Academic literature on the topic 'Local Learning and Employment Networks'
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Journal articles on the topic "Local Learning and Employment Networks"
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Kamp, Annelies. "Capitals and commitment: the case of a local learning and employment network." Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 30, no. 4 (December 2009): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01596300903237230.
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Uribe-Toril, Juan, Alejandro C. Galindo, José A. Torres, Jaime De Pablo, and José L. Ruiz-Real. "Local Development and Gentrification Resulting from the Rehabilitation of Singular Buildings: Analysis of Neural Networks." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081500.
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The recovery of a built heritage and specifically of singular buildings is a key aspect of local development. The aim of this study was to understand the influence of these regenerations on their environment by transforming adjacent businesses and initiating parallel processes of gentrification and local development. The renewed attraction of these new businesses to the area can result in increased employment and production. The methodology used was based on self-organizing maps of neural networks with matrix architecture and competitive learning. Through the analysis of neural networks, we were able to identify common relationships and behaviors in commercial properties which are adjacent to singular buildings and that share common patterns and characteristics or attributes. The singular buildings analyzed are located along the Spanish Mediterranean coast in the cities of Almería, Barcelona, and Valencia. The results obtained were based on the following hypotheses: occupancy model and the classification based on total occupancy, total variation in occupancy, and the most common types of usage of a given ground floor commercial property. Among the conclusions, we highlight the existence of commercial premises that display anti-cyclical economic behavior and the presence of commercial premises considered to be “unfortunate” or with low potential.
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Ilott, Irene, and Joan Kenyon. "Bridging the Gap — Employment and Education, Part 1: An Evaluation of an In-Service Course." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 60, no. 7 (July 1997): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269706000704.
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The first part of this article describes and evaluates a part-time diploma course in occupational therapy. It was instigated by a consortium of health and local authorities, using a contractual process that predated current educational purchasing arrangements. The course achieved a pass rate of 92% and nil voluntary attrition, much to the satisfaction of all the stakeholders. This was due to the students' intrinsic motivation, the partnership between the providers, purchasers and workplaces, an andragogical approach that optimised work-based learning and extensive support networks. The principle of placing the needs of part-time adult learners at the centre of the educational process is relevant for those involved with similar routes. Part 2 will report on the results of a one-year follow-up destination survey.
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Maratkyzy, Saniya, Ainur Turdybayevna Baikenzheyeva, and B. K. Baizhanova. "BUSINESS AND EDUCATION: OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRAINING." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Pedagogics series, no. 4.2020 (January 11, 2021): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/knkb5644.
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This article examines the area of intersection of interests of universities and employers, shows the qualifications of graduates of regional universities, their readiness for innovative professional activities, work on the latest path and career growth. The possibility of interaction in the active participation of universities in activities to increase the competitiveness and growth potential of companies, as well as in the joint creation of business incubators is shown. The dynamics of employment of graduates of the Kyzylorda State University named after Korkyt Ata on biological education, employment opportunities for graduates were noted. The most promising areas of business and education development in general are shown. The technologies of distance learning and social networks are shown, new opportunities for online learning are presented; the formation of individual educational trajectories and interdisciplinary integrated learning. It shows the training of specialists in the field of biology on the basis of educational programs, the rights of teachers, if possible, the formation of the main elements of doing business in the process of teaching general education subjects for students of the educational program of biology, promoting the development of the local and national economy in educational programs. training specialists capable of planning and conducting research in this area, including those capable of commercializing the results.
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Leung, Ada, Huimin Xu, Gavin Jiayun Wu, and Kyle W. Luthans. "Industry Peer Networks (IPNs)." Management Research Review 42, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-02-2018-0057.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine a type of interorganizational learning called Industry Peer Networks (IPNs), in which a network of non-competing small businesses cooperates to improve their skills and to stay abreast of the industry trends, so that the firms remain competitive in the local and regional markets. The key characteristic of an IPN is the regular gathering of peers in small groups (typically 20 or fewer carefully selected members) in an atmosphere of significant trust, guided by a facilitator, to participate in a series of formal and informal activities through established guidelines, to share knowledge about management and marketing, exchange information about industry trends beyond their core markets, discuss issues related to company performance and provide constructive criticism about peer companies. Design/methodology/approach The qualitative research on the context included visits to 13 peer meetings, three workshops for peer members, seven semi-structured interviews with members and many communications with the founder, chairman, committee chairpersons and several facilitators of peer meetings that spanned across five years. Data collection and analysis followed grounded theory building techniques. Findings The authors identified both cooperative and competitive learning practices that a small business could carry out to grow from a novice to an expert IPN peer member. The cooperative elements such as peer discussions, disclosure of financial data and exposure to various business models allow member firms to learn vicariously through the successes and/or failure of their peers. At the same time, the competitive elements such as service delivery critiques, business performance benchmarking and firm ranking also prompt the members to focus on execution, to emphasize accountability and to strive for status in the network. The IPN in this research has also built network legitimacy over time, and it has sustained a viable administrative entity that has a recognizable form and structure, whose functions are to strategically manage network activities and network growth to attract like-minded new members. Research limitations/implications First, because this research focused on fleshing out the transformative practices engaged by IPN peers, it necessarily neglected other types of network relationships that affect the small businesses, including local competitors, vendors and customers. Second, the small employment size of these firms and the personal nature of network ties in the IPN may provide an especially fertile ground for network learning that might not exist for larger firms. Third, the technology-intensive and quality-sensitive nature of IT firms may make technological trend sensitization and operating efficiency more competitive advantages in this industry than in others. Finally, although participation in IPN is associated with higher level of perceived learning, the relationship between learning and business performance is not yet articulated empirically. Practical implications The study contributes to the understanding of cooperative/competitive transformative practices in the IPN by highlighting the defining features at each transformation stage, from firms being isolated entities which react to market forces to connected peers which proactively drive the markets. IPNs are most effective for business owners who are at their early growth stage, in which they are positioned to grow further. Nevertheless, the authors also present the paradoxical capacity of IPNs to propel firms along trajectories of empowerment or disengagement. Social implications As 78.5 per cent of the US firms are small businesses having fewer than 10 employees, the knowledge of firm and IPN transformation is important for both researchers and advocates of small businesses to understand the roots of success or failure of firms and the IPNs in which they are embedded. Originality/value Earlier research has not explored the network-level effects as part of a full array of outcomes. Instead, research involving IPNs has focused primarily on the motivation and immediate firm-level outcomes of IPNs. Research to this point has also failed to examine IPNs from a developmental perspective, how the firms and the IPN as a network transform over time.
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Ahmad, Rozila, and Noel Scott. "Benefits and challenges for Malaysian hotels when employing foreign workers and interns." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 15, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 248–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-05-2020-0103.
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Purpose In Malaysia, globalization has increased the number of multinational hotel chains and independent five-star hotels employing foreign professionals, interns and labourers. This study aims to explore the benefits and challenges for hotels of the many foreigners working in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Malaysian hotel managers concerning employment of foreign workers. Findings The results indicate that the employment of foreign workers benefits customers, enlarges the hotel’s network of industry contacts and enhances the knowledge, professionalism and service culture of the hotel workforce. This study identified challenges for the foreign workers such as culture shocks and problems with learning the Malay language. Research limitations/implications This is an exploratory qualitative study conducted prior to the outbreak of COVID-19. The unemployment issue is worsened as COVID-19 spreads globally. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is among the first study to examine the positive and negative impacts of foreign workers employment in hotels in Malaysia. Practical implications The employment of foreign workers reduces the availability of jobs for locals. Recommendations are provided for locals to improve their employability and for hotels to better host international interns. Social implications This study highlights the need for balance between the benefits of foreign workers employment, and its challenges such as local unemployment. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is among the first in the international human resources management literature to provide a first-hand perspective of employment of expatriate managers, foreign labourers and interns in hotels in a Southeast Asian developing country.
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I. T., Afolabi, Adeyeye O. M., and Ayo C.K. "VIRTUAL LEARNING IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss2.144.
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Currently, local area network (LAN) is commonplace in the Nigerian tertiary institutions and can be a good platform for distributing and disseminating instructional materials. Thus, this paper proposes to improve the quality of academics through online provision of learning resources based on Free and Open Source Software (FOSS); wired and wireless access to contents; and availability of the system 24/7. The system is based on third party software or FOSS called phpBB and Windows 2003 Server Active Directory Services. Both are installed and configured on an intranet. It has a discussion forum which is accessed through Hypertext Transfer Protocol using a web browser; and directory services for files/folders upload and download based on a set of privilege levels in Discretionary Access Control List (DACL) as a way of improving security. The system leads to the development of a virtual campus in Covenant University. Also, it has helpedimprove the quality of teaching by making lecture notes availably on the intranet, lecturer/studentinteraction, accessibility to teaching materials and reduce student’s idle time. The system helps in no small measure to correct the problems plaguing the educational sector such as examination malpractice, decline standards of education and cultism, as students are gainfully engaged in academic and social activities. The creation of a virtual campus would enhance the level of e-participation, and e-readiness of the graduate for the employment market. In particular, it bridges the divide between the developed and the developing nations.
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Berkowitz, Seth A., Sanjay Basu, Atheendar Venkataramani, Gally Reznor, Eric W. Fleegler, and Steven J. Atlas. "Association between access to social service resources and cardiometabolic risk factors: a machine learning and multilevel modeling analysis." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e025281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025281.
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ObjectivesInterest in linking patients with unmet social needs to area-level resources, such as food pantries and employment centres in one’s ZIP code, is growing. However, whether the presence of these resources is associated with better health outcomes is unclear. We sought to determine if area-level resources, defined as organisations that assist individuals with meeting health-related social needs, are associated with lower levels of cardiometabolic risk factors.DesignCross-sectional.SettingData were collected in a primary care network in eastern Massachusetts in 2015.Participants and primary and secondary outcome measures123 355 participants were included. The primary outcome was body mass index (BMI). The secondary outcomes were systolic blood pressure (SBP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). All participants were included in BMI analyses. Participants with hypertension were included in SBP analyses. Participants with an indication for cholesterol lowering were included in LDL analyses and participants with diabetes mellitus were included in HbA1c analyses. We used a random forest-based machine-learning algorithm to identify types of resources associated with study outcomes. We then tested the association of ZIP-level selected resource types (three for BMI, two each for SBP and HbA1c analyses and one for LDL analyses) with these outcomes, using multilevel models to account for individual-level, clinic-level and other area-level factors.ResultsResources associated with lower BMI included more food resources (−0.08 kg/m2per additional resource, 95% CI −0.13 to −0.03 kg/m2), employment resources (−0.05 kg/m2, 95% CI −0.11 to −0.002 kg/m2) and nutrition resources (−0.07 kg/m2, 95% CI −0.13 to −0.01 kg/m2). No area resources were associated with differences in SBP, LDL or HbA1c.ConclusionsAccess to specific local resources is associated with better BMI. Efforts to link patients to area resources, and to improve the resources landscape within communities, may help reduce BMI and improve population health.
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Shafie, Latisha Asmaak, Aizan Yaacob, and Paramjit Kaur Karpal Singh. "The Roles of English Language and Imagined Communities of a Facebook Group." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 10, no. 6 (December 16, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v10i6.4831.
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Social network sites are the networked public places for university students. The most famous social network site in Malaysia for university students is Facebook. University students spend a lot of their time navigating collapsed contexts with global and local audience. Thus, Facebook is the most appropriate site to investigate ESL learning acquisition through L2 learners’ interactions and digital footprints. The study investigates the roles of English language and the types of imagined communities of ten L2 learners at a public university. Transcripts of a Facebook group’s online discussion and semi-structured interviews were analysed using qualitative data software Atlas.ti 7. The findings reveal that the key informants are invested to learn English due to its roles in Malaysia. English language has four dominant roles such as the language for their future employment, the language of instruction, the lingua franca and a tool of empowerment. The research also indicates the imagined communities of the key participants are fluent local speakers, fluent non-native speakers and native speakers. The results of the study provide present needs of ESL learners that will enable insights to language instructors, course designers and curriculum designers in facilitating effective language acquisition. instructions give you basic guidelines for preparing camera-ready papers for conference proceedings. Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set. The electronic file of your paper will be formatted further. Define all symbols used in the abstract. Do not cite references in the abstract.
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Janta, Hania, Peter Lugosi, Lorraine Brown, and Adele Ladkin. "Migrant networks, language learning and tourism employment." Tourism Management 33, no. 2 (April 2012): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.05.004.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Local Learning and Employment Networks"
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Kamp, Annelies, and Annelies kamp@deakin edu au. "A study of the Geelong Local Learning and Employment Network." Deakin University. School of Education, 2006. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20070329.145032.
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In common with many Western nations, Australian governments, both state and federal, have increasingly embraced network-based approaches in responding to the effects of globalisation. Since 2001, thirty one Local Learning and Employment Networks (LLEN) have been established across all areas of Victoria, Australia in line with recommendations of a Ministerial Review into Post Compulsory Education and Training Pathways. That review reported that, in the globalised context, youth in transition from schooling to independence faced persistent and severe difficulties unknown to previous generations; it also found problems were frequently concentrated in particular groups and regions. LLEN bring together the expertise and experience of local education providers, industry, community organisations, individuals and government organisations. As a result of their local decisions, collaboration and community building efforts it is intended that opportunities for young people will be enhanced.
My research was conducted within an Australian Research Council Linkage Project awarded to Deakin University Faculty of Education in partnership with the Smart Geelong Region LLEN (SGR LLEN). The Linkage Project included two separate research components one of which forms my thesis: a case study of SGR LLEN. My data was generated through participant observation in SGR LLEN throughout 2004 and 2005 and through interviews, reflective writing and archival review. In undertaking my analysis and presenting my thesis I have chosen to weave a series of panels whose orientation is poststructural. This approach was based in my acceptance that all knowledge is partial and fragmentary and, accordingly, researchers need to find ways that highlight the intersections in and indeterminacy of their empirical data. The LLEN is -by its nature as a network -more than the contractual entity that gains funding from government, acts as the administrative core and occupies the LLEN office. As such I have woven firstly the formation and operational structure of the bounded entity that is SGR LLEN before weaving a series of six images that portray the unbounded LLEN as an instance-in-action. The thesis draws its theoretical inspiration from the work of Deleuze and Guattari (1987).
Despite increased use of notions of networks, local decision-making and community building by governments there had been little empirical research that explored stakeholder understandings of networks and their role in community building as well as a lack of theorisation of how networks actually work. My research addresses this lack and suggests an instituted network can function as a learning community capable of fostering systemic change in the post compulsory education training and employment sector and thereby contributing to better opportunities for young people. However the full potential of the policy is undermined by the reluctance of governments to follow through on the implications of their policies and, in particular, to confront the limiting effects of performativity at all levels.
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Hundley, Gene. "Collaborative Learning and Wireless Local Area Networks." NSUWorks, 2003. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/599.
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This study investigated the appropriate methods for incorporating collaborative activities supported by wireless local area networks in the middle school classroom environment. The project addressed the problem that although current educational practice indicates the value of incorporating collaborative learning in the middle school classroom, the physical setting, lack of training, and a narrow scope of vision tend to block that incorporation in many schools. The goal of this project was to develop and evaluate a process model that can be utilized to facilitate the collaborative learning process through the incorporation of wireless LAN's in a middle school environment.
Criteria that are necessary for a successful product were established and matrices based on the established criteria were developed. An eight-member Formative Committee was assembled to establish a criteria set for the process model. The committee consists of seven educators from the Emanuel County School System, plus one representative from the system-wide technological support staff. The Formative Committee examined current practices and methodologies associated with collaborative learning in the classroom. This committee also investigated methods in which collaborative activities can be enhanced through the utilization of wireless networks.
An Expert Committee was responsible for validating the criteria established by the Formative Committee. This four member Expert Panel was selected from teacher educators in local colleges and universities based on teaching experience, expertise in collaborative learning, expertise incorporating computers in the classroom, and expertise developing educational support materials. The validation was accomplished utilizing surveys and formative feedback based on criteria recommended by the Formative Committee. Current collaborative activities were examined and guidelines were developed that meet the requirements of the validated criteria.
A pilot study was conducted in order to aid in the developmental process. An eighth grade music appreciation course was utilized in the pilot study. This class utilized computers connected via a wireless network and the process model that was developed based on the established criteria, to support the collaborative activities. A Development Committee examined the results from the pilot study. This committee was composed of three members from the Formative Committee and three members from the Expert Panel.
Data gathered from the Development Committee and the pilot study was incorporated into the process model. After recommendations from the Development Committee were examined and integrated into the product, a Summative Committee was developed in order to evaluate the process model. This committee presented recommendations for future modifications as well as future areas of research.
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Outkin, Alexander V. "Local Interactions, Learning and Automata Networks in Games." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29465.
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This dissertation is an attempt of expanding the domain of game theory into the sphere of evolving, potentially non-equilibrium systems. We especially focus our attention on studying the effects of local interactions, using automata networks as a modelling tool.
The Chapters 2 and 3 of this dissertation concentrate on applications of the local nature of interactions and rely on automata networks as an investigating and modelling tool for game theory. Chapter 2 is devoted to cooperation and to a smaller extent to the endogenous formation of links between the agents. Chapter 3 is investigating the deterministic and stochastic best response play when interactions are local.Ph. D.
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Lögdlund, Ulrik. "Networks and Nodes : The Practices of Local Learning Centres." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för sociologi (SOC), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69601.
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This thesis focuses on the practice of local learning centres in Sweden. The aim is to describe and to establish an understanding of relations and the actor-networks that surround the practice. The thesis is based on four different studies. The first two studies focus on the organisation of the local learning centres and scrutinises the relation between the local learning centres, municipal administration and business in the region. What types of relations exist and what strategies are used by the local learning centres to enrol actors into the actor-network? The two latter studies investigate videoconference in the context of local learning centres. Videoconference is described as a socio-technical environment. The studies focus on interaction and communications asking what kind of relations are created between environment, material design and people? The theoretical framework consists of actor-network theory and the notions of space and spatial relations. The methods used in the four studies are interviews and observations. Informants that have contributed to the study are headmasters, teachers and students as well as project managers, politicians and businessmen. The results of the studies show how the local learning centres fails as brokers on an educational market. The reasons are many. The main results of the studies stress a number of obstacles of involvement and shed light on different strategies of enrolment. The results connected to videoconference show how material design and technology impacts the practice. Different strategies are developed by participants to manoeuvre in the videoconferencing classrooms. In conclusion the four studies show how actor-networks influence the practice of local learning centres by representations.Denna avhandling är en studie om lärcentra i Sverige. Syftet är att beskriva och öka kunskapen om de relationer och de aktörsnätverk som omger praktiken. Avhandlingen bygger på resultat från fyra olika delstudier. Fokus i två av dessa ligger på lärcentra som organisation. Hur ser relationen mellan lärcentra och omgivande aktörer ut i regionen och vilka strategier används för att skapa aktörsnätverk? De övriga två studierna handlar om videokonferens där fokus ligger på hur relationer skapas mellan miljö, teknik och människor. Särskilt studeras interaktion och kommunikation mellan dessa aktörer i en utpräglat socioteknisk lärandemiljö. Den teoretiska ramen för de olika delstudierna är aktörsnätverksteori som används tillsammans med begrepp som spatiala relationer. De fyra studierna använder sig i huvudsak av kvalitativa metoder som intervjuer och observationsstudier. Datainsamlingen berör en bred samling informanter som rektorer, lärare och studenter tillsammans med projektledare, politiker och företagare. Studiernas resultat visar att det finns skilda synsätt på utbildning och kompetens mellan olika grupper av aktörer. Trots involveringsstrategier av aktörer från omgivande aktörsnätverk lyckas man inte agera som en mäklare på en utbildningsmarknad. Resultaten visar vidare att miljö tillsammans med teknik har stort inflytande på hur studenter och lärare agerar i videokonferensklassrummen. Det är den materiella designen och den tekniska logiken som styr praktiken. Resultaten visar också på hur olika studerandestrategier utvecklas för att stå utanför interaktion i klassrummet tillsammans med hur lärares kommunikation utvecklas för att överbrygga avståndet till de studerande. Sammantaget visar de fyra studierna på hur olika aktörsnätverk inverkar på praktiken genom representationer.
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Moore, Tessa Anne. "Primary strategy learning networks : a local study of a national initiative." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/160/.
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Although there is limited research into the success of primary school networking initiatives in the UK, there seems to be an unquestioning faith displayed at national Government level for school collaborative working arrangements as a key means for driving forward whole school improvement. This research considers the possible benefits and challenges of one such initiative – Primary Strategy Learning Networks (DfES, 2004a). The research focuses on a reliance on school networks as power bases for promoting a national standards agenda. It considers the impact of an imposed model of school collaboration on the fluid nature of networking. It also acknowledges the benefits of a ‘network balance’ between the positive and negative features that impact on a network’s success and sustainability. Furthermore, the research explores the impact of power, authority and influence on the sustainability of networks. This is a qualitative study and data is gathered through interviews with network headteacher participants in two Primary Strategy Learning Networks over the course of an academic year. The research is also informed by an initial study of a Networked Learning Community (Hopkins and Jackson, 2002). Following an analysis of the findings, a number of recommendations are made. A suggested ‘ideal’ model for productive networking relationships among key stakeholders is offered for consideration and a Realistic Approach (Pawson, 2006) to evaluating such initiatives is argued to ensure a higher degree of success in implementing collaborative working practices for school improvement
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Wilhelmi, Roca Francesc. "Towards spatial reuse in future wireless local area networks: a sequential learning approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669970.
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The Spatial Reuse (SR) operation is gaining momentum in the latest IEEE 802.11 family of standards due to the overwhelming requirements posed by next-generation wireless networks. In particular, the rising traffic requirements and the number of concurrent devices compromise the efficiency of increasingly crowded Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) and throw into question their decentralized nature. The SR operation, initially introduced by the IEEE~802.11ax-2021 amendment and further studied in IEEE 802.11be-2024, aims to increase the number of concurrent transmissions in an Overlapping Basic Service Set (OBSS) using sensitivity adjustment and transmit power control, thus improving spectral efficiency. Our analysis of the SR operation shows outstanding potential in improving the number of concurrent transmissions in crowded deployments, which contributed to enabling low-latency next-generation applications. However, the potential gains of SR are currently limited by the rigidity of the mechanism introduced for the 11ax, and the lack of coordination among BSSs implementing it. The SR operation is evolving towards coordinated schemes where different BSSs cooperate. Nevertheless, coordination entails communication and synchronization overhead, which impact on the performance of WLANs remains unknown. Moreover, the coordinated approach is incompatible with devices using previous IEEE 802.11 versions, potentially leading to degrading the performance of legacy networks. For those reasons, in this thesis, we start assessing the viability of decentralized SR, and thoroughly examine the main impediments and shortcomings that may result from it. We aim to shed light on the future shape of WLANs concerning SR optimization and whether their decentralized nature should be kept, or it is preferable to evolve towards coordinated and centralized deployments. To address the SR problem in a decentralized manner, we focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and propose using a class of sequential learning-based methods, referred to as Multi-Armed Bandits (MABs). The MAB framework suits the SR problem because it addresses the uncertainty caused by the concurrent operation of multiple devices (i.e., multi-player setting) and the lack of information in decentralized deployments. MABs can potentially overcome the complexity of the spatial interactions that result from devices modifying their sensitivity and transmit power. In this regard, our results indicate significant performance gains (up to 100\% throughput improvement) in highly dense WLAN deployments. Nevertheless, the multi-agent setting raises several concerns that may compromise network devices' performance (definition of joint goals, time-horizon convergence, scalability aspects, or non-stationarity). Besides, our analysis of multi-agent SR encompasses an in-depth study of infrastructure aspects for next-generation AI-enabled networking.L'operació de reutilització espacial (SR) està guanyant impuls per a la darrera família d'estàndards IEEE 802.11 a causa dels aclaparadors requisits que presenten les xarxes sense fils de nova generació. En particular, la creixent necessitat de tràfic i el nombre de dispositius concurrents comprometen l'eficiència de les xarxes d'àrea local sense fils (WLANs) cada cop més concorregudes i posen en dubte la seva naturalesa descentralitzada. L'operació SR, inicialment introduïda per l'estàndard IEEE 802.11ax-2021 i estudiada posteriorment a IEEE 802.11be-2024, pretén augmentar el nombre de transmissions concurrents en un conjunt bàsic de serveis superposats (OBSS) mitjançant l'ajustament de la sensibilitat i el control de potència de transmissió, millorant així l'eficiència espectral. El nostre estudi sobre el funcionament de SR mostra un potencial destacat per millorar el nombre de transmissions simultànies en desplegaments multitudinaris, contribuint així al desenvolupament d'aplicacions de nova generació de baixa latència. Tot i això, els beneficis potencials de SR són actualment limitats per la rigidesa del mecanisme introduït per a l'11ax, i la manca de coordinació entre els BSS que ho implementen. L'operació SR evoluciona cap a esquemes coordinats on cooperen diferents BSS. En canvi, la coordinació comporta una sobrecàrrega de comunicació i sincronització, el qual té un impacte en el rendiment de les WLAN. D'altra banda, l'esquema coordinat és incompatible amb els dispositius que utilitzen versions anteriors IEEE 802.11, la qual cosa podria deteriorar el rendiment de les xarxes ja existents. Per aquests motius, en aquesta tesi s'avalua la viabilitat de mecanismes descentralitzats per a SR i s'analitzen minuciosament els principals impediments i mancances que se'n poden derivar. El nostre objectiu és donar llum a la futura forma de les WLAN pel que fa a l?optimització de SR i si s'ha de mantenir el seu caràcter descentralitzat, o bé és preferible evolucionar cap a desplegaments coordinats i centralitzats. Per abordar SR de forma descentralitzada, ens centrem en la Intel·ligència Artificial (AI) i ens proposem utilitzar una classe de mètodes seqüencials basats en l'aprenentatge, anomenats Multi-Armed Bandits (MAB). L'esquema MAB s'adapta al problema descentralitzat de SR perquè aborda la incertesa causada pel funcionament simultani de diversos dispositius (és a dir, un entorn multi-jugador) i la falta d'informació que se'n deriva. Els MAB poden fer front a la complexitat darrera les interaccions espacials entre dispositius que resulten de modificar la seva sensibilitat i potència de transmissió. En aquest sentit, els nostres resultats indiquen guanys importants de rendiment (fins al 100 \%) en desplegaments altament densos. Tot i això, l'aplicació d'aprenentatge automàtic amb múltiples agents planteja diversos problemes que poden comprometre el rendiment dels dispositius d'una xarxa (definició d'objectius conjunts, horitzó de convergència, aspectes d'escalabilitat o manca d'estacionarietat). A més, el nostre estudi d'aprenentatge multi-agent per a SR multi-agent inclou aspectes d'infraestructura per a xarxes de nova generació que integrin AI de manera intrínseca.
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Zoumpoulis, Spyridon Ilias. "Networks, decisions, and outcomes : coordination with local information and the value of temporal data for learning influence networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91100.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 173-177).
We study decision making by networked entities and the interplay between networks and outcomes under two different contexts: in the first part of the thesis, we study how strategic agents that share local information coordinate; in the second part of the thesis, we quantify the gain of having access to temporally richer data for learning of influence networks. In the first part of the thesis, we study the role of local information channels in enabling coordination among strategic agents. Building on the standard finite-player global games framework, we show that the set of equilibria of a coordination game is highly sensitive to how information is locally shared among agents. In particular, we show that the coordination game has multiple equilibria if there exists a collection of agents such that (i) they do not share a common signal with any agent outside of that collection; and (ii) their information sets form an increasing sequence of nested sets, referred to as a filtration. Our characterization thus extends the results on the uniqueness and multiplicity of equilibria in global games beyond the well-known case in which agents have access to purely private or public signals. We then provide a characterization of how the extent of equilibrium multiplicity is determined by the extent to which subsets of agents have access to common information: we show that the size of the set of equilibrium strategies is increasing with the extent of variability in the size of the subsets of agents who observe the same signal. We study the set of equilibria in large coordination games, showing that as the number of agents grows, the game exhibits multiple equilibria if and only if a non-vanishing fraction of the agents have access to the same signal. We finally consider an application of our framework in which the noisy signals are interpreted to be the idiosyncratic signals of the agents, which are exchanged through a communication network. In the second part of the thesis, we quantify the gain in the speed of learning of parametric models of influence, due to having access to richer temporal information. We infer local influence relations between networked entities from data on outcomes and assess the value of temporal data by characterizing the speed of learning under three different types of available data: knowing the set of entities who take a particular action; knowing the order in which the entities take an action; and knowing the times of the actions. We propose a parametric model of influence which captures directed pairwise interactions and formulate different variations of the learning problem. We use the Fisher information, the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, and sample complexity as measures for the speed of learning. We provide theoretical guarantees on the sample complexity for correct learning based on sets, sequences, and times. The asymptotic gain of having access to richer temporal data for the speed of learning is thus quantified in terms of the gap between the derived asymptotic requirements under different data modes. We also evaluate the practical value of learning with richer temporal data, by comparing learning with sets, sequences, and times given actual observational data. Experiments on both synthetic and real data, including data on mobile app installation behavior, and EEG data from epileptic seizure events, quantify the improvement in learning due to richer temporal data, and show that the proposed methodology recovers the underlying network well.
by Spyridon Ilias Zoumpoulis.
Ph. D.
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Todeschi, Tiziano. "Calibration of local-stochastic volatility models with neural networks." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23052/.
Full textAbstract:
During the last twenty years several models have been proposed to improve the classic Black-Scholes framework for equity derivatives pricing. Recently a new model has been proposed: Local-Stochastic Volatility Model (LSV). This model considers volatility as the product between a deterministic and a stochastic term. So far, the model choice was not only driven by the capacity of capturing empirically observed market features well, but also by the computational tractability of the calibration process. This is now undergoing a big change since machine learning technologies offer new perspectives on model calibration. In this thesis we consider the calibration problem to be the search for a model which generates given market prices and where additionally technology from generative adversarial networks can be used. This means parametrizing the model pool in a way which is accessible for machine learning techniques and interpreting the inverse problems a training task of a generative network, whose quality is assessed by an adversary. The calibration algorithm proposed for LSV models use as generative models so-called neural stochastic differential equations (SDE), which just means to parameterize the drift and volatility of an Ito-SDE by neural networks.
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Taveira, Ana Cristina Estêvão Monteiro. "Estratégias em parceria de desenvolvimento local : o caso das Redes Regionais para o Emprego." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4193.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado Sistemas Sócio-Organizacionais da Actividade EconómicaA discussão em torno das novas lógicas de desenvolvimento, fez emergir um crescente interesse pela perspectiva de um desenvolvimento assente numa lógica territorial de base regional e local. A esta dimensão, ressalta a capacidade de mobilização dos actores locais para a participação no processo de desenvolvimento das suas regiões e a ênfase na autonomia de decisão das comunidades territorialmente organizadas. Neste contexto, compete ao Estado, um papel fundamental de animador e catalisador da sociedade civil, tornando-se num parceiro activo em iniciativas locais. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para a reflexão sobre a definição dos contornos de um modelo de intervenção na promoção do desenvolvimento, com base no exemplo extraído na experiência portuguesa das Redes Regionais para o Emprego (RRE) ao nível da mobilização, intervenção e integração de estratégias de desenvolvimento dos actores públicos e privados locais, cooperando num quadro de parceria. Tratando-se de uma experiência relativamente recente, cujo processo de constituição teve início em 1998, e não existindo informação sistematizada, as conclusões a que se chegou, decorrem dos resultados da análise empírica (efectuada a partir de um inquérito aplicado aos actores locais que integram as RRE) interpretados à luz do corpo teórico e ainda das considerações tecidas pelos entrevistados sobre esta problemática. Em síntese, apesar de confinadas a um contexto de actuação restrito, as RRE demonstram uma capacidade de concertação estratégica entre os actores locais em presença, mobilizados em torno de interesses comuns com base numa identidade territorial das respectivas regiões. São, contudo, fortemente pilotadas pelo Estado Central, e do ponto de vista da estrutura organizativa formal trata-se de uma articulação verticalizada, de lógica top-down cujo modelo de intervenção apesar de enquadrado inicialmente para a acção, veio a verificar uma oscilação para um modelo mais dirigido para a provisão.
The debate on the new logics of development has arisen an increasing interest in a developing perspective based on a territorial logic of regional and local support. To this extent, it stands out the local performers ability of mobilization by participating in the developing process of their regions, as well as the stress on the power of decision and autonomy of the communities organized by territorial areas. Within this context, it is also due to the State to deal with a fundamental matter, and become an active partner in local initiatives as a performer and promoter of civil society. The purpose of the current study is to make a contribution to the reflection on the definition of an intervention model to the promotion of the development, regarding the example given by the Portuguese experience within the Regional Networks for Employment (RNE) [Redes Regionais para o Emprego (RRE)], concerning the mobilization, intervention and integration through developing strategies of the local performers, both private and public, and cooperating in a partnership project. Considering this a rather new experience, whose process of constitution took place in the beginning of 1998, and since systematic information does not exist, we have reached to conclusions resulting from an empiric analysis (based on an inquiry applied to the local performers who belong to the RNE). The interpretation of the results was enlightened by the theoretical body, and took into account the comments on this matter made by the interviewees. In brief, despite the restricte context, the RRE show a capacity for strategic accord among the local agents, around common interests based in a territorial identity of the regions. They are, however, conduced by central State, and from the formal organizational structure, it's a verticalized connection suported in a top-down logic whose initial intervention action model was changed into a more directed model to provision.
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Stella, Federico. "Learning a Local Reference Frame for Point Clouds using Spherical CNNs." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20197/.
Full textAbstract:
Uno dei problemi più importanti della 3D Computer Vision è il cosiddetto surface matching, che consiste nel trovare corrispondenze tra oggetti tridimensionali. Attualmente il problema viene affrontato calcolando delle feature locali e compatte, chiamate descrittori, che devono essere riconosciute e messe in corrispondenza al mutare della posa dell'oggetto nello spazio, e devono quindi essere invarianti rispetto all'orientazione. Il metodo più usato per ottenere questa proprietà consiste nell'utilizzare dei Local Reference Frame (LRF): sistemi di coordinate locali che forniscono un'orientazione canonica alle porzioni di oggetti 3D che vengono usate per calcolare i descrittori. In letteratura esistono diversi modi per calcolare gli LRF, ma fanno tutti uso di algoritmi progettati manualmente. Vi è anche una recente proposta che utilizza reti neurali, tuttavia queste vengono addestrate mediante feature specificamente progettate per lo scopo, il che non permette di sfruttare pienamente i benefici delle moderne strategie di end-to-end learning.
Lo scopo di questo lavoro è utilizzare un approccio data-driven per far imparare a una rete neurale il calcolo di un Local Reference Frame a partire da point cloud grezze, producendo quindi il primo esempio di end-to-end learning applicato alla stima di LRF. Per farlo, sfruttiamo una recente innovazione chiamata Spherical Convolutional Neural Networks, le quali generano e processano segnali nello spazio SO(3) e sono quindi naturalmente adatte a rappresentare e stimare orientazioni e LRF. Confrontiamo le prestazioni ottenute con quelle di metodi esistenti su benchmark standard, ottenendo risultati promettenti.
Books on the topic "Local Learning and Employment Networks"
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Wilcox, Adam. PC learning labs teaches NetWare. Emeryville, Calif: Ziff-Davis Press, 1994.
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Learning NetWare 4.1. Indianapolis, IN: Que E&T, 1996.
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Mastering internetworking: Self-paced learning series. Fremont, CA: Numidia Press, 1992.
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Stern, Karen Paula. Mastering LAN enabling technologies: Self-paced learning series. Fremont, CA: Numidia Press, 1994.
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Reid, Allan. Working at a Small-to-Medium Business or ISP: CCNA Discovery Learning Guide. Edited by Mary Beth Ray. Indianapolis, Ind: Cisco Press, 2008.
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(Japan), Ajia Keizai Kenkyūjo, ed. The dynamics of local learning in global value chains: Experiences from East Asia. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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Mertus, Julie. Local action, global change: Learning about the human rights of women and girls. New York, N.Y: UNIFEM, 1999.
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National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education. A new shape for post-16 education and training: Submission to the Department for Education and Employment Review of Local and National Arrangements for Lifelong Learning, Skills and Workforce Development: outcome of the TEC Review. [London]: NATFHE, 1999.
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Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 36th Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 2-3, 1994]. [Toronto, ON: s.n.], 1994.
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Ontario Educational Research Council. Conference. [Papers presented at the 32nd Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council, Toronto, Ontario, December 7-8, 1990]. [Ontario: s.n.], 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Local Learning and Employment Networks"
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Zeng, Hong, and Yiu-ming Cheung. "Kernel Learning for Local Learning Based Clustering." In Artificial Neural Networks – ICANN 2009, 10–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04274-4_2.
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Ñanculef, Ricardo, Carlos Valle, Héctor Allende, and Claudio Moraga. "Ensemble Learning with Local Diversity." In Artificial Neural Networks – ICANN 2006, 264–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11840817_28.
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Tulowitzki, Pierre, Anika Duveneck, and Michael Krüger. "A professional learning network for the entire local education system." In Networks For Learning, 115–34. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315276649-8.
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Friedman, Nir, and Moises Goldszmidt. "Learning Bayesian Networks with Local Structure." In Learning in Graphical Models, 421–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5014-9_15.
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Crook, Charles. "Educational Practice Within Two Local Computer Networks." In Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, 165–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85098-1_9.
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Wang, Jingyan, Yihua Zhou, Haoxiang Wang, Xiaohong Yang, Feng Yang, and Austin Peterson. "Image Tag Completion by Local Learning." In Advances in Neural Networks – ISNN 2015, 232–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25393-0_26.
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Li, Hongyu, Li Teng, Wenbin Chen, and I.-Fan Shen. "Supervised Learning on Local Tangent Space." In Advances in Neural Networks — ISNN 2005, 546–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11427391_87.
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Jonard, Nicolas, Patrick Llerena, and Babak Mehmanpazir. "Networks Competition under Local Interaction and Behavioral Learning." In The Economics of Networks, 149–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72260-8_6.
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Xiang, Y., and J. Lee. "Local Score Computation in Learning Belief networks." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence, 152–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45153-6_15.
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Neruda, Roman, and Petra Vidnerová. "Memetic Evolutionary Learning for Local Unit Networks." In Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2010, 534–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13278-0_68.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Local Learning and Employment Networks"
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Murray-Smith, R. "Local learning in local model networks." In 4th International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19950526.
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Syrigos, Ilias, Nikos Sakellariou, Stratos Keranidis, and Thanasis Korakis. "On the Employment of Machine Learning Techniques for Troubleshooting WiFi Networks." In 2019 16th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccnc.2019.8651823.
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Affeldt, Severine, Nataliya Sokolovska, Edi Prifti, and Jean-Daniel Zucker. "Efficient global network learning from local reconstructions." In 2017 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2017.7965977.
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Wang, Jim Jing-Yan, Jin Yao, and Yijun Sun. "Semi-supervised local-learning-based feature selection." In 2014 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2014.6889591.
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Zeng, Yifeng, Yanping Xiang, H. Jorge Cordero, and Yujian Lin. "Learning Local Components to Understand Large Bayesian Networks." In 2009 Ninth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2009.120.
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McCurley, Ernest R., and Mark T. Miller. "Feedforward networks with hierarchical structure and local learning." In Aerospace Sensing, edited by Dennis W. Ruck. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.140096.
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Grandvalet, Y. "Local learning by sparse radial basis functions." In 9th International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks: ICANN '99. IEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19991114.
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Wei-Hua Li. "Extracting local representations from large Bayesian networks." In 2008 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2008.4620688.
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Nagib, Ahmad M., Hatem Abou-Zeid, and Hossam S. Hassanein. "Transfer Learning-Based Accelerated Deep Reinforcement Learning for 5G RAN Slicing." In 2021 IEEE 46th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcn52139.2021.9524965.
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Zhu, Wenfang, Weiwei Li, and Xiuyi Jia. "Multi-Label Learning with Local Similarity of Samples." In 2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207692.
Full textReports on the topic "Local Learning and Employment Networks"
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
Full textAbstract:
Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.