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Journal articles on the topic 'Loading rate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Wu, W., J. C. Li, and J. Zhao. "Loading Rate Dependency of Dynamic Responses of Rock Joints at Low Loading Rate." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 45, no. 3 (December 7, 2011): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0212-z.

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2

Farr, John V. "One‐Dimensional Loading‐Rate Effects." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 116, no. 1 (January 1990): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1990)116:1(119).

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3

Rossi, Pierre. "Influence of the Loading Rate on the Cracking Process of Concrete in Quasi-Static Loading Domain." CivilEng 4, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010001.

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This study presents analysis of two types of experimental test related to the crack propagation in concrete specimens subjected to high-sustained loading levels and quasi-static loadings. The concept of the equivalent crack length is introduced to perform this analysis. Even though this analysis is partial, it shows the influence of loading rate conditions on the crack process rate. This result shows that, in the domains of low and very low loading rates, the concrete mechanical characteristics linked to the cracking process (for example, tensile strength, post-cracking behaviour, etc.) are dependent on the loading rates applied to the specimens for determining them.

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4

Chernozub, A. A. "HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN UNTRAINED YOUNG MEN UNDER DIFFERENT POWER LOADING MODES." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 69, no. 1-2 (August 20, 2015): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v69.i1-2.942.

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Aim: to study features of variability of a rhythm of heart at unexercised young men under the influence of power loadings in the conditions of application of certain training modes in the course of long occupations by athleticism. Patients and methods: 40 young men participated in inspections at the age of 19–20 years, not having contraindications for occupations with burdenings. Research of indicators of training loading of both groups used by representatives in the course of occupations conducted a method of definition of an index of training loading in athleticism. For determination of values of indicators of the statistical and spectral analysis of a rhythm of heart the Polar RS800CX cardiomonitor was used. Control of studied indicators at rest and after power loading carried out for 3 months of occupations by athleticism with an interval in 1 month. Results: use in the course of occupations by athleticism of power loadings with large volume of work and low intensity considerably increases activity of the central mechanisms of neurohumoral regulation of a rhythm of heart due to decrease in parasympathetic activation of autonomous nervous system on sinusovy knot of heart, than loading of high intensity with a small volume of work. Conclusions: the result of long-term adaptation to occupations by athleticism, in the conditions of different modes of loading, is characterized by existence of an ekonomization of functioning of cardiovascular system of the unexercised contingent.

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5

OKUBO, Seisuke, Katsunori FUKUI, and Qingxin QI. "Loading-Rate Dependency of Coal Strength." Shigen-to-Sozai 118, no. 1 (2002): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.118.23.

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6

Vaid, Yoginder P. "Constant Rate of Loading Nonlinear Consolidation." Soils and Foundations 25, no. 1 (March 1985): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.25.105.

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7

Szarko, M., and J. E. A. Bertram. "Loading rate sensivity of articular cartilage." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)84951-1.

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8

Chen, Tianyu, Christopher M. Harvey, Simon Wang, and Vadim V. Silberschmidt. "Delamination propagation under high loading rate." Composite Structures 253 (December 2020): 112734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112734.

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9

Kobayashi, A., S. Hashimoto, Li-lih Wang, and M. Toba. "HIGH STRAIN RATE LOADING OF ZIRCALOY." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 46, no. C5 (August 1985): C5–511—C5–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1985565.

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10

Banthia, N., and S. T. Islam. "Loading Rate Concerns in ASTM C1609." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 41, no. 6 (August 27, 2013): 20120192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20120192.

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11

Spirikhin, I. P. "Reaction of materials to loading rate." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 39, no. 2 (February 1997): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02467668.

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12

Mayer, Uwe. "Comparison between Loading Rate and Local Stress Rate When Applying ASTM E1921 at Elevated Loading Rates." Materials Performance and Characterization 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 20190199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc20190199.

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13

Cui, Kai, Bin Hu, and Jing Li. "A Statistic Damage Model of Rocks considering the Effect of Loading Rate." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (February 9, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9124208.

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This paper develops a new statistic damage model for rock to mainly study the effect of a loading rate on its mechanical behaviours. The proposed model adopts a new loading rate-dependent damage density function and is capable of describing the macroscopic damage accumulation process for rock samples subjected to external high-speed dynamic loadings. The proposed model can also account for the residual strength of rocks by introducing a modified equivalent strain principle, which considers the contribution of the friction force to the strength of rocks. The friction force is generated by the movements of the nearby microcracks. The predicted stress-strain curves by the proposed model agree with the measured data of salty rock under the conditions of various confining pressures and loading rates. It can be found that both the peak strength and the corresponding axial strain are increased at high-speed loading conditions. At the same time, a transition from ductile failure to brittle failure can be observed in rock samples.

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14

Li, Min, and Hong Nan Li. "Effects of Strain Rate on Reinforced Concrete Beam." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4033.

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The strain-rate effects of reinforced concrete beams are studied in this paper. Considering the strain-rate effects of structural material, dynamic responses of reinforced concrete beams subjected to monotonic loading and cyclic loading at different loading rates that might be experienced during earthquakes are simulated using the nonlinear finite element program ABAQUS. The influences of loading rate on loading capability and failure mode of reinforced concrete beams are investigated. The results show that as the loading rate increases, the loading capability increases, the increment is associated with the shear span ratio and loading mode. The increment at cyclic loading is smaller than that at monotonic loading; as the shear span ratio changes, the failure mode changes, the increment changes; the failure mode has nothing to do with the loading rate.

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15

Zhang, Cheng, and Lin Xiang Wang. "Modeling the Loading-Rate Dependency of the Hysteretic Dynamics of Magnetorheological Dampers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.807.

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The loading rate dependency of the hysteretic dynamics of Magnetorheological (MR) dampers is investigated in the current paper. The model is constructed on the basis of a phenomenological phase-transition theory. The hysteretic dynamics is treated as the responses of a nonlinear system upon external loadings. With appropriately chosen coefficients, the proposed model is able to capture the loading-rate dependency feature of the hysteretic dynamics. Comparisons between the numerical and experimental results are presented, and perfect agreements are obtained.

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16

McCarron, W. O., J. C. Lawrence, R. J. Werner, J. T. Germaine, and D. F. Cauble. "Cyclic direct simple shear testing of a Beaufort Sea clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 584–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-061.

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Results are presented for undrained direct simple shear tests on a Beaufort Sea cohesive soil. Monotonic and one-way cyclic loading response characteristics are identified for a number of loading scenarios. The critical level of repeated loadings (CLRL) is determined for two overconsolidation ratios from tests having 30 000 cycles of loading. Postcyclic strength tests indicate that one-way cyclic loadings not causing failure have a strain-hardening effect on the material. High strain-rate testing is found to increase soil strength by as much as 40% compared with typical testing strain rates. Key words : strength, cyclic testing, clay, simple shear, strain rate.

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17

Ananoria, A., and Bryan B. Pajarito. "Effect of Ingredient Loading on Water Transport Properties of a Vulcanized Natural Rubber Compound." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.55.

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Water transport properties of a vulcanized natural rubber compound are studied as function of ingredient loading using gravimetric method at 800C. Rubber sheets are compounded according to a fractional factorial design of experiment, where ingredients are treated as factors varied at two levels of loading. Weight change during immersion in water is monitored. The maximum uptakes are determined from the sorption curves which showed two distinct slopes of which two uptake rates are estimated. Analysis of variance shows that high loadings of sulfur, asphalt, and used oil significantly increase the maximum uptake and first uptake rate while only sulfur and asphalt significantly increase the second uptake rate. On the other hand, high loadings of reclaimed rubber, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) significantly decrease the maximum amount of water uptake. Similarly, high loading of mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS) significantly decrease the initial uptake rate while high loadings of reclaimed rubber, CaCO3, kaolin clay, and MBT decrease the final uptake rate of rubber compounds.

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18

Major, Zoltan, and Martin Reiter. "Characterization of the Loading Rate Dependent Fracture Behavior over a Wide Loading Rate Range Using Charpy Specimens." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.286.

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The fracture behavior of engineering polymers is usually characterized at high loading rates using Charpy specimens. However, due to the presence of dynamic effects the conventional force based analysis for determining fracture toughness values is applicable only up to 1 m/s using tree point bending test configurations. This difficulty can be overcome in principle, by applying dynamic analysis methods (e.g. dynamic key curve (DKC) analysis) or by applying tensile loading fracture configurations. The applicability of pre-cracked Charpy specimens for determining fracture toughness values for polymeric materials over a wide loading rate range is investigated in this study.

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19

Kim, Kunhwi, John E. Bolander, and Yun Mook Lim. "Rigid-Body-Spring Network with Visco-Plastic Damage Model for Simulating Rate Dependent Fracture of RC Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (July 2011): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.259.

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The mechanical properties of concrete materials vary with the loading rate underdynamic conditions, which can inﬂuence the dynamic fracture behavior of structures. The ratedependency is reported as due to the microscopic mechanisms, such as a material inertia eﬀectand the Stefan eﬀect. In this study, the rigid-body-spring network (RBSN) is employed forthe fracture analysis, and the visco-plastic damage model is implemented to represent the rateeﬀect in this macroscopic simulation framework. The parameters in the Perzyna type visco-plastic formulation are adjusted through the direct tensile test with various loading rates asa preliminary calibration. As the loading rate increases, the strength increase is presented interms of the dynamic increase factor (DIF), and compared with the experimental and empiricalresults. Next, the ﬂexural beam test is conducted for plain and reinforced concrete beams underslow and impact rates of loading. At the failure stage, diﬀerent crack patterns are observeddepending on the loading rate. The impact loading induces the failure to be more localizedon the compressive zone of the beam, which is due to rather the rate dependent materialfeatures. In structural aspects, the reinforcement exerts stronger eﬀects on reducing crack widthand improving ductility at the slow loading rate. The ductility is also evaluated through thecomparison of load-deformation curves until the ﬁnal rupture of the beams. This study canprovide understandings of the structural rate dependent behavior and the reinforcing eﬀectunder dynamic loadings.

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20

Omar, Mohd Firdaus, Haliza Jaya, Hazizan Md Akil, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, and N. Z. Noriman. "Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)/Sawdust Composites under Wide Range of Strain Rate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.83.

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An experimental approach based on the conventional universal testing machine (UTM) was employed to perform low strain rate loading (0.001/s, 0.01/s and 0.1/s) in this research, to examine the reliance of natural filler contents towards HDPE/sawdust composites. By following to the low strain rate loading, static compression properties of HDPE/sawdust composites with varies filler contents of 5 wt% SD, 10 wt% SD, 15 wt% SD, 20 wt% SD and 30 wt: % SD were successfully studied. The results show that the yields stress, ultimate compression strength and the rigidity properties of HDPE/sawdust composites were sturdily affected by both filler contents and strain rate loadings. Moreover, for the post damage analysis, the results clearly show that different static loading employed to the specimens gives significant effects towards deformation behavior of HDPE/sawdust composites. The increasing of static loading employed caused the specimens to experience severe deformation.

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21

Shing, Pui‐Shumi B., and Stephen A. Mahin. "Rate‐of‐Loading Effects on Pseudodynamic Tests." Journal of Structural Engineering 114, no. 11 (November 1988): 2403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1988)114:11(2403).

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22

Yang, Xiuxuan, and Bi Zhang. "Material embrittlement in high strain-rate loading." International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 1, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 022003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ab263f.

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23

Saur, Joachim, Darrell F. Strobel, Fritz M. Neubauer, and Michael E. Summers. "The ion mass loading rate at Io." Icarus 163, no. 2 (June 2003): 456–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00085-x.

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24

Bažant, Zdeněk P., Bai Shang-Ping, and Gettu Ravindra. "Fracture of rock: Effect of loading rate." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 45, no. 3 (June 1993): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(93)90024-m.

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25

Zhang, Z. X., S. Q. Kou, J. Yu, Y. Yu, L. G. Jiang, and P. A. Lindqvist. "Effects of loading rate on rock fracture." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36, no. 5 (July 1999): 597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0148-9062(99)00031-5.

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26

Abolins, V., K. Nesenbergs, and E. Bernans. "Reliability of Loading Rate in Gait Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 575 (August 13, 2019): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/575/1/012002.

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27

Tandon, S., and K. T. Faber. "On loading rate effects in toughening processes." Scripta Materialia 34, no. 5 (March 1996): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-6462(95)00586-2.

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28

Watson-Craik, Irene A., and Eric Senior. "Landfill co-disposal: Hydraulic loading rate considerations." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 45, no. 3 (April 24, 2007): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280450305.

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29

Koloor, S. S. R., Behzad Abdi, M. R. Abdullah, Ayob Amran, and Mohd Yazid Bin Yahya. "Effect of Strain Rate Upsetting Process on Mechanical Behaviour of Epoxy Polymer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.303.

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The advantages of polymer materials such as high strength and stiffness to weight ratio, corrosion resistance and manufacturing flexibility have increased the industry demands to utilize them in high performance applications. Designing polymer structures depends on a high understanding of their hyper-elastic behaviour, therefore investigating the mechanical behaviour of polymers is necessary. In this paper, the nonlinear behaviour of epoxy polymer is examined under upsetting test. The main aim of the study is to analyse the effect of strain rate on the mechanical behaviour of epoxy polymer. The cylindrical polymer epoxy specimen, 20mm in length and in diameter, was manufactured. The upsetting tests provided quasi-static compressive loads which were adjusted in the loading rates of 0.1, 1, 50, 100, 200 and 500 mm/min. The loadings were continued until complete fracture was observed. Each loading rate was repeated for at least 3 specimens to ensure a reasonably good statistical sampling. The average data of each test is used to produce the load-displacement graphs of the specimens, from which stress-strain curves are extracted to show the behaviour of epoxy polymer. The results show a 37% increase of yield stresses when the loading rate is increased from 0.1 to 500 mm/min and the yield strains increase by 26%. The stress-strain curves are nonlinear where the slope increases when the loading rate is raised from 0.1 to 100 mm/min but then decreases when the rate is further raised from 100 to 500 mm/min. The maximum load that can be sustained is increased with loading rate. This can be due to the microstructure deformation response of epoxy polymer. This polymer is categorised as large-strain material by showing exhibiting large deformations under different rates of compression loading.

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30

Kožar, Ivica, Joško Ožbolt, and Tatjana Pecak. "Load-Rate Sensitivity in 1D Non-Linear Viscoelastic Model." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.731.

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Load-rate sensitivity of material is important in impact and other dynamic loadings. It is assumed that the strain-rate sensitivity is not a material property but comes out naturally from dynamic equilibrium equations. Material is assumed non-linear, similar as used in the microplane model for quasi-brittle materials, and viscoelastic arranged into Kelvin scheme. The scheme is the simplest possible and consists of two Kelvin bars in series with an optional mass between them (Maxwell bars are considered in our previous paper). Loading is uniaxial tension with changing intensity in time, asymptotic or harmonic. The resulting differential equation (equations when a mass is present) is non-linear and stiff. Equations have been solved numerically using adaptive and Radau integration. For equal parameters nonsymmetrical (together with symmetrical) results could be obtained, meaning localization is possible without the localization initiator. System response is strongly influenced with the presence of a mass. Phase diagram show that some combination of parameters and loading demonstrate chaotic behavior.

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31

Zulkifli, Muhammd Nubli, Azman Jalar, and Shahrum Abdullah. "Effect of Nanoindentation Loading Rate on Gold Ball Bond." Materials Science Forum 756 (May 2013): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.756.151.

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Nanoindentation tests with loading rates of 0.05 mN/s, 0.1 mN/s, 0.5 mN/s, and 1.0 mN/s were conducted on the Au ball bond. The effect of different loading on the Au ball bond were analysed based on qualitative and quantitative results. The displacement burst was more pronounced with the increment of loading rates. The increase of hardness value and the decrease of the reduced modulus value when the loading rate was increased are due to the effect of creep. It was found that the loading rate of 0.5 mN/s is the appropriate and stable value for the nanoindentation test on the Au ball bond.

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32

Xie, Qin, Sheng-xiang Li, Xi-ling Liu, Feng-qiang Gong, and Xi-bing Li. "Effect of loading rate on fracture behaviors of shale under mode I loading." Journal of Central South University 27, no. 10 (October 2020): 3118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-020-4533-5.

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33

Wang, Shau-Chew, and Eberhard A. Meinecke. "Buckling of Viscoelastic Columns. Part II: Constant Deformation Rate Buckling." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536057.

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Abstract The buckling of viscoelastic columns has been considered from both a theoretical and an experimental perspective. The fact that buckling occurs at relatively low strain where the SBR is nearly linearly viscoelastic allowed several simplifications in the theoretical development, leading to closed form predictions of the loading and unloading curves. This treatment neglects gravitational effects and carbon secondary structure effects and fits the experimental data best at HAF loadings around 30 phr. At lower carbon black loadings, the gravitational effects caused the experimental Euler load to be less than predicted from linear viscoelasticity theory, while at higher carbon black loadings, the carbon black structure led to higher Euler loads than predicted.

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34

Weng, Fei, Yingying Fang, Mingfa Ren, Jing Sun, and Lina Feng. "High Strain Rate Effect on Tensile and Compressive Property of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3867.

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With high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios, Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite has been applied to the separation device of the rocket by shaped charge jet. But dynamic tensile and compressive properties of CFRP under high rate strain are still unclear. In the article, tensile testing along transverse direction are conducted. The quasi-static tests (10-3 s-1) use a universal testing machine and high dynamic loadings of 800 s-1 and 1600 s-1 tests adopt a high-speed tensile testing machine. Meanwhile, dynamic compressive tests of unidirectional and cross-ply laminated specimen under the thickness direction loading are implemented by a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) from dynamic loading 500 s-1 to 2500 s-1. Test results show that compared with static tests data, both transverse tensile modulus and strength of CFRP composites materials at dynamic loadings are sensitive to tensile tests. The compressive peak stress and stiffness of specimens also have an increasing tendency with the increases of the strain rate. Furthermore, for failure mode of tensile specimens, the crack propagation of the specimen fracture is along the interface of the fiber/matrix under all loading conditions. The failure modes of compressive specimens are different as the strain rate changes. The higher the strain rate, the more severe the crushing.

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35

Jiang, W. H., and M. Atzmon. "Rate dependence of serrated flow in a metallic glass." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 4 (April 2003): 755–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0103.

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Plastic deformation of amorphous Al90Fe5Gd5 was investigated using nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy. While serrated flow was detected only at high loading rates, shear bands were observed for all loading rates, ranging from 1 to 100 nm/s. However, the details of shear-band formation depend on the loading rate.

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36

Yan, Dong Ming, and Gao Lin. "Failure Mechanism of Concrete in Dynamic Loading." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.623.

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Understanding the dynamic behavior of concrete in rapid loading is an issue of great importance in civil engineering. In this study, an experimental program was performed to investigate the dynamic behavior of concrete subjected to different strain-rate loadings. From the test results the rate-dependent effect on the ultimate strength of concrete was confirmed, i.e., the strength increases with the increasing strain rate. The dynamic failure process of concrete in tension and physical mechanism were discussed based on the experimental observations.

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37

Tavakoli, H., S. S. Mohtasebi, and A. Jafari. "Effects of moisture content, internode position and loading rate on the bending characteristics of barley straw." Research in Agricultural Engineering 55, No. 2 (June 17, 2009): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/26/2008-rae.

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This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the effects of the moisture content, internode position, and loading rate on the bending characteristics of barley straw including bending stress and Young’s modulus. In the study, 9 treatments were performed as randomised complete block design with 5 replications. The characteristics were determined at three moisture levels: 10%, 15%, and 20% wet basis, three loading rates: 5, 10, and 15 mm/min, and free internodes: the first, second, and third internodes. The results showed that both the bending stress and Young’s modulus decreased with an increase in the moisture content and towards the third internode position. The average bending stress was obtained as 8.41 MPa varying from 6.32 to 12.41 MPa, while the average Young’s modulus was calculated as 473.88 MPa ranging from 330.94 to 618.91 MPa. As shown by the results obtained, the values of the characteristics increased with increasing loading rate.

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38

Shrivastava, Ruchir, and K. K. Singh. "Flexural response of glass/epoxy composites to thermal shocks and conditioning environment in varying loading rate." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012089.

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Abstract The structural integrity of composites faces severe challenge in the form of environmental extremes. Therefore, its performance in those cases were of great interest. In the present work, flexural strength of glass/epoxy composites were analysed in the environment of thermal shock generated by cryogenic exposure as well by thermal conditioning. Four cases were chosen, room temperature (RT), cryogenic conditioning (LN), thermal conditioning below (BG) and above glass transition temperature (AG). The exposure time for all the environments was kept constant at 24 hours. These responses are investigated with two sets of loading rates (i) 1 mm/minute and (ii) 10 mm/min. The experimental results indicate that; all three scenarios deeply impact the flexural response of the specimen. The first set experiences changes in flexural strength, strain, and chord modulus by (2.75, -8.52, 11.32), (21.36, 39.75, -6.47), (-35.8, -11.37, -22.94) % with LN, BG and AG condition respectively. Moreover, with high rate of loading these responses change by (-23.89, -28.41, -5.17), (-37.45, -43.56, -1.86), (-19.4, -27.46, 16.37) % respectively. The prolonged exposure indicates a strain hardening phenomenon in LN specimen, which improves the flexural strength with a 1 mm/min loading rate. However, this plasticization of the specimen was unable to bear the load at an elevated rate of loading, and therefore a loss in all the properties is seen with a 10 mm/min loading rate. Therefore, it is anticipated that the properties will further deteriorate with a higher rate of loadings.

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39

Atmika, I. Ketut Adi, I. Ketut Adi Atmika, Kadek Sebayuana, Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia, I. Wayan Surata, I. Putu Ari Astawa, and Anak Agung Istri Agung Sri Komaladewi. "The effect of loading rate to biogas production rate of the 500 liter anaerobic digester operated with continuous system." E3S Web of Conferences 120 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912002004.

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Conventional anaerobic digester such as fixed dome and floating drum are found having drawback in application in developing country. It was difficult in maintenance and operation. It was also difficult to relocate to the new site of waste processing. The portable anaerobic digester is prepared in this work as a solution. The capacity is about 500 liter so that suitable for home scale organic waste treatment. The material that is used for the digester was 304 stainless steel. The digester is completed wit agitator to optimize the biogas production. A slurry of cow dung (50% cow dung+ 50% water) is use to feed the digester. There are 2 variations of slurry loading rate that were investigated in this work, namely 5 liter slurry/day and 10 liter slurry/day. The biogas production rate is found about 51.7 liter biogas/day if loading with 5 liter slurry/ day. The biogas production rate is found increase significantly to become 82 liter biogas/day if loading with 10 liter slurry/day. The quality of biogas is found better with loading rate 5 liter slurry/day which has average CH4 content about 58.75% vol. comparing the one with loading rate 10liter slurry/day that have average CH4 content about 56.40% vol.

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40

Trnka, Jan, Jaroslav Buchar, Libor Severa, Šárka Nedomová, and Pavla Stoklasová. "Effect of Loading Rate on Hen’s Eggshell Mechanics." Journal of Food Research 1, no. 4 (October 26, 2012): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v1n4p96.

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<p>The study is focused on analysis of mechanical behavior of hen’s eggshell expressed in terms of average rupture force and corresponding deformation. Some other physical properties such as mass, length, diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, and volume were also evaluated. The egg samples were compressed along their <em>X </em>and <em>Z</em>-axes. Two different experimental methods were used: compression between two plates (loading rates 0.0167, 0.167, and 1.67 mm/s) and impact of a free-falling cylindrical bar (loading rates up to 17 mm/s). Surface displacement and surface velocity were measured using the laser-vibrometer. The increase in rupture force with loading rate was observed for loading in all direction (along main axes). Dependence of the rupture force on loading rate was quantified and described. The highest rupture force was obtained when the eggs were loaded along the <em>X</em>-axis. Compression along the <em>Z</em>-axis required the least compressive force to break the eggshells.</p>

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41

OKUBO, Seisuke, Katsunori FUKUI, and Xu JIANG. "Loading Rate Dependency of Young's Modulus of Rock." Shigen-to-Sozai 117, no. 1 (2001): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.117.29.

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Briaud, Jean‐Louis, and Enrique Garland. "Loading Rate Method for Pile Response in Clay." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 111, no. 3 (March 1985): 319–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1985)111:3(319).

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43

Lefebvre, Guy, and Denis LeBoeuf. "Rate Effects And Cyclic Loading of Sensitive Clays." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 113, no. 5 (May 1987): 476–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1987)113:5(476).

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Naik, N. K., Veerraju Ch, and Venkateswara Rao Kavala. "Hybrid composites under high strain rate compressive loading." Materials Science and Engineering: A 498, no. 1-2 (December 2008): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.10.124.

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45

Wijeyekoon, Suren, Takashi Mino, Hiroyasu Satoh, and Tomonori Matsuo. "Effects of substrate loading rate on biofilm structure." Water Research 38, no. 10 (May 2004): 2479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.005.

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46

Bhattacharya, Manjima, Arjun Dey, and Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay. "Influence of loading rate on nanohardness of sapphire." Ceramics International 42, no. 12 (September 2016): 13378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.05.091.

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47

Sukontasukkul, Piti, Pichai Nimityongskul, and Sidney Mindess. "Effect of loading rate on damage of concrete." Cement and Concrete Research 34, no. 11 (November 2004): 2127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.022.

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48

Hashiba, K., and K. Fukui. "Index of Loading-Rate Dependency of Rock Strength." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 48, no. 2 (May 29, 2014): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0597-6.

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Drar, H. "Fractographic aspects of blunting at high loading rate." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 53, no. 1 (January 1996): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(95)00085-a.

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Stemper, Brian D., Narayan Yoganandan, and Frank A. Pintar. "Mechanics of arterial subfailure with increasing loading rate." Journal of Biomechanics 40, no. 8 (January 2007): 1806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.07.005.

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