dans le cadre de l’étude, un outil innovant a d’abord été développé afin de mesurer la vitesse des eaux souterraines dans un puits. L’outil appelé DVT (Direct Velocity Tool) a permis de répondre aux contraintes imposées par les outils existants et de mesurer des vitesses d’écoulement très lentes. Des essais en laboratoire et des tests en site réels ont été réalisés et comparés à d’autres outils de mesure. Le DVT permet aussi indirectement de définir la portion de source conduisant au flux de polluant maximum, en le combinant avec une mesure locale de concentration. L’étude présente ensuite l’utilisation de la modélisation inverse pour localiser une source de contaminant et d’estimer les paramètres définissant les caractéristiques du domaine. Pour cela, l'étude s'est faite sur deux cas synthétiques. Pour adapter les méthodes à une véritable gestion de sites pollués, une stratégie itérative est développée en imposant un ajout limité de nouvelles observations à chaque phase de modélisation, basée sur l’approche de type Data Worth. Les résultats de la position de la source sur les deux cas synthétiques ont permis d’évaluer la méthode mise en place et de juger son applicabilité à une problématique réelle. Cette stratégie de localisation de source est par la suite testée sur un site réel à partir (i) de mesures in situ de flux massiques avec les vitesses au DVT et les concentrations et (ii) la modélisation. Les essais ont permis de cibler les forages à mettre en place sur site aidant à localiser la source. Néanmoins, en analysant plus précisément les résultats, le champ de conductivité hydraulique estimé par l'optimisation ne correspond pas à la réalité. De plus, les flux massiques de contaminants ainsi que le ratio des polluants du site, mettent en valeur deux panaches distincts. Une phase finale de modélisation a donc été lancée afin d'estimer (i) la présence potentielle de deux sources et (ii) la chimie de la zone étudiée. Les résultats de la stratégie sont comparés aux mesures geoprobe qui a pu confirmer la présence d’une des deux sources identifiées<br>Contaminated sites management and remediation can be complex and require a significant investment to locate the contaminant source, which delivers the higher pollutant mass fluxes. The study proposes a strategy for contaminant source localisation using in situ measurement and inverse modelling. First, an innovative tool was developed to measure groundwater velocity in a well. The developed tool called DVT (Direct Velocity Tool) made it possible to measure a low Darcy flux. Laboratory and field tests were performed with the DVT and compared to other velocity measurement tools. By combining the DVT with a local concentration measurement, it is possible to calculate the mass fluxes passing through wells. Then the thesis present the inverse modeling used for source localisation and parameters estimation. The study was done on two synthetics cases using the non-linear optimisation method. To adapt the method to a real management of polluted sites, an iterative strategy is developed by imposing a limited addition of new observations to each modeling phase. This strategy is base on the Data Worth approach. Source localisation results on the two synthetic cases made it possible to judge the method applicability to a real site problem. The source localisation strategy is then applied to a real site with (i) mass flux measurement with velocities (DVT) and concentrations and (ii) inverse modeling. The modeling phases made it possible to locate the new wells and helped the source localisation. Nevertheless, by analysing the results more precisely, the hydraulic conductivity field estimated by the optimisation did not correspond to reality. In addition, contaminant mass fluxes highlightes two distinct zones of flux. By analysing the pollutant ratio of the site, it appears that two plumes are potentially present. Thus, another inverse modeling phase has been tested (i) to locate the two potential sources and (ii) to estimate the chemistry of the site. Results of the strategy were compared to the geoprobe campaign which confirmed the second source location

Localisation, which is a mechanism for discovering the spatial relationship between objects, is an area that has received considerable research and development in recent times. A common name given to localisation operations based on the absolute reference frame of Earth is Geolocation. One important example of geolocation research is E-911, where wireless carriers in the United States must provide the location of 911 callers. The operation of E-911 can be based on either a network configuration, or the Global Positioning System (GPS). With the importance of localisation being acknowledged, a review concerning the vulnerability of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is provided as background and motivation for this research. With the current vulnerability of GNSS, this dissertation presents the results of a research program undertaken with the objective of developing an electromagnetic localisation technique that can determine the relative position of GPS Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) sources. Intended for operation in a hostile environment, blind and passive localisation methodologies must be incorporated into the developed model. In performing localisation research, a background of current techniques is provided in addition to a review of current electromagnetic propagation models. From the review of propagation models, the Parabolic Equation Model (PEM) was chosen for investigation concerning localisation. The selection of PEM is due to model properties that are required for blind/passive localisation. The localisation system developed in this research program is based on the integration of inverse diffraction propagation (IDP) within the parabolic equation model. The title chosen for the localisation method is Inverse Diffraction Parabolic Equation Localisation System (IDPELS). This thesis presents the simulation and field trial results of IDPELS. Under simulation, the terrain or obstacle profiles were not based on any geodetic datum. Any estimate provided by IDPELS under simulation is therefore a "Localisation" solution. In the field trials however, IDPELS operation is referred to as "Geolocation" as geodetic datum's where used to determine the receiver's position. Under simulation analysis, IDPELS operation was considered to provide good promise as it could simultaneously perform localisation on multiple transmission sources. In each investigated simulation scenario, a display of signals amplitude (dB units) is displayed over the entire region. By determining the field convergence regions, a localisation estimate of IDPELS is provided. By defining the convergence regions as areas having the greatest signal amplitude values (i.e. ≥ 99%), elliptical areas as low as 3.2m² were considered to indicate an excellent localisation capability. With the theoretical validity of IDPELS operation in electromagnetics having been established under simulation, further investigation into the practical feasibility of the IDPELS was performed. The field trials positioned a continuous-wave (CW) transmission source at a known location. By measuring signal phasors along a straight section of road, the geodetic spatial-phase profile was used as the input signal for IDPELS. Road sections used were cross-wise to the transmitter's boresight. Many data sets were recorded, each being made over a sixty second time period. Different regions and ranges where used to continuously measure the spatial-phase profile of the signal with fixed antennas in a moving vehicle. Such a measurement process introduced an analogy with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processes. In quantitating the accuracy of the IDPELS geolocation estimate in field trials, the linear error of range and cross-range components was analysed. A free-space PEM model was chosen for development of IDPELS and hence, data sets demonstrating properties of a free-space environment were able to be considered suitable for testing of the geolocation method. Data sets demonstrating free-space propagation characteristics were measured at the base of the Mt Lofty ranges in South Australia, where the range and cross-range error are respectively 3.14m, and 0.15m. Such low error values clearly demonstrate the practical feasibility of IDPELS geolocation. With the practical feasibility of IDPELS having been established in this research program, a novel contribution to electromagnetic geolocation methodologies is provided. An important characteristic of any geolocation technique concerns its robustness to operate in a wide variety of possible environments. With continued development of IDPELS, the robustness of this passive/blind geolocation technique can be enhanced. Further assistance with geolocation of multiple transmission sources is also indicated to be available by IDPELS, as shown in the simulation analysis.

Localisation, which is a mechanism for discovering the spatial relationship between objects, is an area that has received considerable research and development in recent times. A common name given to localisation operations based on the absolute reference frame of Earth is Geolocation. One important example of geolocation research is E-911, where wireless carriers in the United States must provide the location of 911 callers. The operation of E-911 can be based on either a network configuration, or the Global Positioning System (GPS). With the importance of localisation being acknowledged, a review concerning the vulnerability of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is provided as background and motivation for this research. With the current vulnerability of GNSS, this dissertation presents the results of a research program undertaken with the objective of developing an electromagnetic localisation technique that can determine the relative position of GPS Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) sources. Intended for operation in a hostile environment, blind and passive localisation methodologies must be incorporated into the developed model. In performing localisation research, a background of current techniques is provided in addition to a review of current electromagnetic propagation models. From the review of propagation models, the Parabolic Equation Model (PEM) was chosen for investigation concerning localisation. The selection of PEM is due to model properties that are required for blind/passive localisation. The localisation system developed in this research program is based on the integration of inverse diffraction propagation (IDP) within the parabolic equation model. The title chosen for the localisation method is Inverse Diffraction Parabolic Equation Localisation System (IDPELS). This thesis presents the simulation and field trial results of IDPELS. Under simulation, the terrain or obstacle profiles were not based on any geodetic datum. Any estimate provided by IDPELS under simulation is therefore a "Localisation" solution. In the field trials however, IDPELS operation is referred to as "Geolocation" as geodetic datum's where used to determine the receiver's position. Under simulation analysis, IDPELS operation was considered to provide good promise as it could simultaneously perform localisation on multiple transmission sources. In each investigated simulation scenario, a display of signals amplitude (dB units) is displayed over the entire region. By determining the field convergence regions, a localisation estimate of IDPELS is provided. By defining the convergence regions as areas having the greatest signal amplitude values (i.e. ≥ 99%), elliptical areas as low as 3.2m² were considered to indicate an excellent localisation capability. With the theoretical validity of IDPELS operation in electromagnetics having been established under simulation, further investigation into the practical feasibility of the IDPELS was performed. The field trials positioned a continuous-wave (CW) transmission source at a known location. By measuring signal phasors along a straight section of road, the geodetic spatial-phase profile was used as the input signal for IDPELS. Road sections used were cross-wise to the transmitter's boresight. Many data sets were recorded, each being made over a sixty second time period. Different regions and ranges where used to continuously measure the spatial-phase profile of the signal with fixed antennas in a moving vehicle. Such a measurement process introduced an analogy with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processes. In quantitating the accuracy of the IDPELS geolocation estimate in field trials, the linear error of range and cross-range components was analysed. A free-space PEM model was chosen for development of IDPELS and hence, data sets demonstrating properties of a free-space environment were able to be considered suitable for testing of the geolocation method. Data sets demonstrating free-space propagation characteristics were measured at the base of the Mt Lofty ranges in South Australia, where the range and cross-range error are respectively 3.14m, and 0.15m. Such low error values clearly demonstrate the practical feasibility of IDPELS geolocation. With the practical feasibility of IDPELS having been established in this research program, a novel contribution to electromagnetic geolocation methodologies is provided. An important characteristic of any geolocation technique concerns its robustness to operate in a wide variety of possible environments. With continued development of IDPELS, the robustness of this passive/blind geolocation technique can be enhanced. Further assistance with geolocation of multiple transmission sources is also indicated to be available by IDPELS, as shown in the simulation analysis.

Les techniques M/EEG permettent de déterminer les changements de l'activité du cerveau, utiles au diagnostic de pathologies cérébrales, telle que l'épilepsie. Ces techniques consistent à mesurer les potentiels électriques sur le scalp et le champ magnétique autour de la tête. Ces mesures sont reliées à l'activité électrique du cerveau par un modèle linéaire dépendant d'une matrice de mélange liée à un modèle physique. La localisation des sources, ou dipôles, des mesures M/EEG consiste à inverser le modèle physique. Cependant, la non-unicité de la solution (due à la loi fondamentale de physique) et le faible nombre de dipôles rendent le problème inverse mal-posé. Sa résolution requiert une forme de régularisation pour restreindre l'espace de recherche. La littérature compte un nombre important de travaux traitant de ce problème, notamment avec des approches variationnelles. Cette thèse développe des méthodes Bayésiennes pour résoudre des problèmes inverses, avec application au traitement des signaux M/EEG. L'idée principale sous-jacente à ce travail est de contraindre les sources à être parcimonieuses. Cette hypothèse est valide dans plusieurs applications, en particulier pour certaines formes d'épilepsie. Nous développons différents modèles Bayésiens hiérarchiques pour considérer la parcimonie des sources. En théorie, contraindre la parcimonie des sources équivaut à minimiser une fonction de coût pénalisée par la norme l0 de leurs positions. Cependant, la régularisation l0 générant des problèmes NP-complets, l'approximation de cette pseudo-norme par la norme l1 est souvent adoptée. Notre première contribution consiste à combiner les deux normes dans un cadre Bayésien, à l'aide d'une loi a priori Bernoulli-Laplace. Un algorithme Monte Carlo par chaîne de Markov est utilisé pour estimer conjointement les paramètres du modèle et les positions et intensités des sources. La comparaison des résultats, selon plusieurs scenarii, avec ceux obtenus par sLoreta et la régularisation par la norme l1 montre des performances intéressantes, mais au détriment d'un coût de calcul relativement élevé. Notre modèle Bernoulli Laplace résout le problème de localisation des sources pour un instant donné. Cependant, il est admis que l'activité cérébrale a une certaine structure spatio-temporelle. L'exploitation de la dimension temporelle est par conséquent intéressante pour contraindre d'avantage le problème. Notre seconde contribution consiste à formuler un modèle de parcimonie structurée pour exploiter ce phénomène biophysique. Précisément, une distribution Bernoulli-Laplacienne multivariée est proposée comme loi a priori pour les dipôles. Une variable latente est introduite pour traiter la loi a posteriori complexe résultante et un algorithme d'échantillonnage original de type Metropolis Hastings est développé. Les résultats montrent que la technique d'échantillonnage proposée améliore significativement la convergence de la méthode MCMC. Une analyse comparative des résultats a été réalisée entre la méthode proposée, une régularisation par la norme mixte l21, et l'algorithme MSP (Multiple Sparse Priors). De nombreuses expérimentations ont été faites avec des données synthétiques et des données réelles. Les résultats montrent que notre méthode a plusieurs avantages, notamment une meilleure localisation des dipôles. Nos deux précédents algorithmes considèrent que le modèle physique est entièrement connu. Cependant, cela est rarement le cas dans les applications pratiques. Au contraire, la matrice du modèle physique est le résultat de méthodes d'approximation qui conduisent à des incertitudes significatives<br>M/EEG mechanisms allow determining changes in the brain activity, which is useful in diagnosing brain disorders such as epilepsy. They consist of measuring the electric potential at the scalp and the magnetic field around the head. The measurements are related to the underlying brain activity by a linear model that depends on the lead-field matrix. Localizing the sources, or dipoles, of M/EEG measurements consists of inverting this linear model. However, the non-uniqueness of the solution (due to the fundamental law of physics) and the low number of dipoles make the inverse problem ill-posed. Solving such problem requires some sort of regularization to reduce the search space. The literature abounds of methods and techniques to solve this problem, especially with variational approaches. This thesis develops Bayesian methods to solve ill-posed inverse problems, with application to M/EEG. The main idea underlying this work is to constrain sources to be sparse. This hypothesis is valid in many applications such as certain types of epilepsy. We develop different hierarchical models to account for the sparsity of the sources. Theoretically, enforcing sparsity is equivalent to minimizing a cost function penalized by an l0 pseudo norm of the solution. However, since the l0 regularization leads to NP-hard problems, the l1 approximation is usually preferred. Our first contribution consists of combining the two norms in a Bayesian framework, using a Bernoulli-Laplace prior. A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is used to estimate the parameters of the model jointly with the source location and intensity. Comparing the results, in several scenarios, with those obtained with sLoreta and the weighted l1 norm regularization shows interesting performance, at the price of a higher computational complexity. Our Bernoulli-Laplace model solves the source localization problem at one instant of time. However, it is biophysically well-known that the brain activity follows spatiotemporal patterns. Exploiting the temporal dimension is therefore interesting to further constrain the problem. Our second contribution consists of formulating a structured sparsity model to exploit this biophysical phenomenon. Precisely, a multivariate Bernoulli-Laplacian distribution is proposed as an a priori distribution for the dipole locations. A latent variable is introduced to handle the resulting complex posterior and an original Metropolis-Hastings sampling algorithm is developed. The results show that the proposed sampling technique improves significantly the convergence. A comparative analysis of the results is performed between the proposed model, an l21 mixed norm regularization and the Multiple Sparse Priors (MSP) algorithm. Various experiments are conducted with synthetic and real data. Results show that our model has several advantages including a better recovery of the dipole locations. The previous two algorithms consider a fully known leadfield matrix. However, this is seldom the case in practical applications. Instead, this matrix is the result of approximation methods that lead to significant uncertainties. Our third contribution consists of handling the uncertainty of the lead-field matrix. The proposed method consists in expressing this matrix as a function of the skull conductivity using a polynomial matrix interpolation technique. The conductivity is considered as the main source of uncertainty of the lead-field matrix. Our multivariate Bernoulli-Laplacian model is then extended to estimate the skull conductivity jointly with the brain activity. The resulting model is compared to other methods including the techniques of Vallaghé et al and Guttierez et al. Our method provides results of better quality without requiring knowledge of the active dipole positions and is not limited to a single dipole activation

Pour l’auscultation d’ouvrages, les capteurs à fibre optique sont généralement utilisés puisqu’ils présentent l’avantage de fournir des mesures réparties. Plus particulièrement, le capteur basé sur la technologie Brillouin permet d’acquérir un profil de fréquence Brillouin, sensible à la température et la déformation dans une fibre optique sur une dizaine de kilomètres avec un pas de l’ordre de la dizaine de centimètres. La première problématique est d’obtenir un profil centimétrique sur la même longueur d’auscultation. Nous y répondons en s’appuyant sur des méthodes de séparation de sources, de déconvolution et de résolution de problèmes inverses. Ensuite, nous souhaitons estimer la déformation athermique dans l’ouvrage. Pour cela, plusieurs algorithmes de filtrage adaptatif sont comparés. Finalement, un procédé pour quantifier le déplacement de l’ouvrage à partir des mesures de déformation est proposé. Toutes ces méthodes sont testés sur des données simulées et réelles acquises dans des conditions contrôlées<br>For structural health monitoring, optical fiber sensors are mostly used thanks their capacity to provide distributed measurements. Based on the principle of Brillouin scattering, optical fiber sensors measure Brillouin frequency profile, sensitive to strain and temperature into the optical fiber, with a meter spatial resolution over several kilometers. The first problem is to obtain a centimeter spatial resolution with the same sensing length. To solve it, source separation, deconvolution and resolution of inverse problem methodologies are used. Then, the athermal strain into the structure is searched. Several algorithms based on adaptative filter are tested to correct the thermal effect on strain measurements. Finally, several methods are developed to quantify structure displacements from the athermal strain measurements. They have been tested on simulated and controlled-conditions data

L'objectif de la thèse est de proposer une stratégie robuste permettant l'identification en dynamique transitoire de loi de comportement gouvernant la réponse du matériau jusqu'à la rupture. Il s'agit d'être à même d'identifier les paramètres matériaux supposés gouverner la rupture dans un contexte où les données expérimentales sont fortement incertaines. Faisant suite à un premier travail où la stratégie avait été élaborée dans un cadre élastique, le travail s'est concentré sur l'extension de la méthode d'identification pour les cas non linéaires tout d'abord la viscoplasticité puis les modéles d'endommagement à taux limités.<br />Les difficultés rencontrées dans ces cas résident dans la non-linéarité et le caractère instable du problème de minimisation sous contraintes non linéaires auquel la formulation nous amène. Une extension de la méthode LATIN aux problèmes mal posés a été proposée et développée afin de permettre la résolution itérative de ce type de problèmes d'optimisation. La résolution de ces derniers fait appel à une méthode de traitement robuste issue du contrôle optimal et basée sur l'équation de Riccati.<br />Une fois ces difficultés résolues et dans les cas simples unidimensionnels traités pour le moment, la stratégie d'identification proposée s'avère très robuste face aux perturbations des mesures même dans le cas très sévère de la localisation et de la rupture.

La méthode de Microscopie par Localisation Ultrasonore (ULM) est une nouvelle méthode d'imagerie médicale super-résolue qui permet d'outrepasser le compromis précision/distance de pénétration dans les tissus pour l'imagerie du réseau vasculaire. Ce nouveau type d'images pose de nouveaux enjeux mathématiques, notamment pour la segmentation et l'analyse de ses images, étapes nécessaires pour arriver à des méthodes pour le diagnostic. Notre travail se positionne à l'intersection des méthodes géodésiques et des méthodes de Machine Learning. Dans cette thèse nous apportons trois contributions. Une première de ces contributions est centrée autour des contraintes liées aux images ULM et propose le tracking de l'entièreté de l'arbre vasculaire en passant par la détection des point-clés des vaisseaux sanguins apparaissant sur l'image. La deuxième contribution de cette thèse porte sur l'apprentissage de la définition de métriques Riemanniennes pour traiter des tâches de segmentation sur des données d'IRM cérébraux et d'images du fond de l'œil. La dernière partie de notre travail porte sur un problème inverse pour la reconstruction de trajectoires d'agents de contraste dans des images médicales dans le contexte de la super-résolution sans-grille<br>Ultrasound Localization Microscopy is a new method in super-resolved Medical Imaging that allow us to overcome compromise between precision and penetration distance in the tissues for the imaging of the vascular network. This new type of images raises new mathematical questions, especially for the segmentaton and analysis, necessary steps to achieve medical diagnostic of patients. Our work is positioned at the intersection of geodesic and Machine Learning methods. In this thesis, we make three contributions. The first of these is centered on the constraints linked to ULM images and proposes the tracking of the entire vascular tree through the detection of key points of blood vessels appearing on the image. The second contribution of this thesis deals with learning to define Riemannian metrics to handle segmentation tasks on brain MRI data and eye fundus images. The final part of our work focuses on an inverse problem for reconstructing contrast agent trajectories in medical images in the context of grid-free super-resolution

La construction du modèle de vitesse est crucial en imagerie sismique puisqu'elle contrôle la précision avec laquelle des méthodes d'imagerie haute résolution telles que la migration ou l'inversion des formes d'ondes complètes (FWI) peuvent imager le sous-sol. La stéréotomographie, une méthode de tomographie des pentes qui tire efficacement profit de la densité des données sismiques modernes, a été proposée comme une alternative aux approches classiques de tomographie en réflexion fondées sur le pointé d'horizons continus dans le volume sismique. La stéréotomographie est en revanche fondée sur le pointé semi-automatique d’événements localement cohérents, paramétrés par le temps double et les pentes aux sources et récepteurs et liés à des diffractants dans le sous-sol. Plus récemment, une variante de la stéréotomographie a été proposée en remplaçant le tracé de rai par un solveur eikonal dans le problème direct et l'inversion de la matrice des dérivés de Fréchet par la méthode de l'état adjoint dans le problème inverse. Cette nouvelle approche est massivement parallèle et de ce fait adaptée à des applications de grande dimension. Néanmoins, et de manière comparable à l'approche initiale, la position des diffractants et les paramètres du milieu sont conjointement mis à jour.Durant cette thèse, j'ai proposé une nouvelle formulation de la stéréotomographie qui gère plus efficacement le couplage vitesse-profondeur, inhérent aux approches en réflexion. Via une migration cinématique, je résous le problème de localisation et le projette dans le sous-problème principal de l'estimation des vitesses. Cette projection de variable garantit la consistance cinématique entre les deux classes de variables, consistance qui n'est pas garantie quand les deux classes de variables sont mis à jour conjointement. Par ailleurs, la projection de variable induit une paramétrisation compacte du problème inverse où une classe d'observables, en l’occurrence une pente, est utilisée pour mettre à jour une classe de paramètres, les vitesses. Je développe cette approche avec un solveur eikonal et la méthode de l'état adjoint pour des milieux TTI. Son évaluation sur deux cas d'étude synthétiques et réel confirme sa meilleur résilience au modèle initial et une vitesse de convergence plus rapide que l'approche conjointe.La stéréotomographie est principalement utilisée pour des dispositifs de sismique réflexion (flûte sismique) pour lesquels les sources et les récepteurs sont finement échantillonnés. Pour exploiter des dispositifs modernes à forts déports, j'ai introduit dans l'inversion les premières arrivées issues indifféremment de dispositifs de sismique réflexion multitrace ou de sismique grand-angle (OBN, OBC, terrestre). Dans un premier temps, j'ai illustré l'apport des pentes dans la tomographie des temps des premières arrivées (FATT) pour réduire l’ambiguïté temps-profondeur avec un cas synthétique et un cas réel sur la zone de subduction de Nankai. J'ai aussi évalué la tomographie des pentes en première arrivée pour construire un modèle initial pour la FWI avec un modèle complexe représentatif du Golfe du Mexique où la présence de sel génère de forts contrastes. J'ai pu illustrer la capacité de ma méthode à reconstruire les corps de sel tout en notant les difficultés héritées de l'éclairage incomplet de la zone située sous le sel. Cela m'a incité à combiner des données de sismique réflexion et des données grand-angle pour effectuer l'inversion conjointe des pentes et des temps de trajet des premières arrivées et des arrivées réfléchies pour bénéficier d'un éclairage angulaire optimal du milieu illustrée par des applications sur la zone de Nankai.Finalement, j'ai étendu l'utilisation de ma méthode par projection de variable pour localiser l'hypocentre des séismes en utilisant l'estimation des vitesses et des temps origine comme proxys. Cette approche originale a été validée avec deux exemples synthétiques<br>Velocity model building is a key step of seismic imaging since inferring high-resolution subsurface model by migration or full waveform inversion (FWI) is highly dependent on the kinematic accuracy of the retrieved velocity model. Stereotomography, a slope tomographic method that exploits well the density of the data, was proposed as an alternative to conventional reflection traveltime tomography. The latter is based on interpretive tracking of laterally-continuous reflections in the data volume whereas stereotomography relies on automated picking of locally coherent events. The densely picked attributes, namely the traveltimes and their spatial derivatives with respect to the source and receiver positions, are tied to scatterers in depth. More recently, a slope tomography variant was proposed under a framework based on eikonal solvers as an alternative to ray tracing and the adjoint-state method instead of Fréchet-derivative matrix inversion. This revamped stereotomography provides a scalable and flexible framework for large-scale applications. On the other hand, similarly to previous works, the scatterer positions and the subsurface parameters are updated jointly. In this thesis, I propose a new formulation of slope tomography that handles more effectively the ill-famed velocity-position coupling inherently present in reflection tomography. Through a kinematic migration, the scatterer position sub-problem is solved and projected into the main sub-problem for wavespeed estimation. Enforcing the kinematic consistency between the two kinds of variable, that is not guaranteed in the joint inversion, mitigates the ill-posedness generated by the velocity-position coupling. This variable projection leads to a reduced-parametrization inversion where the residuals of a single data class being a slope are minimized to update the subsurface parameters.I introduce this parsimonious strategy in the framework of eikonal solvers and the adjoint-state method for tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. I benchmark the method against the Marmousi model and present a field data case study previously tackled with the joint inversion strategy. Both case studies confirm that the parsimonious approach leads to a better-posed problem, with an improved robustness to the initial guess and convergence speed.Slope tomography is mainly used for streamer data due to the requirement of finely-sampled sources and receivers. To exploit cutting-edge long-offset datasets, I involve in the inversion first arrivals extracted from streamer or ocean bottom seismometer data. Before showing the complementarity between reflections and first arrivals, I examine the added value of introducing slopes in first-arrival traveltime tomography (FATT). Using a FWI workflow for quality control, I show with the Overthrust benchmark and a real data case study from the Nankai trough (Japan) how the joint inversion of slopes and traveltimes mitigates the ill-posedness of FATT. I also examine with the BP Salt model the limits of FATT to build an initial model for FWI in complex media. The results show how tomography suffers even with proper undershooting of the imaging targets due to the poor illumination of the subsalt area. On a crustal-scale benchmark, I first show the limits of reflection slope tomography induced by the limited streamer length before highlighting the added-value of the joint inversion of first-arrival and reflection picks.Finally, I introduce the same variable projection technique to tackle the velocity-hypocenter problem, which finds application in earthquake seismology and microseismic imaging. I propose a formulation where the hypocenter is located through the inversion of subsurface parameters and an origin time correction, both of them being used as a proxy and validate the proof of concept on two synthetic examples

Cette thèse a porté sur la modélisation des machines synchrones à aimants permanents (MSAP) lors des régimes de fonctionnements défaillants. Deux défauts fréquents ont été étudiés : la désaimantation des aimants et le court-circuit entre spires. L’objectif est de développer des modèles aidant à la compréhension de ces phénomènes dans l’optique de réaliser des opérations de diagnostic. Concernant le défaut de désaimantation, deux modèles ont été développés. Le premier est de type analytique et est basé sur la résolution des équations de Maxwell. Le deuxième modèle, a été développé à l’aide d’un réseau de perméances équivalent (RDPE). L’étude comparative entre ces derniers a montré que le modèle du RDPE est plus précis que le modèle analytique. Pour le défaut de court-circuit entre spires dans les MSAP, un modèle dynamique a été développé. Les résultats de simulation montrent qu’un court-circuit entre spires produit un harmonique d’ordre 3 dans les courants. En se basant sur les modèles de la désaimantation, une technique de détection de défaut des aimants a été mise en œuvre. Il s’agit d’une méthode d’identification fondée sur un algorithme qui utilise comme entrées les données d’une grandeur électromagnétique telle que la FEM, pour chercher itérativement la distribution de l’induction rémanente des aimants. Une maquette expérimentale a été également mise en place afin de valider les résultats obtenus. Des essais expérimentaux sur les défauts de court-circuit ont été réalisés sur une MSAP. Les mesures étaient en bonne corrélation avec ceux donnés par le modèle et par des simulations éléments finis. Il reste à conduire des mesures sur une machine présentant le défaut de désaimantation<br>The research work presented in this manuscript is mainly focused on the development of models that can incorporate different faults for a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). Two frequently occurring faults were investigated: the demagnetization of magnets and inter-turn short circuit in stator coils. The objective of developing models is to study the fault behavior for diagnostic purposes. Concerning the demagnetization fault, two models were developed. The first one is an analytical model which based on the resolution of Maxwell’s equations in different regions. The second one is based on the permeance network method (PNM). A comparative study shows that the PNM is more precise than the analytical one. For the inter-turn short circuit fault, a dynamic model was developed. The simulation results show that an inter-turn short circuit fault produces a 3rd order harmonic in the stator currents. Using the models for the demagnetization fault, a methodology to detect a magnet fault in PMSM was proposed. It is a parameter identification approach based on an algorithm which uses some external measurement date (e. G. EMF) to search iteratively the distribution of remanant induction in the magnets. After comparing the model results with the finite element simulations, a test bench was realized to validate them experimentally. Practical test on the inter-turn short circuit fault were performed on a PMSM motor. The measurement results are in good concordance with the results of the model and finite element simulations. The tests on the demagnetization fault are still to be carried out

Cryptogenic epilepsy, accounting for ~40% of adult-onset epilepsies and a lesser proportion in paediatrics, is defined as epilepsy of presumed symptomatic nature in which the cause has not been identified. It has a higher prevalence of refractory seizures when compared to those with idiopathic epilepsy (40 vs. 26%). These patients are usually treated with multiple anti-epileptic drugs, yet the total number of which used is inversely proportional to their efficacy. Moreover, these children may have significantly worse behavioural problems and can result in substantial cognitive impairments when older. Luckily, the number of cryptogenic epilepsy cases is diminishing due to better diagnostic abilities in recent years. We aim to divide this chapter into three parts. First, we hope to discuss our working algorithm and explain the use and advantages of different imaging modalities including high-field 3-Tesla MRI with morphological analysis for accurate localisation of the epileptogenic foci. We shall then elaborate the concept of the epileptogenic circuit and explore the selection criteria for more invasive approaches, such as depth electrodes and SEEG. Last but not the least, we aim to discuss the surgical treatments, including VNS and DBS, and their outcomes in these patients.

Biomechanical stress applied to the intima of arteries has long been suspected as a factor in the initiation and localisation of atherosclerotic plaque, and it is implicated in the separation of plaque from the underlying arterial wall giving rise to the acute clinical consequences of thrombosis, dissection and embolism. The factors underlying transmural stress were investigated in-vitro using fresh porcine abdominal aortas on an experimental rig in which pulse pressure, pulse waveform, fluid viscosity, pulse rate, vessel wall compliance and systolic and diastolic blood pressure could be varied at will. Vessel wall compliance was progressively reduced by exposure of the artery to formaldehyde vapour for increased periods of time, a saline-treated artery being used as control. Centripetal transmural stress (CTS) and strain were studied by direct observation of the displacement of a compliant false intima (FI) using real-time B and M mode ultrasound, and by measuring the differential pressure between the space beneath the FI and the adjacent vessel lumen. CTS was found to be directly related to pulse pressure (r = 0.907, p &lt; 0.001) and inversely related to vessel wall compliance. It was independently affected by ranked peak pressure waveform (R = 0.93, p &lt; 0.01) being higher with sharp peak pressure and lower when the waveform was rounded, and it peaked in early diastole in untreated vessels, and both in diastole and peak systole in ones stiffened by formaldehyde vapour. Mean arterial pressure exerted a profound effect via its effect on vessel wall stiffness, which was found to rise 7-fold across the mean arterial pressure range 50-130 mmHg and continued to increase in a logarithmic fashion as the upper physiological range of mean arterial pressure was exceeded. There are two potential clinical implications: in mitigating the postulated biomechanical aspects atherogenesis and atherosclerotic plaque detachment, maintaining large vessel wall compliance is important, and the main factor determining this in a healthy artery is mean arterial pressure; if the arterial wall has already become stiffened as a result of disease, and in the absence of critical stenosis, the findings suggest that the appropriate therapeutic targets are modification of pulse pressure and pulse waveform profile. Simply reducing the diastolic pressure in elderly patients may be unwise if the result is a widened pulse pressure and increased transmural strain. The distribution of atheroma at points of focal mechanical strain in the vessel wall may be explicable if the stress induced by an excessive pulse pressure provokes the inflammatory changes seen in repetitive strain injury. Investigation of inflammatory signalling in the vessel wall provoked by repeated mechanical stress may represent a productive area for future research.

Novel methods for detecting and localising leaks in water distribution networks are being increasingly investigated as water utilities face unprecedented financial and environmental challenges in reducing water losses. A promising method includes the solution of the regularised inverse problem that minimises the difference between simulated and measured data in addition to the regularisation term. However, the results of leak localisation are sensitive to the choice of the regularisation parameter. In this paper, we propose and investigate a method for iterative tuning of the regularisation parameter to improve the leak localisation performance in case of multiple time steps measurements. The numerical investigation utilises a benchmarking network model, and different metrics are applied to evaluate the results of the leak localisation performance, such as the performance and the distance metric.

At the 1990 UFP conference the observation of several kinds of wave packets was reported [1]. All these wavepackets have in common that the wavefunction is localised due to a coherent superposition of eigenstates. The localised ‘particle’ evolves in course of time. The oscillation time of the wavepacket is determined by the inverse spacing of the states out of which the wavepacket is formed. We reported on the localisation of an atomic electron wavefunction by coherent superposition of Rydberg states. Also the observation of exciton wavepackets was reported, as well as the observations of optic phonons in the time domain. At an earlier conference the CalTech group reported already the observation of the oscillation of vibrational wavepackets in diatomic molecules [2].

This policy brief is based on the second of three webinars on Localising Agenda 2030 in the Nordics. It aims to highlight the shared experiences between Nordic municipalities and inspire local and national decision-makers to invest in and build capacity for measuring and reporting on SDG localisation. During the session, the cities of Espoo, Finland, and Helsingborg, Sweden, offered their best practices on developing and applying local indicator sets and shared how they went about conducting their respective VLRs. Panel experts from the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities (KS) and the Icelandic Association of Local Authorities (Samband) also joined the discussion. The challenges of developing comprehensive methodologies suited to the local context, working across departments, and coordinating with fellow Nordic municipalities to report on common targets were among the topics addressed during the session.