Journal articles on the topic 'Local government – Italy'
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1
Parszewski, Kazimierz. "CONTEMPORARY LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN POLAND AND THE EUROPEAN UNION." sj-economics scientific journal 8 (June 30, 2011): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v8i.488.
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This work presents modern local governments in Poland and selected European countries. This paper shows the local power structure, organizations and their competences as well as tasks and Government control. There are also indicated values of local democracy of the European Charter of local self government and legal problems of territorial self – government in Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Austria and Belgium.
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Spence, R. E. "Institutional reform in Italy: The case of local government." Local Government Studies 19, no. 2 (June 1993): 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003939308433677.
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Zuffada, Elena. "The interrelated roles of the regional and local government in developing local partnerships in Italy." dms – der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management 1, no. 2 (December 10, 2008): 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/dms.v1i2.07.
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Building partnerships is becoming an important issue at the local level of government in many countries. Different experiences can be traced throughout Europe, as well as in other OECD countries. This is because partnerships, especially in small local authorities, can help to manage services in a more efficient and effective way. Nevertheless, building a relationship is difficult, nor is it always successful, as many scholars emphasise. For a number of reasons, higher levels of government may then play a significant role in supporting partnerships between different stakeholders. Given the shortage of empirical studies on this subject, this paper combines conceptual and empirical analysis, and is based upon: • the direct observation of a number of partnerships in Italy, with particular reference to those Regions in which the birth and the development of partnerships have been positively influenced by the regional level of government; • surveys of other partnerships which have been formalised in Italy; • a literature review and the analysis of official documents. The issues analysed in this article are the critical aspects of partnership building, and the role played by higher levels of government in activating or facilitating partnerships. It is in fact clear that higher levels of government may gain considerable benefit from the development of partnerships at the local level. Some consideration will also be given to institutional reforms in Italy, since a relevant part of the reform effort is meant to redesign the distribution of responsibilities between the different levels of government. Finally, the paper deals with comparative aspects, and investigates the existence of common patterns and trends in the different regional experiences examined.
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Caperchione, Eugenio. "Local government accounting system reform in italy: a critical analysis." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 15, no. 1 (March 2003): 110–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-15-01-2003-b007.
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Copus, Colin, and Kristof Steyvers. "Local Leadership and Local-Self Government: Avoiding the Abyss." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 15, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/15.1.1-18(2017).
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A series of trends have emerged across Europe which have stimulated change in local government, local democracy and local leadership particularly where local government and local leaders have had to respond to crisis, economic downturn and the pressures of public engagement in times of restraint and public service decline. The special issue of Lex Localis (14:4, 2016) explored those factors in countries as diverse as Iceland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, the Czech and Slovak Republics and Poland, to provide valuable insights into the turbulent times within which local self-government is located. That issue of Lex Localis was drawn from two related sources: the ECPR joint sessions work shop in Warsaw on local political leadership in times of austerity and from papers produced for the LocRef Cost Action democratic renewal workgroup. The paper here presents a review of, and retrospective introduction to that special issue. But by also drawing on other sources it offers an exploration of the broad trends shaping the development of local government and also develops a commentary on the factors which stimulate or hinder the success of local leadership, local government and local democracy in challenging times.
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da Empoli, Domenico. "The Introduction of Federalism in Unitary States: The Case of Italy." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 32, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569214x15664520275093.
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Abstract Among the great variety of fiscal institutions, a current tendency, probably favored by the globalization process, is that to increase the power of minor levels of government. This tendency was particularly emphasized in Europe in consequence of the transfer of powers from national governments to the European Union.A typical case of this decentralization process is that of Italy, a country that since its origin, in 1861, was based on the Napoleonic administrative centralization. In 2001, however, a constitutional reform decided that «The Republic is constituted by municipalities, provinces, metropolitan cities, regions and the State” (art. 114).Since that time, Italian regions, and more than 8000 local governments, started acting almost independently from the central government (from which they continued, however, to draw a great part of their financial resources).This situation appears to be proper of a kind of ‘anarchic polycentrism’ rather than fiscal federalism, with a lot of contradictions between decisions taken by the central government and those of the subcentral and local powers.This paper focuses on the bureaucratic and political shortcomings of the devolution of powers in a centralized and unitary state.
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Bracci, Enrico, and Mouhcine Tallaki. "Socio-environmental reporting trends in the Italian local government: Thrive or wither?" FINANCIAL REPORTING, no. 2 (September 2013): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/fr2013-002003.
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Social and environmental reporting (SER) in the public sector has been widelydiscussed in the last years (Gray et al., 1996; Mathews, 1997; Parker 2005; Guthrieand Abeysekera, 2006; Guarini, 2002; Hinna 2004; Marcuccio and Steccolini,2005). However, despite the interest in this area of research, there are still a numberof calls to deepen the study of SER in the public sector (Lewis, 2008; Grubnikand Ball, 2007). In Italy, the literature shows the risk of adopting SER as a managementfashion, more than a conscious process of organizational change (Marcuccioand Steccolini, 2005). This paper investigates about the reasons for theadoption and eventual abandonment of SER by local government in Italy.
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Bolgherini, Silvia. "Crisis-driven reforms and local discretion: an assessment of Italy and Spain." Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 46, no. 1 (October 16, 2015): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2015.23.
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The recent and still enduring global economic and financial crisis deeply impacted the institutional framework in Italy and Spain by prompting a series of reforms, which ultimately re-shaped the local government features. Based on a qualitative comparative analysis of recent reforms, the author shows that (directly and indirectly) crisis-driven provisions have significantly impacted the local levels and changed the central/local relations in both countries. During the years of crisis, a decrease in local discretion in its three main facets (fiscal, administrative, and political/functional) has taken place. This outcome could both allow for a better understanding of how central and local governments have interacted during the crisis and to contribute to the formulation of more general considerations on local discretion and central/local relations in Italy and Spain.
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Conti, Alessio, and Giovanni Vetritto. "ICT from Below: ELISA Program and the Innovation of Local Government in Italy." International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 3 (April 9, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i3.4203.
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In the last two decades, there has been a shift in the fundamental paradigm of Public Administration, from New Public Management, characterized by a managerial, microeconomic and sectorial approach, to Multilevel Public Governance, characterized by an integrated, strategic and holistic approach. The current Multilevel Public Governance paradigm is particularly useful to study and to approach to the Italian local government sector, due to its extreme fragmentation that needs cooperation to overcome its limits. It is in this theoretical framework that we present the ELISA program and its efforts in modernizing the local administration with ICT… from below.ELISA program (Enti Locali – Innovazione di SistemA, Local Government – System Innovation) is a national government project for the innovation in the Public Administration, guided by the Department for Regional and Local Affairs. The project promotes innovative instruments to develop software and technological public platform in three different main fields: taxation and cadastre; info-mobility; quality of services. The ultimate goal is to increase the efficiency of the administrative structure and provide better and technologically advanced solutions to respond to the needs of the citizens.Considering the success of the ELISA program, the Department for Regional and Local Affairs, in cooperation with Politecnico di Milano and Invitalia s.p.a., activates the eGovernment Laboratory with the aim in guaranteeing the replicability and the uniform dissemination of the best solutions all along the country. One of its action lines is to develop and implement the Innovation Communities raised in connection with the best practises of the ELISA program. For this purpose, it encourages sustainable and innovative management models, which are able to spread significant benefits by passing on administrative skills and knowledge to other Public Administrations and, furthermore, promoting the implementation mechanism and the deployment of the experiences.For that to happen, system-oriented measures are needed in order to redefine the relationship between the Local Authorities and the Central Administration: the first ones have the task to identifying both problems and needs of their territories and design proper solutions accordingly; the second one has to guarantee constant and consistent funds, coordinate the actions and oversee the whole process. One example of system-oriented measure is ItaliAE project, a complex and technological program, financed by European structural funds and born to follow the implementation of the local authority reform provided for by the law n. 56/2014 and to support the transformation of the Italian administrative geography and to improving its efficiency.
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Körner, Axel. "Local Government and the Meanings of Political Representation: A Case Study of Bologna between 1860 and 1915." Modern Italy 10, no. 2 (November 2005): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532940500284168.
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SummarySince the early nineteenth century political opposition became a central concept of political representation in constitutional monarchies. While this concept marked the political language of unified Italy on the national level, in local administration the legitimacy of political opposition remained an issue of dispute, as illustrated in this analysis of the political language in Bologna's local council. Local perceptions of national events, like the government's reaction to Garibaldi's unsuccessful Mentana-campaign, assumed major symbolic meaning in local politics and challenged traditional understandings of municipal administration by introducing the concept of political opposition. In Bologna, after Rome the second city of the former Papal State, the Moderates were able to grow into a position of political hegemony after the Unification of Italy and remained the predominant political force also after Italy's “parliamentary revolution” of 1876 and the electoral reforms of the 1880s. As a consequence of its limited influence on the local administration, Bologna's Left defined its ideological profile earlier and more clearly than the Left in other parts of Italy and integrated issues of national importance into local political discourse. Analysing the relationship between central administration and periphery, the article reveals the development of political language and the changing meanings of political representation between Unification and World War One and explains on this basis the escalation of social and political conflict in Finesecolo Italy.
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Montesinos, Vicente, Isabel Brusca, Francesca Manes Rossi, and Natalia Aversano. "The usefulness of performance reporting in local government: comparing Italy and Spain." Public Money & Management 33, no. 3 (May 2013): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2013.785701.
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Brusco, Sebastiano, and Ezio Righi. "Local government, industrial policy and social consensus: the case of Modena (Italy)." Economy and Society 18, no. 4 (November 1989): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085148900000020.
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Carini, Cristian, Davide Giacomini, and Claudio Teodori. "Accounting Reform in Italy and Perceptions on the Local Government Consolidated Report." International Journal of Public Administration 42, no. 3 (January 15, 2018): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2017.1423500.
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Fabrizi, Michele, and Silvia Pilonato. "Does pay for performance work in public organizations? Empirical evidence from Italy." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 4 (2017): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i4c2art12.
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The purpose of the paper is to investigate the relationship between pay-for-performance compensation and organisational performance in the setting of Italian local governments. Pay-for-performance systems have been introduced in the majority of the OECD’s countries as part of their performance management systems, but research on their effects is still in its infancy. This study contributes to filling this gap by using a sample of Italian local governments to empirically determine whether variable compensation translates into higher future performance. The research methodology uses a unique hand-collected database. The study uses the measures of the local governments’ performance defined along six key dimensions (standard of living, services and environment, employment level, law and order, population, leisure), over the period 2010-2013, provided by an independent source. Detailed data on managers’ compensation for each local government is obtained from Italy’s Treasury Department, and other variables on local governments were hand collected by official documents. A multivariate analysis is conducted on 398 observations. The main results show a positive association between future performance and the percentage of variable compensation granted to local managers. Moreover, additional analyses show that this result is not driven by managers’ total compensation but it depends on the composition of managers’ compensation. Overall, empirical evidence reported in this study suggests that public organisations might benefit from the introduction of pay for performance systems.
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Donovan, Mark. "A Second Republic for Italy?" Political Studies Review 1, no. 1 (January 2003): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1478-9299.00003.
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Radical change in the representative dimension of Italy's political system was expected to bring a transition to a ‘Second Republic’ in Italy. That has not happened. Nevertheless, after three consultations using the new parliamentary electoral system, studies focusing on the ‘input’ side of Italian politics are beginning to agree that substantial change has occurred. It is, however, too early to identify the extent of change in public administration and centre–local government relations, whilst even in parliament it is argued that consensual decision-making continued at least into the late 1990s. The impact of party system change on policy-making has thus been shown to be less direct than many expected, providing rich material for research into the relationship between institutional and policy change. Nevertheless, institutional change continues, particularly with regard to the decentralisation of government, and some studies suggest that this is the key to Italy's political transformation, rather than electoral reform or even change in the form of government. Still, the election of Italy's first right-wing majority government in 2001 may yet bring change in parliamentary practice and policy-making more generally.
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Bruno, Giuseppe, Andrea Genovese, and Carmela Piccolo. "Territorial amalgamation decisions in local government: Models and a case study from Italy." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 57 (March 2017): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2016.09.006.
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Fiorillo, Fabio, Lorenzo Robotti, and Francesca Severini. "Standard di spesa e di entrata nella Legge Delega sul federalismo fiscale. Un'analisi con un modello CGE." ECONOMIA PUBBLICA, no. 1 (December 2012): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ep2010-001004.
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The Law 42/09 represents an important step towards fiscal federalism in Italy. In particular, the Law places its foundation on the principles of territoriality, fiscal autonomy and fiscal equalization in order to abandon the criterion of historical expenditure in favor of «standard costs». A standard level of services must be provided by the local governments which must finance the expenditures mainly with their own tax revenues. In case the revenues are not adequate to cover the «standard» financial needs, the central government intervenes with equalization transfers. The definition of «standard criteria» therefore represents a crucial phase in the whole reforming process. The amount of central government transfers in fact depends on the flexibility of these criteria. Since the law gives very few indications on how to calculate the «standard costs/revenues», in this work we propose some alternative evaluations of these and assess the impact that different approaches can have on the central and local budgets using a CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) model based on a bi-regional SAM (Social Accounting Matrix) for Italy for 2003.
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Đorđević, Snežana. "Local Government Capacities for the Integration of Migrants." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 18, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 468–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.18.3.5.
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This paper explains the role of local governments (cities, regions) in the implementation of immigration policy in Europe. It covers the period since the 1960s and explains various waves and types of immigration, state policies, and the capacities of local government to help with immigrant integration. Several case studies are presented: Antwerp (Belgium), Malmö (Sweden), and Bologna and the Veneto region (Italy). The policy of migrant integration is exceedingly complex, requiring persistent dedication on part of all countries to mitigate the biggest problems of the contemporary globalised world (wealth distribution; poverty reduction; prevention of economic and political conflicts, especially wars; development of human rights; ecology), and to upgrade democratic capacities in each society. The contribution of this paper is to show that liberal policy in this field is the best option for the effective integration of migrants. Host state and local governments should be more sensitive to the nature and needs of the migrant population, and to foster a better understanding of the values, customs, and culture of both migrants and the domestic population. Useful measures which can help migrants in the process of integration are: tailored education, training for skills and jobs, participation in decision-making processes in the host country, and cooperation between the migrants’ home and host countries. It is important that political leaders continuously convey the message to the public that migrants represent great social capital and potential for the economic development of their society. The public should understand that in the contemporary globalised world society should be open to capital and labour migration, and that in this process our communities are given the chance to be multicultural, open, tolerant, and richer in every aspect. At the same time, all citizens, including the migrant population, have an obligation to protect democratic values and to contribute to the social development of both their home and host societies.
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Sciulli, Nick, Giuseppe D'Onza, and Giulio Greco. "Building a resilient local council: evidence from flood disasters in Italy." International Journal of Public Sector Management 28, no. 6 (August 10, 2015): 430–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-11-2014-0139.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate resilience to extreme weather events (EWE) in a sample of Italian local councils (LCs), impacted by flood disasters. Whether resilience as a concept is adopted by the affected councils and factors that promote or inhibit LC resilience are explored. Design/methodology/approach – Using semi-structured interviews, the authors investigate seven Italian LCs that were severely impacted by the flood event. An interview protocol was developed and background information collected. A number of themes were drawn from the interview transcripts and relationships with the relevant literature were examined. Findings – The findings highlight that the adoption of the concept of resilience is at an early stage in the LCs decision and policy making. The authors find that the financial resources and the external relations management with other public entities, NGOs and local communities, promote the LCs resilience during and after an EWE. By contrast, bureaucratic constraints and poor urban planning restrain resilience. The findings suggest that LCs resilience needs to be distinguished from local community resilience. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the literature on public sector management and investigates the under-researched area of resilience within the context of the public sector, vis-à-vis, local government. In particular the realization that EWE are not the realm only of emergency personnel, but that local government managers have an integral role placed upon them during and especially after the EWE.
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De Siano, Rita, and Marcella D’Uva. "Fiscal decentralization and spillover effects of local government public spending: the case of Italy." Regional Studies 51, no. 10 (August 18, 2016): 1507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1208814.
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Cingano, Federico, and Marco Tonello. "Law Enforcement, Social Control and Organized Crime: Evidence from Local Government Dismissals in Italy." Italian Economic Journal 6, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 221–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40797-020-00124-1.
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Liel, Abbie B., Ross B. Corotis, Guido Camata, Jeannette Sutton, Rose Holtzman, and Enrico Spacone. "Perceptions of Decision-Making Roles and Priorities that Affect Rebuilding after Disaster: The Example of L'Aquila, Italy." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 3 (August 2013): 843–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000158.
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This study examines decision making for recovery and reconstruction in L'Aquila, Italy, over the one-year period following the 6 April 2009 earthquake. The paper focuses on local and national perceptions of government response to the earthquake, community involvement in reconstruction decision processes, the establishment of rebuilding priorities, and prospects for future seismic risk reduction. Data were collected through 23 semi-structured, face-to-face key informant interviews with local leaders (including community, building industry, and government representatives) and 4 interviews with national leaders. Findings show that although local leaders were satisfied with the Department of Civil Protection's emergency response, there was frustration with funding and priorities for permanent rebuilding. Public involvement in decision making varied by community, but in most cases was limited, leading local leaders to express distrust in government and national leadership and their decisions. The case study also illustrates the importance of authority and resource coordination between the national and local levels.
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Hamza Çelikyay, Hicran, and Hülya Küçük Bayraktar. "Local Policies in the Fight Against the Covid-19 Pandemic: Ankara and Rome Municipal Councils’ Decisions." Central European Public Administration Review 20, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 103–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2022.1.05.
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Purpose and methodology: This study examines how the COVID-19 pandemic is included in municipal councils’ decisions and investigates the local policies developed through these decisions. Ankara and Rome Municipalities were selected as study samples. Turkey and Italy are both unitary states and their local government structures are similar because their local government systems are part of the Franco group, as defined by Hesse and Sharpe. Both cities have gained the status of metropolitan cities under the legal regulations adopted in recent years. For this reason, Ankara and Rome present similarities in terms of both the areas they serve and the responsibilities of being the capital. The decisions of their municipal councils were reviewed from March to December 2020. The decisions were analysed within the framework of the relevant commissions and application areas, and the local policies implemented in the fight against COVID-19 were put forward.
Findings: According to the analyses, the Ankara Metropolitan Municipal Council intensified its decisions on economic support, social assistance, cleaning, public health, and local diplomacy, while the Rome Metropolitan Municipality’s policies focused on security, education, economic support, social assistance, cleaning, and transportation services. As a result, both municipalities brought their COVID-19 proposals to the agenda of the council. Municipal assemblies played a vital role in helping their countries fight the pandemic as administrative units that provide the legal basis for implementing local policies. Strengthening local assemblies and expanding their mandate and responsibility in times of crisis could also support the success of central government policies. The findings reveal that fast and effective solutions delivered by local governments through local policies successfully curbed the pandemic that had spread around the world.
Practical Implications: The policies implemented by local governments were impressive and complementary to central government policies, providing a valuable guideline for policymakers.
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Cepiku, Denita, and Marco Mastrodascio. "Leadership and performance in intermunicipal networks." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 32, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-02-2019-0019.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to highlight the impact of integrative leadership behaviors on network performance in local government networks.Design/methodology/approachThe data were retrieved from a survey conducted on 362 local government network leaders in Italy. Their leadership behaviors were compared with the level of network performance anonymously self-reported.FindingsThe findings show that high frequency in the usage of a specific category of behavior does not always lead to high performance in local government networks. Moreover, leadership behaviors leading to highly performing networks are not always engaged most frequently by networks' leaders.Originality/valueThis research gives an empirical contribution to a neglected topic: network leadership. Moreover, the authors attempt to highlight how it is able to influence network performance.
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Salarelli, Alberto. "Past and present factors of the crisis in Italy ' s public libraries." Library Review 63, no. 1/2 (May 2, 2014): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lr-01-2013-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the general reasons for the crisis in Italy ' s contemporary public library institution. This crisis is complicated by the historical origins of the public library in Italy and, more broadly, by the difficult relationship between the Italian culture and today ' s world. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual discussion on the role of public library in Italy. Findings – The paper finds that the continuing delay in the acquisition of literacy, the tendency for points of view to become divided and to go to extremes and the development of a form of politics in the country suspended between centralised government and the claims of the local self-governments are all factors that have influenced the establishment of the public library in Italy. Originality/value – Understanding the conditions of the controversial origins of the public library in Italy can be of help when deciding which model to use in the future. A suitable model for this institution must not neglect but, on the contrary, must enhance the role of the library as a social institution of the history of a specific community.
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Brusca, Isabel, Francesca Manes Rossi, and Natalia Aversano. "Drivers for the financial condition of Local Government: a comparative study between Italy and Spain." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 13, no. 2 (April 4, 2015): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/13.2.161-184(2015).
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This paper aims to analyse the influence of socio-economic, political and financial factors on the financial condition of Italian and Spanish local governments in a comparative approach. The research is also aimed at understanding to what extent a model for the analysis of the financial condition can be generalized to different contexts. We assume that the financial condition is a multidimensional concept, with the results highlighting that while in Spain there is a high correlation between the long term financial and short term economic situations and an indicator can combine both dimensions, in Italy both dimensions are differentiated. There are also differences in the drivers of financial sustainability in both countries.
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Pola, G. "Recent Development of Central-Local Financial Relations in Italy." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 4, no. 2 (June 1986): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c040187.
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Italian local authorities share with those of other European countries a considerable degree of fragmentation. In addition, they suffer from the well-known North-South differential in economic conditions. On top of this, their management has long been split between the left-wing (mainly Communist) and the conservative (mainly Christian Democrat) political philosophy. This has rendered their performances and behaviour quite heterogeneous and has complicated the task of securing an equitable system of central-local financial relationships. For decades most of the southern authorities and the ‘red’ fraction of the centre-northern authorities have taken advantage of the possibility of borrowing for balancing the budget on the current account. This was a major loophole in the system until 1977. Bankruptcy was avoided ony through ‘entente’ between the Christian Democrats and the Communists in early 1978 (at the time of Mr Moro's murder), whereby all outstanding debt of local authorities was cancelled and transferred to the Central Government. In spite of an officially proclaimed ‘restraint’ there followed a period of real ‘Renaissance’ in local budgets, especially on the capital side. Borrowing—this time for capital expenditure—was again at the root of this development. Part of the deal was a revival of the ‘fiscal effort’ on the local side, making use of the few sources of own revenue left to local authorities after the fiscal reform of 1973–1974. Meanwhile, the ‘equalisation issue’ was raised with regard to the distribution of the general grant. Distribution criteria have been constantly changing since 1982. A completely new approach is now under consideration at the Ministry of Interior, based on the notion of ‘equal grant’ for ‘normal’ local authorities. Such an approach will eventually put aside the ‘past expenditure’ criterion which is still at the core of the grant distribution. While waiting for this reform, local authorities will almost certainly get a new local tax (‘tax for the financing of services’) starting in 1986.
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Lenio, Paweł. "Źródła finansowania ochrony zdrowia w Polsce i we Włoszech." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 115 (February 26, 2019): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.115.6.
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SOURCES OF FINANCING OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN POLAND AND IN ITALYThe study found that the majority of similarities and differences in the legal structure of Polish and Italian sources of financing of health care are the result of the adoption of a specific model of health care, and therefore there are fundamental differences between the catalogues of sources of financing health care in Poland and Italy. The basis for the difference between the Italian and Polish catalogues of sources of financing health care is the obligation of patients to contribute to the costs of the health care system in Italy by paying fees in return for receiving a certain type of service. In the reforms of the Polish and Italian health care systems one can see signs of transferring more and more responsibility to local government units. However, Italian and Polish local government units have no influence on the principles of functioning of the system and the shape of basic sources of financing health care.
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Grembi, Veronica, Tommaso Nannicini, and Ugo Troiano. "Do Fiscal Rules Matter?" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20150076.
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Fiscal rules are laws aimed at reducing the incentive to accumulate debt, and many countries adopt them to discipline local governments. Yet, their effectiveness is disputed because of commitment and enforcement problems. We study their impact applying a quasi-experimental design in Italy. In 1999, the central government imposed fiscal rules on municipal governments, and in 2001 relaxed them below 5,000 inhabitants. We exploit the before/after and discontinuous policy variation, and show that relaxing fiscal rules increases deficits and lowers taxes. The effect is larger if the mayor can be reelected, the number of parties is higher, and voters are older. (JEL E62, H71, H72, H74, R51)
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Staffini, Alessio, Akiko Kishi Svensson, Ung-Il Chung, and Thomas Svensson. "An Agent-Based Model of the Local Spread of SARS-CoV-2: Modeling Study." JMIR Medical Informatics 9, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): e24192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24192.
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Background The spread of SARS-CoV-2, originating in Wuhan, China, was classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The governments of affected countries have implemented various measures to limit the spread of the virus. The starting point of this paper is the different government approaches, in terms of promulgating new legislative regulations to limit the virus diffusion and to contain negative effects on the populations. Objective This paper aims to study how the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is linked to government policies and to analyze how different policies have produced different results on public health. Methods Considering the official data provided by 4 countries (Italy, Germany, Sweden, and Brazil) and from the measures implemented by each government, we built an agent-based model to study the effects that these measures will have over time on different variables such as the total number of COVID-19 cases, intensive care unit (ICU) bed occupancy rates, and recovery and case-fatality rates. The model we implemented provides the possibility of modifying some starting variables, and it was thus possible to study the effects that some policies (eg, keeping the national borders closed or increasing the ICU beds) would have had on the spread of the infection. Results The 4 considered countries have adopted different containment measures for COVID-19, and the forecasts provided by the model for the considered variables have given different results. Italy and Germany seem to be able to limit the spread of the infection and any eventual second wave, while Sweden and Brazil do not seem to have the situation under control. This situation is also reflected in the forecasts of pressure on the National Health Services, which see Sweden and Brazil with a high occupancy rate of ICU beds in the coming months, with a consequent high number of deaths. Conclusions In line with what we expected, the obtained results showed that the countries that have taken restrictive measures in terms of limiting the population mobility have managed more successfully than others to contain the spread of COVID-19. Moreover, the model demonstrated that herd immunity cannot be reached even in countries that have relied on a strategy without strict containment measures.
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King, R. L. "Regional Government: The Italian Experience." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 5, no. 3 (September 1987): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c050327.
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This paper is a review of Italy's stuttering progress towards regional autonomy. At the unification of Italy in 1860, a centralised administrative structure was adopted, as prescribed by the Piedmontese Constitution of 1848. Centralisation of political power reached its apogee during the Fascist period. Regionalist sentiment resurfaced strongly after the last war and gained formal expression in the 1948 Republican Constitution, which provided for the creation of five ‘special’ and fourteen (later fifteen) ‘ordinary’ regions. The special regions—regions of special linguistic or political sensitivity (Valle d'Aosta, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sicily and Sardinia)—were established between 1948 and 1963, but delays orchestrated by the Christian Democrat-dominated central government, reluctant to relinquish its power, postponed the establishment of the ordinary regions until the 1970s, when pressure from the Socialist Party prevailed. The legislative powers of the regions are of three forms: Exclusive (available only to the special regions), complementary, and integrative, the order representing progressively diminishing elements of decisionmaking autonomy. Several regions in central Italy have elected Communist regional governments. However, hopes that the regional governments would be instrumental in ending corrupt and inept government and eradicating regional disequilibria, have mostly been misplaced, although some progress has been made, especially in the northern regions, in the fields of administrative reform, social service organisation, and regional economic planning. The principal reason for lack of progress is the continuing central government control over regional government funds. In many regions considerable amounts of unspent funds have accumulated owing to a combination of political stalemate at the regional level and central government veto. Special attention is given in this paper to the relationship between regional autonomy and (1) local government, and (2) regional planning. To conclude, the present state of play represents an uneasy compromise between the two contradictory historical forces of centralism and regionalism, present since unification. Although there has been a significant departure from the rigid centralisation of the past, the retention of most of the important powers by the central government frustrates the ambitions of the regions to really organise their own affairs.
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CARUSO, FILIPPO, and PAOLO CASTORINA. "OPINION DYNAMICS AND DECISION OF VOTE IN BIPOLAR POLITICAL SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 16, no. 09 (September 2005): 1473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183105008059.
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A model of the opinion dynamics underlying the political decision is proposed. The analysis is restricted to a bipolar scheme with a possible third political area. The interaction among voters is local but the final decision strongly depends on global effects such as the rating of the governments. As in the realistic case, the individual decision making process is determined by the most relevant personal interests and problems. The phenomenological analysis of the national vote in Italy and Germany has been carried out and a prediction of the next Italian vote as a function of the government rating is presented.
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Brusca, Isabel, Francesca Manes Rossi, and Natalia Aversano. "Online sustainability information in local governments in an austerity context." Online Information Review 40, no. 4 (August 8, 2016): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-05-2015-0161.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse and compare how austerity has influenced online sustainability information in Italy and Spain. Design/methodology/approach – The authors relate austerity policies to online information in order to ascertain whether austerity plays a role in the financial, organizational, social and environmental information disclosed on local government (LG) websites. The research has been conducted by analysing the websites of all Italian and Spanish LGs with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Findings – The results show that institutional and legislative pressures, as well as austerity measures, have played a relevant role in the increased production of information by LGs, although not all information is fully provided. Originality/value – The results may be of interest to managers and politicians as a stimulus to increase the flow of information. They may also be useful to policy makers, regulators and other stakeholders in order to foment environmental information.
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Pines, Jonathon, and Iain Hagan. "The Renaissance or the cuckoo clock." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1584 (December 27, 2011): 3625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0080.
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‘…in Italy, for thirty years under the Borgias, they had warfare, terror, murder and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and the Renaissance. In Switzerland, they had brotherly love, they had five hundred years of democracy and peace—and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock’. Orson Welles as Harry Lime : The Third Man Orson Welles might have been a little unfair on the Swiss, after all cuckoo clocks were developed in the Schwartzwald, but, more importantly, Swiss democracy gives remarkably stable government with considerable decision-making at the local level. The alternative is the battling city-states of Renaissance Italy: culturally rich but chaotic at a higher level of organization. As our understanding of the cell cycle improves, it appears that the cell is organized more along the lines of Switzerland than Renaissance Italy, and one major challenge is to determine how local decisions are made and coordinated to produce the robust cell cycle mechanisms that we observe in the cell as a whole.
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Chiaruttini, Maria Stella. "Woe to the vanquished? State, ‘foreign’ banking and financial development in Southern Italy in the nineteenth century." Financial History Review 27, no. 3 (December 2020): 340–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000220.
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After Southern Italy became part of a new, national state in 1860, its financial sector was radically transformed under Piedmontese influence. This article challenges the conventional wisdom that the aggressive penetration of a Northern credit institution, the future Bank of Italy, into the South following unification harmed the local banking system and highlights instead its transformative role in modernising and deepening regional credit markets. On the basis of new statistics, banking and political records, this contribution shows that the introduction of ‘foreign’ banking from Northern Italy under the auspices of a national, constitutional government resulted in a financial revolution and a democratisation of credit supply to the advantage of the whole South. Public banking under the Bourbons had privileged the needs of an absolute government over those of the private economy and of the capital city over those of the rest of the country, retarding financial development. Credit undersupply and regional fragmentation could only be overcome through the integration of the South within a larger Italian market, in which, however, the lion's share went to a predominantly Northern institution.
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Boggero, Giovanni. "The Establishment of Metropolitan Cities in Italy: An Advance or a Setback for Italian Regionalism?" Perspectives on Federalism 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): E—1—E—22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pof-2016-0014.
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Abstract This paper aims to provide a brief assessment of the legal framework of the newly established metropolitan cities in the Italian domestic legal order. After an historical overview of previous attempts to set up metropolitan cities in Italy (1), it summarizes the main statutory provisions of the Delrio Law (No. 56/2014) through which metropolitan cities finally came into operation (2) and it provides an analysis of its implementation, thereby attempting to make clear whether increased institutional pluralism and differentiation in the local government system will strengthen or weaken Italian regionalism (3). The conclusion will argue that, while the enactment of local government reforms combined with the entering into force of a significant constitutional amendment will increasingly diminish the role of the Regions, metropolitan cities, due to their ambivalent nature, still lack any propulsive thrust and face the risk of being marginalized until a consistent legal framework for their proper funding is laid down (4).
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Casaburi, Lorenzo, and Ugo Troiano. "Ghost-House Busters: The Electoral Response to a Large Anti–Tax Evasion Program *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 1 (October 29, 2015): 273–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv041.
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Abstract The incentives of political agents to enforce tax collection are key determinants of the levels of compliance. We study the electoral response to the Ghost Buildings program, a nationwide anti tax evasion policy in Italy that used innovative monitoring technologies to target buildings hidden from tax authorities. The program induced monetary and non-monetary benefits for non-evaders and an increase in local government expenditures. A one standard deviation increase in town-level program intensity leads to a 4.8% increase in local incumbent reelection rates. In addition, these political returns are higher in areas with lower tax evasion tolerance and with higher efficiency of public good provision, implying complementarity among enforcement policies, the underlying tax culture, and the quality of the government.
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Eltrudis, Davide, and Patrizio Monfardini. "Are Central Government Rules Okay? Assessing the Hidden Costs of Centralised Discipline for Municipal Borrowing." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 9932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239932.
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In the EU, the specialty municipal banks have been the traditional funding source besides tax sharing and governmental transfers for Local Governments (LGs). With the decentralization process, LGs experienced different market-based options so that banks were no longer the only source of funding. However, with the onset of the Eurozone crisis, public sector debt is no more risk-free, and the cost of borrowing became unstable over time. To minimise such risks, Central Governments forced LGs to adopt general principles of control of local borrowing. Previous studies evidenced that centralised controls affect unitary countries more than federations. This paper investigates the Centralised Discipline and Control Model to understand whether it generates hidden costs. For such a purpose, the paper compares municipal bonds against borrowing from banks in Italy, a European unitary country. This paper highlights the existence of hidden costs for Italian LGs because the Central Government set up an expensive system for controlling the entire public sector debt. Policy makers should pay particular attention to which model of control to adopt by considering their country’s specific characteristics and the potential impacts of the different models on them, according to the present economic circumstances.
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Legrenzi, Gabriella. "An Empirical Analysis of the Relationships among State Transfers, Local Revenues and Expenditures in the Growth of the Italian Government." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 18, no. 2 (October 1, 2000): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569200x15665365495140.
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Abstract The analysis of local governments as potential devices to improve the efficiency of public sectors becomes particularly important for Italy, given both the relevant post-war growth of its public sector and the supra-national constraints imposed by the European Monetary Union. The purpose of this paper is to investigate into the relationships between central and local governments’ revenue-expenditure patterns, by considering disaggregate data on Regioni, Province and Comuni. The empirical results exhibit a high elasticity of local expenditure with respect to State transfers, and insignificance of local taxation revenues in determining local expenditure, as a strong version of the so-called flypaper effect. The identification of a second cointegrating vector between State transfers and own resources, with an ambiguous sign, is another remarkable feature of the Italian fiscal federalism, and points to die need for a more efficient monitoring in allocating State transfers.
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Ait Ouali, Meryem, and Mohamed Boussetta. "A Comparative Study of Local Financial Autonomy in Italy, France and Morocco." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 34 (December 31, 2017): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n34p151.
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Financing local communities relies on a complex network of taxes, subsidies and loans. In the last decade the network has undergone numerous transformations .The reforms implanted in past years changed the systems of public finance substantially. Therefore, financial local autonomy is a term that frequently employed in the literature of federalism and decentralization, but it’s rarely defined conceptually in a careful way to empirical research. Generally it expresses the capacity of local communities to have their own revenue and expenditure budget, distinct from that of the state in which revenue can cover expenses incurred to meet their requirements. Indeed it is a highly valued feature of good governance. This paper is dedicated to a study in theory and practice. Starting with an overview on background of theoretical approach of local financial autonomy, then comparing the experiences of two European countries France, Italy and Morocco in the field. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning of local financial autonomy and give a structured overview of the factors that may potentially influence the liberty of sub national authorities with regard of their own revenue and expenditure budget. Based on indicators and taking into account empirical evidences offered by official statistical datas, established in recent years for evaluating the position of administrative territorial units in relation to central government. The analyses prove that there is no universal model of local public finance applicable to all countries, because each has its own specific historical, cultural and linguistic particularities.
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Cameselle-Pesce, Pedro. "Italian-Uruguayans for Free Italy: Serafino Romualdi's Quest for Transnational Anti-Fascist Networks during World War II." Americas 77, no. 2 (April 2020): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2019.107.
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AbstractIn 1941, the well-known international Cold War actor Serafino Romualdi traveled to South America for the first time. As a representative of the New York-based Mazzini Society, Romualdi sought to grow a robust anti-fascist movement among South America's Italian communities, finding the most success in Uruguay. As Romualdi conducted his tour of South America, he began writing a series of reports on local fascist activities, which caught the attention of officials at the Office of the Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs (OCIAA), a US government agency under the direction of Nelson Rockefeller. The OCIAA would eventually tap Romualdi and his growing connections in South America to gather intelligence concerning Italian and German influence in the region. This investigation sheds light on the critical function that Romualdi and his associates played in helping the US government to construct the initial scaffolding necessary to orchestrate various strategies under the umbrella of OCIAA-sponsored cultural diplomacy. Despite his limited success with Italian anti-fascist groups in Latin America, Romualdi's experience in the region during the early 1940s primed him to become an effective agent for the US government with a shrewd understanding of the value in shaping local labor movements during the Cold War.
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Gregorini, Giovanni. "Accounting, Charities and local government in modern Italy: the case of the Congrega della carità apostolica in Brescia." CONTABILITÀ E CULTURA AZIENDALE, no. 2 (January 2017): 7–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/cca2016-002002.
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Farneti, Federica, James Guthrie, and Marcello Canetto. "Social reports of an Italian provincial government: a longitudinal analysis." Meditari Accountancy Research 27, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 580–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-11-2018-0397.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the non-financial information disclosed in social reports by an Italian provincial government over time to determine its relevance, contribution and evolution. Design/methodology/approach Through a case study analysis, the authors examine 10 years of social reports by one “best practice” Italian provincial government. The authors use content analysis to quantify the level of social and environmental disclosures and use a coding instrument based on the GRI guidelines. The authors use legitimacy theory as a framework. Findings The level of disclosure increased over the 10-year period, and the type of disclosures became more detailed. However, many of the economic, social and environmental elements set out in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines were not disclosed. Moreover, the social report was contingent on a few key factors. The authors find that there has been a decline in interest in social reports by local governments in Italy, suggesting that voluntary disclosure was perhaps a fad that no longer is of interest in Italian local government. Research limitations/implications This research is one case study so the findings are not generalisable. The findings suggest that there is a need for regulation in non-financial information disclosures, as the disclosures in the case study organisation were very much at the discretion of the organisation. This has implications for policymakers. Originality/value Unlike prior studies, this study takes a longitudinal approach to voluntary disclosure of non-financial information and focusses on the under-explored context of public sector organisations.
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Crisà, Antonino. "Farmers, the Police Force, and the Authorities: The “Calvatone (1911) Hoard” as Seen Through Archival Records (Cremona – Italy)." Notae Numismaticae - TOM XV, no. 15 (May 17, 2021): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52800/ajst.1.a.07.
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This paper presents a new set of archival records from Rome on the discovery of a Roman Republican denarii hoard, found by the brothers Birsilio and Luigi Simonazzi on their lands at Calvatone (Cremona, Italy, 1911). Local police forces seized the hoard and alerted the Coin Cabinet of Brera in Milan, where the numismatist Serafino Ricci (1867–1943) evaluated and finally acquired selected coins to increase the museum collections. The “Calvatone (1911) hoard” is an essential case study in the history of Italian numismatic collections, museum studies, and archaeology. These records are particularly worth studying for two main reasons. They show how local and regional authorities dealt with casual archaeological discoveries in northern Italy during the post-Unification period (1861–1918). They also help us to better understand how the Italian government acted to safeguard antiquities according to contemporary law, and how the state collections could be increased by judicial seizures and fresh acquisitions.
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France, George. "HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN ITALY." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 16, no. 2 (April 2000): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300101102.
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Italy has a national health service (SSN) dating to 1978. Italy's system of government is characterized by a rather high degree of decentralization of power, and the health system is likewise decentralized. Most of the responsibilities for health care have been ceded to the regions. The state retains only limited coordinating and supervisory powers. The state has a financial responsibility for the national health service, but state contributions are limited and expenditures in excess of this made by the region must be financed from other sources. Health reforms of 1992–93 aimed at making the regions more sensitive to the need to control aggregate expenditure and to monitor measures to promote efficiency, quality, and citizen-patient satisfaction. The diffusion of individual health technologies has been relatively uncontrolled in many regions in Italy, although tight central constraints on capital spending have contained diffusion of new technology. Regulation of placement of services is a planning function and is the responsibility of both the Ministry of Health and the regions. Health technology assessment (HTA) activities have been expanding since the early 1990s, but these activities tend to be untargeted, uncoordinated, and without priorities. Nonetheless, the principal actors in the SSN at national, regional, and local levels are becoming more sensitive to the need to apply criteria of clinical and cost-effectiveness and to be more rigorous in deciding what services to guarantee. There are reasons to be guardedly optimistic about the future of HTA in Italy.
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Silvestrini, Gianni. "Fonti rinnovabili, piani energetici e strategie per il paese." PRISMA Economia - Società - Lavoro, no. 3 (November 2009): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pri2009-003003.
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- Italy, as the other European countries, has to comply with ambitious energy targets for the end of next decade. This effort could represent a great opportunity for the local energy efficiency and renewable industry, at present not very strong in our country, but it is quite unclear if we will catch this green wave. Italy has already lost a great opportunity when, at the end of the eighties, the Government canceled the nuclear activity but was not able to radically change the energy strategy and invest in the renewable sector. In these days the decision to reintroduce the nuclear power may distract the financial, industrial and intellectual resources from the effort necessary to reach the 2020 targets and to create a strong green industry.
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Gemme, Paola. "Domesticating Foreign Struggles: American Narratives of Italian Revolutions and the Debate on Slavery in the Antebellum Era." Prospects 27 (October 2002): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001149.
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Reporting on the Roman revolution of 1848 as the foreign correspondent of theNew-York Daily Tribune, Margaret Fuller observed that Americans used the same arguments against the political emancipation of Italy that they employed against the social emancipation of blacks in the United States. “Americans in Italy,” she wrote, “talk about the corrupt and degenerate state of Italy as they do about that of our slaves at home.” “They come ready trained,” she explained, “to that mode of reasoning which affirms that, because men are degraded by bad institutions, they are not fit for better.” This essay builds upon Fuller's comment. It examines American accounts of the Italians' mid-19th-century struggle to free their country from its colonial bond to the Austrian empire and substitute local absolutist monarchies with more enlightened forms of government, and demonstrates that the discourse on revolutionary Italy became the site of a reenactment on foreign grounds of the domestic controversy over slavery. The discussion on whether Italians could become republican subjects was liable to become a mediated debate over emancipation and the future of the African bondsmen in the American republic because of the alleged similarities, both historical and “racial,” between the populations of Italy and blacks in antebellum America. Like the slaves in the United States, Italians had been subjected to brutal despotism for centuries, which, within the 19th-century environmental conception of political virtue, was believed to have negatively affected their aptitude for freedom. Like the black slaves, moreover, Italians were placed by racist ideology outside the pale of the dominant Anglo-Saxon racial category, a political as well as a “biological” class marked by the exclusive capacity for self-government.
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Barbieri, Paolo Nicola, and Beatrice Bonini. "Political orientation and adherence to social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy." Economia Politica 38, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 483–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40888-021-00224-w.
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AbstractMany governments have implemented social distancing and lockdown measures to curb the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Using province-level geolocation data from Italy, we document that political disbelief can limit government policy effectiveness. Residents in provinces leaning towards extreme right-wing parties show lower rates of compliance with social distancing order. We also find that, during the Italian lockdown, provinces with high protest votes virtually disregarded all social distancing orders. On the contrary, in provinces with higher political support for the current political legislation, we found a higher degree of social distancing compliance. These results are robust to controlling for other factors, including time, geography, local COVID-19 cases and deaths, healthcare hospital beds, and other sociodemographic and economic characteristics. Our research shows that bipartisan support and national responsibility are essential to implement and manage social distancing efficiently. From a broader perspective, our findings suggest that partisan politics and discontent with the political class (i.e., protest voting) might significantly affect human health and the economy.
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A'HEARN, BRIAN. "Finance-led divergence in the regions of Italy." Financial History Review 12, no. 1 (April 2005): 7–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565005000028.
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The article evaluates finance-led growth as an explanation for regional divergence in Italy over the years 1890–1910. Regional banking disparities are documented and the hypothesis developed that the financial crisis of the early 1890s struck the fledgling Southern Italian banking system at a vulnerable moment, distorting its subsequent development and handicapping the region's economy. The South is revealed to have been a chronically (over the entire period) and comprehensively (on every indicator) unhealthy environment for banks. Further evidence indicates that regional divergence in bank assets was largely due to the South's failure to develop the entire range of large banks. Size-class transition matrix analysis reveals that the typical Southern bank failed to reach a large size because it was born smaller (and less frequently) than in the North, suffered a higher mortality rate, especially in the smaller classes, and had lower growth probabilities, especially in the larger categories. The salience of deposits on the liability side and government securities on the asset side suggests that they reflected more than directly caused the development of their local economies.
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Corti, Eugenio, and Rita Ilenia Torello. "Promoting ICT Entrepreneurship in the Campania Region of Italy." Industry and Higher Education 18, no. 1 (February 2004): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000004773040942.
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The government of the Campania region in southern Italy has established a technology transfer centre for the information and communications technology (ICT) sector. The Regional Centre for ICT Competencies (RCICT) promotes the transfer of ICT to local small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and encourages the creation of new knowledge-based companies in the ICT sector. The partners in the RCICT project are universities and public research centres of the Campania region. One of the RCICT's programmes is the establishment of 13 incubators for entrepreneurial ideas in the ICT sector – one for each partner organization. In addition to providing space, equipment and services, the incubators will form an online network for the dissemination of information and experiences, the exchange of views, and distance education. These activities will promote an entrepreneurial culture in the participating institutions, and the best entrepreneurial ideas will be developed in the new regional ICT company incubators. This paper describes the programme from organizational, managerial, financial and technical perspectives.