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Journal articles on the topic 'Local-state government'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Local-state government.

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Swanson, Jeffrey, and Charles Barrilleaux. "State Government Preemption of Local Government Decisions Through the State Courts." Urban Affairs Review 56, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 671–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087418783273.

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What factors are associated with state government preemption of local government policies? This research asks whether state courts limit local authority in areas in which local preferences differ from the state’s, and whether this is conditioned by the level of autonomy the state grants the local government. Using a newly constructed data set of 404 local governments that had local ordinances challenged in state courts between the years 1996 and 2017, we find that local governments with citizen ideological preferences that differ from the state are less likely to have an ordinance preempted by the courts when the level of local autonomy given by the state is high. Thus, institutions like home rule provide local governments with certain legal protections from challenges to local authority.

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2

Laster, Shari, and Aimée C. Quinn. "State and Local: Capturing the Moment: Local Government Publications." DttP: Documents to the People 44, no. 2 (September 7, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v44i2.6068.

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When it comes to identifying and accessing government information sources, publications from local government offices and departments can be one of the toughest areas out there. Local or municipal governments are typically categorized based on the category of government subdivision they fit, such as counties, cities, towns, or districts, but they are more frequently requested and accessed based on the surrounding geography. Some functions can be carried out in partnership with other government entities, as when a water or parks district works in concert with a county government; or when agencies at the regional level work directly under the mandate of a state or provincial government.

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3

Edmiston, Kelly D. "State And Local E-Government." American Review of Public Administration 33, no. 1 (March 2003): 20–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074002250255.

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4

Gove, Samuel K., Jack Rabin, and Don Dodd. "State and Local Government Administration." Public Administration Review 46, no. 4 (July 1986): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/976320.

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5

Ikeanyibe, Okechukwu Marcellus, Patrick Chiemeka Chukwu, and Jide Ibietan. "Modelo e determinantes das relações entre governos estaduais e locais na Nigéria." Revista de Administração Pública 53, no. 6 (December 2019): 1040–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220180068.

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Abstract Nigeria struggles to establish and sustain cooperative, interdependent state-local intergovernmental relations (IGR) by providing for the powers and rights of local governments in the federal constitution. Despite the provisions, the practice of state-local IGR has remained inclusive, hierarchical, dependent and competitive. This paper investigates the extent to which constitutional provisions determine state-local relations as against the macrostructure of intergovernmental relations between the federal government and states. The authors argue that it is difficult to expect a cooperative, interdependent, state-local IGR through constitutional provisions of the powers and rights of local governments, if the federal-state relations, which should be the determining framework of IGR is inclusive, hierarchical and dependent. The paper suggests that the lower forms of IGR in a federation (e.g. the state-local IGR), largely depend on the super-structure, which is that between the federal government and the lower tiers. The implication is that the level of autonomy enjoyed by local governments largely depends on the level of autonomy the states themselves enjoy.

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6

Onuigbo, Richard A. "State-Local Government Fiscal Relations : Implications for Local Government System in Nigeria." Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 5, no. 3 (2015): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0019018.

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7

Смоляр, О. А. "State control in local government: specificsoflegalregulation." Problems of Legality, no. 129 (May 26, 2015): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.129.51611.

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8

Hirsch, Werner Z. "STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT PROGRAM BUDGETING*." Papers in Regional Science 18, no. 1 (January 14, 2005): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1967.tb01361.x.

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9

Kamenícková, Vera. "State budget support to local government." International Journal of Public Administration 20, no. 3 (1997): 717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900699708525213.

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10

Lovell, Catherine H. "DEREGULATION OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT." Policy Studies Journal 13, no. 3 (March 1985): 607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1985.tb01598.x.

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11

Florestano, Patricia S., Rosslyn S. Kleeman, Elton C. Smith, William I. Sauser, Stephen F. Sallinger, Keith J. Ward, K. J. Ward, Kathryn Martin, K. Martin, and Kenneth Evans. "University Research on State/Local Government." Public Administration Review 46, no. 1 (January 1986): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/975448.

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12

Stratford, Jean Slemmons, Juri Stratford, and Terry L. Weech. "Economics of state and local government." Journal of Government Information 21, no. 5 (September 1994): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-0237(94)90028-0.

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13

Rakodi, Carole. "The local state and urban local government in Zambia." Public Administration and Development 8, no. 1 (January 1988): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230080104.

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14

Holtz-Eakin, Douglas. "State-specific estimates of state and local government capital." Regional Science and Urban Economics 23, no. 2 (April 1993): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(93)90003-w.

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15

Blair, Robert F., and Anthony M. Starke. "The Emergence of Local Government Policy Leadership." State and Local Government Review 49, no. 4 (December 2017): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x17754237.

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State and local governments traditionally exerted leadership in policy areas that directly affected their communities and citizens. The leadership of cities, however, has expanded into a number of policy areas where the states and the national government have reduced their policy footprint. This article summarizes research on local policy leadership, examines it within the context of historical state–local intergovernmental relations, and reviews three expanding policy areas. As creatures of state government, localities are subject to legislative restrictions; however, recent research reveals a significant upsurge of state governments preempting policy actions of local governments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the flame of local government policy leadership burns brightly now, but forces appear to be gathering that may cause it to flicker.

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16

Maksimović, Nebojša. "State supervision over the local self-government in the Vidovdan Constitution." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis 60, no. 90 (2021): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfn0-32306.

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In the process of adopting the Vidovdan Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921), one of the topical issues was the form of supervision that the state government would exercise over the local self-government. In this article, the author first elaborates on the development of this constitutional document, with specific reference to the constitutional drafts proposed by the governments of Milenko Vesnić and Nikola Pašić, the amendments introduced by the Constitutional Committee, and the adoption of the constitution in the Constituent Assembly on 28 June 1921 (St. Vitus Day). The Vodovdan Constitution was the legal ground for adopting two important legislative acts in April 1922: the Law on General Administration and the Law on Regional and District Self-Governmnent. The author analyzes the constitutional and statutory provisions that regulated the legal position of state authorities in the administrative districts, counties and local self-government bodies, as well as their mutual relations. State supervision over the local self-government activities, primarily at the regional (district) level, has been observed in the context of state supervision over the administrative acts/ documents and local administrative bodies. In particular, the author focuses on the supervision over regional finances, considering not only the importance of these funds for the functioning of the regional self-government but also the restrictions which the regional government was exposed to. The aim of the research is to point out to the legal relations between the central (state) administration and local self-government in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which were initially envisaged in the Vidovdan Constitution and subsequently instituted by the the 1922 Law on Regional and District Self-Government.

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17

Rockwell, R. James, and Jay Parkinson. "State and local government laser safety requirements." Journal of Laser Applications 11, no. 5 (October 1999): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.521869.

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18

Rawan, Atifa R. "State and Local Government on the Net." Journal of Government Information 24, no. 2 (March 1997): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(97)80901-x.

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19

Hicks, William D., and Adam J. Newmark. "Comparing Introductory State and Local Government Textbooks." PS: Political Science & Politics 50, no. 02 (March 31, 2017): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096516003164.

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20

Dugger, Fred. "Managing microcomputers in state and local government." Telematics and Informatics 2, no. 2 (January 1985): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-5853(85)80008-3.

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21

Canel, Maria Jose. "Local government in the Spanish autonomic state." Local Government Studies 20, no. 1 (March 1994): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003939408433710.

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22

Gittleman, Maury, and Brooks Pierce. "Compensation for State and Local Government Workers." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.1.217.

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Are state and local government workers overcompensated? In this paper, we step back from the highly charged rhetoric and address this question with the two primary data sources for looking at compensation of state and local government workers: the Current Population Survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation microdata collected as part of the National Compensation Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In both data sets, the workers being hired in the public sector have higher skill levels than those in the private sector, so the challenge is to compare across sectors in a way that adjusts suitably for this difference. After controlling for skill differences and incorporating employer costs for benefits packages, we find that, on average, public sector workers in state government have compensation costs 3–10 percent greater than those for workers in the private sector, while in local government the gap is 10–19 percent. We caution that this finding is somewhat dependent on the chosen sample and specification, that averages can obscure broader differences in distributions, and that a host of worker and job attributes are not available to us in these data. Nonetheless, the data suggest that public sector workers, especially local government ones, on average, receive greater remuneration than observably similar private sector workers. Overturning this result would require, we think, strong arguments for particular model specifications, or different data.

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23

Dollery, Brian, Sue O’Keefe, and Lin Crase. "State Oversight Models for Australian Local Government." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 28, no. 4 (December 2009): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.2010.00047.x.

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24

SELLERS, JEFFEREY M., and ANDERS LIDSTRÖM. "Decentralization, Local Government, and the Welfare State." Governance 20, no. 4 (December 10, 2007): 609–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2007.00374.x.

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25

Franklin, Aimee L. "Performance Budgeting for State and Local Government." Public Budgeting Finance 26, no. 1 (March 2006): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5850.2006.00843.x.

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26

Robey, John S. "PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS: STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT." GPSA Journal: The Georgia Political Science Association 8, no. 1 (November 12, 2008): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.1980.tb00863.x.

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27

Bloom, Robert. "Reporting for State and Local Government Pension Plans." Compensation & Benefits Review 44, no. 3 (May 2012): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368712455607.

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Financial reporting for state and local government pension plans needs to be improved. Although these governmental agencies in recent years have required greater contributions by employees toward their pensions along with increasing the retirement age and service years, reducing cost-of-living benefits, and reducing overtime allowances, investment losses and declining tax revenues stemming from the recession have aggravated the underfunding of their pension plans. Financial reporting of these plans could be enhanced by reflecting more realistic measures of the underlying obligation and the expected long-term rates of return on plan assets. The Government Accounting Standards Board is finalizing a standard to require such information in order to enhance the transparency of reporting on these plans.

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28

Yoon, Sunghyun. "Legal Basis for State & Local Government in Australia - Focusing on State Referendums & 2013 Local Government Referendum -." KANGWON LAW REVIEW 60 (June 30, 2020): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18215/kwlr.2020.60..1.

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29

Shannon, Michael O. "Managing local government records: A manual for local government officials in New York State." Government Publications Review 14, no. 1 (January 1987): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9390(87)90094-x.

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30

Ogochukwu, Okafor, and Nwankwo Frank O. "Women Empowerment Through Cooperative In Anambra State. A Study Of Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State Nigeria." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (August 31, 2018): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd15852.

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31

Muhammad Koko, Nuruddeen Muhammad, Azmil Mohd Tayeb, and Siti Zuliha Razali. "Restructuring State - Local Relations in Nigeria: Issues and Perspectives." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 6, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i8.908.

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Federations thrived where levels of government exist and function based on shared rule and self-rule concurrently. Thus, a key defining feature of federalism is the assignment of responsibilities between component units such that each unit is assigned specific responsibilities within its jurisdiction. However, in Nigeria, the disproportionate distribution of responsibilities and resources amongst the component units had resulted in a dysfunctional federation. By virtue of the provision of section 7 of 1999 Constitution, Supreme Court's judgements and extra-judicial pronouncements, local governments are under the "supervisory control" of the State Governments (SGs). However, the extent to which this supervisory control is exercised has been at the front burner of every discourse on Nigerian politics and particular governance challenges. While examining state-local governments relations from both legal and operational viewpoints, this paper illustrates how the SGs wore away the intent of the framers of the Constitution, which is to institute a system of local government that is properly organised, monitored supervised by the SGs. A qualitative research approach was used. Data was collected via official documents, relevant literature, and interviews from officials of the SGs and local governments and experts selected purposively and conveniently. The paper established that local governments are failing simply because the SGs have failed to perform their responsibilities per the spirit of the Constitution and other extant laws. The article finally advocates for an efficient and effective local government system premise on the federal decentralise system. In doing that, it is important to stress that the existing legal aspect does require slight adjustment especially granting the Houses of Assembly of State and state judiciary reasonable autonomy to checkmate the excesses of the SGs. Moreover, accomplishing this will significantly restructure and improve the operational aspect of the relationship for a virile local government system.

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32

Mowbray, Martin. "Intellectuals and the Local State: The Australian Local Government Literature." Urban Policy and Research 15, no. 4 (December 1997): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111149708551370.

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33

Cornachione Kula, Maria. "Are US state and local governments consumption smoothers?" Journal of Economic Studies 41, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-12-2012-0171.

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Purpose – This paper aims to reconcile conflicting findings in the literature regarding the extent of consumption smoothing of sub-federal governments. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a panel of US state and local government data from 1973 to 2000 to find the extent of consumption smoothing among US state and local governments. Findings – It is found that about 30 percent of spending is determined by permanent resources. Additionally, states with more stringent balanced budget rules are found to smooth more than states with the least stringent balanced budget rules, which do not smooth at all. There is some evidence that liquidity constraints may cause the non-optimal behavior of the states with the least restrictive requirements as they have higher average net debt per capita and face higher risk premia than those with the most stringent rules. Research limitations/implications – Results differ from research using aggregate US data, where it is found that essentially all changes in state and local government spending are due to changes in current resources. The conflict is attributed to panel vs aggregate data use. Other research finds greater smoothing in Norway, where about 65 percent of local government spending is determined by permanent resources, and Sweden, with at least 90 percent of spending changes due to changes in permanent resources. This conflict may be due to institutional differences. Further research is needed in this area. Originality/value – This paper fills a gap in the literature on consumption smoothing by considering a panel of US state and local governments.

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34

Majekodunmi, Aderonke. "The State of Local Government and Service Delivery in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2012): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v1i3.37.

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Local government creates an appropriate and conduciveenvironment for the people at the local level through efficient and effective service delivery. The value of localgovernment in a country is inestimable because it is an indispensable arm of government. As a result, the link between the qualities of service that citizens enjoy is very significant. The article examines local government and effective service delivery with special reference to Nigerianlocal governments. It notes that Local government is the closest government<br />to the people at the grassroots level,so it is expected to play significant roles in providing the social services for the people in order to improve their standard of living. But in Nigeria, the impact of local government is so far limited, especially with regard to improving service delivery. The article observes that despite the strategic importance of local government to the development process through effective service delivery, there has not been much development in most local governments in Nigeria. The article recommends that local governments in Nigeria need adequate autonomy that can facilitate their operations and development of the localities through effective service delivery.

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35

BEZDEK, ROGER H., and ERNEST M. ZAMPELLI. "STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT TAX EXPENDITURES RELATING TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT." National Tax Journal 39, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ntj41788632.

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36

MUNNELL, ALICIA H., JEAN-PIERRE AUBRY, and MARK CAFARELLI. "COLA cuts in state-local pensions." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 15, no. 3 (December 8, 2015): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747215000372.

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AbstractAlthough it is often assumed that public workers have greater benefit protections than their private sector counterparts covered by the Employees Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, this paper finds that state and local governments – particularly those with generous cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs), fewer benefit protections, and financial pressures on the plan and the sponsoring government – cut COLAs for current workers and, often, for retirees. In most instances, these cuts were upheld by the courts. While the pace of COLA cuts has slowed, they are likely to reappear if plans come under renewed financial pressures.

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37

Carr, Jered B. "Local Government Autonomy and State Reliance on Special District Governments: A Reassessment." Political Research Quarterly 59, no. 3 (September 2006): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290605900315.

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38

Reschovsky, Andrew. "The Impact of State Government Fiscal Crises on Local Governments and Schools." State and Local Government Review 36, no. 2 (August 2004): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x0403600201.

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39

Sihotang, Erikson. "Land Management Rights on State Land by Local Governments." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 9 (October 1, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i9.1888.

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Land is an essential part of human life. On the land there are various rights that arise, including ownership rights, building use rights, cultivation rights and usage rights. Besides land that already has land rights on it, there is also land without rights on it which is called State land. This paper will examine the legal problems that arise over State land which is claimed by regional governments as regional assets. The method used in this writing is through a doctrinal / law approach where the law is conceptualized as statutory regulations. The results of the analysis show that the regional government cannot automatically say that State land is land controlled by the regional government through management rights, but the regional government must apply to the national land agency to have rights over State land.

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40

Roberts, Gary E. "Mental Health Benefits in New Jersey State and Local Government." Public Personnel Management 31, no. 2 (June 2002): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600203100207.

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Adequate mental health coverage is a key element of a comprehensive employee benefits package. The absence of adequate mental health coverage imposes significant costs on employees, their families, and our society as a whole and is a larger public health and safety issue. The focus of this study is to analyze mental health policies and coverage levels for New Jersey State government employees and a sample of New Jersey local governments. The results indicated an absence of parity between physical and mental health coverage for New Jersey state and local government employees. The most significant inequities include differential limits concerning the number of inpatient days and outpatient visits as well as patient contributions in terms of copay, coinsurance, and deductible provisions. A comprehensive mental health management model is proposed for adoption by state and local governments.

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41

Fiseha, Assefa. "Local Level Decentralization in Ethiopia: Case Study of Tigray Regional State." Law and Development Review 13, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0006.

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AbstractBased on the literature on decentralization, this article investigates the institutional arrangement and autonomy of local governments in Tigray Regional state. It is based on two rounds of field work covering nine districts. At a formal level, local governments are autonomous units with some defined mandates including power to decide on policy issues. In reality however, local governments in the study area act more as deconcentrated than as autonomous units since their autonomy is curtailed by higher level governments and party structures. Local governments are thus extension arms of the regional state with little autonomy of their own. Institutions such as elected councils, mayors and the executive exist at the local level but there is more vertical than horizontal accountability. As a result, local Councils have not been able to ensure accountability. Thus decentralization has not resulted in popular control of local governance and local-level development as interests of the party and the local political elite prevail over popular interests. The article calls for rethinking the design of local government that would constitute a local government deal that shifts decision-making away from higher level institutions to the local level, constituting multi-stake holders having control over the affairs of local government.

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42

Joyce Mbaebie, Joyce Mbaebie. "Caretaker Committee and Performance of Local Government Council in Anambra State." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 4 (May 19, 2021): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i4.1.

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The study focused on the caretaker committee and performance of local Government Council in Nigeria: A study of Anambra State 2008 - 2013. In Nigeria federal structure, the three levels of government have legislative responsibility for various services and functions. The fourth schedule of the constitution outlines the functions and responsibilities of local government. The objective of the study is to: determine if the imposition of the caretaker committee system is a constitutional provision of the local government system in Nigeria especially Anambra State; to determine if the adoption of the caretaker committee by the state government affected the capacity of local government to perform its functions. The theoretical framework adopted focused on structural functional theory propounded by Gabriel Almond and J.S. Coleman in 1960. The study adopted descriptive research design and relied heavily on both primary and secondary data. Questionnaire was the major instrument for data collection and data were analyzed by the use of mean. Based on the data analysis, the following findings were made: the imposition of the caretaker committee system by state government to local governments is unconstitutional, the adoption of the caretaker committee by state government endangered the local government system capacity to perform its constitutional function. The study recommended amongst others that the use of or appointment of local government caretaker committee should be condemned, caretaker committee should be made to spend only three months to allow for a constitutionally elected local government executive. Keywords: Local Government, Caretaker, Committee, Grassroots, Performance.

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43

Waters, Alan. "The State of Local Democracy in Britain." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 24, no. 3 (May 2009): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940902895497.

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The logo for the Whitehall department responsible for English councils is a large capital ‘C’ spelling out the word ‘Communities’, sitting above a lower case (a magnifying glass may be required for middle aged eyes) ‘local government’. So it is ‘Communities & local government’ (CLG) and the signature of the current incumbent as Secretary of State is that of Hazel Blears, whose enthusiasm for ‘communities’ can be traced through a steady convoy of Government White Papers and legislation. The 2007 Local Government & Public Involvement in Health Act', for example, is soon to be followed by a ‘Regeneration and Democracy’ Bill currently making its way through Parliament. It is the final part of a relentless sequence of central government tinkering with local government, which is unequalled in the rest of Europe. Ostensibly, all of this frenetic activity is about the need to tackle an ailing local democracy and a disengaged local electorate. This scenario only fully works if one ignores the highly centralised system within which local government has to operate. So there are now duties placed on local councils to ‘involve’ local residents in helping to determine priorities; spend budgets and, where possible, ‘empower’ through transferring assets.

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44

Grady, Dennis O. "State and Local Government Administration.Jack Rabin , Don Dodd." Journal of Politics 48, no. 2 (May 1986): 481–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2131111.

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45

Sjoquist, David L., and Roy Bahl. "Financing State and Local Government in the 1980s." Land Economics 61, no. 3 (August 1985): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3145852.

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46

Mehay, Stephen L., and Roy Bahl. "Financing State and Local Government in the 1980s." Southern Economic Journal 51, no. 4 (April 1985): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1058414.

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47

Bahl, Roy, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, and Sally Wallace. "State and Local Government Choices in Fiscal Redistribution." National Tax Journal 55, no. 4 (December 2002): 723–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2002.4.04.

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48

Kodrzycki, Yolanda K. "The Crisis in State and Local Government Statistics." National Tax Journal 61, no. 3 (September 2008): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2008.3.12.

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49

Ziegenfuss, Douglas E. "State and local government fraud survey for 1995." Managerial Auditing Journal 11, no. 9 (December 1996): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686909610150395.

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Blackley, Paul R., and Larry DeBoer. "The Structure of State and Local Government Production." Public Finance Quarterly 19, no. 2 (April 1991): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114219101900202.

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