Journal articles: 'Loads'

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Goyal, Akash, A. N. Shankar, and S. K. Sethy. "Parametric Analysis of Hyperbolic Cooling Tower under Seismic Loads, Wind Loads and Dead Load through Staad. Pro." International Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 8 (August 31, 2017): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25125/engineering-journal-ijoer-aug-2017-6.

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Mansour, A. E. "Extreme Loads and Load Combinations." Journal of Ship Research 39, no. 01 (March 1, 1995): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1995.39.1.53.

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A simple model for combining extreme responses of correlated load components has been developed in this paper for use in design of marine structures. The combined response has the form fc = f1 + Kf2 for a two correlated load case and fc = f1 + K2f2 + K3f3 for a three correlated load case. The load factors Ki, are determined from probabilistic analysis of the combined response of a multiple component system subjected to common input (waves). Application examples are given and modeling errors are discussed. The model is suitable for use in the usual deterministic design analysis or probabilistic and reliability design procedures. This is the first of a three-paper series on this subject.

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Enciu, K., and A. Rosen. "Aerodynamic modelling of fin stabilised underslung loads." Aeronautical Journal 119, no. 1219 (September 2015): 1073–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000011143.

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AbstractBox-like slung loads exhibit periodic yaw response instabilities, while carried externally by a helicopter. When coupled with the slung load longitudinal and lateral pendulum motions, these instabilities result in significant pendulum oscillations of the load. High amplitude oscillations lead in many cases to the limiting of a load’s flight envelope. Using wind tunnel and flight tests, rear mounted fins were previously demonstrated as efficient means for stabilisation of a problematic load. However, the lack of a proper analytical model of the stabilised load’s aerodynamic characteristics, led to a trial and error development process, without an appropriate physical understanding of the stabilisation problem. The present paper describes a method for the aerodynamic modeling of fins stabilised slung loads based on a limited number of simple static wind-tunnel tests. The resulting database is incorporated in a dynamical slung load simulation that shows good agreement with dynamic wind-tunnel tests. The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated, by the calculation of stabilised loads aerodynamic databases for interim fin inclination angles not covered by tests.

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Bjork, C. O., and B. G. Karlsson. "Load Management Applications for Industrial Loads." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-5, no. 8 (August 1985): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1985.5526380.

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Bjork, C., and B. Karlsson. "Load Management Applications for Industrial Loads." IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-104, no. 8 (August 1985): 2058–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpas.1985.318781.

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SOLJAN, Zbigniew. "Part 1: Decomposition of the Load’s Current in Three-phase Four-wire Systems Supplied with Asymmetrical Sinusoidal Voltage Following Currents’ Physical Components Theory." AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 11 (September 30, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17274/aez.2020.41.03.

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Electricity receivers in low-voltage networks are mainly single-phase loads, which, when grouped within a given consumer, create a three-phase load. Such a replacement three-phase load works in a four-wire system. Besides, under real conditions, the supply voltage has some amplitude and phase asymmetry. Voltage unbalances, load's imbalances are issues that not simultaneously included in the power equation in four-wire systems. This article eliminates the limitations of electrical engineering in this area by deriving the power equation for three-phase loads supplied with unbalanced voltage.

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Airoboman, Abel, and T. M. Tyo. "Power Loss Determination, Assessment and Enhancement of the Nigerian Power System Network." Journal of Advances in Science and Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 15, 2018): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/jase.v1i2.22.

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For sustainability to be recorded in the Nigeria power sector (NPS), there must be a well-integrated system that is not easily prone to failure and is readily available when called into action. The NPS has overtime suffered from degraded infrastructure, policy paralysis to mention but few. However, if the needful is done with respect to identifying weak links in the network and a corresponding fast action in clearing failures along the line(s) then, some remarkable achievements could be recorded. This paper, therefore, carried out power flow analysis using the Newton Raphson Algorithm on the Electrical Transient Analyser Program (ETAP) version 12.6 on the NPS network using Maryland transmission station (MTS), Lagos, Nigeria as a case study. The choice of the location was as a result of the sensitivity of Lagos State in the economic activities of Nigeria. Results from the load flow indicated several voltage violations at load1 bus, load3 bus and load5 bus with magnitudes of 94.51, 94.91 and 94.79 % respectively. Consequently, transformers designated as T2A and T3A were said to have the highest and lowest branch losses of 150.0kW and 18.2kW respectively. Compensation of the losses along the line was carried out using optimal capacitor placement (OCP) subjected to constraints on the ETAP environment. The results from the OCP showed that it optimally sized and placed four capacitor banks on four of the candidate buses, which include load1 bus, load2 bus, load3 bus and load5 bus. An improvement of 2.26%, 1.12%, 1.93%, 1.12% and 2.006% were recorded for load1 bus, load2 bus, load3 bus, load4 bus and load5 bus respectively.

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Poutanen, Tuomo Tapani, Sampsa Pursiainen, Jari Mäkinen, and Tim Länsivaara. "Load combination of permanent and variable loads." Rakenteiden Mekaniikka 51, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23998/rm.65175.

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This paper concentrates on the combination of permanent and variable loads in the structural probability theory and its implementation in codes. In the current codes, the permanent and variable loads are sometimes combined independently, and sometimes they are combined dependently. We propose that, for the safest outcome in the standardized load estimation, the actual permanent and variable loads should be combined dependently without any load reduction. The load reduction arising from the independent combination leads to an unsafe design. For example, when the permanent and variable loads are both equal to 1, the combination load is 2 if the dependent combination is applied. However, the value predicted by the model for independent load combination is only ca 1.8. Although the load formation processes are independent, the dependent combination is applied since the load formation and the load combination are different processes. To support our view, we present arguments and examples based on probability theory, physics and statics and relate them with the current codes.

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9

Bloch-Salisbury, E., and A. Harver. "Effects of detection and classification of resistive and elastic loads on endogenous event-related potentials." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 1246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1246.

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Resistive and elastic loads added to inspiration are readily detected, and detection latencies vary as a function of load magnitude and load type. In the present study, we recorded endogenous event-related potentials (i.e., N2 and P3) to the detection and classification of large (15.0 cmH2O.1–1.s and 70.0 cmH2O/l) and small (1.45 cmH2O.1–1.s and 19.0 cmH2O/l) loads equated for subjective magnitude in 14 men (mean age 21.14 yr). In blocks of trials comprised of either large or small loads, subjects made a button-press response upon detecting a load and then classified the load as resistive or elastic. Loads were presented briefly (for approximately 200 ms) early in inspiration and at the same level of inspiratory pressure. For loads of comparable magnitude, subjects detected equivalent numbers of resistive and elastic loads but could not discriminate reliably between load types. On the other hand, the latency of N2 was shorter to larger than to smaller loads, to resistive than to elastic loads, and to correct than to incorrect load classifications. The latency of P3 was affected similarly by load magnitude and load type. These findings demonstrate that event-related potentials are elicited by brief presentations of resistive and elastic loads and that N2 and P3 latencies vary reliably as a function of load magnitude and load type. Most importantly, event-related potential latencies are sensitive to load type and to classification accuracy even when resistive and elastic loads are not distinguishable subjectively.

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Bartlett, F. M., H. P. Hong, and W. Zhou. "Load factor calibration for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada: Statistics of loads and load effects." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-087.

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The 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) will adopt a companion-action format for load combinations and specify wind and snow loads based on their 50 year return period values. This paper summarizes statistics for dead load, live load due to use and occupancy, snow load, and wind load that have been adopted for calibration, and a companion paper presents the calibration itself. A new survey of typical construction tolerances indicates that statistics for dead load widely adopted for building code calibration are adequate unless the dead load is dominated by thin, cast-in-place concrete toppings. Unique statistics for live load due to use and occupancy are derived that pertain specifically to the live load reduction factor equation used in the NBCC. Statistics for snow and wind loads are normalized using the 50 year values that will be specified in the 2005 NBCC. New statistics are determined for the factors that transform wind speeds and ground snow depths into wind and snow loads on structures.Key words: buildings, code calibration, companion action, dead loads, live loads, load combinations, load factors, reliability, safety, snow loads, wind loads.

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Davenport, Paul W., Pei-Ying Sarah Chan, Weirong Zhang, and Yang-Ling Chou. "Detection threshold for inspiratory resistive loads and respiratory-related evoked potentials." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 1 (January 2007): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01436.2005.

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The relationship between detection threshold of inspiratory resistive loads and the peaks of the respiratory-related evoked potential (RREP) is unknown. It was hypothesized that the short-latency and long-latency peaks of the RREP would only be elicited by inspiratory loads that exceeded the detection threshold. The detection threshold for inspiratory resistive loads was measured in healthy subjects with inspiratory-interruption or onset load presentations. In a separate protocol, the RREPs were recorded with resistive loads that spanned the detection threshold. The loads were presented in stimulus attend and ignore sessions. Onset and interruption load presentations had the same resistive load detection threshold. The P1, Nf, and N1 peaks of the RREP were observed with loads that exceeded the detection threshold in both attend and ignore conditions. The P300 was present with loads that exceeded the detection threshold only in the attend condition. No RREP components were elicited with subthreshold loads. The P1, Nf, and P300 amplitudes varied with resistive load magnitude. The results support the hypothesis that there is a resistive load threshold for eliciting the RREPs. The amplitude of the RREP peaks vary as a function of load magnitude. The cognitive P300 RREP peak is present only for detectable loads and when the subject attends to the stimulus. The absence of the RREP with loads below the detection threshold and the presence of the RREP elicited by suprathreshold loads are consistent with the gating of these neural measures of respiratory mechanosensory information processing.

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12

Gorelov, V. A., A. I. Komissarov, D. S. Vdovin, S. V. Gaev, M. V. Vyaznikov, and I. A. Taratorkin. "Method of the strength analysis of a track-type tractor undercarriage with the use of multibody simulation and fininte element analysis." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 4 (August 15, 2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66409.

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The wide use of the finite element method for the strength analysis of the undercarriage elements requires a reliable method of the load's calculation. Conventional analytical method of the load's calculation does not take into account their redistribution due to the kinematics and dynamics of the elements. An alternative option is the numerical dynamic analysis with the use of the spatial dynamical models taking into account kinematics and flexibility of the undercarriage elements. The article describes a method of the strength analysis of a tracked vehicle undercarriage for the case of a track-type tractor with gross weight 72 ton. The method is based on the combination of the undercarriage multibody model for the simulation of the loads in typical operation modes and finite element models of its parts for calculation of the strain-stress and margin of safety in each load case. The undercarriage is described as a set of rigid bodies connected by springs and dampers at all interaction points between the undercarriage elements, the track-shoes, and the ground. The loads on the undercarriage are calculated by the numerical integration of the equations of motion. The time histories of the loads are used for the detection of the static strength critical load cases. Each critical load is transmitted to the finite element models of the analyzed undercarriage parts for the subsequent strength analysis. The method is demonstrated for the «tractor forward pitch during the lifting of the earthmoving blade» and «tractor moving over a single rail» load cases. The article shows the analysis of the time histories of the bogie loads. The authors discuss issues of the load transmission from the multibody model to the finite element models of the undercarriage parts and demonstrate some results of the strength analysis of the bogie.

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Qaoud, Rami, and Djamal Alkama. "Study on the Outdoor Comfort Threshold from Physical Loads: A Case Study in Biskra, Algeria." Technium Social Sciences Journal 39 (January 8, 2023): 700–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v39i1.7945.

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This study explores the values threshold of physical loads (air temperature, illumination, and sound level) applied in the urban space that represents the limits of human comfort, as well as the effect of the urban environment in terms of the density of buildings on those loads and help to provide ultimate comfort. The methodology of this study was founded on field experiments to obtain the physical load’s data for three consecutive days during the summer season’s peak. Then, this data is to be studied and analyzed through a comprehensive approach of the physical loads and according to the comfort levels of each load. The results proved the failure of the urban environment of the measurement stations to keep all the physical loads below the comfort threshold, except for the wind and sound loads that were below the comfort threshold. The air temperature and illumination were far from the comfort threshold, especially at midday and peak time. There were also differences in the values of the recorded loads between the measurement samples that reached a degree and a half for the air temperature, 8000 lux for illumination, and 7 dB for sound level. This remarkable difference explained the role of building density in the physical loads found in the open urban space, and the reduction of those loads to be within the required range of the physical comfort threshold.

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Li, Jian Peng, Song Zhang, Yuan Yuan Shan, Yi Nong Li, and Feng Qing Jiang. "A Classification of Power Load Based on the Load Characteristic in Distribution Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 1132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.1132.

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Nowadays the widest used classification of power load is based on the industry they belonged to, but, as low voltage loads are varietal, even the loads in the same industry can be considerably different in load characteristics of them. In this paper, power loads are classified according to three load characteristic indicators: load averages, load changing cycle and the peak-valley ratio, which are based on the typical daily load curve of them. In this method, the typical daily load curves of loads in the same type are relatively more similar, which is in favor of further study using daily load curve. In this paper, thousands of 10kV loads in shanghai have been classified into 8 types in the method, and the analysis of the load types have been presented.

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Hellgren, Rikard, Jonas Enzell, Anders Ansell, Erik Nordström, and Richard Malm. "Estimating the Ice Loads on Concrete Dams Based on Their Structural Response." Water 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040597.

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In the assessment of concrete dams in cold climate, it is common that the theoretical stability becomes insufficient for load cases that include ice loads. However, the magnitude and return period of these ice loads have a high degree of uncertainty. This study estimates the magnitude of ice loads on eight concrete dam monoliths using measurements of their displacement from 29 winters. In the displacement signals, events are identified and assumed to be caused solely by ice loads. The observed displacement during an event is interpreted as an ice load using a load–displacement relationship derived from FE simulations of each dam. These simulations show that ice loads of the magnitudes given in design guidelines and recorded in previous measurements would significantly affect the structural response of the studied dams. However, only small traces of ice loads can be found in the observed responses of the studied dams. The estimated ice loads are significantly lower than the ice loads recorded in traditional ice load measurements. These results indicate that the average magnitude of ice load on an entire monolith is significantly lower than the measured local pressures. This would imply that ice loads may be a smaller concern regarding dam safety than previously believed.

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Kim, Taeo, Sang Whan Han, and Soo Ik Cho. "Effect of Wind Loads on Collapse Performance and Seismic Loss for Steel Ordinary Moment Frames." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042011.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of wind loads on the seismic collapse performance and seismic loss for steel ordinary moment frames (OMFs). For this purpose, 9-, 12-, 15-, and 18-story steel OMFs are repeatedly designed for (1) gravity load + seismic load, (2) gravity load + seismic load + wind load (wind speed = 44 m/s), and (3) gravity load + seismic load + wind load (wind speed = 55 m/s). The seismic collapse performance and seismic loss of OMFs are evaluated using the procedures in FEMA P695 (FEMA, 2009) and FEMA P58 (FEMA, 2018), respectively. Steel OMFs designed with consideration of wind loads have larger member sections than corresponding steel OMFs designed without consideration of wind loads as expected. Although member sections are increased when wind loads are considered, the growth in the maximum base shear force and lateral stiffness of OMFs are insignificant. Unlike our expectation, OMFs designed with consideration of wind loads have higher expected annual loss (EAL) than corresponding OMFs designed without consideration of wind loads.

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Lindberg, Herbert E. "Dynamic Pulse Buckling of Imperfection-Sensitive Shells." Journal of Applied Mechanics 58, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2897258.

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The theoretical basis of two related but distinctly different dynamic buckling criteria are summarized with the objective of demonstrating the range of applicability of each, so that together they cover the entire range of dynamic pulse loads from nearly impulsive loads to step loads of infinite duration. The example chosen is a cylindrical shell under elastic axial loads but the approach is applicable more generally. A critical amplification-of-imperfections criterion with a linear shell theory is shown to be applicable for short duration loads, for which a threshold nonlinear divergence criterion gives loads an order of magnitude too conservative. Conversely, the linear theory is inapplicable for long duration loads, for which critical loads are lower than the linear static buckling load because of imperfection sensitivity. In this range the threshold nonlinear divergence criterion is used. For loads of intermediate duration, an extended critical amplification criterion is used with equations that conservatively assume zero static buckling load but give an unchanged formula for critical load amplitude-duration combinations.

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Bartlett, F. M., H. P. Hong, and W. Zhou. "Load factor calibration for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada: Companion-action load combinations." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-086.

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The 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) will adopt a companion-action format for load combinations and specify wind and snow loads based on their 50 year return period values. This paper presents the calibration of these factors, based on statistics for dead load, live load due to use and occupancy, snow load, and wind load, which are summarized in a companion paper. A target reliability index of approximately 3 for a design life of 50 years was adopted for consistency with the 1995 NBCC. The load combinations and load factors for strength and stability checks recommended for the 2005 NBCC were based on preliminary values from reliability analysis that were subsequently revised slightly to address major inconsistencies with past practice. The recommended load combinations and factors generally give factored load effects similar to those in the 1995 NBCC, but are up to 10% more severe for the combination of dead load plus snow load and are generally less severe for the combination of dead load, snow load, and live load due to use and occupancy. Load factors less than one are recommended for checking serviceability limit states involving specified snow and wind loads. Importance factors for various classifications of structure are also presented. Revisions to the commentaries of the NBCC are recommended that will provide guidance on dead load allowances for architectural and mechanical superimposed dead loads and cast-in-place cover slabs and toppings.Key words: buildings, code calibration, companion action, dead loads, live loads, load combinations, load factors, reliability, safety, snow loads, wind loads.

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Baratta, R. V., M. Solomonow, G. Nguyen, and R. D'Ambrosia. "Load, length, and velocity of load-moving tibialis anterior muscle of the cat." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 2243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.6.2243.

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Three-dimensional relationships of load, length, and velocity of shortening of the tibialis anterior muscle in the cat were derived experimentally and fitted with an analytic model. Gravitational loads were applied to the isolated muscle, which arrived at an equilibrium with the passive forces before supramaximal tetanic stimulation was delivered to its nerve. Recordings of initial passive muscle length at equilibrium and length changes throughout the shortening phase up to the final length at active equilibrium were taken and numerically differentiated to obtain each load's instantaneous velocity. A three-dimensional surface was constructed by using instantaneous length and the corresponding velocity for each of several loads. Maximal velocity of shortening was shown to gradually decrease, occurring earlier in the shortening phase (at larger muscle lengths) as loads increased. Whereas load-velocity curves were hyperbolic for middle and short muscle lengths, they were nonmonotonic during shortening above the optimal length. The model was found to correlate well with the experimental data (R = 0.98) and allowed for prediction of both muscle performance boundaries and instantaneous shortening velocity for a given length across the physiological load spectrum, thus offering a realistic estimation of the contractile properties exhibited by the tibialis anterior muscle in functions similar to naturally occurring movements against gravitational loads, which are accelerated and decelerated during the movement.

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Zhang, Qing, Jian Jie Zhang, Ji He, Yong Feng Li, and Xian Rong Qin. "A Method of Dynamic Modeling of a Large Floating Crane and its External Excitations." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 2440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.2440.

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According to the characteristics of floating cranes, an affordable numerical method to model the floating cranes and the external excitations such as wind, wave and shimmy loads was proposed. Local coordinates modifying wind, wave and shimmy loads which are determined separately were combined in the global coordinate system according to the geometric positions. The spectra of wind loads and wave loads were converted into time domain separately according to the linear method, while a shimmy load is determined according to the Lagrange’s Equation. As an example, the external excitation caused by random wind, wave and shimmy loads on a 7500-ton giant floating crane were simulated, and the transient dynamic response was predicted and discussed. Focusing on the characteristics of structure of floating cranes, the research indicates that the dominant frequency of the wave load is low, as compared to wind and shimmy loads, and that the shimmy load is closely related to the environmental excitations such as wind and wave loads. The results also suggest that the transient response of the crane is mainly related to the shimmy load.

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Lew, W. Y. "Asynchrony and ryanodine modulate load-dependent relaxation in the canine left ventricle." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 268, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): H17—H24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.1.h17.

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Load-dependent relaxation was studied in six anesthetized dogs by inflating an intra-aortic balloon to increase peak left ventricular (LV) pressure by 1–20 mmHg within a single cardiac cycle. A series of timed and graded pressure loads was produced by inflating the balloon either during diastole (early loads) or midsystole (midsystolic pressure loads). The rate of LV pressure fall was measured with the time constant (tau). There was a significant increase in tau with 63 midsystolic pressure load [tau increased 1.4 +/- 0.1% (SE)/mmHg increase in peak LV pressure] but not with 67 early pressure loads (-0.5 +/- 0.1%/mmHg). This difference remained with LV pacing-induced asynchrony (tau increased 1.8 +/- 0.1%/mmHg with 54 midsystolic pressure loads compared with -0.2 +/- 0.1%/mmHg with 56 early pressure loads) and after 5 micrograms/kg of intravenous ryanodine (tau increased 1.0 +/- 0.2%/mmHg with 58 midsystolic pressure loads compared with -0.7 +/- 0.1%/mmHg with 59 early pressure loads). When compared with control, asynchrony significantly augmented and ryanodine significantly attenuated the effects of midsystolic pressure loads. In conclusion, asynchrony and ryanodine modulate the extent of load-dependent relaxation in the intact left ventricle.

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Schaumarov, Nigmat, and Rakhmatullo Pirmatov. "BEARING CAPACITY OF PRECOMPRESSED LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS MADE OF HEAVY CONCRETE UNDER SINGLE DYNAMIC LOADS." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 07 (July 1, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-07-01.

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Palleiro, L., M. L. Rodríguez-Blanco, M. M. Taboada-Castro, and M. T. Taboada-Castro. "Hydroclimatic control of sediment and metal export from a rural catchment in Northwest Spain." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 3757–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-3757-2014.

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Abstract. This paper examines sediment and metal (Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) exportation at different time scales (annual, seasonal and event) during a three-year period (2005–2008) in the Mero River headwater, a rural catchment under humid temperate climate. Inter-annual differences were found both in annual loads and their distributions throughout the year. At annual scale, sediment and particulate metal loads followed the same trend as streamflow, while dissolved metals showed different patterns. Runoff events contributed to 63% of the total sediment load, whereas particulate and dissolved metal loads accounted for between 38–61 and 27–49% of the total load, respectively. Runoff events were characterized by high variability in sediment and metal loads, a few events representing a high percentage of the metal exported. Sediment loads were related to maximum and initial discharge. Particulate metal loads were highly correlated with sediment loads, runoff being the hydrological variable that best explains the load of these metals. Dissolved metal loads displayed different patterns. Dissolved Al, showed a great correlation with runoff, while dissolved Mn with maximum discharge.

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Zuo, Huang, Yue Chun Zhang, Ping Liu, Wen Wang, and Shun Xiong. "Study on Loads of Accelerated Contact Fatigue Testing and its Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 680–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.680.

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For reducing the development time and cost, determining the load of accelerated contact fatigue testing of a multi-case and multi-stage drive train, multilevel design load method was used to calculate the pitting equivalent loads of gears according to the load spectrum. A reasonable load of pitting fatigue testing was determined after analyzing and studying the pitting equivalent loads of gears. Based on a reducer used for a cement mixer, the pitting equivalent loads of gears were calculated, and the load of pitting fatigue testing was determined. The damage ratios of gears were calculated by the pitting equivalent loads of gears and the testing load, separately, using software MASTA. The results from the load of pitting fatigue testing and the testing load were coincident.

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Wu, Ji, Shu Lin Duan, Zhan Hua Wu, Hui Xing, and Qin An Liu. "The Coupled Thermal and Mechanical Load Analysis in the 6S50MC-C Type Marine Diesel' Piston." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1909.

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MAN Diesel’s 6S50MC-C two-stroke marine diesel engine is researched in this paper. The intensity under the effect of thermal load, mechanical load and coupled loads are analyzed. As the boundary conditions of the temperature field distribution, the mean temperature and the mean heat transfer coefficient are calculated firstly. Based on the temperature field, the thermal intensity is obtained in ANSYS. Then the study analyzes the stress and the strain distribution when the mechanical load and the coupled loads are applied. Through the analysis of different loads, the maximum stress is 696MPa in thermal load, 191MPa in mechanical load and 659MPa in coupled loads. The maximum deformation is 1.011mm in thermal load, 0.147mm in mechanical and 1.022mm in coupled loads. The intensity meets the design requirement. The stress concentration and the deformation of the piston crown mainly are generated by the thermal load. To reduce the destructive effect of thermal, it requests enhancing cooling and warming up the main engine.

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Luong, Van Hai, Tan Ngoc Than Cao, J. N. Reddy, Kok Keng Ang, Minh Thi Tran, and Jian Dai. "Static and Dynamic Analyses of Mindlin Plates Resting on Viscoelastic Foundation by Using Moving Element Method." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 11 (October 22, 2018): 1850131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418501316.

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Presented herein is a novel computational approach using the moving element method (MEM) for simulating the dynamic response of Mindlin plate resting on a viscoelastic foundation and subjected to moving loads. The governing equations and the element mass, damping and stiffness matrices are formulated in a convected coordinate system in which the origin is attached to the point of the moving applied load. Thus, the method simply treats moving loads as ‘stationary’ at the nodes of the plate to avoid updating the locations of moving loads due to the change of the contact points on the plate. To verify the accuracy of the proposed computational approach, static and free vibration analyses of plates are investigated first. Next, the dynamic response of plate resting on a viscoelastic foundation subjected to a moving load is examined. A parametric study is performed to determine the effects of the load’s velocity, foundation damping and foundation stiffness on the dynamic response of a plate. Finally, the comparisons of the dynamic response of plates resting on viscoelastic foundation and subjected to moving vehicles with three models of load (single-wheel, single-axle and tandem-axle) are discussed.

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Neupane, Pradip, Bishal Silwal, Sagun Katuwal, and Brijesh Adhikary. "COMPONENT BASED AGGREGATE LOAD MODELLING OF MODERN LOADS." IFAC-PapersOnLine 55, no. 9 (2022): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.07.069.

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SAKAMOTO, JUN. "STOCHASTIC PROCESS MODELS FOR LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 393 (1988): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.393.0_62.

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29

Sohn, J., and T. G. Robertazzi. "Optimal time-varying load sharing for divisible loads." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 34, no. 3 (July 1998): 907–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/7.705897.

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Kumar, Sunil. "Live loads in office buildings: lifetime maximum load." Building and Environment 37, no. 1 (January 2002): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(00)00075-5.

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Kram, R. "Carrying loads with springy poles." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 1119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.1119.

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People throughout Asia use springy bamboo poles to carry the loads of everyday life. These poles are a very compliant suspension system that allows the load to move along a nearly horizontal path while the person bounces up and down with each step. Could this be an economical way to carry loads inasmuch as no gravitational work has to be done to lift the load repeatedly? To find out, an experiment was conducted in which four male subjects ran at 3.0 m/s on a motorized treadmill with no load and while carrying a load equal to 19% body wt with compliant poles. Oxygen consumption rate, vertical ground reaction force, and the force exerted by the load on the shoulders were measured. Oxygen consumption rate increased by 22%. The same increase has previously been observed when loads are carried with a backpack. Thus compliant poles are not a particularly economical method of load carriage. However, pole suspension systems offer important advantages: they minimize peak shoulder forces and loading rates. In addition, the peak vertical ground reaction force is only slightly increased above unloaded levels when loads are carried with poles.

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Rajani, B., and C. Zhan. "On the estimation of frost loads." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 4 (August 20, 1996): 629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-088-309.

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Frost load is an important loading condition to consider for the design of buried pipes. Though frost loads can be much greater than earth loads, it is not presently possible to estimate frost loads except using heuristic arguments. This paper describes the development of simplified methods to estimate frost load. Important variables are identified that can explain how the effects of frost loading can be mitigated. Sensitivity analyses are presented to highlight the importance of the different variables involved in the simplified methods. Frost loads measured in a field case study are compared with calculated frost loads in trenches with clay and sand backfills. Key words: frost load, frost depth, buried pipe, trench backfills, trench width.

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Zhang, Hua. "Load Model of Scroll Wrap for Calculation of Bending Fatigue Strength." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.496.

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For calculation of bending fatigue strength of scroll wraps, the pressure loads and temperatures in compression chambers based on general profile theory are analyzed, and a load model including the pressure loads the temperatures is proposed. For the scroll wraps, their load model for bending fatigue strength includes the pressure loads and the temperatures. Their pressure loads can be simplified on the mid-areas and its temperatures are equal to the temperatures of the mid-areas. The pressure loads are of π normal angle region inner pressure load which have an interval of π normal angle, the number of regions of pressure load is equal to the number of scroll compression chamber pairs. The discharge angle has significant effect on bending fatigue strength of scroll wraps and the stability of scroll compressor.

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Edwards, W. T., W. C. Hayes, I. Posner, A. A. White, and R. W. Mann. "Variation of Lumbar Spine Stiffness With Load." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 109, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138639.

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Mechanical studies of the Functional Spinal Unit (FSU) in-vitro have shown that the slopes of the load-displacement curves increase with load. This nonlinearity implies that the stiffness of the FSU is not constant over the range of physiologic loads, and that measurements obtained for FSU specimens through the application of individual loads cannot be summed to predict the response of the specimens to combined loads. Both experimental and analytical methods were developed in the present study to better quantify the nonlinear FSU load-displacement response and to calculate the coupled stiffness of FSU specimens at combined states of load reflecting in-vivo conditions. Results referenced to the center of the vertebral body indicate that lumbar FSU specimens are stiffer in flexion than in extension, and that FSU specimens loaded in flexion are stiffer at high loads than at low loads. The importance of combined load testing and a nonlinear interpretation of load-displacement data is demonstrated.

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Mishra, Swati, and Sanjaya Kumar Panda. "An Efficient Server Minimization Algorithm for Internet Distributed Systems." International Journal of Rough Sets and Data Analysis 4, no. 4 (October 2017): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrsda.2017100102.

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The increasing use of online services leads to an unequal distribution of the loads among the servers. As a result, the problem is to balance the loads among the servers such that the total number of active servers is minimized. One of the possible solutions is to transfer the loads from the underutilized server to a suitable server and make the underutilized server to sleep mode. In this paper, a server minimization algorithm (SMA) is proposed for the solution of server minimization and the load balancing problem. The proposed algorithm reduces the number of servers by merging the loads of the two least loaded servers. Then it determines the standard deviation of the server loads for load balancing. The proposed SMA is compared with an existing load balancing algorithm using the number of minimized servers, load standard deviation and load factor. The simulation results show the efficacy of the SMA.

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Radchenko, Mykola, Andrii Radchenko, Eugeniy Trushliakov, Hanna Koshlak, and Roman Radchenko. "Advanced Method of Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems Designing to Forecast Onsite Operation—Part 2: Phenomenological Simulation to Recoup Refrigeration Energy." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041922.

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This paper focuses on the application of speed-regulated compressors (SRCs) to cover changeable heat loads with high efficiency in conventional air conditioning systems (ACS) as well as in the more advanced variable refrigerant flow (VRF)-type outdoor and indoor ACS. In reality, an SRC is an oversized compressor, although it can operate efficiently at part loads. The higher the level of regulated loads (LRL) of the SRC, the more the compressor is oversized. It is preferable to reduce the size of the SRC by covering the peak loads and recouping the excessive refrigeration energy reserved at decreased actual loads within the range of regulated loads. Therefore, the range of changeable loads is chosen as the object to be narrowed by using the reserved refrigeration capacity. Thus, the general fundamental approach of dividing the overall heat load range of the ACS into the ranges with changeable and unchangeable loads, as previously developed by the authors, is applied for the range of primary changeable loads. Due to this innovative step, the principle of two-stage outdoor air conditioning according to changeable and unchangeable loads, also proposed by the authors, has been extended over the range of primary changeable loads to reduce the level of refrigeration capacity regulation and SRC size. To realize this, part of the changeable load range is offset by the reserved refrigeration capacity, leading to a reduction in the changeable load range and the SRC size by approximately 20% for temperate climatic conditions.

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Behjati, Mohamad, and Navid Arjmand. "Biomechanical Assessment of the NIOSH Lifting Equation in Asymmetric Load-Handling Activities Using a Detailed Musculoskeletal Model." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 2 (September 17, 2018): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818795038.

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Objective: To assess adequacy of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Lifting Equation (NLE) in controlling lumbar spine loads below their recommended action limits during asymmetric load-handling activities using a detailed musculoskeletal model, that is, the AnyBody Modeling System. Background: The NIOSH committee employed simplistic biomechanical models for the calculation of the spine compressive loads with no estimates of the shear loads. It is therefore unknown whether the NLE would adequately control lumbar compression and shear loads below their recommended action limits during asymmetric load-handling activities. Method: Twenty-four static stoop lifting tasks at different load asymmetry angles, heights, and horizontal distances were performed by one normal-weight (70 kg) and one obese (93 kg) individual. For each task, the recommended weight limit computed by the NLE and body segment angles measured by a video-camera system (VICON) were prescribed in the participant-specific models developed in the AnyBody Modeling System that estimated spinal loads. Results: For both individuals, the NLE adequately controlled L5-S1 loads below their recommended action limits for all activities performed in upright postures. Both individuals, however, experienced compressive and/or shear L5-S1 loads beyond the recommended action limits when lifting was performed near the floor with large load asymmetry. Conclusion: The NLE failed to control spinal loads below the recommended limits during asymmetric lifting tasks performed near the floor. Application: The NLE should be used with caution for extreme tasks involving load handling near the floor with large load asymmetry.

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Saleh, S. A., Petrus Pijnenburg, and Eduardo Castillo-Guerra. "Load Aggregation From Generation-Follows-Load to Load-Follows-Generation: Residential Loads." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 53, no. 2 (March 2017): 833–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2016.2626261.

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Wang, Jungyong, Ayhan Akinturk, and Neil Bose. "Numerical Prediction of Propeller Performance During Propeller-Ice Interaction." Marine Technology and SNAME News 46, no. 03 (July 1, 2009): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mtsn.2009.46.3.123.

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The aim of the present study was to predict propeller performance during propeller-ice interaction. Total loads acting on a propeller blade during propeller-ice interaction were assumed to consist of three major components: separable hydrodynamic loads, inseparable hydrodynamic loads, and ice milling loads. A panel method and an empirical formula were used for the hydrodynamic load calculations and the ice contact load calculations, respectively. This empirical model was implemented into a numerical panel code. The numerical prediction model for the ice loads including the detailed implementation is described, and the results are compared with experimental results.

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40

Hutchinson, B. G. "Pavement damage implications of Ontario Bridge Formula axle group weight limits." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-103.

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The Ontario Bridge Formula (OBF) is the basis for the regulation of highway truck weights in Ontario. Allowable loads on tandem and tridem axle groups increase with increasing axle group spread. Analyses of the moments induced in simple-span bridges by the allowable axle group loads show that the moments increase with the increasing loads allowed on wider axle spreads. Pavement damage load equivalency functions developed from the Canroad pavement test series are used to estimate the. pavement damage impacts of these allowable axle loads. Relative pavement damage is shown to increase by 50% for the range of loads allowed on tandem axle groups and by 125 % for the load range allowed on tridems. If equal pavement damage were used for regulating axle group loads, then the range allowed for tandems would be 15 400–16 500 kg, instead of the OBF-allowed 15 400–19 000 kg; and 19 100–20 000 kg, instead of the OBF-allowed 19 500–28 600 kg, for tridems. Key words: highway bridges, highway pavements, bridge loads, trucks, load equivalencies.

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41

Maes, M. A., S. Abdelatif, and R. Frederking. "Recalibration of partial load factors in the Canadian offshore structures standard CAN/CSA-S471." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 684–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-027.

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The present paper describes a recalibration of the loading side of all the design check equations in the Canadian offshore structures standard CAN/CSA-S471, General requirements, design criteria, the environment, and loads (offshore structures). The recalibration was prompted by concerns about changing or improved load–load effect models and new load types and by Canada's intention to harmonize its offshore standards with the new International Organization for Standardization (ISO) offshore codes in the near future. Calibration is performed over wide ranges of combinations consistent with the normal application scope of CAN/CSA-S471. Updated load models are based on a more refined zonation of operational loads into loads of short duration and slowly varying live loads. Frequent environmental load processes and operational loads are modeled using Ferry-Borges–Castanheta pulse load models and infrequent environmental events and are based on point process models. The calibration is performed using a nonlinear optimization of an upwardly restrained safety objective function to result in optimal load factors, companion and combination factors, and optimal specified exceedance probabilities for infrequent load processes.Key words: load combinations, code calibration, pulse load models, safety factors, reliability levels.

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42

Rittmann, Bruce E. "The Effect of Load Fluctuations on the Effluent Concentration Produced by Fixed-Film Reactors." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 2-3 (February 1, 1985): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0118.

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Although time-varying loads to biological treatment processes are common, typical kinetic models are based on steady-state loads and conditions. This paper uses nonsteady-state kinetics to demonstrate the impact of load variations on the effluent concentration and load from fixed-bed biofilm reactors. The different responses for reactors having average loads that are high, intermediate, and low are compared. In most cases, time-varying input loading, in comparison with steady input loading, causes an increase in average effluent concentration; however, certain combinations of load variation and reactor type allow better performance than do steady-state loads.

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43

Belenkiy, L., and Y. Raskin. "Estimate of the Ultimate Load on Structural Members Subjected to Lateral Loads." Marine Technology and SNAME News 38, no. 03 (July 1, 2001): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2001.38.3.169.

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This paper examines plastic behavior of typical ship structures, specifically beams, grillages, and plates subjected to predominantly lateral loads. The ultimate loads, determined on the basis of the theorems of limit analysis [1,2], are evaluated using nonlinear finite-element plastic analysis. The relationships between analytical and finite-element models for prediction of ultimate loads of beams, stiffened panels, and grillages are illustrated. It has been shown that the ultimate loads, obtained from the theorems of limit analysis, can be successfully used for strength assessment of stiffened ship structures subjected to lateral loads. The effect of shear force on ultimate load is analyzed using the finite-element method. This paper confirms that in the case of beams and grillages under lateral loading, the ultimate load may characterize the threshold of the load at which a stiffened ship's structure fails by the development of excessive deflections. For plate elements, on the other hand, the plastic deflections represent the permissible limit of external load better than the ultimate limit load.

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SZABOLCSI, Róbert, and József MENYHÁRT. "LOADS AFFECTING UGVs’ TECHNICAL STATUS." Review of the Air Force Academy 13, no. 3 (December 16, 2015): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/1842-9238.2015.13.3.2.

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Easazadeh Far, Narges, and Majid Barghian. "Safety Identifying of Integral Abutment Bridges under Seismic and Thermal Loads." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/757608.

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Integral abutment bridges (IABs) have many advantages over conventional bridges in terms of strength and maintenance cost. Due to the integrity of these structures uniform thermal and seismic loads are known important ones on the structure performance. Although all bridge design codes consider temperature and earthquake loads separately in their load combinations for conventional bridges, the thermal load is an “always on” load and, during the occurrence of an earthquake, these two important loads act on bridge simultaneously. Evaluating the safety level of IABs under combination of these loads becomes important. In this paper, the safety of IABs—designed by AASHTO LRFD bridge design code—under combination of thermal and seismic loads is studied. To fulfill this aim, first the target reliability indexes under seismic load have been calculated. Then, these analyses for the same bridge under combination of thermal and seismic loads have been repeated and the obtained reliability indexes are compared with target indexes. It is shown that, for an IAB designed by AASHTO LRFD, the indexes have been reduced under combined effects. So, the target level of safety during its design life is not provided and the code’s load combination should be changed.

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46

Li, Yun Feng. "Loads Calculation of Pitch Bearing of Wind Turbine." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.479.

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Loads calculation process for pitch bearing of wind turbine was presented. The aerodynamic of the rotor was analyzed by using momentum theory and blade element theory firstly; then the aerodynamic loads, the gravitational loads and the centrifugal loads of the pitch bearing were calculated along each axis of the bearing coordinate system; thirdly, all the loads of each direction of the pitch bearing load were composed into three loads, they are radial, axial and tilting moment loads. A calculation example was given at last.

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Saidkhodjaev, A. G., B. Kh Ametova, and M. M. Mamutov. "Intellectualization of determination of electrical loads in city electric networks." E3S Web of Conferences 139 (2019): 01072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913901072.

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This article illustrates new methods for automatically fixing and determining the calculation loads of electrical consumers, in particular the maximum load. The accuracy in the calculations is increased taking into account several factors affecting the maximum load values. It also offers a method and algorithm determination of the maximum electrical loads in urban electrical loads.

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Durgayandi, Ravichandran, and Muruganantham Narayanan. "Effect of harmonics on reduction of unbalance in three-phase four wire composite network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v30.i1.pp24-32.

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The unbalanced current drawn by the composite loads in small-scale industries is mainly due to single-phase loads. Any operation of single-phase loads will cause unbalance of current and produce distortion due to non-linear loads. The neutral current is increased and voltage at the load end is reduced due to an increase in unbalanced linear loads. Industries find it difficult to balance the load and control the neutral current. To overcome the problem, this work aims to add a passive network in different configurations along with shunt active power filter. A set of linear and non-linear loads are considered in the network and the results are discussed in this paper. The L and C values are designed to compensate for the required reactive power and the canceling of negative and zero sequence current quantities due to unbalance in the circuit. This paper also reviewed the effect of active filter RMS current at an unbalanced load current.

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Davydov, E. Yu. "Analysis of Regulatory Documents for Determining Loads for Buildings and Structures." Science & Technique 21, no. 5 (October 7, 2022): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2022-21-5-386-391.

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The calculation of building structures begins with the determination of loads and effects. The correctness of determining the values of loads and impacts, and in particular their calculated values, largely determines the reliability of structural forms, their durability and economic efficiency. The paper considers the regulatory documents for determining snow, wind and crane loads, as well as loads due to their own weight of load-bearing and enclosing structures. In most cases, changing the values of snow loads in the direction of their increase is labor- and material-intensive, since after this, it is required to examine all the supporting structures that perceive snow loads, recalculation them, and quite often, strengthen them. It is proposed to review snow loads no more than once every 20–25 years. Wind speed increases with height increases. This is confirmed by statistical data obtained at many weather stations located in the Republic of Belarus and foreign countries. Failure to take into account the change in wind pressure along the height leads to significant increase in the efforts from the wind load by 2-3 times. The increase in the efforts from the wind load, as well as from the snow load, entails the need for a mass survey of buildings and structures and, as a rule, expensive work to strengthen the supporting structures. Determination of loads from overhead cranes in the current regulatory documents is completely focused on the characteristics of European hoisting mechanisms, which largely does not correspond to the characteristics of cranes used in the Republic of Belarus. It is proposed to determine crane loads according to SP [Sanitary Regulations] CYbG20.133330.2011 “Loads and impacts” (updated edition of SNiP [Construction Standards and Regulations] 2.01.07–85*). When determining the design loads from the own mass of structural forms, the reliability factor for loads is used. The values of these coefficients in the current regulatory documents are unreasonably high, especially for metal structures.

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Caous, Damien, Nicolas Lavauzelle, Julien Valette, and Jean-Christophe Wahl. "Load application method for shell finite element model of wind turbine blade." Wind Engineering 42, no. 5 (March 6, 2018): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x18759897.

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It is common to dissociate load computation from structural analysis when carrying out a numerical assessment of a wind turbine blade. Loads are usually computed using a multiphysics and multibody beam finite element model of the whole turbine, whereas detailed structural analysis is managed using shell finite element models. This raises the issue of the application of the loads extracted from the beam finite element model at one node for each section and transposed into the shell finite element model. After presenting the methods found in the literature, a new method is proposed. This takes into account the physical consistency of loads: aerodynamic loads are applied as pressure on the blade surface, and inertial loads are applied as body loads. Corrections imposed by pressure and body load computation in order to match loads from the beam finite element model are proposed and a comparison with two other methods is discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Loads'

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