Journal articles on the topic 'Local landscapes'
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Boeraeve, Fanny, Marc Dufrêne, Nicolas Dendoncker, Amandine Dupire, and Grégory Mahy. "How Are Landscapes under Agroecological Transition Perceived and Appreciated? A Belgian Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2020): 2480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062480.
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An increasing number of agricultural transition initiatives are taking place, seeking more autonomy and resilience on the farms. This undeniably reshapes the landscape and the delivery of ecosystem services (ES). To date, little research includes the knowledge and perceptions of local communities on rural landscapes in agricultural transition. Yet, farmers shape the landscape and ES delivery, and local inhabitants are directly impacted. The present work aims at assessing the extent to which locals (local inhabitants and farmers) appreciate and view landscapes undergoing agricultural transitions. To do so, questionnaires were submitted to locals enquiring about appreciation and ES perceptions of transitioning landscapes. These landscapes were shown in manipulated photographs simulating an agroecological landscape, a conventional agriculture landscape, and landscapes including each isolated agroecological practice (resulting in six ‘scenarios’). In order to put locals’ perceptions in perspective, the same questionnaire was submitted to ‘ES experts’, and ES perceptions were compared to field-based ES measurements in agroecological and conventional parcels of the same study region. The results show that locals and ES experts appreciate and perceive these scenarios similarly. The agroecological scenario was seen as the most appreciated and the one delivering the most ES, while the conventional one was the least appreciated and seen as the one delivering the least ES. These perceptions of ES delivery partially correspond to the ES field measurements, which showed a similar productivity within agroecological and conventional parcels and more regulating ES in agroecological parcels. We discuss how our results call for the assessment of the multi-performance of agricultural systems in terms of ES rather than focusing on yield only, and how future research addressing agroecological transition should rely on integrated valuations and mixed methods to better embrace the complexity of such transitioning systems.
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Walters, G., J. Sayer, A. K. Boedhihartono, D. Endamana, and K. Angu Angu. "Integrating landscape ecology into landscape practice in Central African Rainforests." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 8 (April 3, 2021): 2427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01237-3.
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Abstract Context We describe how large landscape-scale conservation initiatives involving local communities, NGOs and resource managers have engaged with landscape scientists with the goal of achieving landscape sustainability. We focus on two landscapes where local people, practitioners and landscape ecologists have co-produced knowledge to design conservation interventions. Objective We seek to understand how landscape ecology can engage with practical landscape management to contribute to managing landscapes sustainably. Methods We focus on two large tropical landscapes: the Sangha Tri-National landscape (Cameroon, Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic) and the Batéké-Léfini Landscape (Gabon and Republic of Congo). We evaluate (1) a participatory method used in the Sangha Tri-National landscape that embeds interdisciplinary researchers and practitioners within a landscape to apply transdisciplinary learning to landscape conservation and (2) a participatory landscape zoning method where interdisciplinary teams of conservation practitioners analyse local land and resource use in the Batéké-Léfini landscape. Results We find that landscape ecology’s tradition of understanding the historical context of resource use can inform landscape conservation practice and natural resource mapping. We also find that the Sangha Group provides an example for landscape ecology on how to integrate local people and their knowledge to better understand and influence landscape processes. Conclusions Place-based engagement as well as the uptake of co-produced knowledge by policy makers are key in enabling sustainable landscapes. Success occurs when researchers, local communities and resource managers engage directly with landscape processes.
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Patrich, Joseph. "MONASTIC LANDSCAPES." Late Antique Archaeology 2, no. 1 (2004): 411–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000031.
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This article considers the impact of late antique monasticism on the landscape in three regions of the eastern Mediterranean: Egypt, Palestine and Sinai. It investigates both new landscapes created by monasticism and older landscapes strongly modified by a monastic presence. In the case of new landscapes, monastic structures found in each locality are described, and then their articulation within the wider landscape is considered, in terms of: their physical appearance against the local geology, the density of hermitages, their location, their use of roads or tracks to intercommunicate, and their development of agricultural structures. We know less about monasteries set in pre-existing landscapes, but their physical appearance, visiblity and relative concentration can still be considered.
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Martsinkevich, Galina I., Saveli I. Kuzmin, Elena E. Davydik, and Aliaksei V. Babko. "Methodologycal problems and approaches to identifying and evaluating typical and rare landscapes of the Republic of Belarus." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Geography and Geology, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6740-2020-2-34-46.
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The analysis of the studying of the problem of identifying and evaluating of typical and rare landscapes was carried out, which showed that quite a lot of knowledge has been accumulated in this area of the identification of such landscapes and the criteria for their assessment. It is established that insufficient attention is paid to the classification and mapping of landscapes, the use of mathematical methods for their assessment. A scientific concept is proposed for the study of typical and rare landscapes, which contains four levels of their study (country, regional, subregional, local), the scale of work corresponding to the level, landscape classification units, criteria and indicators for their allocation are determined. So, at the country level, the criterion for assessing typical landscapes is the degree of representativeness, depending on bioclimatic factors and the large size of the landscape contour, at the regional (provincial) – the contour size of the dominant landscapes of the province and the index of landscape diversity, at the subregional – the intensity of anthropogenic transformation, at the local – characteristic value of attractiveness. The main criteria for assessing rare landscapes at the country level are the small size of the contour and the criteria of uniqueness, at the regional (provincial) indicator of occurrence, at the subregional – naturalness, at local – vulnerability. A geographic information database has been created, a methodology has been developed for identifying typical and rare landscapes and their typology. An assessment of landscape diversity was made and the map showing that typical landscapes are characterised by a high and medium level of diversity, and rare landscapes are characterised by medium and low was created. An assessment of the occurrence of rare landscapes was carried out, which made it possible to distinguish three groups – low, medium, and high occurrence; their list and a map of occurrence were created. It has been determined that unique landscapes, which are part of a group with low occurrence, require special protection. A direct correlation has been established between the level of landscape diversity and occurrence. The proposed criteria for identifying and assessing typical and rare landscapes can be used in organising or transforming nature protected areas, in the design of their passports and conservation obligations.
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Gábor Kerékgyártó. "Cultural landscape on the border: érmellék." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 49 (November 13, 2012): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/49/2524.
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Cultural landscapes are haunting topic of the european spatial development. Cultural landscapes as cultural heritage determine the local and regional identity. The study shows the role and the significance of the cultural landscape by the help of UNESCO World Heritage Convention, the European Spatial Development Perspective and the European Landscape Convention. The article speaks about how can we maintain and develop cross border landscapes and cultural landscapes and through introducing Érmellék it would like to draw attention to the fact that landscape level planning and development of common landscape politics are one of the main interests of Hungary. That kind of politics play an important role not only in maintaining landscapes but in the regional economic development.
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Salpina, Dana. "The Role of Local Governing Bodies in the Management of Heritage Agricultural Landscapes: Italian Perspective." Journal of Heritage Management 6, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24559296211003200.
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The increasing interest in the protection of the agricultural landscape as a category of heritage can be observed both in the growing number of globally recognized agricultural landscapes and in the development of new legal and institutional tools for their protection. The multifunctionality of agriculture, involving the multiplicity of interests and actors, engenders the questions of how and who manages the heritage agricultural landscapes at the local level? The research aims to provide an empirical model for the identification and evaluation of the local governance models used in the management of multifunctional agricultural landscapes. It focuses on two heritage agricultural landscapes in Italy and bases on field observations, semi-structured in-depth interviews with the local stakeholders and comparative analysis of the case studies. The research draws the map of interaction between the local stakeholders. It outlines the crucial role played by the local governing bodies in the management of heritage agricultural landscapes, involving several administrative and sociocultural units.
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Leibenath, Markus, and Antje Otto. "Competing Wind Energy Discourses, Contested Landscapes." Landscape Online 38 (October 13, 2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201438.
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The impairment of landscapes is a concern constantly raised against wind energy developments in Germany as in other countries. Often, landscapes or landscape types are treated in the literature as essentialist or at least as uncontested categories. We analyse two examples of local controversies about wind energy, in which “landscape” is employed by supporters and opponents alike, from a poststructuralist and discourse theoretical angle. The aim is to identify and compare landscape constructs produced in the micro discourses of wind energy objectors and proponents at local level (a) within each case, (b) between the two cases and (c) with landscape constructs that were previously found in macro discourses. One major finding is that several different landscapes can exist at one and the same place. Furthermore there seems to be a relatively stable set of competing landscape concepts which is reproduced in specific controversies. The paper concludes by highlighting practical consequences and by identifying promising avenues of further research.
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Huang, Dongsheng, Ning Zhang, and Yaou Zhang. "Traditional Village Landscape Identification and Remodeling Strategy: Taking the Radish Village as an Example." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (July 21, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2350310.
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As an important relic of traditional Chinese culture, traditional villages have important cultural values. With the continuous deepening of modern urbanization and the development of rural tourism, the village landscape is also facing profound challenges. In the context of rural revitalization and tourism development, it is necessary to strengthen the landscape identity of traditional villages. Based on the background of rural revitalization, this article reviews and discusses the related concepts and research status of traditional village landscapes, the identity of village landscapes and existing problems in landscapes, and remodeling strategies by sorting out relevant research literature at home and abroad in recent years. People’s awareness of local landscape identity reshapes the landscape uniqueness of traditional villages so that the local culture and foreign culture can reach a state of balance and integration. The village landscape identity and the impact of digital technology and self-media platforms on landscape remodeling are reviewed and discussed. The study found that the landscape identity of traditional villages is reflected in the activity places with local regional cultural characteristics and relies on the spiritual emotions of the villagers. For the existing problems in the landscape, a landscape remodeling strategy is proposed to restore people’s awareness of local landscape identity and reshape the landscape uniqueness of traditional villages.
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Massoni, Emma Soy, Diego Varga, Marc Sáez, and Josep Pintó. "Exploring Aesthetic Preferences in Rural Landscapes and the Relationship with Spatial Pattern Indices." Journal of Landscape Ecology 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2016-0001.
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Abstract This study examines how local population, tourists and farmers relate to rural landscapes, by exploring visual landscape preferences and the influence of everyday landscapes on the research subjects. Results point towards an immense variability in visual landscape preferences amongst user groups living in or visiting the study area (Plana de l’Empordà, Girona, Spain). Tourists rate grasslands at the top of their preference list, local residents prefer orchards, and farmers favour fields of irrigated herbaceous crops; showing, altogether, that the user's relationship with the landscape determines their visual preferences. Results show that farmers prefer agriculture dominated scenes while local residents and tourists prefer scenes with equilibrium between agricultural and natural elements. Likewise, the presence of margins is widely appreciated aesthetically by all respondents. Furthermore, results underline the importance of landscapes that are familiar to the respondents.
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Jaffar, Siti Rabiatul Adawiah. "Security Functions Performed by Natural Elements in Traditional Malay Landscapes According to Malay Manuscript." Malay Literature 35, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37052/ml35(2)no4.
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Natural elements in a landscape refer to elements that are naturally present in the landscape. These elements contribute towards creating an aesthetic landscape ecology, which is a landscape that can fulfil the needs of its inhabitants, including security requirements. Traditional Malay landscapes are not behind in this aspect with their natural terrain, water sources, as well as flora and fauna. However, Malay communities today are largely unaware of Malay landscapes, which has resulted in an undefined vision of what Malay landscapes constitute of, and rendered Malay landscapes weaker compared to others. Moreover, studies on landscapes in Malay manuscripts still have not been receiving due attention despite traditional Malay society's refined skills in choosing and building their own landscapes to the point that it has become a local wisdom. Following this, using library research and the application of the Landscape Aesthetic Theory, this article will identify natural elements in Malay landscapes and explain security elements in them based on the Sulalatus Salatin, Syair Siti Zubaidah Perang China and Hikayat Patani. This manuscript which has been recognised as a Full Registered Heritage and contains pertinent information regarding the subject at hand. There are three types of natural elements in traditional Malay landscapes based on the text, namely highlands, sources of water, and flora and fauna. All three natural elements are seen as security features that protect inhabitants from threats and danger. Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this study could showcase the local wisdom of Malay communities, and consequently become a guide for expanding studies on landscapes based on Malay manuscripts.
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Yang, Huan, Ling Qiu, and Xin Fu. "Toward Cultural Heritage Sustainability through Participatory Planning Based on Investigation of the Value Perceptions and Preservation Attitudes: Qing Mu Chuan, China." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031171.
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Conservation efforts and cooperation from major stakeholders are critical factors for cultural heritage (e.g., historical landmarks) sustainability. Although landscape planners provide professional knowledge and intended designs for sustainable management of cultural heritage sites, the active effort and participation of local residents or communities are the decisive facts of whether relevant preservation actions can be successfully implemented. Traditional village landscapes in Qing Mu Chuan, China, were selected as the study area. We used photo questionnaires to explore the preferences, value perceptions, and preservation attitudes toward traditional village landscapes of landscape professionals and local residents. The results revealed large differences in the perceptions and preservation attitudes toward traditional village landscapes between the two groups. The most unexpected finding was that the local residents showed much stronger preferences and preservation willingness toward traditional village landscapes with cultural elements than the professionals. In addition, the local residents’ preservation attitudes were mainly affected by their perception of economic benefits and daily utility values, rather than cultural values. Meanwhile, the preservation of professionals’ attitudes was significantly related to recreational and cultural value perceptions. These findings will direct the participatory planning process to provide appropriate incentives for developing the preservation attitudes of local residents. They will also support the implementation of participatory planning to promote the positive collaboration of local residents and landscape planners toward cultural heritage sustainability.
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Mulroy, Michael F., and Joseph M. Neal. "Local Gardens and Global Landscapes." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 36, no. 3 (May 2011): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aap.0b013e3182183583.
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Kuzmin, S. B., S. I. Shamanova, and I. A. Belozertseva. "Altitudinal zonation of landscapes on the local testing area in the southern Baikal region." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, no. 3 (June 25, 2019): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587-556620193105-115.
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Today identification of altitudinal zones of landscapes in local areas, especially in mountainous areas, is inextricably linked with the creation of digital terrain models and their geoinformation interpretation. We have considered the altitudinal zonation of landscapes on the Mamai model testing area, located on the Northern macroslope of the Khamar-Daban Ridge and in the Tankhoi coastal plain of the Baikal Lake. The special geoinformation software, partially modernized during the works, was used. Landscapes were studied by their main components: relief and geomorphological processes, soils and soil-forming processes, vegetation. The landscapes of the testing area are represented by three main groups: 1) goltsy altitudinal and mountain-taiga landscapes of the Khamar-Daban Ridge on the crystalline metamorphic rocks of the khungurul series of the lower Proterozoic age and granites of the Khamar-Daban and Sayan intrusive complexes of the upper Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic, respectively; 2) taiga and meadow-marsh landscapes of the Tankhoi plain on loose sediments of the Late Pliocene and Quaternary ages; 3) intrazonal landscapes within transverse mountain river valleys on the Late Pleistocene and Neo-Pleistocene and modern loose sediments. The base of the identification of altitudinal zones of the landscape is layers of a relief. But the relief is a fairly static component of the landscape, its invariant structure change for tens or hundreds of thousands of years. To determine a more detailed and dynamic structure of the altitudinal zonation, we use other components: soils and vegetation. Changes in the invariant structure of the soil cover occur for thousands or tens of thousands of years, and of the vegetation cover – for hundreds or thousands of years. Features of the landscapes structure and characteristics of their main components allowed us to allocate six altitudinal zones in the testing area: goltsy altitudinal, subgoltsy altitudinal, low-mountain, foothill, foothill-plain, and coastal-plain. The intrazonal landscapes of transverse mountain river valleys, which violate the normal structure of the altitudinal zonation, are singled out as a separate type.
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Wolff, Saskia, Silke Hüttel, Claas Nendel, and Tobia Lakes. "Agricultural Landscapes in Brandenburg, Germany: An Analysis of Characteristics and Spatial Patterns." International Journal of Environmental Research 15, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 487–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41742-021-00328-y.
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AbstractThe increasing demand for agricultural commodities for food and energy purposes has led to intensified agricultural land management, along with the homogenization of landscapes, adverse biodiversity effects and robustness of landscapes regarding the provision of ecosystem services. At the same time, subsidized organic agriculture and extensive grassland use supports the provision of ecosystem services. Yet little is understood about how to evaluate a landscape’s potential to contribute to protecting and enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services. To address this gap, we use plot-level data from the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) for Germany’s federal state of Brandenburg, and based on a two-step cluster analysis, we identify six types of agricultural landscapes. These clusters differ in landscape structure, diversity and measures for agricultural land management intensity. Agricultural land in Brandenburg is dominated by high shares of cropland but fragmented differently. Lands under organic management and those with a high share of maize show strong spatial autocorrelation, pointing to local clusters. Identification of different types of landscapes permits locally- and region-adapted designs of environmental and agricultural policy measures improves outcome-oriented environmental policy impact evaluation and landscape planning. Our approach allows transferability to other EU regions.
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Renes, Hans, Csaba Centeri, Alexandra Kruse, and Zdeněk Kučera. "The Future of Traditional Landscapes: Discussions and Visions." Land 8, no. 6 (June 18, 2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8060098.
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At the 2018 meeting of the Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape (PECSRL), that took place in Clermont-Ferrand and Mende in France, the Institute for Research on European Agricultural Landscapes e.V. (EUCALAND) Network organized a session on traditional landscapes. Presentations included in the session discussed the concept of traditional, mostly agricultural, landscapes, their ambiguous nature and connections to contemporary landscape research and practice. Particular attention was given to the connection between traditional landscapes and regional identity, landscape transformation, landscape management, and heritage. A prominent position in the discussions was occupied by the question about the future of traditional or historical landscapes and their potential to trigger regional development. Traditional landscapes are often believed to be rather stable and slowly developing, of premodern origin, and showing unique examples of historical continuity of local landscape forms as well as practices. Although every country has its own traditional landscapes, globally seen, they are considered as being rare; at least in Europe, also as a consequence of uniforming CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) policies over the last five decades. Although such a notion of traditional landscapes may be criticized from different perspectives, the growing number of bottom-up led awareness-raising campaigns and the renaissance of traditional festivities and activities underline that the idea of traditional landscapes still contributes to the formation of present identities. The strongest argument of the growing sector of self-marketing and the increasing demand for high value, regional food is the connection to the land itself: while particular regions and communities are promoting their products and heritages. In this sense, traditional landscapes may be viewed as constructed or invented, their present recognition being a result of particular perceptions and interpretations of local environments and their pasts. Nevertheless, traditional landscapes thus also serve as a facilitator of particular social, cultural, economic, and political intentions and debates. Reflecting on the session content, four aspects should be emphasized. The need for: dynamic landscape histories; participatory approach to landscape management; socioeconomically and ecologically self-sustaining landscapes; planners as intermediaries between development and preservation.
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Louman, Bas, Erica Di Girolami, Seth Shames, Luis Gomes Primo, Vincent Gitz, Sara J. Scherr, Alexandre Meybeck, and Michael Brady. "Access to Landscape Finance for Small-Scale Producers and Local Communities: A Literature Review." Land 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2022): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091444.
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Access to finance is a key element of sustainable and inclusive landscapes. We conducted a literature review to identify the factors that contribute to or hinder inclusive financing for micro/small/medium-sized enterprises and projects across sectors in ways that collectively contribute to more sustainable landscapes in the tropics. The key factors in the design of inclusive landscape finance are landscape governance, the financial literacy of local stakeholders, access to finance technology and services, and inclusive finance facilities and associated mechanisms for integrated (i.e., multi-project, multi-sector, spatially coordinated) landscape finance. The most frequent challenges are the types of existing financial products, the lack of livelihood assets among recipients (such as capital and income), the lack of transparency in finance mechanisms, the small scale of potential business cases, and the high risks perceived by finance providers and their customers. From this review, we propose components specifically focused on financial inclusion that complement the framework for integrated landscape finance developed by the Finance Solutions Design Team for the 1000 Landscapes for 1 Billion People Initiative. We suggest how the revised framework can be applied in designing and assessing the inclusiveness of finance mechanisms for integrated landscape management and to guide further research.
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Paniagua, Angel. "Old, Lost, and Forgotten Rural Materialities: Old Local Irrigation Channels and Lost Local Walking Trails." Land 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2022): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081358.
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Geo-historical studies have essentially focused on analyzing the historical evolution of the landscape and the processes of material resistance of rural landscapes against the dynamics of rural change. Historical landscapes are cumulative life micro-worlds. In the present contribution, the historical evolution of lost and disappeared rural roads and caceras—old local irrigation channels—is analyzed in a comparative way. The case studies were the Berbedillo river cacera system in the north of the province of Guadalajara and the Bustar path in the municipality of Bustarviejo in the province of Madrid. The methodology was based on a variety of research sources: written and archival documents, oral testimonies of the elderly, and micro-territorial recognition. The roads and caceras are lost but can continue to be represented, even if they can no longer be used for the life of rural communities. A new history of depopulation, restructuring, and loss is possible to (re)write based on spectral agrarian (im)materialities.
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Filippova, V. V. "LOCAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPES OF THE MULTI-ETHNIC SPACE OF ANABAR DISTRICT." Northern Archives and Expeditions 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2021-5-3-96-103.
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The article presents the results of a study conducted with the support of the RFBR (project 20-09-00257A) "Anthropology of Cultural Landscape of Khatanga-Anabar region in the XX and XXI centuries". Within the framework of the project, the Anabar National (Dolgan-Evenki) ulus (district) is considered as part of the Khatango-Anabar region. The study of local cultural landscapes of this multi-ethnic region of Yakutia is in the article. It is established that the local cultural landscape of Anabar district is the result of centuries-old interaction of the indigenous ethnic groups inhabiting this area: Dolgans, Evenks, Yakuts and Russians. The purpose of the study is to develop and test the methodology of cultural and landscape zoning on the microgeographic level. Local cultural landscapes were identified based on the analysis of the development and settlement of the Anabar River basin by various tribes; economic activity, represented mainly by traditional branch and the placement of objects of historical and cultural heritage. The identification of local cultural landscapes was carried out on the basis of archival materials, published sources, field studies conducted in the Anabar district in September 2020, analysis of a sociological survey and an associative experiment, which revealed the features of the linguistic landscape of the area under consideration, depending on different layers of self-awareness: external, with a predominance of Russian-language text in the linguistic appearance of the settlements under study; individual, with a predominance of the Yakut language in intergroup communication; and the subconscious, which revealed the dominance of the Dolgan cultural codes. The result of the study was the identification of two local cultural landscape using GIS-technology – Saskylakhsky and Yuryung-Khainsky.
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Jelen, Jakub, Markéta Šantrůčková, and Marek Komárek. "Typology of historical cultural landscapes based on their cultural elements." Geografie 126, no. 3 (2021): 243–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2021126030243.
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Historical cultural landscapes represent numerous values and meanings that are important for today’s society. These cultural landscapes document the specific development of local communities and may reflect their approaches or attitudes toward the environment. Man-made landscape elements are created for special purposes and represent specific values (historical, cultural, environmental, economic, etc.). The analysis of these landscape elements allows us to find out for what purposes the society decided to use the landscape, respectively what functions the landscape performs and what historical or cultural values it represents. The following text presents a typology of historical cultural landscapes based on a cluster analysis of cultural landscape features. Using this method, a typology of landscapes is created that reflects the functional use and values of landscapes based on the analysis of cultural-historical elements and differentiates the rates and methods of land use by human beings. The output of the cluster analysis is visualized in a dendrogram, based on which seven basic landscape categories were defined and described.
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Merz, Peter. "Advanced Fitness Landscape Analysis and the Performance of Memetic Algorithms." Evolutionary Computation 12, no. 3 (September 2004): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1063656041774956.
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Memetic algorithms (MAs) have demonstrated very effective in combinatorial optimization. This paper offers explanations as to why this is so by investigating the performance of MAs in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. A special class of MAs is used to discuss efficiency and effectiveness for local search and evolutionary meta-search. It is shown that the efficiency of MAs can be increased drastically with the use of domain knowledge. However, effectiveness highly depends on the structure of the problem. As is well-known, identifying this structure is made easier with the notion of fitness landscapes: the local properties of the fitness landscape strongly influence the effectiveness of the local search while the global properties strongly influence the effectiveness of the evolutionary meta-search. This paper also introduces new techniques for analyzing the fitness landscapes of combinatorial problems; these techniques focus on the investigation of random walks in the fitness landscape starting at locally optimal solutions as well as on the escape from the basins of attractions of current local optima. It is shown for NK-landscapes and landscapes of the unconstrained binary quadratic programming problem (BQP) that a random walk to another local optimum can be used to explain the efficiency of recombination in comparison to mutation. Moreover, the paper shows that other aspects like the size of the basins of attractions of local optima are important for the efficiency of MAs and a local search escape analysis is proposed. These simple analysis techniques have several advantages over previously proposed statistical measures and provide valuable insight into the behaviour of MAs on different kinds of landscapes.
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Li, Wei, Yang Zhou, and Zhanwei Zhang. "Strategies of Landscape Planning in Peri-Urban Rural Tourism: A Comparison between Two Villages in China." Land 10, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030277.
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Landscapes have multiple functions relating to natural preservation and cultural inheritance, which are fundamental factors for tourist development. Particularly in villages, rural tourism is primarily based on the rural landscape. However, peri-urban villages face complex conflicts of urbanization and ruralism, in which landscapes are dynamic and need synergistic plans and management. Thus, this research contributes to a better understanding of comprehensive landscape planning integrating natural and cultural dimensions in peri-urban villages. Taking as a comparison studies in two peri-urban villages, Heshu village and Pu’an village in the Yangtze River Delta in China, the research mainly adopted qualitative methods of document analysis, in-depth interviews and field observation. We found that local features and interactions with nature are both stressed in the village landscape plans but with different strategies. Firstly, Heshu village’s landscape plan intends to reproduce eight scenes described in famous local poetry, while Pu’an village’s plan intends to develop local traditional customs of bulrush craft. Secondly, the detailed landscape design of green-way and blue-way systems in Heshu village is people-oriented, while landscape design in Pu’an village is experience-oriented in relation to creative tourism. Finally, it is essential to consider both the interests of local villagers and tourists in the process of identifying, preserving and enhancing the locality of rural landscapes.
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Rodriguez, Gillian Anne. "Shared landscapes." Journal of Place Management and Development 13, no. 2 (March 28, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-07-2018-0050.
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Purpose This paper argues for the recognition of regional-consumers’ perceptions of growing food in the landscape. This paper aims to explore the hidden value of observed landscapes and lived “lifescapes” as unformulated brand experiences, particularly those relevant to regional meat. These inform the brand identity construct following Kapferer’s (1997) brand identity framework. It is the local consumers’ gaze, which is of interest, as this lives and digests the place. As an often unconscious experience, it must be recognised, articulated and formalised into a brand to enable authentic communications of place meaning to visitors. Design/methodology/approach In total, 20 soft-laddering interviews and hierarchical value maps identified the most frequent connections made by local residents for the Cumbrian fells. The cognitions and rationalisations used by residents in considering their lamb choices are revealed using this method and understanding of these linkages feeds into the development of brand identity (Kapferer, 1997). Gengler et al. (1995) offer a guide on means-end chain (MEC) data analysis, which was used in processing the data. Findings MEC findings showed that people experience places populated with flocks of sheep/local meat in production and perceive its qualities and characteristics as influenced by terroir conditions, by season and their own relationship with the landscape and with the local community. In essence, they experience the brand of these “products” prior to their status as products (Kapferer, 2007; Jacobsen, 2012). The revealed limitations of both servicescape and of attribute-related literature are discussed relative to the timing of the visual impact experienced by local consumers. Practical implications The paper provides a summary of the brand identity for Herdwick lamb (HL), which has emerged from the research process (Figure 2). This example may be useful in discussions with practitioners involved in HL brand development. Originality/value The opportunity to reveal local residents’ experiences of “pre-products” in the landscape is discussed as a source of latent and authentic brand relationships.
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Roth, Tohar, Moshe Coll, and Yael Mandelik. "The Role of Uncultivated Habitats in Supporting Wild Bee Communities in Mediterranean Agricultural Landscapes." Diversity 15, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15020294.
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In agricultural landscapes, uncultivated habitat patches may have a focal role in supporting communities of ecosystem service providers. However, little is known on the variances among different types of uncultivated habitat patches in providing resources and maintaining populations of these beneficial organisms. We studied wild bee communities in natural and semi-natural uncultivated patches embedded in semi-arid Mediterranean agricultural landscapes. We investigated the effects of local- and landscape-scale land-use characteristics, as well as their interactions, on bee diversity, functional composition, and forage and nesting resources. Most bee community parameters were affected by both local- and landscape-scale characteristics, but no significant interactions were found among the scales. Local land-use effects were related primarily to overall plant cover, and to the abundance and richness of flowering plants. Landscape effects, mostly limited to a 400 m range, were varied. The abundance of focal crop pollinators varied considerably between patch type and pollinator species. The different types of uncultivated habitats maintain complementary bee and flower communities. Our findings show the important role of uncultivated habitat patches in providing floral and nesting resources for bees, and creating resource-landscapes that can support wild bee communities and crop pollination services in Mediterranean agricultural landscapes.
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Fijen, Thijs P. M., Jeroen A. Scheper, Bastiaen Boekelo, Ivo Raemakers, and David Kleijn. "Effects of landscape complexity on pollinators are moderated by pollinators' association with mass-flowering crops." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1900 (April 10, 2019): 20190387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0387.
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Conserving and restoring semi-natural habitat, i.e. enhancing landscape complexity, is one of the main strategies to mitigate pollinator decline in agricultural landscapes. However, we still have limited understanding of how landscape complexity shapes pollinator communities in both crop and non-crop habitat, and whether pollinator responses to landscape complexity vary with their association with mass-flowering crops. Here, we surveyed pollinator communities on mass-flowering leek crops and in nearby semi-natural habitat in landscapes of varying complexity. Surveys were done before and during crop bloom and distinguished between pollinators that visit the crop frequently (dominant), occasionally (opportunistic), or not at all (non-crop). Forty-seven per cent of the species in the wider landscape were also observed on leek flowers. Crop pollinator richness increased with local pollinator community size and increasing landscape complexity, but relationships were stronger for opportunistic than for dominant crop pollinators. Relationships between pollinator richness in semi-natural habitats and landscape complexity differed between groups with the most pronounced positive effects on non-crop pollinators. Our results indicate that while dominant crop pollinators are core components of crop pollinator communities in all agricultural landscapes, opportunistic crop pollinators largely determine species-richness responses and complex landscapes are local hotspots for both biodiversity conservation and potential ecosystem service provision.
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Morán-Ordóñez, Alejandra, Alexandra Pavlova, Adrian M. Pinder, Lien Sim, Paul Sunnucks, Ross M. Thompson, and Jenny Davis. "Aquatic communities in arid landscapes: local conditions, dispersal traits and landscape configuration determine local biodiversity." Diversity and Distributions 21, no. 10 (May 24, 2015): 1230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12342.
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Kaznatcheev, Artem, David Cohen, and Peter Jeavons. "Representing Fitness Landscapes by Valued Constraints to Understand the Complexity of Local Search." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 69 (November 29, 2020): 1077–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12156.
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Local search is widely used to solve combinatorial optimisation problems and to model biological evolution, but the performance of local search algorithms on different kinds of fitness landscapes is poorly understood. Here we consider how fitness landscapes can be represented using valued constraints, and investigate what the structure of such representations reveals about the complexity of local search.
First, we show that for fitness landscapes representable by binary Boolean valued constraints there is a minimal necessary constraint graph that can be easily computed. Second, we consider landscapes as equivalent if they allow the same (improving) local search moves; we show that a minimal constraint graph still exists, but is NP-hard to compute.
We then develop several techniques to bound the length of any sequence of local search moves. We show that such a bound can be obtained from the numerical values of the constraints in the representation, and show how this bound may be tightened by considering equivalent representations. In the binary Boolean case, we prove that a degree 2 or treestructured constraint graph gives a quadratic bound on the number of improving moves made by any local search; hence, any landscape that can be represented by such a model will be tractable for any form of local search.
Finally, we build two families of examples to show that the conditions in our tractability results are essential. With domain size three, even just a path of binary constraints can model a landscape with an exponentially long sequence of improving moves. With a treewidth-two constraint graph, even with a maximum degree of three, binary Boolean constraints can model a landscape with an exponentially long sequence of improving moves.
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Day, Luke, Ouala Abdelhadi Ep Souki, Andreas A. Albrecht, and Kathleen Steinhöfel. "Random versus Deterministic Descent in RNA Energy Landscape Analysis." Advances in Bioinformatics 2016 (March 2, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9654921.
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Identifying sets of metastable conformations is a major research topic in RNA energy landscape analysis, and recently several methods have been proposed for finding local minima in landscapes spawned by RNA secondary structures. An important and time-critical component of such methods is steepest, or gradient, descent in attraction basins of local minima. We analyse the speed-up achievable by randomised descent in attraction basins in the context of large sample sets where the size has an order of magnitude in the region of ~106. While the gain for each individual sample might be marginal, the overall run-time improvement can be significant. Moreover, for the two nongradient methods we analysed for partial energy landscapes induced by ten different RNA sequences, we obtained that the number of observed local minima is on average larger by 7.3% and 3.5%, respectively. The run-time improvement is approximately 16.6% and 6.8% on average over the ten partial energy landscapes. For the large sample size we selected for descent procedures, the coverage of local minima is very high up to energy values of the region where the samples were randomly selected from the partial energy landscapes; that is, the difference to the total set of local minima is mainly due to the upper area of the energy landscapes.
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Reeves, C. R., and A. V. Eremeev. "Statistical analysis of local search landscapes." Journal of the Operational Research Society 55, no. 7 (July 2004): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601611.
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Tallamy, Douglas W. "Creating Living Landscapes: Why We Need to Increase Plant/Insect Linkages in Designed Landscapes." HortTechnology 27, no. 4 (August 2017): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03699-17.
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Specialized relationships between animals and plants are the norm in nature rather than the exception and landscape designs that destroy them also degrade local ecosystem function. Plants that evolved in concert with local animals provide for their needs better than plants that evolved elsewhere. The most common and arguably most important specialized relationships are those that have developed between insect herbivores and their host plants. Here, I explain why this is so, why specialized food relationships determine the stability and complexity of the local food webs that support animal diversity, and why our yards and gardens are essential parts of the ecosystems that sustain us. I also discuss how we can use our residential and corporate landscapes to connect the isolated habitat fragments around us and produce valuable ecosystem services, and what we can do to make our landscapes living ecosystems once again.
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Marra, W. A., S. J. McLelland, D. R. Parsons, B. J. Murphy, E. Hauber, and M. G. Kleinhans. "Groundwater seepage landscapes from local or distal sources in experiments and on Mars." Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 3, no. 1 (February 19, 2015): 129–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-3-129-2015.
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Abstract. Theater-headed valleys can form due to groundwater sapping, but these valleys could also be the result of knick-point (waterfall) erosion generated by overland flow. This morphological ambiguity hampers the interpretation of such valleys on Mars, especially due to insufficient knowledge of material properties, but the climate implications are quite different. Instead of single-valley morphology, metrics of the entire landscape may provide diagnostic insight in the formative hydrological conditions. However, flow patterns and the resulting landscapes are different for different sources of groundwater and poorly understood. We aim to increase our understanding of the formation of the entire landscapes by sapping from different sources of groundwater and to provide a framework of landscape metrics of such systems to aid interpretation of such landscapes. We study sapping from local and distal sources of groundwater in sandbox experiments and combine our results with previous experiments. Key results are that groundwater piracy acts on distally-fed valleys, which results in a sparsely dissected landscape of many small and a few large valleys while locally-fed valleys result in a densely dissected landscape. In addition, distally-fed valleys grow into the direction of the groundwater source while locally-fed channels grow in a broad range of directions and have a strong tendency to bifurcate, particularly on flat horizontal surfaces. As an example, we apply these results to two Martian cases. The valleys of Louros Valles show properties of sapping by a local source and Nirgal Vallis shows evidence of a distal source, which is likely groundwater from Tharsis.
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Riitters, Kurt, Karen Schleeweis, and Jennifer Costanza. "Forest Area Change in the Shifting Landscape Mosaic of the Continental United States from 2001 to 2016." Land 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110417.
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The landscape context (i.e., anthropogenic setting) of forest change partly determines the social-ecological outcomes of the change. Furthermore, forest change occurs within, is constrained by, and contributes to a dynamic landscape context. We illustrate how information about local landscape context can be incorporated into regional assessments of forest area change. We examined the status and change of forest area in the continental United States from 2001 to 2016, quantifying landscape context by using a landscape mosaic classification that describes the dominance and interface (i.e., juxtaposition) of developed and agriculture land in relation to forest and other land. The mosaic class changed for five percent of total land area and three percent of total forest area. The least stable classes were those comprising the developed interface. Forest loss rates were highest in developed-dominated landscapes, but the forest area in those landscapes increased by 18 percent as the expansion of developed landscapes assimilated more forest area than was lost from earlier developed landscapes. Conversely, forest loss rates were lowest in agriculture-dominated landscapes where there was a net loss of five percent of forest area, even as the area of those landscapes also increased. Exposure of all land to nearby forest removal, fire, and stress was highest in natural-dominated landscapes, while exposure to nearby increases in developed and agriculture land was highest in developed- and agriculture-dominated landscapes. We discuss applications of our approach for mapping, monitoring, and modeling landscape and land use change.
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Beyer, Nicole, Felix Kirsch, Doreen Gabriel, and Catrin Westphal. "Identity of mass-flowering crops moderates functional trait composition of pollinator communities." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 9 (May 22, 2021): 2657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01261-3.
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Abstract Context Pollinator declines and functional homogenization of farmland insect communities have been reported. Mass-flowering crops (MFC) can support pollinators by providing floral resources. Knowledge about how MFC with dissimilar flower morphology affect functional groups and functional trait compositions of wild bee communities is scarce. Objective We investigated how two morphologically different MFC, land cover and local flower cover of semi-natural habitats (SNH) and landscape diversity affect wild bees and their functional traits (body size, tongue length, sociality, foraging preferences). Methods We conducted landscape-level wild bee surveys in SNH of 30 paired study landscapes covering an oilseed rape (OSR) (Brassica napus L.) gradient. In 15 study landscapes faba beans (Vicia faba L.) were grown, paired with respective control landscapes without grain legumes. Results Faba bean cultivation promoted bumblebees (Bombus spp. Latreille), whereas non-Bombus densities were only driven by the local flower cover of SNH. High landscape diversity enhanced wild bee species richness. Faba bean cultivation enhanced the proportions of social wild bees, bees foraging on Fabaceae and slightly of long-tongued bumblebees. Solitary bee proportions increased with high covers of OSR. High local SNH flower covers mitigated changes of mean bee sizes caused by faba bean cultivation. Conclusions Our results show that MFC support specific functional bee groups adapted to their flower morphology and can alter pollinators` functional trait composition. We conclude that management practices need to target the cultivation of functionally diverse crops, combined with high local flower covers of diverse SNH to create heterogeneous landscapes, which sustain diverse pollinator communities.
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Lubenets, L. F., and D. V. Chernykh. "Landscape structure of Maima river basin (Russian Altai)." Geodesy and Cartography 941, no. 11 (December 20, 2018): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2018-941-11-15-24.
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The analysis of landscape differentiation of the low-mountain Maima basin was performed due to the field studies for different periods as well as the remote sensing data. The formation of modern landscapes of the basin depends on regional features related to geographical location of landscapes on the periphery of the mountain region (mainly in its low-mountain part) and local factors as well. Structural-lithological and geomorphological heterogeneity, high-altitude along with climatic background parameters determine the development of the landscape structure of the territory. The basin map represents the peculiarities of current landscapes arrangement at the local level (groups of stows, their spatial modifications) and atregional one (subtypes of landscapes). In the forest-steppe area, slopes (4-10 and 10-20) of the southern, western and eastern aspects with grass-forb real and steppe meadows dominate. Sub-taiga landscapes are represented by terraced slopes (10-20) of northern and northeastern aspects with birch-pine and pine-birch forests. Among the chern-taiga landscapes, the slopes (10-20) of the eastern and western aspects with birch-aspen-fir forests prevail. Modified and transformed landscapes occupy about 30 % of the basin area due to the largest agglomeration (Gorno- Altaisk, Maima and Kyzyl-Ozek) in the Russian Altai. Secondary grasslands occupy 20 % of the basin area that is mainly related with anthropogenic modifications (deforestation, grasslands). The share of perennial plantations and arable land accounts for 2 %; built – up areas-about 4 %.
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AMELIA, FATIYA, JOHAN ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASMITA, and NICHOLAS MALONE. "Recognizing indigenous knowledge of the Karangwangi Rural Landscape in South Cianjur, Indonesia for sustainable land management." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 5 (September 21, 2018): 1722–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190518.
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Amelia F, Iskandar J, Partasmita R, Malone N. 2018. Recognizing indigenous knowledge of the Karangwangi Rural Landscape in South Cianjur, Indonesia for sustainable land management. Biodiversitas 19: 1722-1729. Karangwangi is a rural community on the south coast of West Java, Indonesia. The people of Karangwangi possess traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of local landscapes through cultural inheritance and personal experiences of interacting with their environment. The people of Karangwani Village recognize various natural-cultural landscape types, including leuweung (forest); swidden field (huma); wet rice fields (sawah); home garden (pekarangan); garden (kebun); mixed-garden (kebun campuran); river (sungai); and sea (laut). These various landscapes have continuously changed over time due to people’s socio-economic and cultural activities. The aim of this study was to develop an ethnoecological approach to elucidate historical changes to the Karangwangi landscapes. Toward this aim, we conducted mixed-method, qualitative and quantitative research. In addition to recognizing the various types of cultural and natural landscapes, the local people of Karangwangi are able to describe the history of landscape changes between 1950 to 2017. As identified by informants, these changes have been caused by various factors, including increases in population density, implementation of government policies and village development.
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Senetra, Adam, Monika Wasilewicz-Pszczółkowska, and Elżbieta Grzelak-Kostulska. "The European Landscape Convention as a Tool for the Protection, Management and Planning of Landscapes." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 13, no. 3 (October 27, 2015): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.738.
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Landscape protection and planning have attracted the attention of experts in many branches of science and industry. The growing interest in landscape management reflects concerns over environmental degradation that deteriorates the quality of life. Undesirable landscape changes result mostly from civilizational development, inappropriate land use and spatial planning. Further adverse landscape transformations should be prevented at local, regional and national levels. On 24 June 2004, Poland ratified the European Landscape Convention (ELC), which was opened for signature in 2000 in Florence (Italy ). The ratifying countries have committed themselves to enhance the quality of local landscapes which are the basic components of Europe’s natural and cultural heritage. Despite several attempts that resulted in the development of preliminary analytical reports, the Convention has not been implemented in Poland to date. For the Convention to be implemented, landscapes on Polish territory have to be identified and assessed. A systemized approach to landscape evaluation can provide a basis for creating landscape maps. This paper discusses selected methodological assumptions underlying landscape classification (typology ) and quality assessment, which could be used in the implementation process. The proposed method for assessing the esthetic value of landscape may become an integral part of landscape auditing, which is an important legal aspect of implementing the Convention. A landscape audit involves the identification of priority landscapes of particularly high scenic value.
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Bidegain, Íñigo, César A. López-Santiago, José A. González, Rodrigo Martínez-Sastre, Federica Ravera, and Claudia Cerda. "Social Valuation of Mediterranean Cultural Landscapes: Exploring Landscape Preferences and Ecosystem Services Perceptions through a Visual Approach." Land 9, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9100390.
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Mediterranean cultural landscapes have been recognized as multifunctional landscapes that are currently threatened by two opposing trends: rural abandonment and agricultural intensification. Uncovering people’s perceptions of different landscape configurations, and how inhabitants value the contributions of nature to human wellbeing, is essential to understanding current landscape trends. In this study, we analyze the social perception of the cultural landscapes of Sierra Morena (Andalusia, Spain) based on 389 face-to-face visual questionnaires in an attempt to understand individuals’ landscape preferences, the reasons behind those preferences and how those landscapes are perceived as suppliers of ecosystem services by different groups of stakeholders. Four groups of stakeholders were identified that differed in how they perceive and value the cultural landscape. An urban-related group was characterized by their preferences for pine plantations and “green” landscapes, guided mostly by aesthetic criteria. A livestock-related group showed a clear preference for wood–pasture landscapes (dehesas) due to their ability to supply multiple ecosystem services. An environmentally aware group showed preferences for dehesas and Mediterranean forests, mainly guided by ecological criteria. Finally, an olive-related group showed a clear preference for olive grove landscapes as key for the regional economy and their cultural identity. Overall, the local inhabitants of Sierra Morena perceived a higher supply of ecosystem services in moderately disturbed landscapes, such as dehesas and mosaic landscapes, than in highly disturbed ones, such as conventional olive groves and pine plantations, or in less used landscapes, such as the Mediterranean forest. Understanding the differences in valuation/demand for ecosystem services among groups of stakeholders, characterized by their landscape preferences, provides important information with which to identify potential trade-offs and conflicts, thereby providing insights into the improvement of landscape planning and decision making.
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Adade Williams, Portia, Likho Sikutshwa, and Sheona Shackleton. "Acknowledging Indigenous and Local Knowledge to Facilitate Collaboration in Landscape Approaches—Lessons from a Systematic Review." Land 9, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9090331.
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The need to recognize diverse actors, their knowledge and values is being widely promoted as critical for sustainability in contemporary land use, natural resource management and conservation initiatives. However, in much of the case study literature, the value of including indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) in the management and governance of landscapes tends to be overlooked and undervalued. Understanding ILK as comprising indigenous, local and traditional knowledge, this systematic review synthesizes how ILK has been viewed and incorporated into landscape-based studies; what processes, mechanisms and areas of focus have been used to integrate it; and the challenges and opportunities that arise in doing so. Queries from bibliographic databases (Web of Science, JSTOR, Scopus and Africa Wide) were employed. Findings from the review underscore that the literature and case studies that link landscapes and ILK are dominated by a focus on agricultural systems, followed by social-ecological systems, indigenous governance, natural resource management, biodiversity conservation and climate change studies, especially those related to early warning systems for disaster risk reduction. The growing importance of multi-stakeholder collaborations in local landscape research and the promotion of inclusive consultations have helped to bring ILK to the fore in the knowledge development process. This, in turn, has helped to support improved landscape management, governance and planning for more resilient landscapes. However, more research is needed to explore ways to more effectively link ILK and scientific knowledge in landscape studies, particularly in the co-management of these social-ecological systems. More studies that confirm the usefulness of ILK, recognize multiple landscape values and their interaction with structures and policies dealing with landscape management and conservation are necessary for enhanced sustainability.
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de la Barra, Felipe, Audrey Alignier, Sonia Reyes-Paecke, Andrea Duane, and Marcelo D. Miranda. "Selecting Graph Metrics with Ecological Significance for Deepening Landscape Characterization: Review and Applications." Land 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030338.
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The usual approaches to describing and understanding ecological processes in a landscape use patch-mosaic models based on traditional landscape metrics. However, they do not consider that many of these processes cannot be observed without considering the multiple interactions between different land-use patches in the landscape. The objective of this research was to provide a synthetic overview of graph metrics that characterize landscapes based on patch-mosaic models and to analyze the ecological meaning of the metrics to propose a relevant selection explaining biodiversity patterns and ecological processes. First, we conducted a literature review of graph metrics applied in ecology. Second, a case study was used to explore the behavior of a group of selected graph metrics in actual differentiated landscapes located in a long-term socioecological research site in Brittany, France. Thirteen landscape-scale metrics and 10 local-scale metrics with ecological significance were analyzed. Metrics were grouped for landscape-scale and local-scale analysis. Many of the metrics were able to identify differences between the landscapes studied. Lastly, we discuss how graph metrics offer a new perspective for landscape analysis, describe the main characteristics related to their calculation and the type of information provided, and discuss their potential applications in different ecological contexts.
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Gullino, Paola, Maria Mellano, Gabriele Beccaro, Marco Devecchi, and Federica Larcher. "Strategies for the Management of Traditional Chestnut Landscapes in Pesio Valley, Italy: A Participatory Approach." Land 9, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120536.
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Through an exploratory case study conducted in the Pesio Valley, northwest Italy, this paper proposes a framework for maintaining traditional chestnut production landscapes and addressing future development policies. The main goal was to understand how to promote a bottom-up planning approach, including stakeholder perceptions in traditional chestnut landscape management. To ensure the sustainability of the landscape, current driving forces and their landscape effects were identified by local stakeholders using a focus group technique. Population ageing, local forestry policies directed towards supporting chestnut growers’ income, social and economic needs, and land fragmentation are the main driving forces that will influence future chestnut landscapes. The focus group participants built two scenarios of possible future development of the chestnut landscape, one characterized by the disappearance and transformation of chestnut stands, the other by their permanence and maintenance. The most recommended strategies for maintaining traditional chestnut cultivation were chestnut processing, fruit designation of origin, and the cultivation of traditional varieties. This study shows that, to preserve the traditional chestnut landscape, the participation of multiple stakeholders is a useful approach in landscape planning. This methodology could guide decision-makers and planners who desire to implement a participatory approach to a sustainable development program for traditional chestnut landscapes.
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Lelli, Laurent, and Sylvie Paradis-Maindive. "Quand le «paysage ordinaire» devient un «paysage remarqué»." Sud-Ouest européen 7, no. 1 (2000): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rgpso.2000.2726.
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Ordinary and distinguished landscapes « on the scene »... Rural spaces, those of South Western France particularly, have been profoundly transformed these last five decades. In that short lapse of time, a new way of considering these rural territories has gained support from local populations, city dwellers or local actors. Yet, a large majority of rural landscapes appear today as worth considering. The French State is still following an old tradition of site and monument protection, and a real landscape policy hasn 't been brought into the open, especially for non-remarkable « day-to-day » landscapes. Nevertheless, they are present in a growing demand for better quality of life and can be a motivation for territorial change. Different South West rural examples issued from recent researches will help approach this question : the Massif of Mouthoumet (Aude) and the Northern Comminges (Haute-Garonne). A definition of « ordinary » and « distinguished » landscape is proposed to apprehend all rural territories.
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Nurme, Sulev, Zenia Kotval, Nele Nutt, Mart Hiob, and Sirle Salmistu. "Baroque manorial cores and the landscape." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 4, no. 2 (November 17, 2014): 166–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-06-2013-0024.
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Purpose – The concepts of “historically valuable landscape,” “historical landscape space,” “landscape space attached to an object of cultural importance,” etc. seem to be understood by most landscape professionals, yet these terms are highly abstract with many possible interpretations. The protected zone of cultural monuments prescribed by law helps to ensure the preservation of these historic artifacts and signifiers of local heritage. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper seeks to provide guidelines that can be articulated to protect cultural landscapes. These guidelines are based on a manorial core study was carried out in 2010 to analyze the changes in road networks and spatial systems of manors over the past 150 years. This study is part of a larger research effort on different aspects of Estonian baroque manor gardens. Findings – Many landscapes may contain historically relevant objects and phenomena not protected by law, which, nevertheless form the basis of a unique local landscape. The altering of such a landscape not only changes its natural form, but may directly impact the cultural identity and milieu of the area, thereby affecting how its inhabitants relate to their environment. Originality/value – Preservation of historic buildings and landscapes plays an important role particularly in relation to manor landscapes. This network has remained well preserved, and the rural landscape based on this Baltic-German manor culture is still strongly reflected in the current landscape through the existing historic landscape elements like housing, viewsheds, roads, etc. Without landscape analysis, it can be challenging for an outsider to understand the spatial context, especially when it has changed and evolved through the years.
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Ducci, Marta, Ron Janssen, Gert-Jan Burgers, and Francesco Rotondo. "Mapping Local Perceptions for the Planning of Cultural Landscapes." International Journal of E-Planning Research 12, no. 1 (February 3, 2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.317378.
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Local perceptions in the definition of cultural landscapes have been on the radar of the scientific community for a long time, but very few studies have focused on integrating this information into heritage and planning practices. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate, with a practical example, how to do so through a Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) application. In this study, a landscape approach and participatory mapping framework were tailored to a case study area in the south of Italy, where an online map-based survey was shared with the public. The survey results illustrate how the application effectively brought to the fore local heritage perceptions as relevant sources for future potential spatial planning strategies.
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Simkins, Tim, John Coldron, Megan Crawford, and Steve Jones. "Emerging local schooling landscapes: the role of the local authority." School Leadership & Management 35, no. 1 (November 10, 2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2014.962501.
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Wyshynski, Sarah A., and Thomas D. Nudds. "Pattern and process in forest bird communities on boreal landscapes originating from wildfire and timber harvest." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85218-2.
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Policy direction to emulate natural disturbance in managed boreal forests has spurred a need to contrast the dynamics of biota on landscapes originating from timber harvest and from wildfire (hereafter, “managed” and “natural”). Typically, emphasis is on pattern emulation, and less on processes, such as competition, predation or habitat selection. Knowing how communities in the boreal forest assemble can provide further insight to the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the processes responsible, permitting assessments about whether forestry practices emulate processes as well as patterns. We contrasted variation in species richness among forest types, with stand area, and between local (forest stand) and regional (landscape) scales on managed and natural boreal landscapes in NW Ontario. Species richness varied more among forest stand types than between landscapes, or with stand area, on either landscape. On both landscapes, mean local species richness was 1/3 of regional richness, consistent with the hypothesis that competition structured stand-level assemblages regardless of stand origin. We further compared the structure of stand-level assemblages from randomized null models using presence/absence and abundance data with observed assemblages on each landscape, while controlling for variation in habitat structure among stands. Local bird assemblages were over-dispersed in niche space relative to random assemblages, also consistent with the competition hypothesis, regardless of stand origin. We found no evidence that patterns of variation in diversity of songbirds and woodpeckers, nor the processes that govern them, differed between managed and natural boreal forest landscapes. Our results suggest that past forest practices in this region, if by default, nevertheless emulated natural patterns of variation in diversity and species assembly of bird communities. Key words: boreal forest, songbirds, woodpeckers, community assembly, null models, natural disturbance emulation, forestry, Ontario
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Markgraf, Rudiger, Frédérik Doyon, and Daniel Kneeshaw. "Forest Landscape Heterogeneity Increases Shrub Diversity at the Expense of Tree Seedling Diversity in Temperate Mixedwood Forests." Forests 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020160.
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Partial disturbances enhance spatial heterogeneity through the diversification of forest structure, which contributes to niche partitioning and consequently to species diversity. However, this heterogeneity–diversity relationship may differ between groups of species, and is potentially modified by biotic interactions at the community level. We propose that shrub diversity will be greater in heterogeneous landscapes, while tree diversity will be lower in those same landscapes, due to the biotic interactions of shrub competition. We conducted field sampling in the balsam fir/yellow birch bioclimatic domain in western Québec, a forested ecosystem disturbed by natural and anthropogenic partial disturbances. We selected 12 forested landscapes (1 km2), four in each of three classes of landscape heterogeneity (heterogeneous, moderately heterogeneous, homogenous). Shrub and tree species regeneration abundance was measured in three different size classes of canopy gaps and the forest understory. Gap proportions were assessed in each landscape using aerial LiDAR data. Tree and shrub alpha-diversity significantly responded to landscape heterogeneity, shrubs being more diverse while tree seedlings were less diverse in heterogeneous landscapes. Heterogeneous landscapes showed highest species accumulation rates for shrubs in medium-sized gaps. For tree seedlings, species accumulation rates were highest in heterogeneous landscapes in the forest understory. Our study thus supports the heterogeneity–diversity relationship with shrubs having higher alpha and beta diversity in heterogeneous landscapes whereas local-scale tree diversity was higher in homogenous landscapes.
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Huang, Shuping, Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch, Weicong Fu, Jinda Qi, Ziru Chen, Zhipeng Zhu, and Jianwen Dong. "Does Adding Local Tree Elements into Dwellings Enhance Individuals’ Homesickness? Scenario-Visualisation for Developing Sustainable Rural Landscapes." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 3943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113943.
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Rural residential settings are important elements of livable and sustainable rural areas across the world. Enhancing people’s attachment to these landscapes through fostering feelings of homesickness could help in the pursuit of better rural residential settings. We studied homesickness, an emotion found to be associated with higher place attachment and quality of life, related to rural landscapes in southeast China, looking specifically at the presence and configuration of rural dwellings and trees. We used Photoshop to manipulate different configurations of typical rural dwellings and trees, and three series with twelve types of landscape scenes were generated. We looked at the following six emotional factors linked to homesickness: naturalness; regional culture; identity; psychology; experience; and landscape aesthetics. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and semantic differential (SD) methods were used to evaluate the level in which the landscape evoked feelings of homesickness amongst study participants, i.e., a group of university students from different disciplines. Results show that the homesickness emotional response level was higher in most of the simulated landscapes, as compared to the original landscape, and that response levels differed significantly between the three types of visualized landscape configurations. The emotional response level showed differences for manipulated landscape scenes with twelve different trees added to dwellings. Through cluster analysis of the results, we divided trees into three grades of emotional response for each dwelling type. Adding trees thus was found to change the emotional response to the landscape, and different tree configurations with different types of dwellings results in different responses. The study shows that careful design of the rural landscape can help build stronger emotional relations of humans with their local environment, which is a key ingredient for sustainable countryside living.
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Deneu, Benjamin, Maximilien Servajean, Pierre Bonnet, Christophe Botella, François Munoz, and Alexis Joly. "Convolutional neural networks improve species distribution modelling by capturing the spatial structure of the environment." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): e1008856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008856.
Full textAbstract:
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are statistical models suited for learning complex visual patterns. In the context of Species Distribution Models (SDM) and in line with predictions of landscape ecology and island biogeography, CNN could grasp how local landscape structure affects prediction of species occurrence in SDMs. The prediction can thus reflect the signatures of entangled ecological processes. Although previous machine-learning based SDMs can learn complex influences of environmental predictors, they cannot acknowledge the influence of environmental structure in local landscapes (hence denoted “punctual models”). In this study, we applied CNNs to a large dataset of plant occurrences in France (GBIF), on a large taxonomical scale, to predict ranked relative probability of species (by joint learning) to any geographical position. We examined the way local environmental landscapes improve prediction by performing alternative CNN models deprived of information on landscape heterogeneity and structure (“ablation experiments”). We found that the landscape structure around location crucially contributed to improve predictive performance of CNN-SDMs. CNN models can classify the predicted distributions of many species, as other joint modelling approaches, but they further prove efficient in identifying the influence of local environmental landscapes. CNN can then represent signatures of spatially structured environmental drivers. The prediction gain is noticeable for rare species, which open promising perspectives for biodiversity monitoring and conservation strategies. Therefore, the approach is of both theoretical and practical interest. We discuss the way to test hypotheses on the patterns learnt by CNN, which should be essential for further interpretation of the ecological processes at play.
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Musakwa, Walter, Ephraim Mpofu, and Nesisa Analisa Nyathi. "Local Community Perceptions on Landscape Change, Ecosystem Services, Climate Change, and Livelihoods in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 4610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114610.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding humanity’s relationship with nature is crucial for the well-being and sustainable development of mankind in the face of global environmental change. Communities depend on landscapes for survival and landscapes determine if sustainable development is to be achieved. The links between landscapes, ecosystem services, livelihoods, and climate change are often complex, misunderstood, and barely studied in rural areas of Africa, where communities live side-by-side with conservation areas. Our study surveyed the perception of the nexus of landscape change, climate change, ecosystem services, and livelihoods in Gonarezhou, a national park in southeastern Zimbabwe. We also used Landsat satellite imagery to map the landscape change over 20 years to validate and to correlate with the survey data. The survey results indicated that people relied on rainfed agriculture as a means of livelihood, but droughts as a result of climate change force communities to engage in other means of livelihoods such as small-scale poaching of small game such as impala and harvesting of natural resources such as edible shrubs. Crops and livestock as provisional ecosystem services have been negatively affected by climate change and landscape change. Landsat data confirmed that there was a negative transformation of the landscape as a result of agriculture, growth in settlements, and large herbivores. However, there was also a positive landscape transformation resulting from the conservation efforts by the Gonarezhou Conservation Trust (GCT). Cultural services about education and awareness of the environment and provisional services such as wild fruits are booming. Challenges such as soil erosion, human–wildlife conflict, and minimal community benefits from conservation efforts hindered sustainable development in the study area. While changes in landscape, climate, livelihoods, and ecosystem services happened at a local scale, the underlying drivers such as politics and the economy were also identified as drivers of landscape change.
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Klepers, Andris, and Iveta Druva-Druvaskalne. "Rural landscapes in Latvia: a comparative analysis of representations and perceptions." Folia Geographica 18 (2020): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/fg.18.10.
Full textAbstract:
As a reflection of Latvian identity, the country’s rural landscapes are a living embodiment of both natural and cultural heritage, contributing to quality of life for local communities and serving as a magnetic pulling factor for international tourists. Traditional farmsteads (viensētas) are perceived as symbolic spaces which have developed gradually, especially since the 19th Century, through annual cycles of farm work alongside extensive farming. Yet their existence is threatened by the impact of transitional changes such as depopulation, globalisation, the non-competitive nature of traditional farming models, and changes in society and the lifestyle of young people. Many abandoned farmsteads are disappearing under large areas of cropland or forest, and some newly built private houses do not have a connection with the traditional rural landscape. The aim of this study is to explore the way that perceptions of farmsteads and rural landscapes have changed over time within local communities. This is done by comparing representations of countryside landscape ideals in the media from 1920 to 1940 and perceptions of farmsteads as an element of countryside landscapes within local rural communities today (<12 % of the population of Latvia lived on a farmstead in 2019). The findings show that in the period when most people lived in the countryside, a particular kind of idealised rural landscape was often visually represented in the mainstream media, strengthening stereotypes about symbolic landscapes. These concepts are still strongly rooted in the perceptions of current rural inhabitants and there was consensus among respondents about the elements which are associated with high-quality rural landscapes. Although the daily routines of the traditional farmstead today have been changed by a number of factors and many elements of the rural landscape have lost their functionality, symbolism — including the iconic image of separate family farmsteads — helps to maintain a continuing metanarrative of national identity, creating nostalgic ties which lead many to have a preference for living in the countryside, holding perceptions about the availability of various ecosystem services next door which will improve their quality of life.
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Kruse, Alexandra, and Bernd Paulowitz. "The Hollerroute – landscape awareness as a driving factor in regional development." Tájökológiai Lapok 17, Suppl. 1 (December 29, 2019): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.3568.
Full textAbstract:
The Holler Landscapes are a European testimony of a marsh and dyke landscape through land reclamation starting in the High Middle Ages. This Dutch originating cope cultivation were found in many places in Europe, but spread particularly in Germany and Poland. These landscapes had, and for most of their part still have in common that they were created by Dutch water experts – most often on demand from local authorities, like archbishops or kings – and are therefore called Holler Colonies. The tangible landscape heritage was often linked to the import of many Dutch society features (e.g. related to laws, habits, equal rights of men and women), making the Holler Colonies a unique document to the intangible heritage as well. Today, the remainders of these landscapes give an important testimony to European economic and social history. These landscapes were predominately shaped during the great clearances in the High Middle Ages, with some of them, in particular Poland, dating from a later period. Of course, not all landscapes and associated traditions have survived until today. Several Holler landscapes have been completely transformed by more recent land reclamation processes or due to abandonment. The examples that still bear the vivid impression of the land transformation are therefore not only a unique but as well rare testimony of tangible and intangible heritage of European history. The article focusses on an awareness raising process that took place in the Altes Land (Lower Saxony, Germany) within the last 15 years: After a difficult beginning, finally the understanding of the historical transformations and of the particularity of this traditional cultural landscape became a trigger towards local and regional development strategies. The awareness on the Dutch landscape heritage lead to an identification process among the inhabitants and last but not least, triggered local development. It helped finally to start the will to sustain the historic regional character, allowing a sustainable economic development, and is accompanied by tourism and awareness building measures. One of them is the “Holler Route” – a project recognized within the European Year of Cultural Heritage, which will develop, among others, teaching materials about Holler Landscapes which will be integrated into the official geography curriculum for schools and will be available at the online-education server (NibiS) of the Federal State of Lower Saxonia.