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1
Fischer, Joerg, Reinhold Lang, Patrick Bradler, Paul Freudenthaler, Wolfgang Buchberger, and Susan Mantell. "Global and Local Aging in Differently Stabilized Polypropylenes Exposed to Hot Chlorinated Water with and without Superimposed Mechanical-Environmental Loads." Polymers 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071165.
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The influence of chlorinated water on the global and local aging behavior of polypropylene (PP) was investigated for three differently stabilized PP grades consisting of the same PP base polymer. While one of the PP grades contained only a processing stabilizer (PP-S0), the other two were modified with a primary phenolic antioxidant (PP-S1) and a combination of a primary phenolic antioxidant and a hindered amine stabilizer (PP-S3). To study global aging effects, micro-sized specimens were pre-exposed to chlorinated water (5 mg/L free chlorine) at 60 °C for up to 750 h. Over the entire exposure period, significant material aging was detected by monitoring a continuous decrease in stabilizer content, oxidation induction temperature, mean molar mass, and mechanical strain at break. In terms of aging resistance and ultimate mechanical performance, PP-S1 was found to outperform the other two material formulations under these test conditions. Moreover, superimposed mechanical-environmental fatigue tests with cracked round bar specimens were carried out with the three PP grades in non-chlorinated (0 mg/L free chlorine) and chlorinated (5 mg/L free chlorine) water at 80 °C and 95 °C to study local crack tip aging effects. While the fatigue crack growth resistance substantially deteriorated for all three materials in chlorinated water, a significantly stronger effect was found for the higher temperature, with crack growth rates at a given stress intensity factor range in chlorinated water being ca. 30 to 50 times faster than in non-chlorinated water, depending on the material. Molar mass measurements of material samples taken from various positions of the tested CRB specimens provided clear evidence of enhanced local crack tip aging due to the chlorinated water environment.
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Lee, Chi-Yuan, Chia-Hung Chen, Guo-Bin Jung, Shih-Chun Li, and Yi-Zhen Zeng. "Internal Microscopic Diagnosis of Accelerated Aging of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Cell Stack." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121078.
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The hydrogen production reaction of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis cell stack is the reverse reaction of the fuel cell, but the water electrolysis operation requires high pressure, and the high pressure decomposes hydrogen molecules, thus aging or causing failure in the water electrolysis cell stack. In addition, there are five important physical parameters (current, voltage, flow, pressure and temperature) inside the water electrolysis cell stack, which can change the performance and shorten the life of the cell stack. However, the present techniques obtain data only by external simulation or single measurement; they cannot collect the internal real data in operation instantly and accurately. This study discusses the causes for aging or failure, and develops an internal real-time microscopic diagnosis tool for accelerated aging of the PEM water electrolysis cell stack. A flexible integrated (current, voltage, flow, pressure and temperature) microsensor applicable to the inside (high voltage and electrochemical environment) of the PEM water electrolysis cell stack is developed by using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology; it is embedded in the PEM water electrolysis cell stack for microscopic diagnosis of accelerated aging, and 100-h durability and reliability tests are performed. The distribution of important physical parameters inside the PEM water electrolysis cell stack can be measured instantly and accurately, so as to adjust it to the optimal operating conditions, and the local aging and failure problems are discussed.
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Lee, Chi-Yuan, Chia-Hung Chen, Hsian-Chun Chuang, Hsiao-Te Hsieh, and Yen-Chen Chiu. "Long-Acting Real-Time Microscopic Monitoring Inside the Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer." Sensors 23, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 5595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125595.
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The proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) requires a high operating voltage for hydrogen production to accelerate the decomposition of hydrogen molecules so that the PEMWE ages or fails. According to the prior findings of this R&D team, temperature and voltage can influence the performance or aging of PEMWE. As the PEMWE ages inside, the nonuniform flow distribution results in large temperature differences, current density drops, and runner plate corrosion. The mechanical stress and thermal stress resulting from pressure distribution nonuniformity will induce the local aging or failure of PEMWE. The authors of this study used gold etchant for etching, and acetone was used for the lift-off part. The wet etching method has the risk of over-etching, and the cost of the etching solution is also higher than that of acetone. Therefore, the authors of this experiment adopted a lift-off process. Using the flexible seven-in-one (voltage, current, temperature, humidity, flow, pressure, oxygen) microsensor developed by our team, after optimized design, fabrication, and reliability testing, it was embedded in PEMWE for 200 h. The results of our accelerated aging test prove that these physical factors affect the aging of PEMWE.
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Guan, X. H., C. Shang, S. M. Yu, and G. H. Chen. "Exploratory study on reusing water treatment works sludge to enhance primary sewage treatment." Water Supply 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0019.
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This paper focused on an exploratory study on reusing waste sludge of a local water treatment works (referred to as “alum sludge”) to enhance the removal of both SS (suspended solids) and COD (chemical oxygen demand) from sewage. Laboratory jar tests were conducted using the raw sewage and the alum sludge taken from a local sewage treatment works with variations in sludge dosages, aging times and pH conditions. It has been found that adding alum sludge at dosage around 20 mg/l as Al to the sewage can increase the SS removal by more than 20% and the COD removal by at least 15%, compared with the control tests without alum sludge addition. The pH of sewage, adjusted from 5 to 9, had little impact on the SS and COD removal induced by the alum sludge. However, the alum sludge aging time substantially affected the SS and COD removal. Experiment results suggested that sweep flocculation and physical adsorption play the key roles in enhancing both SS and COD removal from the raw sewage.
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Andrew, J. Jefferson, Vellayaraj Arumugam, and Hom N. Dhakal. "Effect of Intra-Ply Hybrid Patches and Hydrothermal Aging on Local Bending Response of Repaired GFRP Composite Laminates." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 16, 2020): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102325.
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This study investigates the influence of intra-ply hybrid patches and hydrothermal aging on the indentation properties of patch repaired GFRP composites. Fabrics with various proportions of glass and Kevlar fibers were employed as the patches to achieve enhanced mechanical properties by hybridizing Kevlar and glass fibers together. Hydrothermal aging behavior of repaired composite laminates modified with water-resistant glass fibers in the outer layers was further investigated. Specimens were immersed in an environmental chamber containing seawater at temperatures of 30 (ambient), 50, and 70 °C until up to saturation. Damage mechanisms of repaired laminates were monitored using real-time acoustic emission (AE) technique. The experimental results showed that specimens repaired with 50G:50K patches offered superior performance than the virgin specimens. The hydrothermal aging effect on indentation behavior of the modified repaired specimens showed a considerable reduction in indentation properties, with higher strength retention exhibited by the repaired specimens modified with chopped glass fibers compared to the particulate fibers.
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Qin, Feng, Wenchao Zhang, Mingzi Zhang, Xiao Long, Loubin Si, Zhenjiang Li, Jiuzuo Huang, and Xiaojun Wang. "Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Improve the Aging Skin of Nude Mice by Promoting Angiogenesis and Reducing Local Tissue Water." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 41, no. 7 (January 11, 2021): NP905—NP913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjab001.
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Abstract Background Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are considered promising cells for skin rejuvenation. However, whether the angiogenetic effect of ASCs plays an important role in the treatment of aging skin and its influence on skin tissue remain elusive. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ASCs on angiogenesis and local tissue water (LTW) in the aging skin of nude mice. Methods Twelve nude mice were randomly divided into a UVB-induced photoaging group and a natural aging group. After the mouse model had been established, ASCs and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were then each injected into different sides of the dorsal skin of the mice. Blood perfusion and LTW content were measured. After 7 weeks, mice were killed, and skin samples were collected to measure the thickness of the dermis, the density of the capillaries, and the expression of angiogenic growth factors. Results ASC therapy significantly increased the thickness of the dermis, the number of capillaries, and the expression of some angiogenic growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and epidermal growth factor). At 7 weeks after injection, blood perfusion was significantly higher on the side injected with ASCs than on the side injected with PBS. LTW content was increased in the PBS-injected side, but the ASC-injected side showed no significant changes over time. Conclusions ASCs increased dermal thickness, promoted angiogenesis, and reduced LTW content in the skin of photoaging mice, providing a potential clinical therapy for skin rejuvenation.
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Zhai, Yan Wei, Chang Wu Liu, and Xina Xian Zhai. "Research on Main Problems and their Countermeasures on Chinese Small Hydropower Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1889.
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The constructions of small hydropower stations play an important role in improving local energy structure, development of corporations, agricultural and environmental melioration, and improving living standard of local people. Thus, studying status at small hydropower stations of China and existed problems in their development has a practical significance. With investigation data, the paper comprehensively analyzed running status of the stations, equipment aging in their development, lower utilized water resources, backward management, and disordered exploitation, etc. Therefore, the authors put forward the stations need to be technically reformed, perfecting management, professional training and so on, so that utilization efficiency on water resources could be continually improved.
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Kim, Taehyeon, Jihoon Shin, Jinseok Hyung, Kibum Kim, Jayong Koo, and YoonKyung Cha. "Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Supply Services Based on Asset Management: A Contingent Valuation Study in South Korea." Water 13, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152040.
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The pressure on water infrastructure has increased due to an increase in the number of aging water pipes. Aging pipes are prone to failure, causing significant financial losses and service disruptions. The increasing number of aged pipes and limited budget for pipe rehabilitation or replacement necessitates water infrastructure asset management to ensure sustainable water supply services. In this study, contingent valuation was used to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) and value improved water supply services through the implementation of asset management. To estimate the WTP at the individual and county levels, we performed a nationwide survey including eight provinces and 24 counties/cities with distinct water supply service performances. At the individual level, the median WTP estimated using the double-bounded dichotomous choice model was 249.50 KRW/month (0.22 USD/month). The results showed that high-level satisfaction of customers with water supply services and positive price perception of water bills resulted in a high WTP. At the county level, decreasing water supply service performances were associated with a low WTP, indicating that proper interventions by local utilities are required to achieve sustainable water supply services. Our results provide a quantitative basis for decision-making in implementation of water infrastructure asset management.
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Bao, Keyu, Rushikesh Padsala, Daniela Thrän, and Bastian Schröter. "Urban Water Demand Simulation in Residential and Non-Residential Buildings Based on a CityGML Data Model." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110642.
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Humans’ activities in urban areas put a strain on local water resources. This paper introduces a method to accurately simulate the stress urban water demand in Germany puts on local resources on a single-building level, and scalable to regional levels without loss of detail. The method integrates building geometry, building physics, census, socio-economy and meteorological information to provide a general approach to assessing water demands that also overcome obstacles on data aggregation and processing imposed by data privacy guidelines. Three German counties were used as validation cases to prove the feasibility of the presented approach: on average, per capita water demand and aggregated water demand deviates by less than 7% from real demand data. Scenarios applied to a case region Ludwigsburg in Germany, which takes the increment of water price, aging of the population and the climate change into account, show that the residential water demand has the change of −2%, +7% and −0.4% respectively. The industrial water demand increases by 46% due to the development of economy indicated by GDP per capita. The rise of precipitation and temperature raise the water demand in non-residential buildings (excluding industry) of 1%.
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Kuipers, Nathan T., Charity L. Sauder, Matthew L. Kearney, and Chester A. Ray. "Interactive effect of aging and local muscle heating on renal vasoconstriction during isometric handgrip." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 297, no. 2 (August 2009): F327—F332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00165.2009.
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The purpose of the study was to determine the interactive effect of aging and forearm muscle heating on renal vascular conductance and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during ischemic isometric handgrip. A tube-lined, water-perfused sleeve was used to heat the forearm in 12 young (27 ± 1 yr) and 9 older (63 ± 1 yr) subjects. Ischemic isometric handgrip was performed before and after heating. Muscle temperature (intramuscular thermistor) was 34.3 ± 0.2 and 38.7 ± 0.1°C during normothermia and heating, respectively. At rest, heating had no effect on renal blood velocity (Doppler ultrasound) or renal vascular conductance in either group (young, n = 12; older, n = 8). Heating compared with normothermia caused a significantly greater increase in renal vasoconstriction during exercise and postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) in both groups. However, the increase in renal vasoconstriction during heating was greater in the older compared with the young subjects (18 ± 3 vs. 8 ± 3%). During handgrip, heating elicited greater increases in MSNA responses in the older group (young, n = 12; older, n = 6), whereas no statistical difference was observed between groups during PEMI. In summary, aging augments renal vascular responses to ischemic isometric handgrip during heating of the exercising muscle. The greater renal vasoconstriction was associated with augmented MSNA in the older subjects.
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Starosielski, Nicole. "Resource Operations of the Ecological Digital Humanities." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 2 (March 2016): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.2.401.
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Large-scale industrial processes and networks of extraction, slow violences wrought across toxic landscapes, and rapidly shifting atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrologic cycles are altering the conditions of human and nonhuman existence in ways that challenge the limits of existing media technologies. The last of these transformations—the fluctuating distributions of water—is the focus of this essay. Hydrologists are struggling to model and predict the intensities of drought, the changing supply of watersheds, the dispersions of chemicals through streams and rivers, and the failures of aging infrastructure. Water transports contaminants too small to identify by sight, requiring technologies that can register tiny particles on a massive scale. Water complicates boundary-making projects—it moves easily across local and regional zones, human and nonhuman bodies, and atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecologies. Global weather patterns and distribution infrastructures shape its circulation, yet its material effects depend greatly on local conditions.
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Csorba, Péter. "Present tendencies in landscape planning and recognition of the opinion of local citizens on the example of the Tiszazug." Landscape & Environment 15, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/15/1/1.
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A survey based on online and face-to face interviews with 104 persons who live in the Tiszazug in the central part of the Great Hungarian Plain. According to the answers the character of the landscape here would change dramatically by disappearance of oxbow lakes, floodplain forests and vineries. The decreasing population and aging of the citizens result in decreasing intensity of landuse, increasing number of abandoned buildings and the attractiveness of the landscape is spoiled by illegal waste disposals and weedy water banks.
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Liu, Boyan, Yu Lei, Shitao Sun, and Jie Zhang. "Thompson-Lampard Theorem for Dielectric Characteristics Detection of Generator Stator Insulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2246, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2246/1/012039.
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Abstract The insulation of large generator stator winding will be gradually aging in the long-term operation process. The traditional aging test method cannot accurately locate the non-penetrating local defects of winding. Interdigital electrode is widely used in the fields of environmental monitoring and food detection because of its excellent characteristics such as self-closing and unidirectional penetration, but it has not been popularized in the identification of generator insulation aging. The paper proposes an interdigital electrode structure based on the Thompson-Lampard theory. The electrode suitable for dielectric characteristic detection of stator winding, and the electrode structure is optimized by using the finite element method from the parameters of signal strength, sensitivity and penetration depth. With the help of optimising, the measuring accuracy of the electrode can reach 0.1 level. Then, the different moisture conditions of water-cooled generator and air-cooled generator are simulated to verify the feasibility that interdigital electrode can detect insulation moisture which is an important factor in accelerating insulation aging. Finally, the moisture depth detection results show that the electrode combination based on the Thompson-Lampard theory can be used to locate moisture depth accurately, it is of great significance for the prevention of insulation aging and the pre-diagnosis.
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Pisarevskii, L. A., A. B. Korostelev, A. A. Lipatov, G. A. Filippov, and T. Yu Kin. "Local corrosion of austenitic steels and alloys for heat exchanger tubes of nuclear power stations steam generators." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 2 (March 10, 2019): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-2-227-241.
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Elaboration of modern domestic structural materials with increased corrosion resistance in contact with advanced heatcarriers of future reactor plants is an important problem at development of innovation projects of nuclear power engineering. Heatexchanging tubes are the critical components, which influence on the safety and reliability of steam generators operation. Corrosion properties of non-stabilized nitrogen-containing corrosion resistant steels of austenite class after cold deformation, thermal treatment and long-term thermal aging studied. It was shown, that silicon introducing into chrome-nickel steel, alloyed by nitrogen and molybdenum, results in increasing of its resistance against local kinds of corrosion and equated it on resistance against intercrystallite and pitting corrosion with particularly low-carbon steels and alloys. But the experimental 03Х18Н13С2АМ2ВФБР-Ш low carbon micro-alloyed steel, proposed for operation at a heat-carrier temperature of 450–500 о С, in the first version had a tendency to a decrease of resistance against local corrosion and impact resistance after long-term thermal aging at temperatures of 360 о С and higher. At present specifying of technological parameters of production and balanced alloying element content takes place, which prevents heat exchanging tubes properties degradation. Steel 03Х17Н13С2АМ2 which has higher resistance against local corrosion and strength comparing with 316LN and 08Х18Н10Т grades, can be taken as a candidate material for production of heat-exchanging tubes of steam generators of nuclear power stations having power reactors of water-water type. The new 03Х17Н9АС2 steel, resistant against inter-crystallite corrosion in high-oxidizing media, was proposed for tests of its operation under conditions of contact with lead heat-carriers instead of 10Х15Н9С3Б1-Ш (ЭП 302-Ш) steel.
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Dziedzic, R. M., and B. W. Karney. "Water user survey on expectations of service in Guelph, ON, Canada." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.094.
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A survey was developed and conducted with residential water users in the City of Guelph, ON, Canada, with the objective of assessing their awareness, preferences, concerns, motivations, and priorities. The overall goal of this data is to improve the water system on different fronts: infrastructure, conservation programs, communication with users, and long-term strategies. Results highlight the local concerns with water scarcity, currently addressed by conservation programs, as well as water quality, aging infrastructure, and costs. Correlations between user type and answers were seldom found, showing that different residential customer segments share concerns and motivations. Even so, feedback must be sought from all customer segments, residential as well as industrial, commercial, and institutional, through different channels. The findings will allow the utility to identify preferred solutions to current issues and openness to change, as well as gaps in user and utility knowledge.
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Cao, Bin, Ji-Wei Dong, and Ming-He Chi. "Electrical Breakdown Mechanism of Transformer Oil with Water Impurity: Molecular Dynamics Simulations and First-Principles Calculations." Crystals 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020123.
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Water impurity is the essential factor of reducing the insulation performance of transformer oil, which directly determines the operating safety and life of a transformer. Molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles electronic-structure calculations are employed to study the diffusion behavior of water molecules and the electrical breakdown mechanism of transformer oil containing water impurities. The molecular dynamics of an oil-water micro-system model demonstrates that the increase of aging acid concentration will exponentially expedite thermal diffusion of water molecules. Density of states (DOS) for a local region model of transformer oil containing water molecules indicates that water molecules can introduce unoccupied localized electron-states with energy levels close to the conduction band minimum of transformer oil, which makes water molecules capable of capturing electrons and transforming them into water ions during thermal diffusion. Subsequently, under a high electric field, water ions collide and impact on oil molecules to break the molecular chain of transformer oil, engendering carbonized components that introduce a conduction electronic-band in the band-gap of oil molecules as a manifestation of forming a conductive region in transformer oil. The conduction channel composed of carbonized components will be eventually formed, connecting two electrodes, with the carbonized components developing rapidly under the impact of water ions, based on which a large number of electron carriers will be produced similar to “avalanche” discharge, leading to an electrical breakdown of transformer oil insulation. The water impurity in oil, as the key factor for forming the carbonized conducting channel, initiates the electric breakdown process of transformer oil, which is dominated by thermal diffusion of water molecules. The increase of aging acid concentration will significantly promote the thermal diffusion of water impurities and the formation of an initial conducting channel, accounting for the degradation in dielectric strength of insulating oil containing water impurities after long-term operation of the transformer.
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Aliberti, Silvana Mirella, Richard H. W. Funk, Elena Ciaglia, Joseph Gonnella, Aldo Giudice, Carmine Vecchione, Annibale Alessandro Puca, and Mario Capunzo. "Old, Nonagenarians, and Centenarians in Cilento, Italy and the Association of Lifespan with the Level of Some Physicochemical Elements in Tap Drinking Water." Nutrients 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010218.
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Longevity, as a complex life-history trait, shares an ontogenetic relationship with other quantitative traits, such as epigenetic and environmental factors. Therefore, it is important to identify environmental factors that may modify the epigenome to establish healthy aging. This study explored the association between tap drinking water and longevity in Cilento, Italy, to understand whether trace elements in local drinking water may have an influence on old, nonagenarian, and centenarian people and promote their health and longevity. Data on population and water sources were collected through the National Demographic Statistics, the Cilento Municipal Archives, and the Cilento Integrated Water Service. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and a geographically weight regression (GWR) model were used to study the spatial relationship between the explanatory and outcome variables of longevity. The results of the study showed that the prevalence of longevity is concentrated in the central, northern and southeastern areas of the territory and that some trace elements present in tap water may contribute to local longevity in Cilento. Specifically, all Cilento municipalities had alkaline tap water, and the municipalities with the highest longevity concentrations had higher alkalinity levels than the other municipalities, soft to medium-hard water hardness, an amount of total dissolved solids equivalent to the level of excellent water, lower amounts of sodium, adequate iron concentration, and adequate dietary intake of manganese per day.
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Wuttisin, N., T. Nararatwanchai, and A. Sarikaphuti. "Matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition activity of Plukenetia volubilis L. leaves extract for anti-aging application." Food Research 5, no. 4 (July 25, 2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(4).077.
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Plukenetia volubilis L. leaves were part of the traditional diets in many countries. P. volubilis leaves were used to make tea and sold as local products in Thailand. There is less information on the composition of P. volubilis leaves. Previous study revealed that roasted leaves extract with hot water showed the highest antioxidant activity and the antioxidant property might be due to the presence of flavonoid. The present study was carried out to determine the quercetin content in P. volubilis leaves extract and evaluate the anti-aging potential activities including MMP-2 inhibition activity and telomerase stimulation activity. P. volubilis leaves were roasted in hot air oven and extracted with hot water. The extract was investigated for quercetin content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro cytotoxicity, MMP-2 inhibition activity and telomerase stimulation activity were determined for anti-aging properties. The results revealed that P. volubilis leaves contained quercetin 50.50±4.78 mg/g DW. The extract showed no cytotoxicity on human skin fibroblast with cell viability of 96.76-120.83%. It demonstrated the potential of MMP-2 inhibition (8.74±2.84%) activity but lower than ascorbic acid. P. volubilis leave extract did not have telomerase stimulation activity on the human Hela cell line. However, the results from this study have indicated the possibility of anti-aging potential of P. volubilis leaves extract.
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Masindi, Thivhonali Kenneth, Thomas Gyedu-Ababio, and Lizzy Mpenyana-Monyatsi. "Pollution of Sand River by Wastewater Treatment Works in the Bushbuckridge Local Municipality, South Africa." Pollutants 2, no. 4 (December 7, 2022): 510–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pollutants2040033.
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Pollution of water sources is a global issue that primarily affects rural communities that rely on these water sources for domestic purposes on a daily basis. The study’s goal was to determine if the effluent from the Bushbuckridge Municipality’s Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTWs) contributes to the pollution of the Sand River Catchment. The investigation was conducted at two WWTWs, Dwarsloop and Thulamahashe. A questionnaire was used to collect information from participants. Water samples were collected monthly from the treatment plant and Sand River for the determination of physico-chemical parameters and coliform counts. The study found that the WWTWs were the main sources of the pollution of the Sand River Catchment. The WWTWs are confronting unprecedented mechanical and technical challenges. The WWTWs have experienced numerous system failures due to aging systems and pressure on deteriorating facilities, resulting in raw wastewater discharges into catchments. Furthermore, the study revealed that factors such as population growth, poor operation and maintenance of WWTWs, poor budgeting, and a lack of well-trained personnel contributed to WWTW failure. The effluent quality in both WWTWs met the National Water Act of South Africa’s effluent discharge standards for pH (ranged from 6.90 to 9.30), EC (ranged from 20.80 to 87.50 mS/m), ammonia (ranged from 7.22 to 86.80 mg/L as N), nitrate/nitrite (ranged from 0.10 to 0.73 mg/L as N), and ortho-phosphate (ranged from 0.01 to 6.50 mg/L as P). While COD levels in both WWTWs (ranging from 25.00 to 149.00 mg/L) were over the limit during some months of the study period. The study also discovered that E. coli counts were low upstream but high in both the WWTWs point of discharge and downstream for both catchments. The study, therefore, established a connection between wastewater treatment plants and water quality parameters as well as poor water quality linked to the condition of the WWTWs. The study recommends that effective measures be implemented to address the challenges.
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K. D. Yulianti, R. Priyanto, and H. Nuraini. "Physical Characteristics of Three Types of Muscles with Different Aging Times." Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jipthp.11.2.54-59.
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The demand for premium beef continues to increase along with changes in the lifestyle of upper middle class, increasing tourists and expatriates from abroad. Local cattle usually cannot produce premium beef, but aging can improve the quality of meat. This study aimed to characterize the physical quality (pH, cooking loss, water holding capacity, and tenderness) of bali beef with different aging times. This study used three types of muscles, which is Longissimus dorsi, Gluteus medius, and Semitendinosus from bali beef aged ± 3 years and body weight of ± 350 kg. Samples were aged at cold temperatures for 1, 21, and 42 days. A completely randomized design with a 3x3x4 factorial was used in this study. Least Square Means test was applied if the data obtained is significantly different. The results showed that the three types of muscle produced relatively the same physical properties, except for cooking loss. The Longissimus dorsi and Semitendinosus muscles were aged for 21 days to show the best results ofmeat tenderness.
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Bill, Tobias, Ruth Acosta, Christian Boller, Kai Donnerbauer, Lukas Lücker, Frank Walther, Klaus Heckmann, et al. "A Short-Time Approach for Fatigue Life Evaluation of AISI 347 Steel for Nuclear Power Energy Applications." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 11405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311405.
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AISI 347 austenitic steel is, as an example, used in nuclear energy piping systems. Piping filled with superheated steam or cooled water is particularly exposed to high stresses, whereupon local material properties in the pipes can change significantly, especially in the case of additional corrosive influences, leading to aging of the material. In the absence of appropriate information, such local material property variations are currently covered rather blanketly by safety factors set during the design of those components. An increase in qualified information could improve the assessment of the condition of such aged components. As part of the collaborative project “Microstructure-based assessment of the maximum service life of core materials and components subjected to corrosion and fatigue (MiBaLeB)”, the short-time procedure, StrainLife, was developed and validated by several fatigue tests. With this procedure, a complete S–N curve of a material can be determined on the basis of three fatigue tests only, which reduces the effort compared to a conventional approach significantly and is thus ideal for assessing the condition of aged material, where the material is often rare, and a cost-effective answer is often very needed. The procedure described is not just limited to traditional parameters, such as stress and strain, considered in destructive testing but rather extends into parameters derived from non-destructive testing, which may allow further insight into what may be happening within a material’s microstructure. To evaluate the non-destructive quantities measured within the StrainLife procedure and to correlate them with the aging process in a material, several fatigue tests were performed on unnotched and notched specimens under cyclic loading at room and elevated temperatures, as well as under various media conditions, such as distilled water and reactor pressure vessel boiling water (BWR) conditions.
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Bulgaru, Viorica, Liliana Popescu, Natalia Netreba, Aliona Ghendov-Mosanu, and Rodica Sturza. "Assessment of Quality Indices and Their Influence on the Texture Profile in the Dry-Aging Process of Beef." Foods 11, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 1526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11101526.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the dry-aging method on the sensory properties, chemical composition, and profile parameters of the texture of beef obtained from local farms. The qualitative characteristics of the beef were investigated for five samples, respectively, fresh meat, and dry-aged beef for 14, 21, 28, and 35 days, in aging rooms with controlled parameters: temperature (1 ± 1 °C), relative humidity (80 ± 5%), and air circulation speed (0.5–2 m/s). During the dry-aging period, there was a decrease in humidity by about 6.5% in the first 21 days, which allowed the concentration of fat, protein, and total collagen content. The dry-aging process considerably influenced the pH value of the meat, which, in the second part of the dry-aging process (14–35 days), increased from 5.49 to 5.66. These values favored the increase by 37.33% of the water retention capacity and the activation of the meat’s own enzymes (calpain, cathepsin, collagenase). This influenced the solubilization process of proteins and collagen, thus contributing to the improvement of the texture profile. Because variations in organoleptic and physicochemical parameters occurred simultaneously during dry-aging and storage, the method of analyzing the information was applied. Mutual information on the influence of physicochemical indicators on the texture profile parameters was followed, a factor of major importance in the consumer’s perception. The degree of influence of soluble proteins, sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, fats, and soluble collagen content on the texture profile parameters (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness) of the dry-aged beef for 35 days was established. These investigations allowed the optimization of the beef dry-aging technological process in order to obtain a product with a sensory profile preferred by the consumer.
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Devane, Megan L., William Taylor, Pierre-Yves Dupont, Bridget Armstrong, Louise Weaver, and Brent J. Gilpin. "Exploring the Bacterial Community in Aged Fecal Sources from Dairy Cows: Impacts on Fecal Source Tracking." Microorganisms 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2023): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051161.
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(1) Background: This paper discusses the impact of agricultural activities on stream health, particularly in relation to dairy cow fecal pollution. The study explores the fecal microbiome of cattle and the potential ecological implications of aging fecal pollution on waterways. (2) Methods: The study examines changes in the bacterial community available for mobilization from in-situ decomposing cowpats and the effects of simulated rainfall. The microbiome of individual cowpats was monitored over 5.5 months. We used 16S rRNA metagenomics and machine learning software, FEAST (Fast Expectation-mAximization for microbial Source Tracking), for bacterial and fecal source assignments. (3) Results: The phyla Bacillota and Bacteroidota are dominant in the fecal microbiota of fresh cow feces but shift to Pseudomonodota, Actinomycetota, and environmental Bacteroidota in aged cowpats. Potential impacts of these bacterial community shifts on inputs to local agricultural streams are discussed in relation to water quality monitoring and aging sources of fecal contamination. We identified taxon orders that are potential indicators of fresh cattle sources (Oscillospirales and Bacteroidales) and aged sources (Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales) in water bodies. (4) The paper highlights that bacterial metagenomic profiling can inform our understanding of the ecology of microbial communities in aquatic environments and the potential impacts of agricultural activities on ecosystem health.
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Anurova, Maria N., Elena O. Bakhrushina, Natalya B. Demina, Alena Sergeevna Kashperko, Ekaterina D. Shevchenko, Elizaveta V. Leshcheva, Ivan I. Krasnyuk, and Alaxander I. Bardakov. "Development of Composition and Technologies of Dental Gel of Meloxicam." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, no. D (April 30, 2020): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4541.
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BACKGROUND: Dental gels have several advantages over other oral dosage forms. Being a viscoplastic dosage form, the gel, when applied to the damaged area of the gum or mucous membrane, creates a protective film, preventing mechanical irritation, and providing a localized effect of the drug components.
AIM: The aim of this work was to develop the composition and technology of the dental gel of meloxicam, the study of the main technological and consumer characteristics, as well as the local irritating effect of the dosage form.
METHODS: Dental gels were prepared using purified water, alcohol, glycerol, and buckthorn oil as solvents, gelling agents used were: Hydroxyethylcellulose Natrosol® 250 HHX Pharm, Carbopol® 974P NF Polymer, and solubilizer Poloxamer 407 (Lutrol® F 127). The bioadhesive component and Noveon® Polycarbophil component were used for dental gel preparation. Aspartame was used as sweetener. Menthol and ascorbic acid were used to correct the organoleptic properties of the pharmaceutical composition. The formulated dental gel of meloxicam at a concentration of 7.5% was evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, rheological characteristics, bioadhesive properties, and stability under the accelerated aging period. The in vivo local irritant effect was evaluated using ten rabbits by cutaneous, subcutaneous, subconjunctival administration, as well as application to the upper palate.
RESULTS: Based on the results of studying technological and organoleptic properties, the optimal composition based on the Natrosol® 250 HHX hydroxyethylcellulose gelling agent, glycerol solvent, and purified water in the ratio 1/5 was selected, the composition contains Noveon® bioadhesive in an amount of 2%. The composition has good taste, pH close to pH of saliva has high bioadhesive properties, satisfactory rheological characteristics. The shelf life of the experimental series by accelerated aging was 2 years. The selected composition does not have a local irritant effect.
CONCLUSION: A new dosage form of meloxicam was developed – a gel for use in dental practice.
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Huang, Y., S. Wu, M. K. Dubey, and N. H. F. French. "Impact of aging mechanism on model simulated carbonaceous aerosols." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2012): 28993–9023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-28993-2012.
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Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols that include organic carbon and black carbon, have significant implications for both climate and air quality. In the current global climate or chemical transport models, a simplified hydrophobic to hydrophilic conversion lifetime for carbonaceous aerosol (τ) is generally assumed, which is usually around 1 day. Based on results from recent chamber studies, we implemented a new detailed aging mechanism for carbonaceous aerosols in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) where τ is affected by local conditions such as O3 concentration and humidity. The simulated τ exhibits large spatial and temporal variation with the global average calculated to be 4.3 days. The longest τ (up to 40 days for the Amazon forests) are found in the tropical areas, reflecting the low ozone concentration and high humidity there. The conversion lifetime generally decreases with altitude due to increases in ozone concentration and decreases in water vapor concentration. The updated aging mechanism has significant implications for model simulations of carbonaceous aerosols and improves the comparison to observations of carbonaceous aerosols. The strongest effects are found for the tropical regions and upper troposphere where the model simulated concentrations of black carbon and organic carbon increase by up to 0.16 μg C m−3 and 0.67 μg C m−3, respectively. This updated aging mechanism also leads to increases in model calculated global burden of black carbon and organic carbon by 31% and 17%, respectively. In addition, sensitivity studies show that the estimated continental outflow of carbonaceous aerosols would significantly increase with the updated aging mechanism.
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Pilusa, Kgoshi Kgashane Lucas, and Modimowabarwa Hendrick Kanyane. "Water Services Authorities Capacity in Providing Access to Water and Sanitation in Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 23, 2020): 1586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun741.
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There has been an on-going debate regarding the effectiveness and capacity of Water Service Authorities in providing quality water service in South Africa to local citizens. As Limpopo province was preferred as a case study, it is evident that the province has been experiencing several violent water service delivery protests in different localities. The methodological approach employed was a qualitative approach reinforced by documentary review as a data source in qualitative research. Purposively, 46 participants were sampled and interviewed. In addition, document analysis of literatures and audit performance of Water Service Authorities in Limpopo province were exploited. The employed data regression investigation to scrutinize the data, containing the Auditor- General of South Africa’s (AGSA) amalgamated annual report for municipal for the fiscal years 2009/10 to 2015/16. It gave observable elements which were subjected to regression analysis. The findings show that quality of governance significantly affects the achievement of a clean audit at a significance value which translates into poor service delivery to citizens. In reviewing the existing documents, a better understanding was realised which assisted in formulating questions for interviews or develop an observation guide. The challenges confronting the water service authorities are not limited to inadequate administrative capacity to function and manage finances, lack of skilled technicians, service delivery backlogs; aging of water infrastructure and lack of infrastructure maintenance. These findings underscored a need for Water Service Authorities to assess continuously the level of contentment to their beneficiaries concerning the basic provision of water and sanitation services.
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Sulaiman, Nada M., and Nada S. Al-Zubaidi. "The Performance of Iraqi Palygorskite in Salt Drilling Fluid." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.27.1.009.
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In drilling fluid program, selecting the drilling fluid that will reduce the lost time is the first objective, and will be economical regardless of its cost. The amount and type of solids in drilling fluid is the primary control of the rheological and filtration properties. Palygorskite clay (attapulgite) is an active solid that has ability to reactive with its environment and form a gel structure within a fluid and due to its stability in the presence of brines and electrolytes this type of clay is preferred for use. The aim of this study is to calculate the yield of clay for both types of local PAL in both fresh and salt water based mud. Determine the effect of aging time. Besides that, the effect of chloride sodium (NaCl) on rheological properties of drilling fluid by preparing salt water based drilling fluid with Bahr Al-Najaf PAL in three different procedures. The palygorskite claystone of Late Cretaceous age is present in the Western Desert within the Digma Formation. In this study, from two areas in Western Desert palygorskite were obtained, Bahr Al-Najaf and Trefawi. The results showed that, the clay yield of Bahr Al-Najaf PAL (49.54 bbl/ton), Trefawi PAL (57 bbl/ton), and commercial PAL (166.8 bbl/ton) in fresh water environment was higher than in salt water environment. As observed in this study, the clay yield of Bahr Al-Najaf PAL, Trefawi PAL, and commercial PAL in salt water environment were 37.9, 50.7, and 135.6 bbl/ ton respectively. Poor yield of clay was obtained with Trefawi PAL (Grinding) so it was not used to prepare samples in this study. This experimental investigation, 16 hours aging time after preparation drilling fluids was applied.
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Cai, Gangwei, Baoping Zou, Xiaoting Chi, Xincheng He, Yuang Guo, Wen Jiang, Qian Wu, Yujin Zhang, and Yanna Zhou. "Neighborhood Spatio-Temporal Impacts of SDG 8.9: The Case of Urban and Rural Exhibition-Driven Tourism by Multiple Methods." Land 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020368.
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Rural arts events (triennials/festivals) are mainly aimed at local and regional revitalization. This exhibition-driven tourism (unlike traditional festivals, conferences, and exhibitions) has existed for more than 20 years in Japan. The curators of exhibition-driven tourism hope that these events can promote the economy and stop population decline as a result of the aging population. Therefore, this paper attempts to evaluate the effects of urban and rural arts event tourism in local and neighborhood areas in Niigata, Japan from the perspective of SDG 8.9. The Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennial and Water and Land Niigata Art Festival were chosen as case studies. Panel data (1997–2019) concerning tourists, income, and population in Niigata were evaluated using multiple empirical methods with descriptive correlation statistics (simple linear regression (SLR) and one-way ANOVA) and spatial analysis (Moran’s I). Through multiple-method analysis, the positive impacts of urban and rural arts event tourism in local and neighborhood areas in relation to Sustainable Development Goal 8.9 were evaluated. The findings presented herein have meaningful implications for tourism academia and the industry in general.
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Cheng, Jialu, Yizhou Zhang, Hao Yun, Liang Wang, and Nathaniel Taylor. "A Study of Frequency Domain Reflectometry Technique for High-Voltage Rotating Machine Winding Condition Assessment." Machines 11, no. 9 (September 2, 2023): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11090883.
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Detecting and locating local degradations at an incipient stage is very important for mission-critical high-voltage rotating machines. One particular challenge in the existing testing techniques is that the characteristic of a local incipient defect is not prominent due to various factors such as averaging with the healthy remainder, attenuation in signal propagation, interference, and varied operating conditions. This paper proposes and investigates the frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) technique based on the scattering parameter measurement. The FDR result presents the object length, wave impedance, and reflections due to impedance discontinuity along the measured windings. Experiments were performed on two commercial coils with artificially created defects. These defects include turn-to-turn short, surface creepage, loose coils, insufficient end-winding spacing, and local overheating, which are commonly seen in practice. Two practical water pumps in the field were also selected for investigation. The study outcome shows that FDR can identify and locate structural and insulation degradation in both shielded and unshielded objects with good sensitivity. This makes FDR a complementary technique for machine fault diagnosis and aging assessment.
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Mohr, Marius, Marc Beckett, Ursula Schließmann, Ruth Erlbeck, and Ralph Trosse. "Vacuum sewerage systems – a solution for fast growing cities in developing countries?" Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.028.
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Abstract Developed more than a century ago, the potential of vacuum sewerage systems remains underexploited. At the same time, the rapid urbanization in Asia brings about major challenges for municipal utilities. In this context, the GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit) project ‘Integrated Resource Management in Asian Cities: the Urban Nexus’ gives technical advice to stakeholders in the partner cities. Fraunhofer IGB, having operated a vacuum sewer system for more than ten years in the context of a research project, carried out a survey regarding current experiences with vacuum sewer systems and the transferability to countries of the Global South. In an environment with existing infrastructure, it is often not economically reasonable to install an additional sewer system. Nevertheless, with aging infrastructure and an increasing importance of circular economy concepts including water reuse, nutrient recovery and biogas generation, vacuum sewers can pose a viable alternative for refurbishments or new developments in semi-decentralized sanitation approaches involving local treatment and resource recovery.
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Gryb, I. V. "The concept of local explosion in freshwater ecosystems." Ecology and Noospherology 25, no. 1-2 (February 6, 2013): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031413.
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The concept of an explosion in freshwater ecosystems as a result of the release of accumulated energy, accompanied by the destruction of the steady climax successions of hydrocenoses is presented. The typification of local explosions as well as methods for assessing their risk during the development of river basins are shown. The change in atmospheric circulation, impaired phases of the hydrological regime of rivers, increasing the average temperature of the planet, including in Polesie to 0,6 ºC, deforestation leads to concentration and release of huge amounts of unmanaged terrestrial energy, which manifests itself in the form of disasters and emergencies. Hydroecological explosion is formed as a result of multifactorial external influence (natural and anthropogenic) on the water body in a certain period of time. Moreover, its level at wastewater discharge depends on the mass of recycled impurities and behaved processing capacity of the reservoir, and the mass of dumped on biocides and the possibility of the water flow to their dilution and to the utilization of non-toxic concentrations. In all these cases the preservation of "centers of life" in the tributaries of the first order – local fish reproduction areas contributed to ecosystem recovery, and the entire ecosystem has evolved from equilibrium to non-equilibrium with further restructuring after the explosion and environmental transition to a new trophic level. It means that hydroecological explosion can be researched as the logical course of development of living matter in abiotic environmental conditions, ending abruptly with the formation of new species composition cenoses and new bio-productivity. The buffer capacity of the water environment is reduced due to re-development and anthropic transformation of geobiocenoses of river basins, which leads to a weakening of life resistance. This applies particularly to the southern industrial regions of Ukraine, located in the arid zone that is even more relevant in the context of increased average temperature due to the greenhouse effect, as well as to Polesie (Western, Central and Chernihiv), had been exposed to large-scale drainage of 60-80th years, which contributed to the degradation of peatlands and fitostroma. Imposing the western trace of emissions from the Chernobyl accident to these areas had created the conditions of prolonged hydroecological explosion in an intense process of aging water bodies, especially lakes, change in species composition of fish fauna and the occurrence of neoplasms at the organismal level. Under these conditions, for the existence of man and the environment the vitaukta should be strengthened, i.e. buffer resistance and capacitance the aquatic environment, bioefficiency on the one hand and balanced using the energy deposited - on the other. This will restore the functioning of ecosystems "channel-floodplain", "riverbed-lake", reducing the energy load on the aquatic environment. Hydroecological explosions of natural origin can not be considered a pathology – it is a jump process of natural selection of species of biota. Another thing, if they are of anthropogenic origin and if the magnitude of such an impact is on the power of geological factors. Hydroecological explosions can be regarded as a manifestation of environmental wars that consciously or unconsciously, human society is waging against themselves and their kind in the river basins, so prevention of entropy increase in the aquatic environment and the prevention of hydroecological explosions is a matter of human survival. While the man - is not the final link in the development of living matter, it can develop without him, as matter is eternal, and the forms of its existence are different.
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Huang, Y., S. Wu, M. K. Dubey, and N. H. F. French. "Impact of aging mechanism on model simulated carbonaceous aerosols." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 13 (July 4, 2013): 6329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6329-2013.
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Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols including organic carbon and black carbon have significant implications for both climate and air quality. In the current global climate or chemical transport models, a fixed hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic conversion lifetime for carbonaceous aerosol (τ) is generally assumed, which is usually around one day. We have implemented a new detailed aging scheme for carbonaceous aerosols in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to account for both the chemical oxidation and the physical condensation-coagulation effects, where τ is affected by local atmospheric environment including atmospheric concentrations of water vapor, ozone, hydroxyl radical and sulfuric acid. The updated τ exhibits large spatial and temporal variations with the global average (up to 11 km altitude) calculated to be 2.6 days. The chemical aging effects are found to be strongest over the tropical regions driven by the low ozone concentrations and high humidity there. The τ resulted from chemical aging generally decreases with altitude due to increases in ozone concentration and decreases in humidity. The condensation-coagulation effects are found to be most important for the high-latitude areas, in particular the polar regions, where the τ values are calculated to be up to 15 days. When both the chemical aging and condensation-coagulation effects are considered, the total atmospheric burdens and global average lifetimes of BC, black carbon, (OC, organic carbon) are calculated to increase by 9% (3%) compared to the control simulation, with considerable enhancements of BC and OC concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere. Model evaluations against data from multiple datasets show that the updated aging scheme improves model simulations of carbonaceous aerosols for some regions, especially for the remote areas in the Northern Hemisphere. The improvement helps explain the persistent low model bias for carbonaceous aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere reported in literature. Further model sensitivity simulations focusing on the continental outflow of carbonaceous aerosols demonstrate that previous studies using the old aging scheme could have significantly underestimated the intercontinental transport of carbonaceous aerosols.
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Pranata, Bayu, Mohamad Ramdhan, Muhammad Hanif, Muhammad Iqbal Sulaiman, Mufti Putra Maulana, Wandono Wandono, Sri Widiyantoro, et al. "SEISMIC IMAGING BENEATH SUMATRA ISLAND AND ITS SURROUNDINGS, INDONESIA, FROM LOCAL-REGIONAL P-WAVE EARTHQUAKE TOMOGRAPHY." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 38, no. 3 (2023): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2023.3.10.
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Sumatra Island and its surroundings, Indonesia, are one of the most active tectonics in the world. The Aceh-Andaman earthquake, one of the most destructive earthquakes in the world, occurred there. It has attracted many earth scientists to apply various methods, including seismic tomography, to understand the island’s subsurface structure and tectonic system. This study is the first to delineate subsurface imaging beneath the island and its surroundings using a local-regional earthquake catalogue from the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG) seismicnetwork. The tomographic imaging of P-wave (Vp) conducted in this study has successfully delineated subduction slabs (high Vp), partial melting zones (low Vp), volcanic arcs (low Vp), and Sumatran Fault zones (low Vp). The relationship between the subduction zone and the volcanic arc on the island can be seen on several vertical sections where a partial melting zone occurs at a depth of about 100 km, which functions as magma feeding for some volcanoes on the island. The oceanic slab model also exhibits a more pronounced and steeper slope towards the southern regions of Sumatra Island, possibly attributed to the slab’s aging process in that direction. The results highlight the importance of the BMKG seismic network in imaging local-regional subsurface structures beneath Indonesia’s archipelago, especially for the main islands such as Sumatra.
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Kim, Youngseok, Haewook Jung, Jaesuk Ryou, and Jaehyuk Choi. "A Basic Experimental Study on Analysis of Leak Signal and Monitoring Method for Water Supply Pipe." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052097.
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Water supply systems are essential elements for human life and industry, and water leaks and water supply cut-off may cause major problems. Local water leaks and pipe failures in the water supply system are inevitable problems due to the aging of pipes. Therefore, leakage detection and prevention are required to monitor the integrity of the water supply system. This paper is a fundamental study on the applicability of the smart bolt, which was developed as a monitoring system to detect water leakage in water supply monitoring. Detection experiments were conducted using a smart bolt with a built-in strain sensor and an accelerometer. Through finite element analysis using ANSYS 2019 R2 and tensile strength testing, the strength of the smart bolt was confirmed to have the acceptable tensile strength. The smart bolt used in this study was verified to meet the allowable criteria of torque and tensile stress for a municipal water supply system. The frequency responses of the simulated leakage pipe system, according to the leakage of the valve and the main pipe, were analyzed, and a leak signal at the valve leak point was detected in the 60-Hz band. The main pipe leaking point was observed to produce a leak signal with a much higher-order mode than that of the valve leak point. Therefore, the smart bolt can be applied to detect warning leak signs from water supply valves and to monitor for loosening of the bolts.
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Shi, Shuaiyi, Yanjun Ma, Fangwen Bao, and Faisal Mumtaz. "A Satellite Data Based Detailed Study of the Aerosol Emitted from Open Biomass Burning in Northeast China." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2021): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121700.
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Due to its unique natural conditions and agricultural tradition, northeast China (NEC) has formed a distinctive open biomass burning habit with local-specific biomass burning aerosol features. In this research, with the help of a newly optimized biomass burning aerosol identification method, which combines satellite aerosol and fire observational products with the HYSPLIT model forward trajectories, a systematic and quantitative analysis of aerosol emitted from open biomass burning in the NEC region are conducted to determine in detail its local-specific features, such as influence region, aging characteristics, and seasonal variation. During the 72-h aging process after biomass burning emission, aerosol particle size growth found with the Angstrom exponent declines from 1.6 to 1.54. Additionally, the volume fraction of black carbon decreases from 4.5% to 3.1%, leading to the Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) increasing from the fresh state of 0.84 to the aged state of 0.89. The cooling effect at TOA, due to the existence of aerosol, is enhanced by more than 70%, indicating its severe and dynamic influence on climate change. The average AOD in spring is 0.63, which is higher than autumn’s value of 0.52, indicating that biomass burning is more intensive in spring. Compared to autumn, aerosols emitted from spring biomass burning in the NEC region have lower sphere fraction, smaller particle size, higher volume fraction of black carbon, higher absorbability, and weaker cooling effect at TOA, which can be partly explained by the drier ambient environment and lower water content of the burned crop straw in spring.
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Singkong, Wachira. "The Production of Red Wine from Black Jasmine Rice." Journal of Food Research 4, no. 6 (November 12, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v4n6p69.
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This research was conducted by employing local black jasmine rice grown in Kampaengphet, Thailand as raw material for red wine production. The author firstly studied black jasmine rice fundamental information, black jasmine starch and liquid starch. The 2 levels suitable proportions of black jasmine starch and clean water screened from 6 levels were 1:3 and 1:5 (w/w) prior to TSS adjustment to 20 and 25 <sup>o</sup>Brix. The mixture was 10 days fermented with <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> yeast before conducting aging at 0-4 <sup>o</sup>C for 8 weeks. It was found the alcohol content of red wine produced from black jasmine rice was 12% after 10 days of fermentation and TSS was depleted to 7.5-9.25 <sup>o</sup>Brix as pH which insignificantly reduced from 3.17-3.12 to 3.46-3.62. Antioxidant activity comparison between before and after fermentation of black jasmine wine indicated 85.14-89.06% and reduced to 80.26-86.54% respectively, due to the fermentation and aging process which reduced average 27-41% of anthocyanin even though total phenolic was average 10-54% increased. Proportion between black jasmine rice starch and clean water contained different TSS has significantly effected to wine’s sense quality at 95% of confidence level. Black jasmine rice wine produced from the black jasmine rice to clean water proportion of 1:5 with 25 <sup>o</sup>Brix TSS adjusted has obtained highest total hedonic score in the issues of color, clarity, sweetness, bitterness and significantly differed (P<0.05). All characteristics derived score were greater than 7 (moderate satisfied) except body characteristic.
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de Cabo, Rafael, and Mustapha Bouhrara. "EMERGING MR IMAGING AND SPECTROSCOPY APPLICATIONS FOR AGING RESEARCH IN MODEL ORGANISMS." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1276.
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Abstract Advances in quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) methodology have enabled probing tissue microstructure and function with exquisite specificity and sensitivity in human and model systems. Using this technology to examine changes in tissue microstructure and function in aging or pathology has the potential to provide a window into the underlying age-related diseases’ mechanisms, and to nominate MR biomarkers for longitudinal assessment and intervention. Water molecules within biological tissues undergo interactions with their environment through nuclear relaxation, magnetization transfer, chemical exchange, and diffusion. These processes are sensitive to underlying local tissue properties such as density, microstructure, temperature, acidity, composition, and geometry. Through use of combinations of magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulse formalisms, MRI/MRS provides unique sensitivity and specificity to probe these mechanisms in all biological tissues. Advances in acquisition strategies, hardware designs, computational analyses, and signal modeling have positioned MRI/MRS as powerful emerging noninvasive modalities to studying biological tissue to differentiate normal from abnormal cell-level processes. These techniques are based on multicomponent relaxometry or diffusion, magnetization transfer, high-dimensional imaging or spectroscopy, susceptibility imaging, cerebral functioning, etc. However, their integration in clinical trials and investigations is still limited. This session will provide an overview about these emerging MRI/MRS techniques, their value and application in studying aging. The overarching goal is to generate further interest within the scientific community, disseminate and integrate these mature and unique noninvasive approaches in research settings and routine clinical protocols to advance our understanding of aging processes.
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Graue, A., T. Bognø, B. A. Baldwin, and E. A. Spinler. "Wettability Effects on Oil-Recovery Mechanisms in Fractured Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, no. 06 (December 1, 2001): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/74335-pa.
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Summary Iterative comparison between experimental work and numerical simulations has been used to predict oil-recovery mechanisms in fractured chalk as a function of wettability. Selective and reproducible alteration of wettability by aging in crude oil at an elevated temperature produced chalk blocks that were strongly water-wet and moderately water-wet, but with identical mineralogy and pore geometry. Large scale, nuclear-tracer, 2D-imaging experiments monitored the waterflooding of these blocks of chalk, first whole, then fractured. This data provided in-situ fluid saturations for validating numerical simulations and evaluating capillary pressure- and relative permeability-input data used in the simulations. Capillary pressure and relative permeabilities at each wettability condition were measured experimentally and used as input for the simulations. Optimization of either Pc-data or kr-curves gave indications of the validity of these input data. History matching both the production profile and the in-situ saturation distribution development gave higher confidence in the simulations than matching production profiles only. Introduction Laboratory waterflood experiments, with larger blocks of fractured chalk where the advancing waterfront has been imaged by a nuclear tracer technique, showed that changing the wettability conditions from strongly water-wet to moderately water-wet had minor impact on the the oil-production profiles.1–3 The in-situ saturation development, however, was significantly different, indicating differences in oil-recovery mechanisms.4 The main objective for the current experiments was to determine the oil-recovery mechanisms at different wettability conditions. We have reported earlier on a technique that reproducibly alters wettability in outcrop chalk by aging the rock material in stock-tank crude oil at an elevated temperature for a selected period of time.5 After applying this aging technique to several blocks of chalk, we imaged waterfloods on blocks of outcrop chalk at different wettability conditions, first as a whole block, then when the blocks were fractured and reassembled. Earlier work reported experiments using an embedded fracture network,4,6,7 while this work also studied an interconnected fracture network. A secondary objective of these experiments was to validate a full-field numerical simulator for prediction of the oil production and the in-situ saturation dynamics for the waterfloods. In this process, the validity of the experimentally measured capillary pressure and relative permeability data, used as input for the simulator, has been tested at strongly water-wet and moderately water-wet conditions. Optimization of either Pc data or kr curves for the chalk matrix in the numerical simulations of the whole blocks at different wettabilities gave indications of the data's validity. History matching both the production profile and the in-situ saturation distribution development gave higher confidence in the simulations of the fractured blocks, in which only the fracture representation was a variable. Experimental Rock Material and Preparation. Two chalk blocks, CHP8 and CHP9, approximately 20×12×5 cm thick, were obtained from large pieces of Rørdal outcrop chalk from the Portland quarry near Ålborg, Denmark. The blocks were cut to size with a band saw and used without cleaning. Local air permeability was measured at each intersection of a 1×1-cm grid on both sides of the blocks with a minipermeameter. The measurements indicated homogeneous blocks on a centimeter scale. This chalk material had never been contacted by oil and was strongly water-wet. The blocks were dried in a 90°C oven for 3 days. End pieces were mounted on each block, and the whole assembly was epoxy coated. Each end piece contained three fittings so that entering and exiting fluids were evenly distributed with respect to height. The blocks were vacuum evacuated and saturated with brine containing 5 wt% NaCl+3.8 wt% CaCl2. Fluid data are found in Table 1. Porosity was determined from weight measurements, and the permeability was measured across the epoxy-coated blocks, at 2×10–3 µm2 and 4×10–3 µm2, for CHP8 and CHP9, respectively (see block data in Table 2). Immobile water saturations of 27 to 35% pore volume (PV) were established for both blocks by oilflooding. To obtain uniform initial water saturation, Swi, oil was injected alternately at both ends. Oilfloods of the epoxy-coated block, CHP8, were carried out with stock-tank crude oil in a heated pressure vessel at 90°C with a maximum differential pressure of 135 kPa/cm. CHP9 was oilflooded with decane at room temperature. Wettability Alteration. Selective and reproducible alteration of wettability, by aging in crude oil at elevated temperatures, produced a moderately water-wet chalk block, CHP8, with similar mineralogy and pore geometry to the untreated strongly water-wet chalk block CHP9. Block CHP8 was aged in crude oil at 90°C for 83 days at an immobile water saturation of 28% PV. A North Sea crude oil, filtered at 90°C through a chalk core, was used to oilflood the block and to determine the aging process. Two twin samples drilled from the same chunk of chalk as the cut block were treated similar to the block. An Amott-Harvey test was performed on these samples to indicate the wettability conditions after aging.8 After the waterfloods were terminated, four core plugs were drilled out of each block, and wettability measurements were conducted with the Amott-Harvey test. Because of possible wax problems with the North Sea crude oil used for aging, decane was used as the oil phase during the waterfloods, which were performed at room temperature. After the aging was completed for CHP8, the crude oil was flushed out with decahydronaphthalene (decalin), which again was flushed out with n-decane, all at 90°C. Decalin was used as a buffer between the decane and the crude oil to avoid asphalthene precipitation, which may occur when decane contacts the crude oil.
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Mohamed, Z. E., and A. I. Al-Hadithi. "The Effect of Adding Expanded Polystyrene Beads (EPS) on Polymer-Modified Mortar." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 6 (December 15, 2022): 9426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5226.
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This study assessed the efficiency of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) waste as a 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% substitute for fine aggregate in the manufacturing of lightweight cement composites. A 4% low-cost latex paint emulsion was added to the cement mortar to reinforce it as an alternative to the more expensive polymer admixtures. This improved the bonding between the cement matrix and the EPS particles because SBR films were produced in the cement matrix. The flexural strength of regular EPS concrete may also be significantly increased by SBR treatment. Eight alternative mix designs were created and evaluated for compressive and flexural strength, thermal conductivity, water absorption, and dry density. The polymer-modified mortar was created using a 0.4 water/cement ratio of local cement, polymer, and polystyrene. The results showed that compared to the standard combination at 28 days of aging, the compressive strength increased up to 29.26Mpa, flexural strength increased to 6.83Mpa, dry density increased up to 1930kg/m³, and absorption decreased by 4.95. Thermal conductivity decreased by 0.8291W/m.k.
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Ferretto, William, Igor Matteo Carraretto, Andrea Tiozzo, Marco Montini, and Luigi Pietro Maria Colombo. "Horizontal Stratified Air–Foam–Water Flows: Preliminary Modelling Attempts with OLGA." Fluids 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids8030089.
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Water accumulation is a major problem in the flow assurance of gas pipelines. To limit liquid loading issues, deliquification by means of surfactant injection is a promising alternative to the consolidated mechanical methods. However, the macroscopic behavior of foam pipe flow in the presence of other phases has barely been explored. The goal of this work was to propose an approach to simulate air–water–foam flows in horizontal pipes using OLGA by Schlumberger, an industry standard tool for the transient simulation of multiphase flow. The simulation results were compared with experimental data for 60 mm and 30 mm ID (Inner Diameter) horizontal pipelines. Preliminary validation for two-phase air–water flow was carried out, which showed that correct flow pattern recognition is essential to accurately reproduce the experimental data. Then, stratified air–foam–water flows were investigated, assuming different models for the foam local velocity distribution. Foam rheology was considered through the Herschel–Bulkley model with the yield stress varying in time due to foam decay. The results showed good agreement for a uniform velocity profile and fresh foam properties in the case of the 60 mm ID pipeline, whereas for the 30 mm ID, which was characterized by significantly higher velocities, a linear velocity profile and 2000 s foam aging provided the best agreement. In both cases, the pressure gradient was overestimated, and the mean absolute prediction error ranged from about 5% to 30%.
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Čeović, Josip, and Matko Širola. "Medium and Low Voltage Cable Measurements - TD, PD, LIRA." Journal of Energy - Energija 65, no. 1-2 (June 27, 2022): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2016651-2125.
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Elmont d.o.o. Krško – We have spread our main scope of the services from electrical maintenance, modifications implementations and quality control to cable testing area. The main reason for expanding our scope was to support Nuclear Power Plant Krško Cable Aging Management program and the world trend of LTE (Life Time Extension) in power plants. Scope of work – We are identifying potential downgraded conditions for safety and operational important cables in special areas (heat, water, radiation). Our main scope is visual control, and testing with analysis. For low voltage cables the main testing method is Line Resonance Analysis (LIRA). LIRA technology is based on the transmission line theory, through the estimation and analysis of the complex line impedance as a function of the applied signal frequency. We can monitor the global, progressive degradation of the cable insulation due to harsh environment conditions (high temperature, humidity, radiation) and detect local degradation of the insulation material due to mechanical impacts or local abnormal environmental conditions. For medium voltage cables we are using new methods with a power generator that uses Very Low Frequency – 0,1Hz (VLF). The main reason for this is that the measurement unit needs 500 times less energy than the unit which uses 50Hz frequency (50/0,1=500). With this power source we are performing dielectric loss measurements – Tan delta (TD) and Partial discharge measurements (PD). TD measurements show the severity of Water treeing in the measured cable. Water trees mainly come from moisture and are therefore present in cables that lie in manholes filled with water or they submerged in any other way. PD measurements show the severity of voids or other types of defects in cable insulation. These defects can arise during the manufacturing of the cable or they can arise during the installation of the cable or from an accident with the cable during the operational time.
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Howell, Britteny, and Samantha Wanner. "Friendships Forged in Fitness: An Ethnographic Exploration of Older Women’s Social Experiences in Water Aerobics." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1522.
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Abstract Research shows that participants, especially older women, are more likely to adhere to a fitness program when they have social supports. Gerontology research also demonstrates that the social relationships forged by older women at community and fitness centers can be long-lasting and provide a variety of supportive functions. Older adults respond well to pool- or water-based aerobic exercises that are safe on the joints and provide a comfortable environment away from the intimidating nature of the gym. Therefore, water-based classes provided at community fitness centers are well positioned to provide ample social opportunities to further reinforce continued physical activity for older women, resulting in health and quality-of-life improvements. This project is a 5-month ethnographic exploration of the social relationships created and maintained in the context of water-based fitness classes (water aerobics) at a local community center (YMCA) that is attended by a culturally diverse group of older adults. The friendships forged by women in the pool at the YMCA provide a variety of social supports that help to maintain healthy aging outcomes among participants. Drawing on components of Activity Theory and Social Support Theory, this presentation utilizes participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaires (N=35) to provide an anthropological “thick description” of the important role that fitness center friendships can form in the social lives of older women in the U.S.
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Frigione, Mariaenrica, Mariateresa Lettieri, Francesca Lionetto, and Leno Mascia. "Experimental Cold-Cured Nanostructured Epoxy-Based Hybrid Formulations: Properties and Durability Performance." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020476.
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Different hybrid epoxy formulations were produced and cold-cured, monitoring the properties development during low temperature curing and aging. All systems were based on silane functionalized bis-phenol A (DGEBA) resins (Part A), cured at ambient temperature with two amine hardeners (Part B). The different components of the formulations were selected on their potential capability to bring about enhancements in the glass transition temperature. The durability of the produced hybrids was probed in comparison to the corresponding neat epoxies by monitoring changes in glass transition temperature (Tg) and flexural mechanical properties after exposure to different levels of humidity and immersion in water and at temperatures slightly higher than the local ambient temperature, in order to simulate the conditions encountered during summer seasons in very humid environments. The thermal degradation resistance of the hybrid systems was also evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis.
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Atanane, Othmane, Asmaa Mourhir, Nabil Benamar, and Marco Zennaro. "Smart Buildings: Water Leakage Detection Using TinyML." Sensors 23, no. 22 (November 16, 2023): 9210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23229210.
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The escalating global water usage and the increasing strain on major cities due to water shortages highlights the critical need for efficient water management practices. In water-stressed regions worldwide, significant water wastage is primarily attributed to leakages, inefficient use, and aging infrastructure. Undetected water leakages in buildings’ pipelines contribute to the water waste problem. To address this issue, an effective water leak detection method is required. In this paper, we explore the application of edge computing in smart buildings to enhance water management. By integrating sensors and embedded Machine Learning models, known as TinyML, smart water management systems can collect real-time data, analyze it, and make accurate decisions for efficient water utilization. The transition to TinyML enables faster and more cost-effective local decision-making, reducing the dependence on centralized entities. In this work, we propose a solution that can be adapted for effective leakage detection in real-world scenarios with minimum human intervention using TinyML. We follow an approach that is similar to a typical machine learning lifecycle in production, spanning stages including data collection, training, hyperparameter tuning, offline evaluation and model optimization for on-device resource efficiency before deployment. In this work, we considered an existing water leakage acoustic dataset for polyvinyl chloride pipelines. To prepare the acoustic data for analysis, we performed preprocessing to transform it into scalograms. We devised a water leak detection method by applying transfer learning to five distinct Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) variants, which are namely EfficientNet, ResNet, AlexNet, MobileNet V1, and MobileNet V2. The CNN models were found to be able to detect leakages where a maximum testing accuracy, recall, precision, and F1 score of 97.45%, 98.57%, 96.70%, and 97.63%, respectively, were observed using the EfficientNet model. To enable seamless deployment on the Arduino Nano 33 BLE edge device, the EfficientNet model is compressed using quantization resulting in a low inference time of 1932 ms, a peak RAM usage of 255.3 kilobytes, and a flash usage requirement of merely 48.7 kilobytes.
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Tsuchiya, Kenta, Ernan Rustiadi, Darmawan, and Shinya Funakawa. "The Role of Terraced Paddy Fields and Its Critical Issues in Sustaining a Mountainous Tropical Monsoon Rural Community: Case Study of Malasari Village, Bogor Regency, Indonesia." Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning 5, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jp2wd.2021.5.2.91-100.
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Terraced paddy fields play an important role not only in the food production function, but also in flooding control, water source recharge, and soil erosion and landslide prevention in mountainous area. Abandonment has been occurring in many countries due to natural condition climate, low-productive, less economic condition, depopulation, aging, and poor work efficiency. However, the terraced fields in Malasari village, Bogor Regency are relatively sustained and constantly maintained by traditional local farmers. Therefore, this study aims to seek keys to how to maintain of the terraced paddy fields by local farmers in Malasari village. The survey was conducted from October 2019 to January 2020 on Malasari village (6°40’S and 106°31’E) by using primary and secondary data with a sample of 28 households. Questionnaire survey was conducted to elicit primary data on farmer’s basic information. Verification of land cover in Malasari village was carried out by visual interpretation land cover in images obtained from drone image in 2019. The terraced paddy fields have been maintained by local farmers contentiously. Two factors are discovered maintained the terraced paddy fields, namely: (1) the local wisdom technique is an act that has direct influences on the physical structure of terraced paddy fields for maintaining, especially land management which is plowing and making levee are playing an important role, and (2) social capital is an act that has indirect influences on the terraced paddy fields. These factors interact with each other to maintain the terraced paddy fields.
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Michalopoulou, Anastasia, Iason Markantonis, Diamando Vlachogiannis, Athanasios Sfetsos, Vassilis Kilikoglou, and Ioannis Karatasios. "Weathering Mechanisms of Porous Marl Stones in Coastal Environments and Evaluation of Conservation Treatments as Potential Adaptation Action for Facing Climate Change Impact." Buildings 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010198.
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This work presents the methodological approach followed for the study of the interaction of natural stone monuments with the local microclimate (exposure to RH, temperature alterations, wind, marine aerosol). This was implemented with the documentation of the associated weathering phenomena and the study of historic climate data of the area. The paper is focused on the main weathering mechanisms of the marly limestone at the Hellenistic theater of Zea in Piraeus, Greece. Based on the weathering phenomena identified, the development of the appropriate mitigation strategy was based on the physical, chemical and mechanical characterization of the natural stones, along with the evaluation of different conservation treatments, considering the characteristics of the coastal environment. Considering the mineralogy of marly limestones, silane-based materials were selected for providing both consolidation and water repellency effects. The evaluation of the conservation treatments was based on the modification of microstructural and water-related properties of natural stone samples, along with their consequent effect on their durability against accelerated aging tests. The results indicated that the design of migration actions proved to be multivariable parameter, depending on the intrinsic stone properties, the environmental parameters and the conservation efficacy of the treatments.
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Bulgaru, Viorica, and Liliana Popescu. "DRY-AGED BEEF: COLOR PARAMETERS AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS." Journal of Engineering Science 30, no. 3 (November 2, 2023): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/jes.utm.2023.30(3).11.
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Research work involves the instrumental analysis of the change in color (L*, a*, b*) and the sensory characteristics of the Simmental beef, parts of the carcass: T-bons, received from the local farm, during the dry-aging period for 0, 14, 21, 28, 35 days and for the roasted aged beef at high and very high temperatures. The analyzed beef samples presented uniform results for the chromatic parameters during the dry-aging period, being influenced by the values of meat pH and the water-holding capacity, namely: for the dry-aged meat, the L* parameter values indicate an increase in the brightness of the meat, for the a* parameter, decreasing values were established, which indicates a reduction in the oxygenation of the meat, a reduction of oxymyoglobin in meat, responsible for the intense red color and for the b* coordinate a slight decrease in values was observed, oriented to yellow color. For roasted beef parameter L* decreases due to the reduction of the beef moisture during the roasting process. The redness of beef a* decreases in intensity primarily depending on the beef aging period but also with the increase in the roasting temperature, due to the drastic degradation of myoglobin. The b* parameter also decreases, possibly due to the increase in metmyoglobin content during heat treatment. The sensory characteristics of the dry aged beef have been considerably improved due to the increase in the pH of the meat, which attracts the activation of meat-specific enzymes that contribute to the accumulation of secondary compounds with a major impact on the beef taste, aroma and juiciness. These aspects are later reflected on the sensory properties of the roasted aged beef, being intensified by the heat treatment process.
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Stepanichev, Mikhail, Victor Aniol, Natalia Lazareva, and Natalia Gulyaeva. "Decreased Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Aged Male Wistar Rats Is Not Associated with Memory Acquisition in a Water Maze." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 17 (August 26, 2023): 13276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713276.
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Brain aging is associated with a progressive decrease in learning abilities, memory, attention, decision making, and sensory perception. Age-related cognitive disturbances may be related to a decrease in the functional capacities of the hippocampus. This brain region is essential for learning and memory, and the lifelong neurogenesis occurring in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus may be a key event mediating the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated whether age-related changes in hippocampal neurogenesis are associated with learning and memory disturbances. Four- and 24-month-old rats were trained to find a hidden platform in a water maze. Though the older group showed higher latency to search the platform as compared to the younger group, both groups learned the task. However, the density of proliferating (PCNA-positive), differentiating (Dcx-positive), and new neurons (pre-labeled BrdU-positive) was significantly lower in the hippocampus of aged rats as compared to young ones. This inhibition of neurogenesis could be related to increased local production of nitric oxide since the density of neurons expressing neuronal NO-synthase was higher in the aged hippocampus. Thus, we can suggest that an age-related decrease in neurogenesis is not directly associated with place learning in aged rats.
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Abbou, S., J. Dillet, G. Maranzana, S. Didierjean, and O. Lottin. "Local potential evolutions during proton exchange membrane fuel cell operation with dead-ended anode – Part II: Aging mitigation strategies based on water management and nitrogen crossover." Journal of Power Sources 340 (February 2017): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.045.
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Roy, Samuel G., Emi Uchida, Simone P. de Souza, Ben Blachly, Emma Fox, Kevin Gardner, Arthur J. Gold, et al. "A multiscale approach to balance trade-offs among dam infrastructure, river restoration, and cost." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 47 (November 5, 2018): 12069–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807437115.
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Aging infrastructure and growing interests in river restoration have led to a substantial rise in dam removals in the United States. However, the decision to remove a dam involves many complex trade-offs. The benefits of dam removal for hazard reduction and ecological restoration are potentially offset by the loss of hydroelectricity production, water supply, and other important services. We use a multiobjective approach to examine a wide array of trade-offs and synergies involved with strategic dam removal at three spatial scales in New England. We find that increasing the scale of decision-making improves the efficiency of trade-offs among ecosystem services, river safety, and economic costs resulting from dam removal, but this may lead to heterogeneous and less equitable local-scale outcomes. Our model may help facilitate multilateral funding, policy, and stakeholder agreements by analyzing the trade-offs of coordinated dam decisions, including net benefit alternatives to dam removal, at scales that satisfy these agreements.