Relevant bibliographies by topics / Loads

Academic literature on the topic 'Loads'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Loads"

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Goyal, Akash, A. N. Shankar, and S. K. Sethy. "Parametric Analysis of Hyperbolic Cooling Tower under Seismic Loads, Wind Loads and Dead Load through Staad. Pro." International Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 8 (August 31, 2017): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25125/engineering-journal-ijoer-aug-2017-6.

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Mansour, A. E. "Extreme Loads and Load Combinations." Journal of Ship Research 39, no. 01 (March 1, 1995): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1995.39.1.53.

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A simple model for combining extreme responses of correlated load components has been developed in this paper for use in design of marine structures. The combined response has the form fc = f1 + Kf2 for a two correlated load case and fc = f1 + K2f2 + K3f3 for a three correlated load case. The load factors Ki, are determined from probabilistic analysis of the combined response of a multiple component system subjected to common input (waves). Application examples are given and modeling errors are discussed. The model is suitable for use in the usual deterministic design analysis or probabilistic and reliability design procedures. This is the first of a three-paper series on this subject.
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Enciu, K., and A. Rosen. "Aerodynamic modelling of fin stabilised underslung loads." Aeronautical Journal 119, no. 1219 (September 2015): 1073–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000011143.

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AbstractBox-like slung loads exhibit periodic yaw response instabilities, while carried externally by a helicopter. When coupled with the slung load longitudinal and lateral pendulum motions, these instabilities result in significant pendulum oscillations of the load. High amplitude oscillations lead in many cases to the limiting of a load’s flight envelope. Using wind tunnel and flight tests, rear mounted fins were previously demonstrated as efficient means for stabilisation of a problematic load. However, the lack of a proper analytical model of the stabilised load’s aerodynamic characteristics, led to a trial and error development process, without an appropriate physical understanding of the stabilisation problem. The present paper describes a method for the aerodynamic modeling of fins stabilised slung loads based on a limited number of simple static wind-tunnel tests. The resulting database is incorporated in a dynamical slung load simulation that shows good agreement with dynamic wind-tunnel tests. The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated, by the calculation of stabilised loads aerodynamic databases for interim fin inclination angles not covered by tests.
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Bjork, C. O., and B. G. Karlsson. "Load Management Applications for Industrial Loads." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-5, no. 8 (August 1985): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1985.5526380.

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Bjork, C., and B. Karlsson. "Load Management Applications for Industrial Loads." IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-104, no. 8 (August 1985): 2058–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpas.1985.318781.

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SOLJAN, Zbigniew. "Part 1: Decomposition of the Load’s Current in Three-phase Four-wire Systems Supplied with Asymmetrical Sinusoidal Voltage Following Currents’ Physical Components Theory." AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 11 (September 30, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17274/aez.2020.41.03.

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Electricity receivers in low-voltage networks are mainly single-phase loads, which, when grouped within a given consumer, create a three-phase load. Such a replacement three-phase load works in a four-wire system. Besides, under real conditions, the supply voltage has some amplitude and phase asymmetry. Voltage unbalances, load's imbalances are issues that not simultaneously included in the power equation in four-wire systems. This article eliminates the limitations of electrical engineering in this area by deriving the power equation for three-phase loads supplied with unbalanced voltage.
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Airoboman, Abel, and T. M. Tyo. "Power Loss Determination, Assessment and Enhancement of the Nigerian Power System Network." Journal of Advances in Science and Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 15, 2018): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/jase.v1i2.22.

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For sustainability to be recorded in the Nigeria power sector (NPS), there must be a well-integrated system that is not easily prone to failure and is readily available when called into action. The NPS has overtime suffered from degraded infrastructure, policy paralysis to mention but few. However, if the needful is done with respect to identifying weak links in the network and a corresponding fast action in clearing failures along the line(s) then, some remarkable achievements could be recorded. This paper, therefore, carried out power flow analysis using the Newton Raphson Algorithm on the Electrical Transient Analyser Program (ETAP) version 12.6 on the NPS network using Maryland transmission station (MTS), Lagos, Nigeria as a case study. The choice of the location was as a result of the sensitivity of Lagos State in the economic activities of Nigeria. Results from the load flow indicated several voltage violations at load1 bus, load3 bus and load5 bus with magnitudes of 94.51, 94.91 and 94.79 % respectively. Consequently, transformers designated as T2A and T3A were said to have the highest and lowest branch losses of 150.0kW and 18.2kW respectively. Compensation of the losses along the line was carried out using optimal capacitor placement (OCP) subjected to constraints on the ETAP environment. The results from the OCP showed that it optimally sized and placed four capacitor banks on four of the candidate buses, which include load1 bus, load2 bus, load3 bus and load5 bus. An improvement of 2.26%, 1.12%, 1.93%, 1.12% and 2.006% were recorded for load1 bus, load2 bus, load3 bus, load4 bus and load5 bus respectively.
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Poutanen, Tuomo Tapani, Sampsa Pursiainen, Jari Mäkinen, and Tim Länsivaara. "Load combination of permanent and variable loads." Rakenteiden Mekaniikka 51, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23998/rm.65175.

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This paper concentrates on the combination of permanent and variable loads in the structural probability theory and its implementation in codes. In the current codes, the permanent and variable loads are sometimes combined independently, and sometimes they are combined dependently. We propose that, for the safest outcome in the standardized load estimation, the actual permanent and variable loads should be combined dependently without any load reduction. The load reduction arising from the independent combination leads to an unsafe design. For example, when the permanent and variable loads are both equal to 1, the combination load is 2 if the dependent combination is applied. However, the value predicted by the model for independent load combination is only ca 1.8. Although the load formation processes are independent, the dependent combination is applied since the load formation and the load combination are different processes. To support our view, we present arguments and examples based on probability theory, physics and statics and relate them with the current codes.
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Bloch-Salisbury, E., and A. Harver. "Effects of detection and classification of resistive and elastic loads on endogenous event-related potentials." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 1246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1246.

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Resistive and elastic loads added to inspiration are readily detected, and detection latencies vary as a function of load magnitude and load type. In the present study, we recorded endogenous event-related potentials (i.e., N2 and P3) to the detection and classification of large (15.0 cmH2O.1–1.s and 70.0 cmH2O/l) and small (1.45 cmH2O.1–1.s and 19.0 cmH2O/l) loads equated for subjective magnitude in 14 men (mean age 21.14 yr). In blocks of trials comprised of either large or small loads, subjects made a button-press response upon detecting a load and then classified the load as resistive or elastic. Loads were presented briefly (for approximately 200 ms) early in inspiration and at the same level of inspiratory pressure. For loads of comparable magnitude, subjects detected equivalent numbers of resistive and elastic loads but could not discriminate reliably between load types. On the other hand, the latency of N2 was shorter to larger than to smaller loads, to resistive than to elastic loads, and to correct than to incorrect load classifications. The latency of P3 was affected similarly by load magnitude and load type. These findings demonstrate that event-related potentials are elicited by brief presentations of resistive and elastic loads and that N2 and P3 latencies vary reliably as a function of load magnitude and load type. Most importantly, event-related potential latencies are sensitive to load type and to classification accuracy even when resistive and elastic loads are not distinguishable subjectively.
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Bartlett, F. M., H. P. Hong, and W. Zhou. "Load factor calibration for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada: Statistics of loads and load effects." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-087.

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The 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) will adopt a companion-action format for load combinations and specify wind and snow loads based on their 50 year return period values. This paper summarizes statistics for dead load, live load due to use and occupancy, snow load, and wind load that have been adopted for calibration, and a companion paper presents the calibration itself. A new survey of typical construction tolerances indicates that statistics for dead load widely adopted for building code calibration are adequate unless the dead load is dominated by thin, cast-in-place concrete toppings. Unique statistics for live load due to use and occupancy are derived that pertain specifically to the live load reduction factor equation used in the NBCC. Statistics for snow and wind loads are normalized using the 50 year values that will be specified in the 2005 NBCC. New statistics are determined for the factors that transform wind speeds and ground snow depths into wind and snow loads on structures.Key words: buildings, code calibration, companion action, dead loads, live loads, load combinations, load factors, reliability, safety, snow loads, wind loads.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Loads"

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Browning, Stephen E. "Computer Program for the Analysis of Loads on Buildings Using the ASCE 7-93 Standard Minimum Design Loads on Buildings and Other Structures." Master's thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37170.

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A computer program for the analysis of loads on buildings is developed. The program determines wind loads, earthquake loads, and snow loads according to the ASCE 7-93 Standard Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-93). The program is developed using the object-oriented programming methodology and runs on the Microsoft Windows 95 graphical environment. It is a valuable and useful tool for determining loads on buildings.
Master of Engineering
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Bisha, James Victor. "The Effect of Load Stabilizer Selection on Load Shift Within Unit Loads." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33035.

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Research on unit load stability aids manufacturing facilities in selecting the most efficient load stabilizer when shipping their products to market. This studyâ s objective was to compare the performance a variety of different commonly used load stabilizers to stretch hooding. Stretch hooding is a method of load stabilization in which a tubular film is heat sealed at the top, stretched by four mechanical arms to a desired width, pulled down over the unit load. The film is slowly released as the arms descend, and is released under the pallet. 400ga stretch hooding, 80ga and 63ga stretch wrap and strapping were tested. Twenty unit loads for both vibration and impact testing were used, with 5 replications per load stabilizer. Container displacement and pallet-container displacement were measured, and the number of tares in the load stabilizer film, on the corners of the test units, after testing, was noted. Container displacement was significantly greater during impact testing than in vibration testing. Strapping was the most effective stabilizer during vibration testing because of its ability to restrict vertical displacement. The stretch hooding was the most effective stabilizer during impact testing because of its ability to restrict horizontal displacement.
Master of Science
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Hajigholi, Pedram. "Optimal block loads of dynamic load history for fatigue durability testing." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67746.

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During a vehicle’s life it is experiencing complex loading from both driving and road conditions. This accumulating of loading might be damaging to the vehicle, leading to possible material fatigue cracking, hence it is a major importance to take it into account. During the design phase the vehicle will be tested on a rig to check the durability and fatigue life. This is done on the system as a whole or at component level. But as it is difficult to reproduce the actual complex loading, a much simpler loading sequence is applied on the component(s) during these tests. The purpose of this master thesis is to use an optimization software called HEEDS, which is based on a mathematical model that is applied in the software, to identify a possible multi-level block sequence which would generate the same fatigue damage as the reference complex loading sequence. This work is fully performed in calculation software, without using actual physical testing. The selected component is a front suspension low control arm (LCA) for which life is checked at various locations. The objective is to have the relative error identified as a relative ratio.
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Zhou, Xiao Yi. "Statistical analysis of traffic loads and traffic load effects on bridges." Phd thesis, UNIVERSITE PARIS-EST, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949929.

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Une grande majorité (85%) des ponts français a une portée inférieure à 50 m. Pour ce type d’ouvrage d’art, la charge de trafic peut être déterminante pour la conception et le recalcul. Or, en Europe, le fret routier a augmenté de 36.2% entre 1995 et 2010, et la croissance annuelle du volume transporté par la route a été évaluée à 1.7% entre 2005 et 2030. Il est donc essentiel de s’assurer que les infrastructures européennes sont en mesure de répondre à cette demande croissante en capacité structurelle des ouvrages. Pour les ouvrages neufs, les modèles de trafic dans les normes ou les législations pour la conception des ponts incluent une marge de sécurité suffisante pour que la croissance du trafic soit prise en compte sans dommage par ces ouvrages. Mais pour les ouvrages existants, la résistance structurelle aux trafics actuels et futur est à vérifier et une priorisation des mesures doit être faite pour assurer leur intégrité structurelle et leur sécurité. De plus, afin de préserver leur infrastructure tout en ne menaçant pas leur compétitivité nationale, certains pays réfléchissent à l’introduction de poids lourds plus longs, plus lourds, ce qui permet de réduire le nombre de véhicules pour un volume ou un tonnage donné, ainsi que d’autres coûts (d’essence, de travail, ..), ce qui justifie encore plus les calculs effectués. Pour répondre à ce genre de problématique, différentes méthodes d’extrapolation ont déjà été utilisées pour modéliser les effets extrêmes du trafic, afin de déterminer les effets caractéristiques pour de grandes périodes de retour. Parmi celles-ci nous pouvons citer l’adaptation d’une gaussienne ou d’une loi de Gumbel sur la queue de distribution empirique, la formule de Rice appliquée à l’histogramme des dépassements de niveaux, la méthode des maxima par blocs ou celle des dépassements de seuils élevés. Les fondements et les utilisations faites de ces méthodes pour modéliser les effets extrêmes du trafic sur les ouvrages sont donnés dans un premier chapitre. De plus, une comparaison quantitative entre ces méthodes est réalisée. Deux études sont présentées, l’une basée sur un échantillon numérique et l’autre sur un échantillon réaliste d’effets du trafic. L’erreur induite par ces méthodes est évaluée à l’aide d’indicatifs statistiques simples, comme l’écart-type et les moindres carrés, évalués sur les valeurs caractéristiques et les probabilités de rupture. Nos conclusions sont, qu’en général, les méthodes sont moins précises lorsqu’il s’agit de déterminer des probabilités de rupture que lorsqu’elles cherchent des valeurs caractéristiques. Mais la raison peut en être les faibles probabilités recherchées (10-6 par an). De plus, bien qu’aucune méthode n’ait réalisée des extrapolations de manière correcte, les meilleures sont celles qui s’intéressent aux queues de probabilités, et en particulier des dépassements au-dessus d’un seuil élevé. Ainsi une étude de cette dernière méthode est réalisée : en effet, cette méthode, nommé "dépassements d’un seuil élevé", considère que les valeurs au-dessus d’un seuil correctement choisi, assez élevé, suit une distribution de Pareto généralisée (GPD). Cette méthode est utilisée de manière intensive dans les domaines de l’hydrologie et la finance, mais non encore appliquée dans le domaine des effets du trafic sur les ouvrages. Beaucoup de facteurs influencent le résultat lorsqu’on applique cette méthode, comme la quantité et la qualité des données à notre disposition, les critères utilisés pour déterminer les pics indépendants, l’estimation des paramètres et le choix du seuil. C’est pour cette raison qu’une étude et une comparaison des différentes méthodes d’estimation des paramètres de la distribution GPD sont effectuées : les conditions, hypothèses, avantages et inconvénients des différentes méthodes sont listés. Différentes méthodes sont ainsi étudiées, telles la méthode des moments (MM), la méthode des moments à poids (PWM), le maximum de vraisemblance (ML), le maximum de vraisemblance pénalisé (PML), le minimum de la densité de la divergence (MDPD), la méthode des fractiles empiriques (EPM), la statistique du maximum d’adaptation et la vraisemblance des moments (LM). Pour comparer ces méthodes, des échantillons numériques, des effets de trafic simulés par Monte Carlo et des effets mesurés sur un ouvrage réel sont utilisés. Comme prévu, les méthodes ont des performances différentes selon l’échantillon considéré. Néanmoins, pour des échantillons purement numériques, MM et PWM sont recommandées pour des distributions à paramètre de forme négatif et des échantillons de petite taille (moins de 200 valeurs). ML est conseillé pour des distributions à paramètre de forme positif. Pour des effets du trafic simulés, ML et PML donne des valeurs de retour plus correctes lorsque le nombre de valeurs au-dessus du seuil est supérieur à 100 ; dans le cas contraire, MM et PWM sont conseillés. De plus, comme c’est prouvé dans l’étude de valeurs réelles mesurées, les valeurs a priori aberrantes ("outliers") ont une influence notable sur le résultat et toutes les méthodes sont moins performantes. Comme cela a été montré dans la littérature, ces "outliers" proviennent souvent du mélange de deux distributions, qui peuvent être deux sous-populations. Dans le cas de l’effet du trafic sur les ouvrages, cela peut être la raison d’une estimation des paramètres non correcte. Les articles existant sur le sujet soulignent le fait que les effets du trafic sont dus à des chargements indépendants, qui correspondant au nombre de véhicules impliqués. Ils ne suivent pas la même distribution, ce qui contredit l’hypothèse classique en théorie des valeurs extrêmes que les événements doivent être indépendants et identiquement distribués. Des méthodes permettant de prendre en compte ce point et utilisant des distributions mélangées (exponentielles ou valeurs extrêmes généralisées) ont été proposées dans la littérature pour modéliser les effets du trafic. Nous proposons une méthode similaire, que nous appelons dépassement de seuils mélangés, afin de tenir des différentes distributions sous-jacentes dans l’échantillon tout en appliquant à chacune d’entre elles la méthode des dépassements de seuil. Pour des ponts ayant des portées supérieures à 50 m, le scénario déterminant est celui de la congestion, qui n’est pas ce qui est étudié ici. De plus, le trafic n’est pas la composante déterminante pour la conception des ponts de longue portée. Mais des problèmes de fatigue peuvent apparaître dans certains ponts, tels les ponts métalliques à dalle orthotrope, où l’étude du trafic peut devenir nécessaire. Ainsi nous avons fait une étude de l’influence de la position des véhicules sur le phénomène de fatigue. Pour cela, quatre fichiers de trafic réels, mesurés en 2010 et 2011 par quatre stations de pesage différentes, ont été utilisés. Ils ont mis à jour des comportements latéraux différents d’une station à l’autre. Si nous les appliquons au viaduc de Millau, qui est un pont métallique à haubans et à dalle orthotrope, nous voyons que l’histogramme des effets et l’effet de fatigue cumulé est beaucoup affecté par le comportement latéral des véhicules. Ainsi, des études approfondies utilisant les éléments finis pour modéliser les ouvrages et des enregistrements de trafic réel, peuvent être utilisées pour pré-déterminer quels éléments, donc quelles soudures, doivent être examinés dans les ponts afin d’estimer leur santé structurelle.
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Kristensson, Jonathan. "Load Classification with Machine Learning : Classifying Loads in a Distribution Grid." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395280.

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This thesis explores the use of machine learning as a load classifier in a distribution grid based on the daily consumption behaviour of roughly 1600 loads spread throughout the areas Bromma, Hässelby and Vällingby in Stockholm, Sweden. Two common unsupervised learning methods were used for this, K-means clustering and hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC), the performance of which was analysed with different input data sets and parameters. K-means and HAC were unfortunately difficult to compare and there were also some difficulties in finding a suitable number of clusters K with the used input data. This issue was resolved by evaluating the clustering outcome with custom loss function MSE-tot that compared created clusters with subsequent assignment of new data. The loss function MSE-tot indicates that K-means is more suitable than HAC in this particular clustering setup. To investigate how the obtained clusters could be used in practice, two K-means clustering models were also used to perform some cluster-specific peak load predictions. These predictions were done using unitless load profiles created from the mean properties of each cluster and dimensioned using load specific parameters. The developed models had a mean relative error of approximately 8-19 % per load, depending on the prediction method and which of the two clustering models that was used. This result is quite promising, especially since deviations above 20 % were not uncommon in previous work. The models gave poor predictions for some clusters, however, which indicates that the models may not be suitable to use on all kinds of load data in its current form. One suggestion for how to further improve the predictions is to add more explanatory variables, for example the temperature dependence. The result of the developed models were also compared to the conventionally used Velander's formula, which makes predictions based on the loads' facility-type and annual electricity consumption. Velander's formula generally performed worse than the developed methods, only reaching a mean relative error of 40-43 % per load. One likely reason for this is that the used database had poor facility label quality, which is essential for obtaining correct constants in Velander's formula.
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Cong, Jing [Verfasser]. "Load Specification and Load Generation for Multimedia Traffic Loads in Computer Networks / Jing Cong." Aachen : Shaker, 2006. http://d-nb.info/1170529038/34.

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Dennis, Gary. "Spinal Loads in Team Lifting." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367181.

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In the first experiment, spinal loads during individual and two-person team lifting tasks were compared. Ten healthy male subjects performed symmetrical individual lifts with a box mass of 15, 20 and 25 kg and symmetrical two-person team lifts with 30, 40 and 50 kg from the floor to standing knuckle height. Results indicated that the torque and compression force experienced by the lumbar spine were approximately 20% lower during team lifts compared to the load-matched individual lifting tasks. The two main and equal contributing factors reducing spinal load during team compared to individual lifting tasks were: (i) the increased horizontal pulling force and (ii) the ability of the team to hold the load at the ends of the box, which reduced the moment arm of the load. The second experiment assessed the effect of relative team member height (matched versus unmatched) on lumbar spinal loads during two-person team lifting tasks. Twelve young healthy male subjects performed matched and unmatched team lifts with two box masses (30 and 60 kg) and three initial box heights (0, 20 and 40 cm). Matched team members had standing heights within 5%, whilst unmatched teams had an average standing height difference of 25 ± 2.5 cm. Although spinal loads were reduced for the shorter subjects and increased for the taller subjects at the end of the lift, no significant difference was found in the maximum spinal loads incurred during matched compared to unmatched lifting conditions. In the final experiment the relationship between load mass distribution and the relative spinal loads incurred by each of the individual team members during two-person team lifting tasks was examined. Two-person lifting teams were required to lift a box containing a mass of 30 kg or 60 kg from the floor to standing knuckle height. Adjusting the position of the centre of mass within the box by ± 15 cm and ± 7.5 cm relative to the evenly distributed position (0 cm) yielded three load mass distribution ratios (69:31, 59:41 and 50:50), which represented the percentage of the total mass lifted by each team member. Although the spinal load incurred by the team member lifting at the heavier end of the load was greater than for the person at the lighter end of the load, the difference between the spinal loads incurred by each team member was not as great as the difference in the asymmetric distribution of the load mass. Subsequent investigation of the factors influencing spinal load indicated that the spinal loads experienced by the team member at the heavier end of the load was less than expected because they generated a larger horizontal pulling force than their lifting partner. Consequently, during the lift the load translated toward the team member at the heavier end of the load, which combined with the larger horizontal pulling force reduced the extensor torque required at the lumbar spine. Overall, results from this study have demonstrated that: (i) the lifting strategy used by two-person teams is distinguished from individual lifts by a greater use of horizontal pulling forces applied to the load and a decreased distance between the load and the lumbar spine, (ii) both the horizontal pulling force and the position of the hands on the load in team lifting have a load relieving effect on the lumbar spine and (iii) two-person team lifts performed by team members of unmatched standing height and with asymmetrical load mass appear to be coordinated in a manner that partially mitigates the increased spinal loads for the team member at increased risk of spinal injury.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science
Griffith Health
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Lindegård, Andersson Agneta. "Associations between working techniques, physical loads and psychosocial loads during VDU-work /." Stockholm : Arbetslivsinstitutet, förlagstjänst, 2004. http://ebib.arbetslivsinstitutet.se/ah/2004/ah2004_05.pdf.

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Asgarifard, Aniran. "Static Machines, Fragile Loads." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71804.

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Ramps are usually perceived as utilitarian objects emerging from standardized guidelines for architecture and landscape architecture. But closer examination reveals they can be quite beautiful and poetic. What we commonly call ramps, Galileo referred to as inclined planes, counting them as one of six classical simple machines in Le Meccaniche (On Mechanics) . Because inclined planes are actually static machines that do not require any energy to run. They do not discriminate among users. This thesis explores the work of the ramp in moving fragile loads, such as human beings.
Master of Landscape Architecture
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McColl, Chance C. "A matched-harmonic confluence approach to rotor loads prediction with comprehensive application to flight test." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45837.

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Future management of helicopter fleets will be more heavily based on individual component damage tracking and less on legacy usage monitoring (flight parameter-based) methods. This enhances health assessment capabilities by taking into account the actual loads on a component-by-component basis. However, accurate loads prediction in rotating frame components remains a challenge. Even with advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques, prediction of the unsteady aerodynamic loads acting on the rotor blades is computationally intensive and problematic in terms of accurate loads prediction across the entire flight regime of the helicopter. High-speed flight can potentially introduce both shock and near-stall effects within a given rotor rotation. Low-speed flight can include blade-vortex interaction effects, wherein flow from a given blade (vorticity loading from tip vortices) impinges upon the preceding blade, causing unsteady aerodynamic loading that is difficult to quantity and predict numerically. Vehicle maneuvering can produce significantly higher blade pitching moments than steady flight. All of these regimes combine to represent the loading history of the rotor system. Therefore, accurate loads prediction methods, in terms of matching peak-to-peak, magnitude, phase, as well as vibratory/harmonic content, are required that capture all flight regimes for all critical structural components. This research focuses on the development of a loads prediction method, known as the Load Confluence Algorithm (LCA), and its application to the analysis of a large set of flight test data from the NASA/US Army UH-60A Airloads Program. The LCA combines measured response at a prescribed set of locations with a numerical model of the rotor system. For a given flight condition (steady flight, maneuvers, etc.) the numerical simulation's predicted loads distribution is iteratively incremented (by harmonic) until convergence with measured loads is reached at the prescribed locations (control points). Predicted loads response at non-instrumented locations is shown to be improved as well, thus enhancing fatigue lifing methods for these components. The procedure specifically investigates the harmonic content of the applied loads and the improved prediction of the harmonic components. The impact of the enhanced accuracy on loads predictions on component structural fatigue is illustrated by way of an example. Results show that, for a limited sensor set (two 3-axis sensors per blade), blade loads are accurately predicted across a full range of flight regimes. Hub loads are best modeled using the pushrod as the control point. Results also show that load magnitude has a tremendous influence on damage, with a 25% over-estimation of vibratory load resulting in a damage factor of nearly 3. This research highlights the importance of accurate loads prediction for a rotorcraft life tracking program. Small inaccuracies in loads lead to dramatic errors in damage assessment.
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Books on the topic "Loads"

1

Tim, Barber, and Aperture Foundation, eds. Loads. New York: Aperture, 2008.

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Lyatkher, Victor M. Seismic Loads. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118946282.

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O'Connor, Colin. Bridge Loads. London: Taylor & Francis Group Plc, 2003.

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Forty loads. Waterville, Maine: Thorndike Press, 2014.

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Li︠a︡tkher, V. M. Seismic loads. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016.

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Bala, Sivakumar, National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., National Cooperative Highway Research Program., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials., and United States. Federal Highway Administration., eds. Legal truck loads and AASHTO legal loads for posting. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2007.

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Malkevitch, Joseph. Loads of codes. Lexington, Mass: Consortium for Mathematics and Its Applications, Inc. (COMAP), 1993.

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Smith, Michael B. Two cache architectures supporting variable alignment loads and variable length loads. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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Robert, Klopp, ed. Wind loads on roofs. Stuttgart: IRB Verlag, 1989.

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Development, North Atlantic Treaty Organization Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and. Landing gear design loads. Neuilly sur Seine, France: AGARD, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Loads"

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Millais, Malcolm. "Loads and load paths." In Building Structures, 13–35. Third edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315652139-1.

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"Loads and load effects." In The Design Life of Structures, 56–62. CRC Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203168875-13.

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"Loads and load paths." In Building Structures, 9–41. Taylor & Francis, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203362419-6.

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Lin, Weiwei, and Teruhiko Yoda. "Loads and Load Distribution." In Bridge Engineering, 71–83. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804432-2.00004-9.

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"Loads and load paths." In Building Structures, 24–52. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203005071-6.

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"Loads and load paths." In Managing the Building Design Process, 417–45. Routledge, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080461427-17.

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"Stream Loads." In Bridge Loads. Spon Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203185926.ch11.

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"Stream loads." In Bridge Loads, 267–96. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203185926-13.

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"Unbalanced Loads." In Snow Loads, 45–55. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784407257.ch06.

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"Partial Loads." In Snow Loads, 31–42. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784408575.ch05.

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Conference papers on the topic "Loads"

1

Li, Ang, Christos Masouros, Mathini Sellathurai, and Constantinos B. Papadias. "Tunable load MIMO with quantized loads." In 2017 25th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eusipco.2017.8081499.

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Indulkar, C. S., and K. Ramalingam. "Load Flow Analysis with Voltage-Sensitive Loads." In 2008 Joint International Conference on Power System Technology and IEEE Power India Conference (POWERCON). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpst.2008.4745151.

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Islam, Mafijul Md, and Per Stenstrom. "Zero loads." In the 9th workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1509084.1509087.

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Aichinger, Richard, Nelson Bingel, Gary E. Bowles, Habib J. Dagher, James W. Davidson, Fouad Fouad, Magdi Ishac, et al. "3.0 Loads." In Electrical Transmission in a New Age Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40642(253)8.

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Sakalis, Christos, Mehdi Alipour, Alberto Ros, Alexandra Jimborean, Stefanos Kaxiras, and Magnus Själander. "Ghost loads." In CF '19: Computing Frontiers Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3310273.3321558.

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Wang, Zhiqiang, Lei Guo, Kan Wu, Wenxia Liu, and Jinghong Zhou. "Minimum load-shedding calculation approach considering loads difference." In 2014 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT ASIA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-asia.2014.6873815.

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Weckx, S., J. Driesen, and R. D'hulst. "Distributed residential load control of binary behaving loads." In 2013 IEEE Grenoble PowerTech. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ptc.2013.6652422.

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Zhao, Zirui Neil, Houxiang Ji, Adam Morrison, Darko Marinov, and Josep Torrellas. "Pinned loads: taming speculative loads in secure processors." In ASPLOS '22: 27th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3503222.3507724.

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Yang, Steven S. L. "Calibration of Programmable Loads." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2017.14.

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The Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) in Hong Kong has developed a system for the calibration of programmable loads. A programmable load is commonly used to emulate DC or AC loads required to perform functional tests of batteries, photovoltaic cells, power supplies, inverters and transformers. In recent years, programmable loads have more new applications such as electric vehicle testing and regenerative energy system testing. Load regulation test, battery discharge measurement and transient tests can be automated by programmable loads, which load changes for these tests can be made without introducing significant switching transient. Programmable load settings and read back accuracy for constant current mode, constant resistance mode, constant voltage mode, constant power mode and power factor modele loads can also be tested. Details of the proposed AC and DC programmable load calibration system developed at SCL are described in the paper.
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Karkehabadi, Reza, and Ray Rhew. "Investigating and Analyzing Applied Loads Higher than Limit Loads." In 24th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-2197.

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Reports on the topic "Loads"

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Kusiak, Chris, Mark D. Bowman, and Arun Prakash. Legal and Permit Loads Evaluation for Indiana Bridges. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317267.

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According to federal law, routine commercial vehicles must adhere to certain limits on their load configuration in order to operate legally on interstate highways. However, states may allow for heavier or different load configurations provided that bridges on the state and county highway system are load rated and, if necessary, posted with vehicles that appropriately represent these loads. The state of Indiana allows several classes of vehicles to operate with loads that exceed federal limits, and, presently, several LFD design loads are used to represent these exceptions as state legal loads. This study evaluates the MBE rating loads for their ability to encompass Indiana’s exception vehicles and recommends a set of state rating loads which can replace the current state legal loads and, combined with the MBE rating loads, satisfactorily encompass the load effects due to these exceptions. Comparing moment and shear envelopes on a representative set of bridges, the MBE rating vehicles were found to be insufficient for representing Indiana’s exception vehicles. Three new rating loads are proposed which encompass the exception vehicles efficiently and represent realistic legal loads. Conversely, acceptable HS-20 rating factors are also provided as an alternative to the adoption of these new vehicles. These rating factors, all 1.0 or greater, can ensure a similar level of safety by requiring a specific amount of excess capacity for the HS-20 design load.
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Marusich, R. M. The effects of load drop, uniform load and concentrated loads on waste tanks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/330744.

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Marusich, R. M. ,. Westinghouse Hanford. The effects of load drop, uniform load and concentrated loads on waste tanks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/662150.

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Pratt, R. G., M. A. Williamson, E. E. Richman, and N. E. Miller. Commercial equipment loads: End-Use Load and Consumer Assessment Program (ELCAP). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6797986.

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Han, Fei, Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, Mehdi Marashi, Timothy Wells, and Mir Zaheer. Verification of Bridge Foundation Design Assumptions and Calculations. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317084.

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The Sagamore Parkway Bridge consists of twin parallel bridges over the Wabash River in Lafayette, IN. The old steel-truss eastbound bridge was demolished in November 2016 and replaced by a new seven-span concrete bridge. The new bridge consists of two end-bents (bent 1 and bent 8) and six interior piers (pier 2 to pier 7) that are founded on closed-ended and open-ended driven pipe piles, respectively. During bridge construction, one of the bridge piers (pier 7) and its foundation elements were selected for instrumentation for monitoring the long-term response of the bridge to dead and live loads. The main goals of the project were (1) to compare the design bridge loads (dead and live loads) with the actual measured loads and (2) to study the transfer of the superstructure loads to the foundation and the load distribution among the piles in the group. This report presents in detail the site investigation data, the instrumentation schemes used for load and settlement measurements, and the response of the bridge pier and its foundation to dead and live loads at different stages during and after bridge construction. The measurement results include the load-settlement curves of the bridge pier and the piles supporting it, the load transferred from the bridge pier to its foundation, the bearing capacity of the pile cap, the load eccentricity, and the distribution of loads within the pier’s cross section and among the individual piles in the group. The measured dead and live loads are compared with those estimated in bridge design.
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Sharp, Jeremy A., Duncan B. Bryant, and Gaurav Savant. Low-Sill Control Structure Gate Load Study. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44340.

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The effort performed here describes the process to determine the gate lifting loads at the Low-Sill Control Structure. To measure the gate loads, a 1:55 Froude-scaled model of the Low-Sill Control Structure was tested. Load cells were placed on 3 of the 11 gates. Tests evaluated the gate loads for various hydraulic heads across the structure. A total of 109 tests were conducted for 14 flows with each flow having two gate settings provided by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District. The load data illustrated the potential for higher gate lifting loads (GLL) to occur at the mid-range gate opening (Go) for Gates 3 and 6. While for Gate 10, the highest GLL (452 kips, maximum load in testing) was at a Go = 4.2 ft. Conversely, for the low-flow bays, the highest load occurred at Go = 24.86 ft.
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Kirby, B. J. Spinning Reserve From Responsive Loads. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885551.

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Frenze, David, Steve Greenberg, Paul Mathew, Dale Sartor, and William Starr. Right-Sizing Laboratory Equipment Loads. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922847.

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Hill, Alan S. SPEAR 2 RF SYSTEM LOADS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/800032.

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Wagenblast, G. R. ,. Westinghouse Hanford. Structural assessment of accident loads. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/662006.

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