Academic literature on the topic 'Local electricity grid'
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Journal articles on the topic "Local electricity grid"
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Bhandari, Khem Raj, and Narayan Prasad Adhikari. "Grid Integration of Solar and Solar/Wind Hybrid Mini-Grid Projects: A Case of Solar/Wind Hybrid Mini-Grid Project Implemented by AEPC." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 13, 2020): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32004.
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Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC) has been scaling up renewable energy technologies through Mini-grid power supply in Nepal’s off-grid areas in order to fulfill community electricity demands for both households and electricity-based enterprises. It is likely that, in some of the off-grid renewable energy (RE) mini-grid service areas, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) grid line might reach in near future. The objective of this study is to highlight success stories of solar and solar/wind mini-grids implemented by AEPC and for their longer-term sustainable operation grid integration policy of isolated mini-grid systems will require. Till the date AEPC has successfully electrified more than 20 rural communities through solar and solar/wind hybrid mini-grid systems. Some of these isolated mini-grid projects will seek grid interconnections in near future due to NEA distribution system expansion trend. When the isolated mini-grids will be connected to the national grid power network in future, the mini-grid can feed surplus electricity to the local utility grid line and will receive deficit electricity from the local utility grid system to serve the consumers connected to the local grid network. The methodology applied to this study is assessment of existing solar and solar/wind mini-grid projects, technological intervention required for grid integration, reviewing grid-connection policy of distributed renewable generations in the country and recommendation of relevant policy option for grid connection of rural mini-grids. Grid integration of isolated solar and solar/wind mini-grids will have positive impacts to the sustainability of the present isolated mini-grids, will help in retaining existing mini-grids end users, energy produced by mini-grid systems will be optimally utilized, the existing mini-grid power will contribute to stabilize weak national grid electrical parameters. The outcome of the study will recommend need of policy options as well as technological interventions in order to do grid integration of solar and solar/wind hybrid mini-grid systems in Nepal.
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Rösch, Tobias, Peter Treffinger, and Barbara Koch. "Remuneration of Distribution Grids for Enhanced Regenerative Electricity Deployment—An Analysis and Model for the Analysis of Grid Structures in Southern Germany Using Linear Programming." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 5385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205385.
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Ecological concerns on the climatic effects of the emissions from electricity production stipulate the remuneration of electricity grids to accept growing amounts of intermittent regenerative electricity feed-in from wind and solar power. Germany’s eager political target to double regenerative electricity production by 2030 puts pressure on grid operators to adapt and restructure their transmission and distribution grids. The ability of local distribution grids to operate autonomous of transmission grid supply is essential to stabilize electricity supply at the level of German federal states. Although congestion management and collaboration at the distribution system operator (DSO) level are promising approaches, relatively few studies address this issue. This study presents a methodology to assess the electric energy balance for the low-voltage grids in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg, assuming the typical load curves and the interchange potential among local distribution grids by means of linear programming of the supply function and for typical seasonal electricity demands. The model can make a statement about the performance and development requirements for grid architecture for scenarios in 2035 and 2050 when regenerative energies will—according to present legislation—account for more than half of Germany’s electricity supply. The study details the amendment to Baden-Württemberg’s electricity grid required to fit the system to the requirements of regenerative electricity production. The suggested model for grid analysis can be used in further German regions and internationally to systematically remunerate electricity grids for the acceptance of larger amounts of regenerative electricity inflows. This empirical study closes the research gap of assessing the interchange potential among DSO and considers usual power loads and simultaneously usual electricity inflows.
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Herenčić, Lin, Perica Ilak, and Ivan Rajšl. "Effects of Local Electricity Trading on Power Flows and Voltage Levels for Different Elasticities and Prices." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 4708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244708.
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Local electricity trading is a concept that allows active electricity trading between consumers, producers and/or prosumers located in a local low voltage distribution grid. The concept should provide added value to the participants and accelerate the democratization, decarbonization and decentralization of the power sector. The effects of local electricity trading on voltage levels in distribution grids are just in the early stage of research, together with the possible means of control, market design, market-clearing approaches and integration of the local electricity trading within the electricity markets. The aim of this work is to contribute to the research by examining if near real-time local electricity trading can be implemented in a distribution grid without time-consuming security-constrained unit commitment calculations for the observed time horizon and without security-constrained economic dispatch calculations for each trading period. Moreover, this work investigates if the implementation of local electricity trading can contribute to the avoidance of unpredictable and unfavorable consumption/production patterns, which can appear in the distribution grid due to the random behavior of a large number of participants. It is analyzed if a contribution to the maintenance of the voltages and currents within limits can be achieved that way. The method for simulation of a local electricity market and analysis of power flows and voltage levels is presented. The auction-based local electricity trading is simulated and applied on the modified IEEE European Low Voltage Test Feeder where the effects of local electricity trading on power flows and voltage levels are studied for boundary elasticities and prices of demand and supply offering curves. It is shown that the local electricity trading has potential to incentivize active participation of prosumers, which can lead to better demand/supply balancing at the local level and to a decrease of voltage fluctuations.
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Joskow, Paul L. "Creating a Smarter U.S. Electricity Grid." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.1.29.
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This paper focuses on efforts to build what policymakers call the “smart grid,” involving 1) improved remote monitoring and automatic and remote control of facilities in high-voltage electricity transmission networks; 2) improved remote monitoring, two-way communications, and automatic and remote control of local distribution networks; and 3) installation of “smart” metering and associated communications capabilities on customer premises so that customers can receive real-time price information and/or take advantage of opportunities to contract with their retail supplier to manage the consumer's electricity demands remotely in response to wholesale prices and network congestion. I examine the opportunities, challenges, and uncertainties associated with investments in “smart grid” technologies. I discuss some basic electricity supply and demand, pricing, and physical network attributes that are critical for understanding the opportunities and challenges associated with expanding deployment of smart grid technologies. Then I cover issues associated with the deployment of these technologies at the high voltage transmission, local distribution, and end-use metering levels.
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Egert, Rolf, Nina Gerber, Jasmin Haunschild, Philipp Kuehn, and Verena Zimmermann. "Towards Resilient Critical Infrastructures – Motivating Users to Contribute to Smart Grid Resilience." i-com 20, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2021-0021.
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Abstract Smart cities aim at improving efficiency while providing safety and security by merging conventional infrastructures with information and communication technology. One strategy for mitigating hazardous situations and improving the overall resilience of the system is to involve citizens. For instance, smart grids involve prosumers—capable of producing and consuming electricity—who can adjust their electricity profile dynamically (i. e., decrease or increase electricity consumption), or use their local production to supply electricity to the grid. This mitigates the impact of peak consumption periods on the grid and makes it easier for operators to control the grid. This involvement of prosumers is accompanied by numerous socio-technical challenges, including motivating citizens to contribute by adjusting their electricity consumption to the requirements of the energy grid. Towards this end, this work investigates motivational strategies and tools, including nudging, persuasive technologies, and incentives, that can be leveraged to increase the motivation of citizens. We discuss long-term and side effects and ethical and privacy considerations, before portraying bug bounty programs, gamification and apps as technologies and strategies to communicate the motivational strategies to citizens.
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Ji, Peng, Lipeng Zhu, Chao Lu, Wei Lin, and Jürgen Kurths. "How Price-Based Frequency Regulation Impacts Stability in Power Grids: A Complex Network Perspective." Complexity 2020 (February 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6297134.
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With the deregulation of modern power grids, electricity markets are playing a more and more important role in power grid operation and control. However, it is still questionable how the real-time electricity price-based operation affects power grid stability. From a complex network perspective, here we investigate the dynamical interactions between price-based frequency regulations and physical networks, which results in an interesting finding that a local minimum of network stability occurs when the response strength of generators/consumers to the varying price increases. A case study of the real world-based China Southern Power Grid demonstrates the finding and exhibits a feasible approach to network stability enhancement in smart grids. This also provides guidance for potential upgrade and expansion of the current power grids in a cleaner and safer way.
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Ma, Li, and Die Xu. "Toward Renewable Energy in China: Revisiting Driving Factors of Chinese Wind Power Generation Development and Spatial Distribution." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 9117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169117.
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As the biggest renewable energy installation and generation country globally, it is important to deeply understand China’s wind power production determinants and draw implications for energy policy. This paper analyzes local electricity deployment, electricity consumption, investment in wind power, and price of wind power electricity on-grid apart from traditional GDP and CO2 factors in the panel data regression model, and some interesting results are found. The investment of installation and the price of wind power electricity on-grid have negative impacts on wind power generation, while local electricity consumption and inter-provincial power transmission capacity significantly impact wind power generation positively. GDP and CO2 emission per capita have negative and positive impacts on wind power production, respectively. As for different wind power zones, the most influencing factors are local electricity consumption. Hence, this paper concludes that local absorbing capacity is still an important limiting factor to Chinese renewable energy development. At last, some policies are suggested to enhance the local absorbing capacity of renewable energy.
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Lestari, Heksi, Maarten Arentsen, Hans Bressers, Budhi Gunawan, Johan Iskandar, and Parikesit. "Sustainability of Renewable Off-Grid Technology for Rural Electrification: A Comparative Study Using the IAD Framework." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 4512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124512.
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This paper analyses the implementation of renewable off-grid technologies in rural areas, especially where an extension to the national electricity grid was not considered economically feasible. Implementation of remote, stand-alone, electricity technologies as alternatives to a grid connection to provide sustainable electricity access have often failed with many planned projects not realised or abandoned. Our initial assumption was that stand-alone electricity project exhibiting higher scores on sustainability indicators would benefit communities more and make their endurance more likely. However, the impact of the stand-alone technology was often overruled or its quality weakened by government preferences wishing to realise a connection to the central electricity grid. Empirically, the study compares three cases of stand-alone micro-hydropower projects and three cases of stand-alone solar photovoltaic projects in Bogor Regency, Indonesia. It is based on qualitative document analysis, complemented by multiple rounds of semi-structured interviews and observations. The paper assesses the extent to which each project met indicators of technical, economic, social, environmental, and institutional sustainability. The paper tries to explain the endurance of the project from these sustainability scores and uses additional explanations from Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework. The findings show that, for the studied local communities, the attractiveness of a grid connection overrules the virtues of a stand-alone electricity project, despite its quality, successful operation and impact. Our research also shows that government policy priorities changed in the rural electrification programme for some communities. In these situations, the off-grid rural electrification programme predominantly provided only temporary access to sustainable electricity for remote local communities that remained waiting and hoping for a grid connection to connect them to fossil fuel-dominated electricity.
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Röder, Johannes, David Beier, Benedikt Meyer, Joris Nettelstroth, Torben Stührmann, and Edwin Zondervan. "Design of Renewable and System-Beneficial District Heating Systems Using a Dynamic Emission Factor for Grid-Sourced Electricity." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030619.
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In future energy scenarios with a high share of renewable energies within the electricity system, power-to-heat technologies could play a crucial role for achieving the climate goals in the heating sector. District heating systems can integrate volatile wind and photovoltaic energy sources and resolve congestions within the electricity grid, leading to curtailment of renewable electricity generation. This paper presents a design approach for setting up system-beneficial power-to-heat-based district energy systems. Within the scope of the project QUARREE100 an existing district in the provincial town Heide in Northern Germany is examined. A linear investment and unit commitment optimization model is applied. By considering local dynamic emission factors for grid-sourced electricity, which contain information on local wind energy curtailment as well as the emission intensity of the overall electricity generation, a renewable and system-beneficial design can be derived. With this method, the minimal rated power and capacity of energy converter and storage units can be determined to achieve emission reductions with respect to minimum costs. The approach of using different methods for the consideration of the emissions of grid-sourced electricity is analyzed based on different scenarios. By using a dynamic emission factor for grid-sourced electricity, lower emissions with fewer costs can be achieved. It is shown that a dynamic assessment leads to different design decisions and far-reaching deviations in the unit commitment. The results clearly show that a constant emission factor is no longer an option for grid-sourced electricity in urban energy system models.
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Korsten, N., A. C. Brent, B. Sebitosi, and K. Kritzinger. "The impact of residential rooftop solar PV on municipal finances: An analysis of Stellenbosch." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i2a1740.
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Electricity utilities throughout the world are responding to the increased uptake of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) in the household sector. Although the increase of decentralised solar PV is seen as progressive for sustainable development, it is not without financial implications for electricity utilities. There is a concern in South Africa that allowing rooftop solar PV connection to the grid will reduce electricity sales for local governments and thus their revenue streams from electricity. An investigation was carried out to examine the financial impact that increasing installations of grid-connected rooftop PV at a household level might have on local governments in South Africa. Stellenbosch Municipality was used as a case study, and two different approaches were used. The first considered the maximum grid capacity for distributed generation, as determined by the South African grid standards. The second was based on individual households that would gain the most financial benefit from investing in rooftop PV. The outcome indicated a financial reduction in total electricity revenue of 0.6–2.4% depending on the approach followed. A fixed monthly charge of about R363 would counter these potential financial loses, but entail a disincentive for households to invest in solar PV installations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Local electricity grid"
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Nissen, Gustaf. "Cost Reduction Opportunities in Local Distribution Grids with Demand Response." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-132200.
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The development of future smart electricity grids is driven by efficiency and climate targets and economic benefit for producers, retailers and customers on the deregulated electricity market. Since most investments will be made by grid owners acting as regulated monopolies, it is unclear how they will get return on their investments. Can demand response programs create cost reductions for the grid owner that help motivate the investment in smart grids? Two cases of cost reduction opportunities are evaluated assuming that peak loads are reduced by a demand response program: optimization of cable dimensions for lower peak loads when building new grids, and avoided investments in reinforced capacity in the existing grid. Potential cost reductions are estimated for the two example cases, using financial and technical data for Fortum's local distribution grid in Stockholm. The result shows that reducing the capacity in the cables by 70-80 % only brings down investment costs by 3-4 %, since the common expense for excavation outweighs the incremental cost of cables. Over-capacity means increased redundancy and flexibility to increase load in the future, which are valuable features for a grid owner.Regarding investments in the existing grid, a substation that needs replacement because of overload is analyzed. Assuming a continued trend of steadily increasing load, a 34 % peak load reduction would delay the investment 20 years, which is in turn worth 900,000 SEK in 2010 prices.
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Nycander, Lovisa. "Evaluation tool for solving local power and capacity deficit." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283647.
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Sweden has a goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2045. To reach this goal electrification of different sectors are one of the most important pathways for becoming fossil free. The power grid in Sweden has historically been seen as stable and with unlimited transmission capacity. However, with increasing power demand of electricity in society the transmission capacity is becoming limited. In short term this can delay development of new district and housing projects. In long term capacity deficit could prevent the opportunity of electrification project replacing fossil fuel for the transport and industry sector. This could have a negative impact on both Sweden’s competitiveness and ability to become carbon neutral. As an industry player with the aim of providing leading solutions for sustainable development, AFRY has an interest in finding solutions enabling a transition to a fossil free energy use. With capacity deficits in the power grid becoming a growing problem for metropolitan areas, AFRY has requested tool that can evaluate technical solutions for solving local power deficits. The aim of this thesis is thus to develop an evaluation tool for comparing technical solutions for solving local power deficit. Based on a literature review identifying suitable technologies; reinforcing local power grids, implementing BESS or combined BESS PV systems to a local power grid are the technical solutions chosen for this study. With the compiled technical key characteristics and component costs fort the technologies the tool is developed in Excel. From testing the tool with different cases, combined BESS PV solution is seen to have the lowest investment cost if the local power deficit is low. If the deficit is high, reinforcing the grid with transformer and substation capacity is the solution whit the lowest investment cost.Sverige har som mål att inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären till 2045. För att uppnå detta mål är elektrifiering av olika sektorer sett som ett av de viktigaste spåren mot en fossilfri framtid. Elnätet i Sverige har historiskt set varit stabilt och med en näst intill obegränsad överföringskapacitet. Men med ett ökande effektbehov av el i samhället börjar den befintliga överföringskapaciteten bli begränsad och i vissa fall otillräcklig. På kort sikt kan detta försena utvecklingen av nya stads- och bostadsprojekt. På lång sikt kan kapacitetsbrist förhindra möjligheten av elektrifieringsprojekt med syfte att ersätta fossila bränslen inom transport- och industrisektorn. Detta kan påverka Sveriges konkurrenskraft och mål att inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser negativt. Som en aktör med målet att tillhandahålla ledande lösningar för en hållbar framtid har AFRY ett intresse av att finna lösningar som möjliggör en omställning till fossilfri energi. Eftersom kapacitetsbrist i elnätet är ett växande problem i och runt storstadsregioner, har AFRY efterfrågat ett verktyg som kan utvärdera tekniska lösningar för att möta lokal effektbrist. Syftet med denna studie är där med att utveckla ett utvärderingsverktyg som jämföra tekniska lösningar för att möta lokal effektbrist. Genom en litteraturstudie har kunskap om olika tekniska lösningar sammanställts och förstärkning av lokala elnät, implementering av BESS eller kombinerade BESS PVsystem till det lokala elnätet inkluderats som lösningar i denna studie. Tillsammans med de tekniska parametrarna och investeringskostnader för teknikerna utvecklas ett analysverktyg i Excel. Från att ha testat olika fall i verktyget kan den kombinerade BESS PV-lösningen ses ha den lägsta investeringskostnaden om effektbristen är låg. Om effektbristen där emot är hög är utbyggnad av transformator och nätstations kapacitet i det lokala elnätet lösningen med lägst investeringskostnad.
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Bjerre, Gustav, and Daniel Granath. "Flexibilitetsmarknaders roll för att överkomma kapacitetsbrist i lokala elnät : En studie om konceptets möjligheter och utmaningar på aktörsnivå och marknadsnivå." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176252.
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Flera svenska storstadsregioner har börjat nå taket för nätkapacitet i elnäten, ett problem som även kallas kapacitetsbrist. Problemet med kapacitetsbrist grundar sig i de förändringar som sker för elproduktionen, med exempelvis en ökande grad av förnyelsebar, intermittent elproduktion, och förändringar i efterfrågan i och med samhällets ökande grad av elektrifiering. För att hantera och överkomma kapacitetsbrist har elnätsbolag traditionellt sett byggt ut elnätet för att därmed har möjlighet att leverera effekt under årets alla dagar, en metod som har långa ledtider och har höga investeringskostnader. Den accelererade problematiken kring kapacitetsbrist sätter ett förändringstryck på elsystemet och i synnerhet elnätsbolagen att hantera problemet. Ett alternativ till att hantera kapacitetsbrist är för elnätsbolag att upphandla flexibilitetstjänster. Det är en lösning som anses som resurseffektiv och samhällsekonomisk i förhållande till konventionell nätutbyggnad. Flexibilitet i elsystemet innebär aktörers medvetna förändring i elproduktion eller efterfrågan av effekt som avser att stabilisera elsystemet. Genom en flexibilitetsmarknad kan elnätsbolag ge aktörer incitament att erbjuda sin flexibilitet mot betalning och därmed hantera kapacitetsbrist när det behövs. I det här examensarbetet har syftet varit att studera flexibilitetsmarknaders roll i att överkomma kapacitetsbrist i lokala elnät och vad konceptet innebär för möjligheter och utmaningar på aktörsnivå och övergripande marknadsnivå. Genom kvalitativa forskningsmetoder, semi-strukturerade intervjuer, litteratur- och dokumentstudier, har författarna kartlagt kunskapsläget om flexibilitetsmarknader och konceptets innebörd för enskilda aktörer. Examensarbetet presenterar även ett teoretiskt ramverk av ekonomisk teori som syftar till att ge större förståelse för marknadens etableringsprocess och vilka eventuella marknadsmisslyckanden som riskerar att ske. En förstudie har genomförts där två aktiva projekt, CoordiNet och Sthlmflex, av flexibilitetsmarknader i Sverige har studerats för att identifiera insikter om flexibilitetsmarknaders möjligheter och utmaningar. Vidare utfördes en semi-strukturerad intervjustudie med 15 olika företag i Göteborg, en region som ännu inte har en flexibilitetsmarknad, för att studera olika aktörers drivkrafter och hinder för att medverka på en flexibilitetsmarknad. Företagen var kategoriserade i fem olika segment; industrier, hamnindustrier, fastighetsbolag, elnätsbolag och aggregatorer. Resultatet från förstudien visar på att de existerande flexibilitetmarknaderna har varit viktiga för deltagande aktörer att lära sig förstå hur de bör arbeta med en flexibilitetsmarknad som en del av verksamheten. Det har visat sig existera ett antal utmaningar i projekten som exempelvis bristfällig kommunikation, avsaknad av automatiserade processer och låg likviditet på marknaderna. I intervjustudien kunde det urskiljas att de flesta industrier, hamnindustrier och fastighetsbolag har flexibilitetsresurser och potential för att medverka som leverantörer på en flexibilitetsmarknad. Hos samma segment identifierades dock hinder gällande bristen på teknisk utrustning för att kunna erbjuda flexibilitet och en osäkerhet kring ersättningsnivån som kan väntas från flexibilitetmarknaden för flexibilitetsleverantörer. Elnätsbolag ser flexibilitetsmarknader som ett bra alternativ till att hantera kapacitetsbrist och att potentialen är stor för framtiden. Aggregatorer tros ha en betydande roll på flexibilitetsmarknader och vara en möjliggörare för aktörer med mindre resurser och begränsad kunskap. Totalt var 12 av 15 tillfrågade företagen intresserade av att delta på en flexibilitets-marknad i Göteborg. Utifrån teori kan flexibilitetsmarknader ses som en innovativ marknad och att etableringsprocessen innebär olika marknadsstabiliserande aktioner. Flexibilitetsmarknader innebär även ett behov av innovativa affärsmodeller för marknadsaktörerna. Med hänsyn till hinder och utmaningar som identifierats hos flexibilitetsmarknaderna under examensarbetet existerar risker för eventuella marknadsmisslyckanden, orsakade av asymmetrisk information, transaktionskostnader, begränsad rationalitet och externaliteter.Several Swedish metropolitan regions have begun facing issues regarding the capacity in the power grid, a problem that is also known as capacity shortage. The problem of capacity shortage is based on several changes within the power system, for example, an increasing degree of renewable, intermittent electricity production, and society's increasing degree of electrification. In order to manage capacity shortages, power grid companies have traditionally expanded the power grid to be able to deliver power during all hours of the year, a method that has long lead times and high investment costs. The accelerated problem of capacity shortages puts pressure for change in the power system, and in particular the power grid companies to deal with the problem. An alternative in managing capacity shortages is for power grid companies to purchase flexibility services. It is a solution that is referred to as a more sustainable, resource efficient and socio-economic in relation to conventional power grid expansion. Flexibility in the power system can be seen as changes in the electricity production or the demand for power that intends to stabilize the power system. In a flexibility market, power grid companies can give companies incentives to offer their flexibility against payment and thus handle capacity shortages when needed. The purpose of the thesis has been to study the role of flexibility markets in overcoming capacity shortages in local power grids, and the concept’s opportunities and challenges for different actors and from a market perspective. Through qualitative research methods, semi-structured interviews, literature- and document studies, the authors have mapped the state of knowledge about flexibility markets and the concept's meaning for the power system. The thesis also presents a theoretical framework of economic theory that aims to provide a greater understanding of the market's establishment process and what possible market failures that are likely to occur. A pre-study has been carried out where two projects, CoordiNet and Sthlmflex, of flexibility markets in Sweden have been studied to identify insights into the concept’s opportunities and challenges. Furthermore, a semi-structured interview study was conducted with 15 different companies in Gothenburg, a region that does not yet have a flexibility market, to study companies’ drivers and obstacles to participate in a flexibility market. The companies were categorized into five different segments: industries, port industries, real estate companies, power grid companies and aggregators. The results from the pre-study show that the existing flexibility markets have been important for participating players to understand how they should integrate a flexibility market as a part of their businesses. It has been shown that there are several challenges in the flexibility projects, such as inadequate communication, lack of automated processes and low liquidity on the markets. In the interview study, it could be discerned that most industries, port industries and real estate companies have flexibility resources and potential to participate as flexibility providers in a flexibility market. In the same segments, obstacles were identified regarding the lack of technical equipment to be able to offer flexibility and an uncertainty about the level of remuneration that can be expected from the flexibility market for flexibility providers. Power grid companies sees flexibility markets as a good alternative for managing capacity shortages and that the potential is great for the future. Aggregators are believed to play a significant role in flexibility markets and be an enabler for companies with smaller flexibility resources and limited knowledge. In total, 12 of the 15 companies surveyed were interested in participating in a flexibility market in Gothenburg. Based on theory, a flexibility market can be seen as an innovative market and that the establishment process involves various market stabilizing actions. Flexibility markets also imply a need for innovative business models for market participants. Regarding the obstacles and challenges identified in the flexibility markets during the thesis, there are risks of market failure caused by asymmetric information, high transaction costs, bounded rationality, and externalities.
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Kabir, MD Ahsan. "Techno-economic study of grid connected residential PV system with battery storage - A review of the Local System Operator (LSO) model." Thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-205594.
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The grid connected solar PV system with battery storage is one of the promising alternativeenergy solutions for electricity consumers. The Local System Operator (LSO) will be a newactor to operate its own energy system by integrating PV and battery system with other technicalsolutions. This thesis investigates the technical and economic viability of a grid connected PVsystem with battery storage in behind-the-meter approach for aggregated residential load toassess the LSO model for the present conditions in Sweden.The system model is developed using the System Advisory Model (SAM) – a simulationsoftware for renewable energy system analysis. The PV system model is designed using solarirradiation profile and fifty multi-dwelling aggregated residential load data from Sweden. Theappropriate design inputs of solar PV module, inverter and system loss are taken from previousstudies. The electricity price is analysed from the comparative study of Nord-pool wholesaleprice, market retail price and distribution grid tariffs. The financial metrics such as discountrate, inflation rate, system cost and currently available PV incentives are considered to make anaccurate model. To help with the assessment, three cases are formed; the first case representsonly the PV system and the other cases include storage - using a lithium-ion or lead-acid battery.This comparative study helps to determine the optimum PV and battery size at two differentlocations in Sweden.The optimum net present value (NPV) and profitability index (PI) is found at the 40 kW PVand 3 kWh battery system at Karlstad, Sweden. The optimum case is considered for furtherinvestigation to evaluate the system life time energy profile, electricity bill saving capabilityand battery performance. The system peak shaving potential is investigated by making twoother scenarios with higher battery capacity. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to assess thesystem’s technical and financial input parameters. The system capacity factor at the site locationis found as an influential parameter to the annual production and profitability. The optimumsize of PV system with a lithium-ion battery investment is found feasible for the LSO realimplementation only considering the current PV incentives and electricity price in Sweden. Thereport concludes with the assessment, the technical and economic feasibility of the studied PVand battery storage system profitability depends on the system site location, residential loadsize, consumer electricity cost and available PV incentives.solcellsystem (PV) med batterilagring är en lovande alternativenergilösning förslutkonsumenten. Den 'local system operator', LSO, blir en ny aktör som driver egetenergisystem genom att integrera PV- och batterisystem med andra tekniska lösningar. Dennaavhandling undersöker det tekniska och ekonomiska genomförbarhetet i ett nätanslutet PVsystem med batterilagring i 'bakom mätaren' scenario för aggregerade bostäder i ettflerbostadshus, för att urvärdera LSO modellen.Systemmodellen är utvecklat med 'system advisory model' (rådgivande modell), SAM, ettsimuleringsprogram för förnybara energisystem. PV systemparametrarna beräknas med hänsyntill väderprofiler och lastdata från Sverige. Lämpliga parametrar för solcellsmoduler, omriktareoch systemförluster tas från tidigare studier. Slutkonsumenternas elpriser analyseras frånjämförande studie av NordPool grosshandelspris, konsumentpris och distributionnätstariffer.Finansiella mått såsom system kostnad, rabatt och inflationstakten och tillgängliga incitamentför PV investeringar används för att göra modellen noggrannare. Tre fall undersöks; det förstarepresenterar systemet med bara PV, och de övriga fallen lägger till lagring, genom antingenlitiumjon eller bly-syre batterier. Denna jämförande studie är ett underlag för att bestämma denoptimala PV och batteristorleken för anläggninar på två olika område i Sverige.Den optimala netto nuvarande värde (NPV) och lönsamhet index (PI) är på 40 kW PV systemetoch 3 kWh batteri på Karlstad, Sverige. Ytterligare undersökning av detta fall används för attutvärdera energiprofilen under systemets livstid, möjlighet till minskad elräkning, och batterietsprestanda. Potential för utjämning av systemets topplast utreds genom att skapa två andrascenarier med högre batterikapacitet. Känslighetsanalys utförs också för att bedöma de tekniskaoch ekonomiska parametrarna. Den optimuma storleken på PV system med ett litium-jonbatterifinns rimligt för LSO riktiga genomförande med tanke på incitamenten. Simuleringsresultatenoch systemkonsekvenserna av LSO modellen diskuteras. Rapporten visar att den tekniska ochekonomiska genomförbarheten av det studerade PV systemet med litium-jon batteri beror påslutkonsumentelpriset, PV incitament och globala trender i kostnaderna försystemkomponenter, samt på valet av lämplig plats med en effektiv analys av väder profil ochsystemetförluster.
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Löfgren, Louise. "Elbilsladdnings påverkan på elnätet : Simuleringar av Gävles lokala elnät med olika laddningsmönster." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36846.
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Transportsektorn står inför en omställning från förbränningsfordon till eldrivna fordon. Detta är en åtgärd för att minska koldioxidutsläppet inom transportsektorn och därmed reducera klimatpåverkan. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en ökad effektanvändning i form av elbilsladdning påverkar Gävles lokala elnät samt hur olika laddtekniker påverkar elnätet. Bakgrunden till studien grundar sig att elnätsföretaget vill öka medvetenheten om hur elnätets beredskap ser ut för en ökad elbilsladdning. Att undersöka elbilsladdningens påverkan på elnätet är av stor nytta för elnätsföretaget, men även andra som undersöker elbilsladdnings påverkan i elnätet kan ha användning för studien. Ämnet elbilsladdning är mycket aktuellt och många studier undersöker olika delar som berör elbilsladdning. Tidigare studier undersöker även olika typer av laddtekniker och hur smart laddning minska påverkan i elnätet. Smart laddning kan anpassa elbilsladdningen genom att styra den efter olika styrsignaler och sammankoppla hela elnätet. Denna studie undersöker delar av Gävles lokala elnät genom att simulera befintliga mätvärden lågspänningsnätet samt olika typer av elbilsladdning. Studien analyserar effektanvändningen av befintliga mätdata samt belastningsström och spänningsfall i elnätet med varierande lastprofiler i fyra olika områden. Resultatet för denna studie visar att elbilsladdning påverkar elnätet, vilket beror på vilken typ av laddteknik som används samt dimensioneringen av elnätet. Studien visar att elanvändningen i området idag har effekttoppar på eftermiddag och kväll när kunderna består av villakunder men att effekttoppen kan vara mitt på dagen där det finns industrier. Med elbilsladdning ökar belastningen samt spänningsfallet i nätet och en del av säkringarna i nätet löser ut. Laddning med 11 kW mellan kl. 16:00-19:00 samt laddning med effektvakt på 13,8 kW ger störst belastning och spänningsfall. Laddning utan styrning är den laddteknik som påverkar elnätet mest men laddning med effektvakt orsakar också problem. Laddning med 5,5 kW mellan kl. 23:00-06:00 samt när endast 50% av alla kunder laddar med 11 kW mellan kl. 16:00-19:00 är de scenarion som påverkar elnätet minst. Laddning med en låg effekt under natten när grundlasten är som lägst är den laddteknik som är mest gynnsam för elnätet. Studien visar även att nätet klarar en högre belastning av elbilsladdning inom en snar framtid om endast en del av kunderna i nätet använder elfordon.The transport sector is facing a transition from combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles. Through this action the carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector can be reduced. The purpose of this study is to observe how an increased power use from electric vehicle charging (EVC) affects the local electricity grid in Gävle. The study also addresses how different charging techniques affect the electricity grid. The background of this study is to the increase awareness of the capacity of the electricity grid. There is a need from the electricity grid company to look over the impact on the grid from EVC. This could also be useful for others looking over the impact on the electricity grid from EVC. This is a hot topic and lots of other studies look over the different aspects of EVC. Previous studies also examine different types of charging techniques and how smart charging reduces the negative impact on the electricity grid. Smart charging is a way to adjust the EVC by regulating it after different parameters and connecting the entire electrical grid. This study simulates existing measured values of the low-voltage grid in Gävle and various types of EVC. This study examines the power use of existing measurement data as well as load current and voltage drops in the electricity grid with different load profiles in four different areas. Results from this study shot that EVC affects the electricity grid, to what extent depends on the type of charging technology used and the dimensions of the electricity grid. The study shows that electricity use in the area has power peaks in the afternoon and evening with residential customers, but power peaks tend to be in the middle of the day if there are industries in the area. EVC increase the load on the electricity grid, causes voltage drops and a few fuses in the grid to be triggered. Charging with 11 kW between 16:00-19:00 and charging with a power monitor of 13.8 kW create the greatest voltage drops and highest load on the grid. Charging without means of control affects the electricity grid the most but charging with a power monitor also creates problems. Charging with 5.5 kW between 23:00-06:00 as well as when only 50 % of all customers charge with 11 kW between 16:00-19:00 impacts the grid the least. Charging with low power during the night when the base load is at its lowest is the charging technology that is most favorable for the electricity grid. Results also show that the grid can handle a higher load of EVC in the near future if only some of the customers in the network start using electric vehicles.
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Ferreira, Vasco Guedes. "The analysis of primary metered half-hourly electricity and gas consumption in municipal buildings." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/3268.
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This thesis addressed the need for improved analysis and interpretation of primary meter half-hourly energy consumption data. The current work offers a novel benchmarking technique that was tested for 6 types of municipal buildings. This approach is different from conventional annual benchmarking mainly because it uses electricity and gas data in half-hourly periods, together with outside temperature data. A survey to European local authorities’ metering and monitoring practices was conducted in order to assess municipal energy managers' current procedures and needs in terms of data analysis to assess building energy performance and to identify potential energy saving opportunities. The benchmarking approach was developed considering the energy managers’ needs, but also the state-of the art in terms of building energy monitoring techniques, particularly building energy signatures, and the analysis techniques used on electricity grid demand forecasting. The benchmarking approach is based on the use of a metric composed of several indicators that are related to the load demand shape profile and the building energy signature. The comparison of indicators for buildings of the same type using standard scores identifies uncommon load demand profile characteristics and/or gas dependency on outside temperature in specific buildings. The metric is able to support the identification of potential energy wastage, which is linked to the detection of opportunities to save energy. The benchmarking technique was tested in 81 municipal building owned by Leicester City Council. This methodology can be applied to any non-domestic building equipped with primary meters for registering half-hourly electricity and gas consumption. In theory, this approach can also be applied to residential buildings, and to other short time series data types, for example quarter-hourly or 10 minutes interval data. The main contribution of this thesis is to improve the objectivity of building primary meter half-hourly electricity and gas consumption data analysis and interpretation by using quantitative parameters, instead of subjective visualisation techniques. The interpretation of building consumption data in short time series periods can now be streamlined, automated and perhaps incorporated in existing energy analysis software. This thesis raises questions that can lead to future research projects aiming to improve the metric and also to enlarge the scope of its application to national and European scale, to other building types and to other utilities.
Books on the topic "Local electricity grid"
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Doheny-Farina, Stephen. Grid and the Village: Losing Electricity, Finding Community, Surviving Disaster. Yale University Press, 2008.
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Doheny-Farina, Stephen. Grid and the Village: Losing Electricity, Finding Community, Surviving Disaster. Yale University Press, 2010.
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The Grid and the Village: Losing Electricity, Finding Community, Surviving Disaster. Yale University Press, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Local electricity grid"
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Hosseini, Seyed Vahid, Ali Izadi, Seyed Hossein Madani, Yong Chen, and Mahmoud Chizari. "Design Procedure of a Hybrid Renewable Power Generation System." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 155–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_20.
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AbstractElectrification of small communities in districted off-grid area remains as a challenge for power generation industries. In the current study, various aspects of design of a standalone renewable power plant are examined and implemented in a case study of a rural area in Cape Town, South Africa. Estimating required electricity based on local demand profile, investment, operability, and maintenance costs of different generation technologies are studied in order to investigate their potential in an off-grid clean energy generation system. Several configurations of hybridization of solar system, wind, and micro gas turbine in combination with a battery are investigated. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and number of days with more than 3 h black out are compared.
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Deconinck, Geert. "Decentralised Control and Peer-To-Peer Cooperation in Smart Energy Systems." In Shaping an Inclusive Energy Transition, 121–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74586-8_6.
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AbstractIn order to achieve a decarbonised energy system, change has to happen from electricity generation to the transmission grid over the distribution level all the way down to the industrial loads and the local households. To get involvement of communities in this energy transition, local participation is needed, so that the citizens can be aware of the impact of their energy-related actions on environment and climate. However, the energy system has typically been organised in a top-down fashion, with centralised approaches and little active control, resulting in passive grid and ditto customers. Smart grids have put active customers and consumer engagement as one of the cornerstones of a more intelligent energy infrastructure, which can be organised differently. Indeed, in different niches decentralised approaches have been used successfully (decoupled microgrids, peer-to-peer networks, etc.). This chapter explores how decentralised approaches can fit the future energy system and how it can empower people for engaging in the energy transition.
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Ulsrud, Kirsten, Charles Muchunku, Debajit Palit, and Gathu Kirubi. "The local context." In Solar Energy, Mini-Grids and Sustainable Electricity Access, 41–46. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge focus on environment and sustainability: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429433955-3.
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Jaglin, Sylvy. "Electricity Autonomy and Power Grids in Africa: from Rural Experiments to Urban Hybridizations." In Local Energy Autonomy, 291–314. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119616290.ch13.
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Lezama, Fernando, Tiago Pinto, Zita Vale, Gabriel Santos, and Steve Widergren. "From the smart grid to the local electricity market." In Local Electricity Markets, 63–76. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820074-2.00023-x.
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Kiesling, L. Lynne. "An economic analysis of market design: Local energy markets for energy and grid services." In Local Electricity Markets, 279–93. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820074-2.00001-0.
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Jenkins, Nick. "6. Future energy systems." In Energy Systems: A Very Short Introduction, 116–30. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198813927.003.0006.
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Energy for a modern society must be affordable, reliable, and sustainable. ‘Future energy systems’ considers future electricity generation and electricity networks, including the Smart Grid. Electricity systems are expensive and the choice of technologies to be used is heavily influenced by their costs. Low carbon generation, such as nuclear and renewables, is particularly capital intensive. Local energy systems and microgrids are also considered alongside future gas systems. It is now being recognized that for the development of low carbon energy systems a more integrated and regional approach to energy supply is likely to be preferable. There are no short-term easy solutions to energy supply and all choices involve compromise.
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Yang, Jing, Quan Zhang, Kunpeng Liu, Peng Jin, and Guoyi Zhao. "Federated Learning in Big Data Application and Sharing." In Fuzzy Systems and Data Mining VI. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia200721.
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In recent years, electricity big data has extensive applications in the grid companies across the provinces. However, certain problems are encountered including, the inability to generate an ideal model using the isolated data possessed by each company, and the priority concerns for data privacy and safety during big data application and sharing. In this pursuit, the present research envisaged the application of federated learning to protect the local data, and to build a uniform model for different companies affiliated to the State Grid. Federated learning can serve as an essential means for realizing the grid-wide promotion of the achievements of big data applications, while ensuring the data safety.
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Muza, Olivia. "The Electrification-Appliance Uptake Gap: Assessing the Off-Grid Appliance Market in Rwanda Using the Multi-Tier Framework." In Sustainable Energy Investment - Technical, Market and Policy Innovations to Address Risk. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93883.
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The structure of the electricity system includes universal access to electricity that is adequate, available, reliable, affordable, legal, convenient, healthy, and safe and the efficient (inefficient) use of the electricity. Quality of access also influences clean energy technologies and electrical appliance purchase, ownership, use and perceived value (uptake, hereafter). Also, improved uptake assists in closing systemic gaps between rural and urban areas and grid and off-grid communities. Rwanda is projected to attain full electrification by 2024 (inclusive of all sectors: consumptive, productive and services). In this context, the East African country has articulated support mechanisms for off-grid market players through technical assessments and siting incentives. However, studies that focus on characterising diffusion and uptake of clean energy technologies and electrical appliances in mini-grid sites (market) are crucial to understand the emerging trends in off-grid rural electrification. This chapter contributes to this emerging discourse by proposing a four-fold demand side characterisation approach which (i) conducts a systemic review of literature to identify emerging off-grid themes as they relate to the multi-tier framework (MTF) and vice-versa, (ii) uses existing data to characterise the off-grid market (based on a typical village load), (iii) demonstrates the tariff regime changes using two payment methodologies (willingness to pay (WTP) and ability to pay (ATP)) and (iv) projects the 2024–2032 consumptive energy demand (using a simplified relation between appliance, it’s rating and duration of use). Results of this characterisation demonstrate global and local level (glo-cal) literature gaps meriting a localised MTF assessment. The purpose of the localised assessment reported in this Chapter was therefore to understand appliance uptake gaps at the user level. The typical village load is basic (implying low energy demand). Ceteris paribus, higher WTP and ATP by users yield higher tariffs. However, a high ATP is a business sustainability determinant than a high WTP. Because energy consumption is also dependent on how efficiently it is used by those with access, the Chapter discusses appliance efficiency as a partial definition of sustainable energy and also as an example of sustainable energy. Then, demand stimulation pathways addressing wider systemic opportunities at the intersection of the theory of change and the theory of agency and risk reduction in markets, investments and policy (derisking markets, investments and policy) are discussed. The first pathway focuses on women and youth participation in productive use activities. The second pathway highlights strategies for appliance financing such as cost-sharing and micro-credit. The final pathway considers economic activity stimulation which has multiplier effects on energy demand and consequently energy-using appliances uptake. The implications for Sustainable Citizens and markets, investments and policy innovations are contextualised in the Sustainable Energy Utility business model.
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Veeraganti, Suma Deepthi, and Ramchandra Nittala. "Operation of Microgrid and Control Strategies." In Handbook of Research on Smart Power System Operation and Control, 434–49. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8030-0.ch019.
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Microgrids are the most innovative area in the electric power industry today. A microgrid can operate in grid-connected or islanded mode. In islanded mode, microgrids can provide electricity to the rural areas with lower cost and minimum power losses. Several methods have been proposed in the literature for the successful operation of a microgrid. This chapter presents an overview of the major challenges and their possible solutions for planning, operation, and control of islanded operation of a microgrid. Microgrids are the most innovative area in the electric power industry today. Moreover, microgrids provide local voltage and frequency regulation support and improve reliability and power capacity of the grid. The most popular among the control strategies based on droop characteristics, in addition a central controller is described within a hierarchical control scheme to optimize the operation of the microgrid during interconnected operation. Microgrid control methods, including PQ control, droop control, voltage/frequency control, and current control methods are formulated.
Conference papers on the topic "Local electricity grid"
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Mustafa, Mustafa A., Sara Cleemput, and Aysajan Abidin. "A local electricity trading market: Security analysis." In 2016 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2016.7856269.
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Kleiwegt, Eline, and Zofia Lukszo. "Grid impact analysis of electric mobility on a local electricity grid." In 2012 9th IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsc.2012.6204937.
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de la Nieta, Agustin Sanchez, and Madeleine Gibescu. "Impacts of a local electricity market operated by a local system operator: minimize costs or maximize profits?" In 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2019.8905602.
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Chakraborty, Shantanu, Remco Verzijlbergh, and Zofia Lukszo. "Reduction of Price Volatility using Thermostatically Controlled Loads in Local Electricity Markets." In 2020 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-europe47291.2020.9248977.
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Lopez, G., M. Perez, L. Blanco, J. Moreno, P. Moura, and A. de Almeida. "Monitoring system for the local distributed generation infrastructures of the smart grid." In 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.1166.
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Grasenack, Martin, Lucas Jurgens, Anna Christin Meisner, Alexander Dreher, Pedro Giron, Kaspar Knorr, and Mike Vogt. "Design and evaluation of a last-minute electricity market considering local grid limitations." In 2020 17th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem49802.2020.9221870.
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Ampatzis, Michail, Phuong H. Nguyen, and Wil Kling. "Local electricity market design for the coordination of distributed energy resources at district level." In 2014 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2014.7028888.
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Rhodes, Joshua D., Kazunori Nagasawa, Charles Upshaw, and Michael E. Webber. "The Role of Small Distributed Natural Gas Fuel Cell Technologies in the Smart Energy Grid." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91195.
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As the utility grid evolves to transmit information along with energy and water to the end-user, the traditional grid model is changing. The Pecan Street Smart Grid Demonstration Project in Austin, TX is at the leading edge of the evolution of the smart grid. Currently, over 100 homes, soon to be 1,000, have electricity demand information being measured on a 15 second interval. Using the highly granular energy use and solar generation data from Pecan Street, we attempt to estimate the potential for small natural gas fuel cells as distributed firming power for intermittent renewables in the built environment. Micro-grids have traditionally relied on the macro-grid for stabilization in the event of local interruptions in generation. In this paper we analyze the utility, economic, and system efficiency impacts of small distributed natural gas fuel cells as an alternative to the macro-grid for stabilization. Using our unique dataset, we have determined that the average home could utilize a 5.5 kW fuel cell either for total generation or backup, and the average home could operate as its own micro-grid while not sacrificing core functionality. We also explore the utility of matching the thermal output of a possibly smaller fuel cell, used in combined heat and power mode (CHP), to an absorption refrigeration system in place of traditional space cooling. With these types of energy assets, homes could possibly participate with local electricity markets, or the grid at large, in a highly dynamic way. A home energy network could, given homeowner set-points, adjust home uses of energy and sell high priced electricity back to the grid, possibly from both solar PV and fuel cell production, possibly eliminating energy bills. Lastly, we estimate that the system efficiency could possibly double by transporting natural gas to the end user to be converted into electricity and hot water as compared with traditional methods of using natural gas for power generation followed by electricity delivery.
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Bjørndal, Endre, Mette Bjørndal, Magnus Buvik, Christian Nærup Børke, and Eivind Gramme. "End-User Flexibility in the Local Electricity Grid – Blurring the Vertical Separation of Market and Monopoly?" In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2019.431.
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Tumiran, Sarjiya, Lesnanto M. Putranto, Wahri Sunanda, Roni Irnawan, Adi Priyanto, and Ira Savitri. "The Masterplan for Developing Electricity Systems for Archipelagic Area by Considering Local Energy Resources: A Case Study of Maluku Islands." In 2019 IEEE 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sege.2019.8859915.
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