Journal articles: 'Local Stimulation'

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Zhong, Z., G. Huang, T. Y. P. Chui, B. L. Petrig, and S. A. Burns. "Local flicker stimulation evokes local retinal blood velocity changes." Journal of Vision 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.6.3.

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Cleary, Daniel R., Ahmed M. Raslan, Jonathan E. Rubin, Diaa Bahgat, Ashwin Viswanathan, Mary M. Heinricher, and Kim J. Burchiel. "Deep brain stimulation entrains local neuronal firing in human globus pallidus internus." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 978–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00420.2012.

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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) relieves the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, yet the mechanism of action remains uncertain. To address the question of how therapeutic stimulation changes neuronal firing in the human brain, we studied the effects of GPi stimulation on local neurons in unanesthetized patients. Eleven patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease consented to participate in neuronal recordings during stimulator implantation surgery. A recording microelectrode and a DBS macroelectrode were advanced through the GPi in parallel until a single neuron was isolated. After a baseline period, stimulation was initiated with varying voltages and different stimulation sites. The intra-operative stimulation parameters (1–8 V, 88–180 Hz, 0.1-ms pulses) were comparable with the postoperative DBS settings. Stimulation in the GPi did not silence local neuronal activity uniformly, but instead loosely entrained firing and decreased net activity in a voltage-dependent fashion. Most neurons had decreased activity during stimulation, although some increased or did not change firing rate. Thirty-three of 45 neurons displayed complex patterns of entrainment during stimulation, and burst-firing was decreased consistently after stimulation. Recorded spike trains from patients were used as input into a model of a thalamocortical relay neuron. Only spike trains that occurred during therapeutically relevant voltages significantly reduced transmission error, an effect attributable to changes in firing patterns. These data indicate that DBS in the human GPi does not silence neuronal activity, but instead disrupts the pathological firing patterns through loose entrainment of neuronal activity.

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UENO, Hidetaka, Shoji KOMAI, Kyohei TERAO, Hidekuni TAKAO, Fusao SHIMOKAWA, Hidetoshi KOTERA, and Takaaki SUZUKI. "MoP-25 DEVELOPMENT OF A LOCAL LIGHT STIMULATION DEVICE INTEGRATED WITH MICRO ELECTRODE ARRAY." Proceedings of JSME-IIP/ASME-ISPS Joint Conference on Micromechatronics for Information and Precision Equipment : IIP/ISPS joint MIPE 2015 (2015): _MoP—25–1_—_MoP—25–3_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemipe.2015._mop-25-1_.

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Mukhanov, M. L., A. N. Blazhenko, S. B. Bogdanov, A. S. Sotnichenko, T. V. Rusinova, A. A. Verevkin, R. R. Aliev, A. M. Zaremuk, and V. A. Porhanov. "Comparative analysis of local stimulation methods of reparative osteogenesis." Innovative Medicine of Kuban, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35401/2500-0268-2021-24-4-41-49.

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Objective To determine the ratio of the main growth factors when using various methods of local stimulation of reparative osteogenesis.Material and methods The study consisted of two parts: in the first part a comparative analysis of the content of growth factors by ELISA was carried out (PDGF – platelet derived growth factor, TGF – transforming growth factor, VEGF – vascular endothelial growth factor, IGF – insulin-like growth factor, BMP6 and BMP7 – morphogenetic proteins 6 and 7), capable of stimulating reparative osteogenesis in blood plasma, plateletrich plasma, red bone marrow and bone autoregenerate. The second part presented the results of approbation of the autoregenerate obtained according to the original method in the framework of an acute experiment on animals.Results The most important cytokines affecting the process of reparative osteogenesis are fibroblast growth factor – FGF1 and bone morphogenetic protein 7 – BMP7. Based on the results of a comparative enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, it has been established that the autoregenerate, obtained by the original method, and a bone marrow aspirate concentrate have the highest osteogenic potential.Conclusion Autoregenerate is an effective and promising means of local stimulation of reparative osteogenesis, and its transplantation is a simple and highly effective procedure.

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Sudha Kumari, Lekshmy, and Abbas Z. Kouzani. "A Miniaturized Closed-Loop Optogenetic Brain Stimulation Device." Electronics 11, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11101591.

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This paper presents a tetherless and miniaturized closed-loop optogenetic brain stimulation device, designed as a back mountable device for laboratory mice. The device has the ability to sense the biomarkers corresponding to major depressive disorder (MDD) from local field potential (LFP), and produces a feedback signal to control the closed-loop operation after on-device processing of the sensed signals. MDD is a chronic neurological disorder and there are still many unanswered questions about the underlying neurological mechanisms behind its occurrence. Along with other brain stimulation paradigms, optogenetics has recently proved effective in the study of MDD. Most of these experiments have used tethered and connected devices. However, the use of tethered devices in optogenetic brain stimulation experiments has the drawback of hindering the free movement of the laboratory animal subjects undergoing stimulation. To address this issue, the proposed device is small, light-weight, untethered, and back-mountable. The device consists of: (i) an optrode which houses an electrode for collecting neural signals, an optical source for delivering light stimulations, and a temperature sensor for monitoring the temperature increase at the stimulation site, (ii) a neural sensor for acquisition and pre-processing of the neural signals to obtain LFP signals in the frequency range of 4 to 200 Hz, as electrophysiological biomarkers of MDD (iii) a classifier for classification of the signal into four classes: normal, abnormal alpha, abnormal theta, and abnormal gamma oscillations, (iv) a control algorithm to select stimulation parameters based on the input class, and (v) a stimulator for generating light stimulations. The design, implementation, and evaluation of the device are presented, and the results are discussed. The neural sensor and the stimulator are circular in shape with a radius of 8 mm. Pre-recorded neural signals from the mouse hippocampus are used for the evaluation of the device.

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Hirai, Akimu, Masaya Nakayama, and Takefumi Ogawa. "Local Peak Method: An Electrotactile Stimulation Method Focusing on Surface Structures for Texture Rendering." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 5 (October 20, 2021): 1043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p1043.

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Presenting objects’ texture sensations by electrical stimulation has been drawing greater attention as a means to improve the augmented reality experiences. To reproduce the texture sensations of real objects in detail, tactile perceptions of their complex surface shapes must be translated as electrical stimulation. Many conventional studies on presenting vibrational sensations by electrical stimulations have used single pulse waveforms, limiting the vibrational sensations that can be presented by electrical stimulations. In this paper, therefore, we propose the local peak method, in which pulse waveforms are configured on the objects’ surface structures. We have experimentally proved that the proposed local peak method can present sensations that are more akin to touching physical objects than pulse waveforms of single intervals in the case of presented objects having complex surface structures.

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Wang, Lijuan, Yudong Wang, Guohua Tian, and Yuhui Di. "Human transient response under local thermal stimulation." Thermal Science 21, suppl. 1 (2017): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci17s1019w.

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Human body can operate physiological thermoregulation system when it is exposed to cold or hot environment. Whether it can do the same work when a local part of body is stimulated by different temperatures? The objective of this paper is to prove it. Twelve subjects are recruited to participate in this experiment. After stabilizing in a comfort environment, their palms are stimulated by a pouch of 39, 36, 33, 30, and 27?C. Subject?s skin temperature, heart rate, heat flux of skin, and thermal sensation are recorded. The results indicate that when local part is suffering from harsh temperature, the whole body is doing physiological thermoregulation. Besides, when the local part is stimulated by high temperature and its thermal sensation is warm, the thermal sensation of whole body can be neutral. What is more, human body is more sensitive to cool stimulation than to warm one. The conclusions are significant to reveal and make full use of physiological thermoregulation.

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Székely, Csaba. "Complementer Currency and Stimulation of Local Economy." Gazdaság és Társadalom 2, no. 1 (2010): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21637/gt.2010.1.05.

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Karbovskii, I. N., and D. B. Shapot. "Price suppression stimulation in a local market." Automation and Remote Control 71, no. 8 (August 2010): 1608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0005117910080102.

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Jiang, Jeng-Kae, Jen-Hwey Chiu, and Jen-Kou Lin. "Local thermal stimulation relaxes hypertonic anal sphincter." Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 42, no. 9 (September 1999): 1152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02238567.

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Guevara, Nicolas, Eric Truy, Michel Hoen, Ruben Hermann, Clair Vandersteen, and Stéphane Gallego. "Electrical Field Interactions during Adjacent Electrode Stimulations: eABR Evaluation in Cochlear Implant Users." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020605.

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The present study investigates how electrically evoked Auditory Brainstem Responses (eABRs) can be used to measure local channel interactions along cochlear implant (CI) electrode arrays. eABRs were recorded from 16 experienced CI patients in response to electrical pulse trains delivered using three stimulation configurations: (1) single electrode stimulations (E11 or E13); (2) simultaneous stimulation from two electrodes separated by one (En and En+2, E11 and E13); and (3) stimulations from three consecutive electrodes (E11, E12, and E13). Stimulation level was kept constant at 70% electrical dynamic range (EDR) on the two flanking electrodes (E11 and E13) and was varied from 0 to 100% EDR on the middle electrode (E12). We hypothesized that increasing the middle electrode stimulation level would cause increasing local electrical interactions, reflected in characteristics of the evoked compound eABR. Results show that group averaged eABR wave III and V latency and amplitude were reduced when stimulation level at the middle electrode was increased, in particular when stimulation level on E12 reached 40, 70, and 100% EDR. Compound eABRs can provide a detailed individual quantification of electrical interactions occurring at specific electrodes along the CI electrode array. This approach allows a fine determination of interactions at the single electrode level potentially informing audiological decisions regarding mapping of CI systems.

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Chang, Suk-Ki, Geon-Ho Jahng, Sung-Ho Lee, Il-Whan Choi, Chi-Bong Choi, and Woo-Suk Choi. "Differential Localization of Pain-Related Neural Responses During Acupuncture Stimulation Using Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) fMRI in a Canine Model." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 40, no. 05 (January 2012): 919–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x12500681.

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The objective of this study was to differentiate the neuronal responses, which was related or unrelated, to pain associated with acupuncture stimulation, and to localize the brain regions with response to stimulation that is unrelated to pain by using Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI). BOLD fMRI was performed in six normal healthy beagle dogs, during placebo and verum acupuncture stimulations, at the right side of BL60 (KunLun) acupoint before and after local anesthesia of the acupoint. The order of the four sessions was placebo; verum acupuncture stimulation; before local anesthesia; and followed by the same stimulation after local anesthesia. One-sample t-test analysis was performed to localize the activated or deactivated areas, during both pre-anesthesia and post-anesthesia. In order to compare the pre-anesthesia to post-anesthetic responses, and placebo to verum acupuncture stimulation, within-subject analysis was performed. The post-anesthetic verum acupuncture stimulation resulted in increased activations in the left somatic afferent area I and II, right visual and auditory association area, and the descending reticular activating system of the brainstem. In addition, differential areas during post-anesthesia compared to that of the pre-anesthesia were in the left olfactory peduncle and descending reticular activating system of the brainstem. These results indicate that the areas of specific neural pathway are considered to be unrelated to the pain response during acupuncture stimulation.

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Hickmott, Peter W., and Michael M. Merzenich. "Local Circuit Properties Underlying Cortical Reorganization." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 1288–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00994.2001.

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Peripheral denervation has been shown to cause reorganization of the deafferented somatotopic region in primary somatosensory cortex (S1). However, the basic mechanisms that underlie reorganization are not well understood. In the experiments described in this paper, a novel in vivo/in vitro preparation of adult rat S1 was used to determine changes in local circuit properties associated with the denervation-induced plasticity of the cortical representation in rat S1. In the present studies, deafferentation of rat S1 was induced by cutting the radial and median nerves in the forelimb of adult rats, resulting in a rapid shift of the location of the forepaw/lower jaw border; the amount of the shift increased over the times assayed, through 28 days after denervation. The locations of both borders (i.e., original and reorganized) were marked with vital dyes, and slices from the marked region were used for whole-cell recording. Responses were evoked using electrical stimulation of supragranular S1 and recorded in supragranular neurons close to either the original or reorganized border. For each neuron, postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) were evoked by stimulation of fibers that crossed the border site (CB stim) and by equivalent stimulation that did not cross (NCB stim). Monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were also examined after blocking excitatory transmission with 15 μM CNQX plus 100 μMdl-APV. The amplitudes of PSPs and IPSPs were compared between CB and NCB stimulation to quantify effects of the border sites on excitation and inhibition. Previous results using this preparation in the normal (i.e., without induced plasticity) rat S1 demonstrated that at a normal border both PSPs and IPSPs were smaller when evoked with CB stimulation than with NCB stimulation. For most durations of denervation, a similar bias (i.e., smaller responses with CB stimulation) for PSPs and IPSPs was observed at the site of the novel reorganized border, while no such bias was observed at the suppressed original border site. Thus changes in local circuit properties (excitation and inhibition) can reflect larger-scale changes in cortical organization. However, specific dissociations between these local circuit properties and the presence of the novel border at certain durations of denervation were also observed, suggesting that there are several intracortical processes contributing to cortical reorganization over time and that excitation and inhibition may contribute differentially to them.

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Brittain, J.-S., AL Green, N. Jenkinson, NJ Ray, P. Holland, JF Stein, TZ Aziz, and P. Davies. "Local Field Potentials Reveal a Distinctive Neural Signature of Cluster Headache in the Hypothalamus." Cephalalgia 29, no. 11 (November 2009): 1165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01846.x.

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Cluster headache (CH) is a debilitating neurovascular condition characterized by severe unilateral periorbital head pain. Deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus has shown potential in alleviating CH in its most severe, chronic form. During surgical implantation of stimulating macroelectrodes for cluster head pain, one of our patients suffered a CH attack. During the attack local field potentials displayed a significant increase in power of approximately 20 Hz. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first recorded account of neuronal activity observed during a cluster attack. Our results both support and extend the current literature, which has long implicated hypothalamic activation as key to CH generation, predominantly through indirect haemodynamic neuroimaging techniques. Our findings reveal a potential locus in CH neurogenesis and a potential rationale for efficacious stimulator titration.

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Słomińska, Bożena. "Stimulation Programs for Regional and Local Labor Markets." Gospodarka Narodowa 236, no. 11-12 (December 31, 2009): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101262.

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Guler, Seyhmus, Moritz Dannhauer, Biel Roig-Solvas, Alexis Gkogkidis, Rob Macleod, Tonio Ball, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, and Dana H. Brooks. "Computationally optimized ECoG stimulation with local safety constraints." NeuroImage 173 (June 2018): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.088.

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Hsiang, John N. K., Lawrence K. S. Wong, Richard Kay, and Wai S. Poon. "Vagus nerve stimulation for seizure control: Local experience." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 5, no. 3 (July 1998): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-5868(98)90064-9.

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Johans, Thomas G., and George Carr. "Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Through a Local Anesthetic Path." Anesthesia & Analgesia 64, no. 12 (December 1985): 1217???1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-198512000-00018.

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López-Córdoba, Ainara, Peter Jönsson, Babak Babakinejad, Paolo Actis, Pavel Novak, Takahashi Yasufumi, Andrew Shevchuck, et al. "SICM-Based Nanodelivery System for Local TRPV1 Stimulation." Biophysical Journal 108, no. 2 (January 2015): 332a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.1808.

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Velley, L. "Do local neurons participate in brain stimulation reward?" Behavioural Brain Research 16, no. 2-3 (August 1985): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(85)90156-1.

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Agasarov, L. G. "Original method of local stimulation for lumbosacral dorsopathies." Medical alphabet, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2022-21-7-10.

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The article is devoted to the mechanisms of action and effectiveness of the original technology, combining the blockade in accordance with Vishnevsky method and pharmacopuncture with the drug Alflutop.Materials and methods. 90 patients under 65 years of age with exacerbation of lumbosacral dorsopathy, who signed informed consent form were inсluded in observation. Along with clinical characteristics, the results of psychological tests, thermography and zonal rheovasography were evaluated. Patients were divided into 3 groups in which standard treatment was performed. In the 1st control group, they were limited to it, and in others, local stimulation was additionally performed. Methodically, up to 20 loci in the lumbar zone and 6–8 reflexology points in the lower extremities were selected. At the same time, the anesthetic Lidocaine was injected into the points of the lumbar zone, and the drug Alflutop (2nd group) or physiological solution (3rd) was injected into the distal points. The course of stimulation included 10 procedures performed every other day.Outcomes. Both variants of local stimulation significantly exceeded the effectiveness of basic therapy. However, despite the comparability of the rate of pain symptomatics reduction in these groups, the final level of pain was significantly lower in the case of Alflutop. These data were consistent with a clear tendency to normalize the mental and vascular background in patients of the 2nd group. This phenomenon can be explained by the points of application of medicines: rapid anesthesia due to blockade by anesthetic and the maximum effectiveness provided by pharmacopuncture.

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Sugasawa, Takehito, Yoshiya Tome, Yoshinori Takeuchi, Yasuko Yoshida, Naoya Yahagi, Rahul Sharma, Yuichi Aita, et al. "Influence of Intermittent Cold Stimulations on CREB and Its Targeting Genes in Muscle: Investigations into Molecular Mechanisms of Local Cryotherapy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (June 28, 2020): 4588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134588.

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Local cryotherapy is widely used as a treatment for sports-related skeletal muscle injuries. The molecular mechanisms are unknown. To clarify these mechanisms, we applied one to three 15-min cold stimulations at 4 °C to various cell lines (in vitro), the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (ex vivo), and mouse limbs (in vivo). In the in vitro assay, cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) was markedly phosphorylated (p-CREB1), and the CREB-binding protein (CBP) was recruited to p-CREB-1 in response to two or three cold stimulations. In a reporter assay with the cAMP-responsive element, the signals significantly increased after two to three cold stimulations at 4 °C. In the ex vivo study, CREB-targeting genes were significantly upregulated following two or three cold stimulations. The in vivo experiment disclosed that cold stimulation of a mouse limb for 9 days significantly increased mitochondrial DNA copy number and upregulated genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. The results suggest that local cryotherapy increases CREB transcription and upregulates CREB-targeting genes, in a manner dependent on cold stimulation frequency and duration. This information will inform further investigations into local cryotherapy as a treatment for sports-related skeletal muscle trauma.

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Ye, Xiangyu, Zhouyan Feng, Zhaoxiang Wang, Lvpiao Zheng, Yue Yuan, Yifan Hu, and Yipeng Xu. "Activating Interneurons in Local Inhibitory Circuits by High-Frequency Stimulations at the Efferent Fibers of Pyramidal Neurons in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Region." Brain Sciences 12, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101350.

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Stimulation-induced inhibition is one of the important effects of high-frequency stimulation (HFS) utilized by the therapy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat certain neurological diseases such as epilepsy. In order to explore the stimulation sites to induce inhibition, this study investigated the activation effect of HFS of efferent fibers on the local inhibitory interneurons (IN). Antidromic HFS (A-HFS) of 100 Hz pulses was applied for 2 min at the efferent fibers—the alveus (i.e., the axons of pyramidal neurons) in the hippocampal CA1 region of anesthetized rats. Single unit spikes of INs in local feedback inhibitory circuits, as well as antidromically-evoked population spikes (APS) of pyramidal neurons, were recorded simultaneously in the CA1 region upstream of the stimulation site. Results showed that during the late 60 s of A-HFS, with a substantial suppression in APS amplitudes, the mean firing rate of INs was still significantly greater than the baseline level even when the A-HFS was applied with a weak pulse intensity of 0.08 ± 0.05 mA (9 rats). With a strong pulse intensity of 0.33 ± 0.08 mA (10 rats), the mean firing rate of INs was able to keep at a high level till the end of A-HFS. In addition, the mean latency of IN firing was significantly prolonged during the sustained A-HFS, indicating that alterations had been generated in the pathway to activate INs by the stimulations at efferent fibers. The results suggested that HFS at efferent fibers with various stimulation intensities can modulate the firing of local inhibitory neurons. The finding provides new clues for selecting stimulation sites to enhance inhibition in neural circuits by DBS.

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Hilgers, L. A. T., H. Snippe, M. Jansze, and J. M. N. Willers. "Route-Dependent Immunomodulation: Local Stimulation by a Surfactant and Systemic Stimulation by a Polyanion." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 79, no. 4 (1986): 388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000234007.

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Tuor, U. I. "Acute hypertension and sympathetic stimulation: local heterogeneous changes in cerebral blood flow." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 263, no. 2 (August 1, 1992): H511—H518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.2.h511.

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The local influence of sympathetic stimulation on the cerebral circulation during acute hypertension was investigated in anesthetized rats. From initial studies, intravenously administered angiotensin II was selected as the pressor agent. Local cerebral blood flow was measured with [14C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography during 1) unilateral electrical stimulation of the superior cervical ganglion plus moderate hypertension [mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) 162 +/- 2 mmHg], 2) unilateral stimulation plus severe hypertension (MABP 177 +/- 4 mmHg), and 3) unilateral preganglionic sympathetic nerve section (denervated) plus severe hypertension (MABP 186 +/- 4 mmHg). During moderate hypertension, blood flow was rather homogeneous and sympathetic stimulation produced modest (7-15%) regionally specific reductions in flow ipsilateral to the stimulation (P less than 0.05). During severe hypertension: 1) focal areas of marked hyperemia occurred throughout the brain, 2) local blood flow was similar within innervated and denervated hemispheres, and 3) with sympathetic stimulation the volume of hyperemic tissue was reduced ipsilaterally and blood flow was decreased by 7-25% in areas of basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, limbic system and thalamus. To conclude, 1) the local cerebral autoregulatory response is highly dependent on whether the area becomes hyperperfused and 2) sympathetic stimulation decreases brain blood flow by modestly reducing local tissue perfusion and by lessening the volume of extreme hyperemia.

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Diner, Daniel B., and Derek H. Fender. "Dependence of Panum’s fusional area on local retinal stimulation." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 5, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.5.001163.

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KITA, Moeko, Mai SHIBAHARA, and Katsunari SATO. "Design of Beautification Support Device with Local Cutaneous Stimulation." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2017 (2017): 1P1—N03. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2017.1p1-n03.

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KOJIMA, Masaru, Kyota Sera, Yasushi MAE, and Tatsuo ARAI. "Construction and Evaluation of Local Environment Chemical Stimulation System." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2017 (2017): 2A1—F04. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2017.2a1-f04.

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Bouvet, J. "Stimulation of local antibody production: parenteral or mucosal vaccination?" Trends in Immunology 23, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02186-5.

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Murata, Satoshi, Axel Brockmann, and Teiichi Tanimura. "Pharyngeal stimulation with sugar triggers local searching behavior inDrosophila." Journal of Experimental Biology 220, no. 18 (July 6, 2017): 3231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161646.

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Swanson, R. A., M. M. Morton, S. M. Sagar, and F. R. Sharp. "Sensory stimulation induces local cerebral glycogenolysis: Demonstration by autoradiography." Neuroscience 51, no. 2 (November 1992): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90329-z.

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Takayama, Shin, Takashi Seki, Masashi Watanabe, Shigeru Takashima, Norihiro Sugita, Satoshi Konno, Takashi Takeda, et al. "Changes of Blood Flow Volume in the Superior Mesenteric Artery and Brachial Artery with Abdominal Thermal Stimulation." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep110.

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In traditional Chinese medicine, moxibustion is a local thermal therapy that is used for several conditions. Quantifying the effects of moxibustion therapy has been difficult because the treatment temperature depends on the physician's experience, and the temperature distribution in the target area is not uniform. This prospective observational study aims to quantify the effect of local thermal stimulation to the abdomen. We developed a heat transfer control device (HTCD) for local thermal stimulation. Twenty-four healthy subjects were enrolled and they underwent abdominal thermal stimulation to the para-umbilical region with the device for 20 min. Blood flow volume in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and brachial artery (BA), the heart rate and the blood pressure were measured at rest, 15 min after starting thermal stimulation and 10, 20, 30 and 40 min after completing thermal stimulation. Blood flow parameters were measured by high-resolution ultrasound. In the SMA, blood flow volume was significantly increased during thermal stimulation (), as well as at 10 min () and 20 min () after stimulation. In the BA, blood flow volume decreased at 40 min after stimulation (). In conclusion we could quantify the effect of local thermal stimulation with an HTCD and high-resolution ultrasound. Thermal stimulation of the para-umbilical region increased blood flow in the SMA 20 min after stimulation in healthy subjects.

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Nadeau, Réginald, Daniel Lamontagne, René Cardinal, Jacques de Champlain, and J. Andrew Armour. "Coronary sinus norepinephrine concentrations during ventricular tachycardia induced by left stellate ganglion stimulation in dogs." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 419–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-070.

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Coronary sinus catecholamine overflow was measured in open-chest dogs, anesthetized with sodium thiopental and α-chloralose, during left sympathetic stimulation. Uniform ventricular tachycardias were induced in 9 out of 16 dogs during either left stellate ganglion or left ventrolateral cardiac nerve stimulations. Significant increases in norepinephrine (8.1 ng/mL, plasma) and epinephrine (0.19 ng/mL, plasma) overflows were obtained after 30 and 90 s of stimulation, respectively. Maximum norepinephrine overflow was significantly higher in dogs with ventricular tachycardia than in those without it (16.0 vs. 7.4 ng/mL, p < 0.05). This suggests that the induction of ventricular tachycardia in the normal myocardium is related to the amount of local secretion of norepinephrine during nerve stimulation.

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Maiman, Dennis J., Joel B. Myklebust, and Giancarlo Barolat-Romana. "Spinal Cord Stimulation for Amelioration of Spasticity: Experimental Results." Neurosurgery 21, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198709000-00008.

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Abstract Fourteen cats underwent 500-g/cm dorsal impact injuries to the spinal cord and the placement of stimulating electrodes above and below the level of injury at T8. After recovery from the surgical procedure and the development of spasticity, each animal participated in several trials of spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Cord stimulation was provided above or below the level of injury using currents of less than 0.75 mA at 100 Hz. Electromyogram changes in hamstring and quadricep muscles (during spasms induced by dorsiflexion of the paw) were monitored. All animals showed complete paraplegia and, at 3 weeks, severe spasms. Spasticity was aggravated by SCS delivered above the level of injury. Spasms were markedly suppressed by monopolar stimulation delivered below the level of the lesion. Effects were maximal with the negative electrode applied to the cord and were slightly less with reversal of polarity. Muscle excitation was seen before diminution of spasms when bipolar currents were used. All effects lasted only as long as currents were delivered. These animal trials suggest that the effects of SCS are directly related to the current and its type. Beneficial effects were seen only when currents were delivered below the level of injury; this suggests that SCS activates local inhibitory processes or depolarizes local excitatory pathways. The poor results with bipolar stimulation do not support action on a multisynaptic cord system in short term stimulation.

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Cocchi, Luca, Martin V. Sale, Anton Lord, Andrew Zalesky, Michael Breakspear, and Jason B. Mattingley. "Dissociable effects of local inhibitory and excitatory theta-burst stimulation on large-scale brain dynamics." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 9 (May 2015): 3375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00850.2014.

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Normal brain function depends on a dynamic balance between local specialization and large-scale integration. It remains unclear, however, how local changes in functionally specialized areas can influence integrated activity across larger brain networks. By combining transcranial magnetic stimulation with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested for changes in large-scale integration following the application of excitatory or inhibitory stimulation on the human motor cortex. After local inhibitory stimulation, regions encompassing the sensorimotor module concurrently increased their internal integration and decreased their communication with other modules of the brain. There were no such changes in modular dynamics following excitatory stimulation of the same area of motor cortex nor were there changes in the configuration and interactions between core brain hubs after excitatory or inhibitory stimulation of the same area. These results suggest the existence of selective mechanisms that integrate local changes in neural activity, while preserving ongoing communication between brain hubs.

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Lin, H. C., J. D. Elashoff, G. M. Kwok, Y. G. Gu, and J. H. Meyer. "Stimulation of duodenal motility by hyperosmolar mannitol depends on local osmoreceptor control." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 266, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): G940—G943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1994.266.5.g940.

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Duodenal motility is stimulated by hyperosmolar solution. Since intestinal distension also stimulates intestinal motility, this increase in the motility response may be due to either stimulation of duodenal local osmoreceptor control or intestinal distension resulting from osmotic equilibration. To test which mechanism is primarily responsible for this osmotically sensitive effect, we compared the number of duodenal spike bursts in five dogs equipped with duodenal fistulas that allowed for the preservation or removal of intestinal distension. The response to 300 vs. 1,200 mosM mannitol was compared under three experimental perfusion methods: 1) distension was preserved both proximal and distal to the fistula (DD); 2) distension proximal to the fistula was removed (rD); and 3) distension both proximal and distal to the fistula was removed (rr). The test solutions had access to either the whole gut (DD and rD) or only the first 10 cm of the duodenum (rr). We found that 1) there were more spike bursts after the hyperosmolar solution (dose effect, P < 0.05, analysis of variance); 2) there was no significant difference between the three experimental methods; and 3) the stimulating effect of hyperosmolar solution depended on the first 10 cm of the duodenum. Thus, since hyperosmolar solution increased duodenal motility regardless of whether intestinal distension was preserved or removed, the stimulating effect of hyperosmolar solution on duodenal motility was primarily the result of a local osmoreceptor control mechanism located in the first 10 cm of the duodenum.

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Hwang, Eun Jung, and Richard A. Andersen. "Effects of visual stimulation on LFPs, spikes, and LFP-spike relations in PRR." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 4 (April 2011): 1850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00802.2010.

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Local field potentials (LFPs) have shown diverse relations to the spikes across different brain areas and stimulus features, suggesting that LFP-spike relationships are highly specific to the underlying connectivity of a local network. If so, the LFP-spike relationship may vary even within one brain area under the same task condition if neurons have heterogeneous connectivity with the active input sources during the task. Here, we tested this hypothesis in the parietal reach region (PRR), which includes two distinct classes of motor goal planning neurons with different connectivity to the visual input, i.e., visuomotor neurons receive stronger visual input than motor neurons. We predicted that the visual stimulation would render both the spike response and the LFP-spike relationship different between the two neuronal subpopulations. Thus we examined how visual stimulations affect spikes, LFPs, and LFP-spike relationships in PRR by comparing their planning (delay) period activity between two conditions: with or without a visual stimulus at the reach target. Neurons were classified as visuomotor if the visual stimulation increased their firing rate, or as motor otherwise. We found that the visual stimulation increased LFP power in gamma bands >40 Hz for both classes. Moreover, confirming our prediction, the correlation between the LFP gamma power and the firing rate became higher for the visuomotor than motor neurons in the presence of visual stimulation. We conclude that LFPs vary with the stimulation condition and that the LFP-spike relationship depends on a given neuron's connectivity to the dominant input sources in a particular stimulation condition.

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Cha, Minsu, Naif B. Alqahtani, Bowen Yao, Xiaolong Yin, Timothy J. Kneafsey, Lei Wang, Yu-Shu Wu, and Jennifer L. Miskimins. "Cryogenic Fracturing of Wellbores Under True Triaxial-Confining Stresses: Experimental Investigation." SPE Journal 23, no. 04 (February 6, 2018): 1271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180071-pa.

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Summary A laboratory study of cryogenic fracturing was performed to test its ability to improve oil/gas recovery from low-permeability reservoirs. Our objective is to develop well-stimulation technologies using cryogenic fluids [e.g., liquid nitrogen (LN)] to increase permeability in a large reservoir volume surrounding wells. The new technology has the potential to reduce formation damage caused by current stimulation methods and minimize or eliminate water usage. The concept of cryogenic fracturing is that a sharp thermal gradient (thermal shock) created at the surfaces of formation rocks by applying cryogenic fluid can cause strong local tensile stress and start fractures. We developed a laboratory system for cryogenic fracturing under true-triaxial loading, with LN-delivery/control and -measurement systems. The loading system simulates confining stresses by independently loading each axis up to approximately 5,000 psi on 8×8×8-in. cubes. Temperature in boreholes and at block surfaces and fluid pressure in boreholes were continuously monitored. Acoustic and pressure-decay measurements were obtained before and at various stages of stimulations. Cubic blocks (8 × 8×8-in.) of Niobrara shale, concrete, and sandstones were tested, and stress levels and anisotropies varied. Three schemes were considered: gas fracturing without cryo-stimulation, gas fracturing after low-pressure cryogen flow-through, and gas fracturing after high-pressure cryogen flow-through. Results from pressure-decay tests show that LN stimulation clearly increases permeability, and repeated stimulations further increase the permeability. Acoustic velocities and amplitudes decreased significantly after cryo-stimulation, indicating fracture creation. In the gas fracturing without the stimulation, breakdown (complete fracturing) occurs suddenly without any initial leaking, and major fracture planes form along the plane containing principal-stress and intermediate-stress directions, as expected theoretically. However, in the gas fracturing after cryogenic stimulations, breakdown occurred gradually and with massive leaking because of thermal fractures created during stimulation. In addition, the major fracture direction does not necessarily follow the plane containing the principal-stress direction, especially at low confining-stress levels. In tests, we observed that cryogenic stimulation seems to disrupt the internal stress field. The increase in borehole temperature after stimulation affects the permeability of the specimen. When a stimulated specimen is still cold, it maintains high permeability because fractures remain open and local thermal tension is maintained near the borehole. When the rock warms back, fractures close and permeability decreases. In these tests, we have not used proppants. Overall, fractures are clearly generated by low- and high-pressure thermal shocks. The added pressure of the high-pressure thermal shocks helps to further propagate cryogenic fractures generated by thermal shock. Breakdown pressure is significantly lowered by LN stimulation, with observed breakdown-pressure reductions up to approximately 40%.

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CHOMIAK-ORSA, Iwona, and Michał FLIEGER. "LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STIMULATION. EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF NONFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 166, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3544.

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Local governments support local development with various instruments. It is often the case that they focus on financial instruments. Thus they are no longer the base of competitive advantage and local governments have to search for nonfinancial instruments to attract companies to the region. Those instruments are of different effectiveness, so it seems crucial for local leaders to know which instruments are the most effective. The article presents the research results indicating the level of effectiveness of each nonfinancial instrument that local offices may use.

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Ito, Yohei, Keitaro Kawai, Yoshifumi Morita, Tadashi Ito, Kazunori Yamazaki, Yoshiji Kato, and Yoshihito Sakai. "Evaluation Method of Immediate Effect of Local Vibratory Stimulation on Proprioceptive Control Strategy: A Pilot Study." Electronics 10, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030341.

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Postural instability owing to poor proprioception is considered a main cause of low back pain and falls. However, the effect of local vibratory stimulation on a poor proprioceptor on proprioceptive control strategy has yet to be evaluated. Therefore, in this study, we proposed an evaluation method of the immediate effect on proprioceptive control strategies by applying local vibratory stimulation to the poor proprioceptor. First, using our device, we determined the poor proprioceptors in each of six elderly patients with non-specific low back pain. Furthermore, we applied local vibratory stimulation to the poor proprioceptor. Finally, we compared the proprioceptive control strategy before and after applying local vibratory stimulation. As a result, the proprioceptive control strategy improved for three patients with impaired muscle spindles that responded to a higher frequency (p < 0.05). Thus, the impaired proprioceptive control strategy caused by a decline in the muscle spindle responding to a higher frequency might be improved by local vibratory stimulation. Furthermore, it was shown that our developed device and protocol might be used to evaluate proprioceptive control strategies within multiple frequency ranges, as well as activate a poor proprioceptor based on diagnosis and improve the proprioceptive control strategies.

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Seppey, Dominique, Roger Sauser, Michèle Koenigsberger, Jean-Louis Bény, and Jean-Jacques Meister. "Intercellular calcium waves are associated with the propagation of vasomotion along arterial strips." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 298, no. 2 (February 2010): H488—H496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00281.2009.

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Vasomotion consists of cyclic arterial diameter variations induced by synchronous contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle cells. However, the arteries do not contract simultaneously on macroscopic distances, and a propagation of the contraction can be observed. In the present study, our aim was to investigate this propagation. We stimulated endothelium-denuded rat mesenteric arterial strips with phenylephrine (PE) to obtain vasomotion and observed that the contraction waves are linked to intercellular calcium waves. A velocity of ∼100 μm/s was measured for the two kinds of waves. To investigate the calcium wave propagation mechanisms, we used a method allowing a PE stimulation of a small area of the strip. No calcium propagation could be induced by this local stimulation when the strip was in its resting state. However, if a low PE concentration was added on the whole strip, local PE stimulations induced calcium waves, spreading over finite distances. The calcium wave velocity induced by local stimulation was identical to the velocity observed during vasomotion. This suggests that the propagation mechanisms are similar in the two cases. Using inhibitors of gap junctions and of voltage-operated calcium channels, we showed that the locally induced calcium propagation likely depends on the propagation of the smooth muscle cell depolarization. Finally, we proposed a model of the propagation mechanisms underlying these intercellular calcium waves.

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Li, Ying, Chao Sun, Jiujie Kuang, Changchun Ji, and Jiangtao Wu. "The Effect of Moxibustion Stimulation on Local and Distal Skin Temperature in Healthy Subjects." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (April 2, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3185987.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the response of local and distal skin temperature to moxibustion stimulation (MS) and explore the effects of MS on sympathetic nerve activity. The distal skin temperatures of fingertips, as an indicator for sympathetic reflex response, were recorded using infrared camera during resting period (10 min), MS period (10 min), and natural cooling period (15 min), respectively. The MS without ash cleaning (AC) was applied to acupoints Quze (PC3) (Group I) and Lao Gong (PC8) (Group II), respectively. In Group III, the MS with the operation of AC was performed on PC8. The temperature responses of the local stimulation points and corresponding control points were also investigated. At the beginning of MS period, a significant increase of temperature on the stimulation point accompanied by a simultaneous reduction of temperature on fingertips was observed. A marked negative correlation was also obtained between temperature changes in the stimulation point and in the fingertips. At the end of natural cooling period (t = 34 min), the temperature of stimulation point was obviously higher than baseline values. In contrast, the temperatures of fingertips increased and then returned to the baseline levels during the second minute of MS period. In Group III, the temperature of stimulation point increased every time with the operation of AC, accompanied by the temperature decrease of middle fingertip. The findings suggest that moxibustion may trigger the sympathetic nervous system and induce the reduction of microcirculation, accompanied by a reduction of fingertip temperature. In addition, the operation of AC caused repeated cycles of thermal stimulation on the stimulation point, which may repetitively activate cutaneous sympathetic nerve fibres and evoke the temperature reduction of fingertips.

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Catuogno, C., A. Scalfari, G. A. Ventrice, L. F. Martino, and P. Lanza. "Andrological surgery under local anesthesia." Urologia Journal 64, no. 4 (August 1997): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039706400432.

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– This work describes the authors’ experience with 454 patients operated under local anesthesia for andrological related diseases. Only six patients had side effects: 5 crises of stimulation of the vagus and 1 interruption of the operation due to pain. The authors conclude that local anesthesia is not only safe and well tolerated by the patient, who returns to his normal acitivity much quicker, but is also economical with regard to health care costs.

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Green, Paul G., Holly J. Strausbaugh, and Jon D. Levine. "Annexin I Is a Local Mediator in Neural-Endocrine Feedback Control of Inflammation." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 3120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.6.3120.

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Green, Paul G., Holly J. Strausbaugh, and Jon D. Levine. Annexin I is a local mediator in neural-endocrine feedback control of inflammation. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3120–3126, 1998. Activation of primary afferent nociceptors induces a neural endocrine–mediated inhibition of the inflammatory response via a circuit that includes ascending spinal pathways and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. This circuit inhibits sympathetic neuron-dependent plasma extravasation (PE) in the rat knee joint produced by bradykinin (BK), but not sympathetic neuron–independent PE produced by platelet activating factor (PAF). Noxious (25 mA) but not non-noxious (2.5 mA) electrical stimulation significantly increased plasma corticosterone concentrations, and intravenous infusion of corticosterone (5 μg/min) mimicked inhibition of BK-induced PE produced by noxious stimulation. However, perfusion of corticosterone locally through the knee joint, at doses that do not have a systemic action (i.e., ≤1 μM), did not inhibit BK-induced PE. Annexin I (lipocortin-1), a 37-kDa member of a family of phospholipid and calcium binding proteins, can mediate local anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids via a mechanism that is partially dependent on inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity and adhesion and transmigration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Because BK-induced PE is dependent on both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and phospholipase A2 activity, we tested the hypothesis that the action of corticosterone to inhibit BK-induced PE is mediated by stimulating the production and release of annexin I. Perfusion of BK (150 nM) through the rat knee joint induces a rapid and sustained increase in PE. Co-perfusion of BK with annexin I (100 ng/ml) through the knee joint mimics the inhibition of BK-induced PE produced by noxious electrical stimulation or by intravenous corticosterone. Co-perfusion of BK with annexin I antibody (LCPS1, 1:60 dilution) prevented the inhibition of BK-induced PE produced by noxious electrical stimulation or intravenous corticosterone adminstration. PAF-induced PE, which is not dependent on polymorphonuclear leukocytes, was not inhibited by local perfusion of annexin I. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of C-fiber activity on BK-induced PE, acting via an HPA circuit, is mediated by annexin I in the knee joint.

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Harned, Michael E. "Novel Use of Intraoperative Dexmedetomidine Infusion for Sedation During Spinal Cord Stimulator Lead Placement via Surgical Laminectomy." Pain Physician 1;13, no. 1;1 (January 14, 2010): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/19.

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Background: Spinal cord stimulators are most often placed through a percutaneous approach using minimal sedation and local anesthesia to facilitate intraoperative testing. However, when leads need to be placed using a laminectomy incision additional anesthesia is required which can complicate intraoperative testing. There is no consensus as to the best anesthetic choice when laminectomy-placed leads are required. Objective: We present 2 cases where spinal cord stimulator leads were implanted through a surgical laminectomy under sedation using dexmedetomidine infusion and local anesthesia to provide a cooperative patient for intraoperative testing. Case Report: Patient #1: A 40-year-old female with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome secondary to an automobile accident who had good pain control with a spinal cord stimulator until a lead fracture resulted in loss of stimulation. She required a laminectomy-placed lead which was implanted under dexmedetomidine infusion and local anesthesia. Patient #2: A 54-year-old female with Failed Back Syndrome who had good pain control until a lead fracture resulted in loss of stimulation. She underwent a laminectomy-placed lead, new battery pocket, and removal of the old system under a dexmedetomidine infusion and local anesthesia. Limitations: Report of only 2 cases. Conclusions: The anesthetic management from a laminectomy-placed spinal cord stimulator can present a difficult choice. A general anesthetic or even deep sedation can provide good operative conditions but limits intraoperative testing or in the case of deep sedation risks losing the airway in the prone position. On the other hand, minimal sedation, which facilitates intraoperative testing, can make the surgical procedure extremely uncomfortable or even unbearable. Dexmedetomidine infusion and local anesthesia provide sedation for the operative portions while rendering the patient alert and cooperative during intraoperative testing. Key words: Spinal Cord Stimulator, dexmedetomidine, percutaneous, laminectomy, intraoperative, sedation

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Singh, Balbir, Xue-Lian Qi, David T. Blake, and Christos Constantinidis. "Rhythmicity of Prefrontal Local Field Potentials after Nucleus Basalis Stimulation." eneuro 9, no. 1 (January 2022): ENEURO.0380–21.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0380-21.2022.

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Onaizah, Onaizah, Liangcheng Xu, Kevin Middleton, Lidan You, and Eric Diller. "Local stimulation of osteocytes using a magnetically actuated oscillating beam." PLOS ONE 15, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): e0235366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235366.

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Matsui, Hisao, Kjell Olmarker, Michael Cornefjord, Keisuke Takahashi, and Björn Rydevik. "Local Electrophysiologic Stimulation in Experimental Double Level Cauda Equina Compression." Spine 17, no. 9 (September 1992): 1075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199209000-00011.

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Fridberger, Anders, and Tianying Ren. "Local mechanical stimulation of the hearing organ by laser irradiation." NeuroReport 17, no. 1 (January 2006): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000195665.22714.ee.

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Fan, Victoria H., Lauren E. Grosberg, Sasidhar S. Madugula, Pawel Hottowy, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Alexander Sher, Alan M. Litke, and EJ Chichilnisky. "Epiretinal stimulation with local returns enhances selectivity at cellular resolution." Journal of Neural Engineering 16, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 025001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aaeef1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Local Stimulation'

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