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Journal articles on the topic 'Loading rate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

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1

Wu, W., J. C. Li, and J. Zhao. "Loading Rate Dependency of Dynamic Responses of Rock Joints at Low Loading Rate." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 45, no. 3 (2011): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0212-z.

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2

Tafili, Merita, Alischa Albared, Luis Felipe Prada-Sarmiento, and Torsten Wichtmann. "Loading rate influence on high-cyclic loading of clays." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 173 (October 2023): 108103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2023.108103.

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3

Farr, John V. "One‐Dimensional Loading‐Rate Effects." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 116, no. 1 (1990): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1990)116:1(119).

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4

Chernozub, A. A. "HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN UNTRAINED YOUNG MEN UNDER DIFFERENT POWER LOADING MODES." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 69, no. 1-2 (2015): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v69.i1-2.942.

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Aim: to study features of variability of a rhythm of heart at unexercised young men under the influence of power loadings in the conditions of application of certain training modes in the course of long occupations by athleticism. Patients and methods: 40 young men participated in inspections at the age of 19–20 years, not having contraindications for occupations with burdenings. Research of indicators of training loading of both groups used by representatives in the course of occupations conducted a method of definition of an index of training loading in athleticism. For determination of values of indicators of the statistical and spectral analysis of a rhythm of heart the Polar RS800CX cardiomonitor was used. Control of studied indicators at rest and after power loading carried out for 3 months of occupations by athleticism with an interval in 1 month. Results: use in the course of occupations by athleticism of power loadings with large volume of work and low intensity considerably increases activity of the central mechanisms of neurohumoral regulation of a rhythm of heart due to decrease in parasympathetic activation of autonomous nervous system on sinusovy knot of heart, than loading of high intensity with a small volume of work. Conclusions: the result of long-term adaptation to occupations by athleticism, in the conditions of different modes of loading, is characterized by existence of an ekonomization of functioning of cardiovascular system of the unexercised contingent.

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5

Rossi, Pierre. "Influence of the Loading Rate on the Cracking Process of Concrete in Quasi-Static Loading Domain." CivilEng 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010001.

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This study presents analysis of two types of experimental test related to the crack propagation in concrete specimens subjected to high-sustained loading levels and quasi-static loadings. The concept of the equivalent crack length is introduced to perform this analysis. Even though this analysis is partial, it shows the influence of loading rate conditions on the crack process rate. This result shows that, in the domains of low and very low loading rates, the concrete mechanical characteristics linked to the cracking process (for example, tensile strength, post-cracking behaviour, etc.) are dependent on the loading rates applied to the specimens for determining them.

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6

McCarron, W. O., J. C. Lawrence, R. J. Werner, J. T. Germaine, and D. F. Cauble. "Cyclic direct simple shear testing of a Beaufort Sea clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 4 (1995): 584–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-061.

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Results are presented for undrained direct simple shear tests on a Beaufort Sea cohesive soil. Monotonic and one-way cyclic loading response characteristics are identified for a number of loading scenarios. The critical level of repeated loadings (CLRL) is determined for two overconsolidation ratios from tests having 30 000 cycles of loading. Postcyclic strength tests indicate that one-way cyclic loadings not causing failure have a strain-hardening effect on the material. High strain-rate testing is found to increase soil strength by as much as 40% compared with typical testing strain rates. Key words : strength, cyclic testing, clay, simple shear, strain rate.

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7

Chung, Yoo-Ri, Kyung Ho Lee, and Kihwang Lee. "Clinical Application of Intravitreal Aflibercept Injection for Diabetic Macular Edema Comparing Two Loading Regimens." Medicina 59, no. 3 (2023): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030558.

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Background and Objectives: We investigated and compared the efficacy of three and five monthly loading regimens of an intravitreal aflibercept injection (IVA) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study that included patients diagnosed with DME and treated with an either three or five monthly aflibercept loading regimen from July 2018 to March 2022. Information on clinical characteristics and changes in the central retinal thickness (CRT) were obtained from medical records. Results: In total, 44 eyes of 44 patients with DME treated with IVA were included in this study, with 30 eyes treated with 3-monthly loadings (three-loading group) and 14 eyes with 5-monthly loadings (five-loading group). The mean CRT significantly decreased from the baseline one month after loading in both the three-loading and five-loading groups (p < 0.001). Four cases were refractory to treatment in the three-loading group, while there were no cases of refractory DME in the five-loading group. The stability rate was significantly higher in the five-loading group at three months after loading (p = 0.033). Conclusions: Five-monthly loading regimens of IVA might be favorable for DME considering the rate of refractory cases, stable duration, and the importance of early responsiveness to IVA in DME.

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8

Ananoria, A., and Bryan B. Pajarito. "Effect of Ingredient Loading on Water Transport Properties of a Vulcanized Natural Rubber Compound." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.55.

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Water transport properties of a vulcanized natural rubber compound are studied as function of ingredient loading using gravimetric method at 800C. Rubber sheets are compounded according to a fractional factorial design of experiment, where ingredients are treated as factors varied at two levels of loading. Weight change during immersion in water is monitored. The maximum uptakes are determined from the sorption curves which showed two distinct slopes of which two uptake rates are estimated. Analysis of variance shows that high loadings of sulfur, asphalt, and used oil significantly increase the maximum uptake and first uptake rate while only sulfur and asphalt significantly increase the second uptake rate. On the other hand, high loadings of reclaimed rubber, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) significantly decrease the maximum amount of water uptake. Similarly, high loading of mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS) significantly decrease the initial uptake rate while high loadings of reclaimed rubber, CaCO3, kaolin clay, and MBT decrease the final uptake rate of rubber compounds.

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9

Cui, Kai, Bin Hu, and Jing Li. "A Statistic Damage Model of Rocks considering the Effect of Loading Rate." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (February 9, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9124208.

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This paper develops a new statistic damage model for rock to mainly study the effect of a loading rate on its mechanical behaviours. The proposed model adopts a new loading rate-dependent damage density function and is capable of describing the macroscopic damage accumulation process for rock samples subjected to external high-speed dynamic loadings. The proposed model can also account for the residual strength of rocks by introducing a modified equivalent strain principle, which considers the contribution of the friction force to the strength of rocks. The friction force is generated by the movements of the nearby microcracks. The predicted stress-strain curves by the proposed model agree with the measured data of salty rock under the conditions of various confining pressures and loading rates. It can be found that both the peak strength and the corresponding axial strain are increased at high-speed loading conditions. At the same time, a transition from ductile failure to brittle failure can be observed in rock samples.

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10

Li, Min, and Hong Nan Li. "Effects of Strain Rate on Reinforced Concrete Beam." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4033.

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The strain-rate effects of reinforced concrete beams are studied in this paper. Considering the strain-rate effects of structural material, dynamic responses of reinforced concrete beams subjected to monotonic loading and cyclic loading at different loading rates that might be experienced during earthquakes are simulated using the nonlinear finite element program ABAQUS. The influences of loading rate on loading capability and failure mode of reinforced concrete beams are investigated. The results show that as the loading rate increases, the loading capability increases, the increment is associated with the shear span ratio and loading mode. The increment at cyclic loading is smaller than that at monotonic loading; as the shear span ratio changes, the failure mode changes, the increment changes; the failure mode has nothing to do with the loading rate.

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11

Zhang, Cheng, and Lin Xiang Wang. "Modeling the Loading-Rate Dependency of the Hysteretic Dynamics of Magnetorheological Dampers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.807.

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The loading rate dependency of the hysteretic dynamics of Magnetorheological (MR) dampers is investigated in the current paper. The model is constructed on the basis of a phenomenological phase-transition theory. The hysteretic dynamics is treated as the responses of a nonlinear system upon external loadings. With appropriately chosen coefficients, the proposed model is able to capture the loading-rate dependency feature of the hysteretic dynamics. Comparisons between the numerical and experimental results are presented, and perfect agreements are obtained.

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12

Kim, Kunhwi, John E. Bolander, and Yun Mook Lim. "Rigid-Body-Spring Network with Visco-Plastic Damage Model for Simulating Rate Dependent Fracture of RC Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (July 2011): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.259.

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The mechanical properties of concrete materials vary with the loading rate underdynamic conditions, which can inﬂuence the dynamic fracture behavior of structures. The ratedependency is reported as due to the microscopic mechanisms, such as a material inertia eﬀectand the Stefan eﬀect. In this study, the rigid-body-spring network (RBSN) is employed forthe fracture analysis, and the visco-plastic damage model is implemented to represent the rateeﬀect in this macroscopic simulation framework. The parameters in the Perzyna type visco-plastic formulation are adjusted through the direct tensile test with various loading rates asa preliminary calibration. As the loading rate increases, the strength increase is presented interms of the dynamic increase factor (DIF), and compared with the experimental and empiricalresults. Next, the ﬂexural beam test is conducted for plain and reinforced concrete beams underslow and impact rates of loading. At the failure stage, diﬀerent crack patterns are observeddepending on the loading rate. The impact loading induces the failure to be more localizedon the compressive zone of the beam, which is due to rather the rate dependent materialfeatures. In structural aspects, the reinforcement exerts stronger eﬀects on reducing crack widthand improving ductility at the slow loading rate. The ductility is also evaluated through thecomparison of load-deformation curves until the ﬁnal rupture of the beams. This study canprovide understandings of the structural rate dependent behavior and the reinforcing eﬀectunder dynamic loadings.

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13

Omar, Mohd Firdaus, Haliza Jaya, Hazizan Md Akil, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, and N. Z. Noriman. "Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)/Sawdust Composites under Wide Range of Strain Rate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.83.

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An experimental approach based on the conventional universal testing machine (UTM) was employed to perform low strain rate loading (0.001/s, 0.01/s and 0.1/s) in this research, to examine the reliance of natural filler contents towards HDPE/sawdust composites. By following to the low strain rate loading, static compression properties of HDPE/sawdust composites with varies filler contents of 5 wt% SD, 10 wt% SD, 15 wt% SD, 20 wt% SD and 30 wt: % SD were successfully studied. The results show that the yields stress, ultimate compression strength and the rigidity properties of HDPE/sawdust composites were sturdily affected by both filler contents and strain rate loadings. Moreover, for the post damage analysis, the results clearly show that different static loading employed to the specimens gives significant effects towards deformation behavior of HDPE/sawdust composites. The increasing of static loading employed caused the specimens to experience severe deformation.

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14

OKUBO, Seisuke, Katsunori FUKUI, and Qingxin QI. "Loading-Rate Dependency of Coal Strength." Shigen-to-Sozai 118, no. 1 (2002): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.118.23.

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15

Vaid, Yoginder P. "Constant Rate of Loading Nonlinear Consolidation." Soils and Foundations 25, no. 1 (1985): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.25.105.

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16

Szarko, M., and J. E. A. Bertram. "Loading rate sensivity of articular cartilage." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)84951-1.

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17

Chen, Tianyu, Christopher M. Harvey, Simon Wang, and Vadim V. Silberschmidt. "Delamination propagation under high loading rate." Composite Structures 253 (December 2020): 112734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112734.

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18

Kobayashi, A., S. Hashimoto, Li-lih Wang, and M. Toba. "HIGH STRAIN RATE LOADING OF ZIRCALOY." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 46, no. C5 (1985): C5–511—C5–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1985565.

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19

Banthia, N., and S. T. Islam. "Loading Rate Concerns in ASTM C1609." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 41, no. 6 (2013): 20120192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20120192.

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20

Spirikhin, I. P. "Reaction of materials to loading rate." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 39, no. 2 (1997): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02467668.

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21

Mayer, Uwe. "Comparison between Loading Rate and Local Stress Rate When Applying ASTM E1921 at Elevated Loading Rates." Materials Performance and Characterization 9, no. 5 (2020): 20190199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc20190199.

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22

F A, Dakogol, Obetta S E, and Ijabo O J. "Effects of Time after Harvest and Rate of Loading on Mechanical Properties of Sweet Orange (Lemunzaki) Under Quasi-Static Loading." International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research 3, no. 8 (2015): 117–22. https://doi.org/10.70729/ijser15431.

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23

Koloor, S. S. R., Behzad Abdi, M. R. Abdullah, Ayob Amran, and Mohd Yazid Bin Yahya. "Effect of Strain Rate Upsetting Process on Mechanical Behaviour of Epoxy Polymer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.303.

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The advantages of polymer materials such as high strength and stiffness to weight ratio, corrosion resistance and manufacturing flexibility have increased the industry demands to utilize them in high performance applications. Designing polymer structures depends on a high understanding of their hyper-elastic behaviour, therefore investigating the mechanical behaviour of polymers is necessary. In this paper, the nonlinear behaviour of epoxy polymer is examined under upsetting test. The main aim of the study is to analyse the effect of strain rate on the mechanical behaviour of epoxy polymer. The cylindrical polymer epoxy specimen, 20mm in length and in diameter, was manufactured. The upsetting tests provided quasi-static compressive loads which were adjusted in the loading rates of 0.1, 1, 50, 100, 200 and 500 mm/min. The loadings were continued until complete fracture was observed. Each loading rate was repeated for at least 3 specimens to ensure a reasonably good statistical sampling. The average data of each test is used to produce the load-displacement graphs of the specimens, from which stress-strain curves are extracted to show the behaviour of epoxy polymer. The results show a 37% increase of yield stresses when the loading rate is increased from 0.1 to 500 mm/min and the yield strains increase by 26%. The stress-strain curves are nonlinear where the slope increases when the loading rate is raised from 0.1 to 100 mm/min but then decreases when the rate is further raised from 100 to 500 mm/min. The maximum load that can be sustained is increased with loading rate. This can be due to the microstructure deformation response of epoxy polymer. This polymer is categorised as large-strain material by showing exhibiting large deformations under different rates of compression loading.

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24

Major, Zoltan, and Martin Reiter. "Characterization of the Loading Rate Dependent Fracture Behavior over a Wide Loading Rate Range Using Charpy Specimens." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.286.

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The fracture behavior of engineering polymers is usually characterized at high loading rates using Charpy specimens. However, due to the presence of dynamic effects the conventional force based analysis for determining fracture toughness values is applicable only up to 1 m/s using tree point bending test configurations. This difficulty can be overcome in principle, by applying dynamic analysis methods (e.g. dynamic key curve (DKC) analysis) or by applying tensile loading fracture configurations. The applicability of pre-cracked Charpy specimens for determining fracture toughness values for polymeric materials over a wide loading rate range is investigated in this study.

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25

Kožar, Ivica, Joško Ožbolt, and Tatjana Pecak. "Load-Rate Sensitivity in 1D Non-Linear Viscoelastic Model." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.731.

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Load-rate sensitivity of material is important in impact and other dynamic loadings. It is assumed that the strain-rate sensitivity is not a material property but comes out naturally from dynamic equilibrium equations. Material is assumed non-linear, similar as used in the microplane model for quasi-brittle materials, and viscoelastic arranged into Kelvin scheme. The scheme is the simplest possible and consists of two Kelvin bars in series with an optional mass between them (Maxwell bars are considered in our previous paper). Loading is uniaxial tension with changing intensity in time, asymptotic or harmonic. The resulting differential equation (equations when a mass is present) is non-linear and stiff. Equations have been solved numerically using adaptive and Radau integration. For equal parameters nonsymmetrical (together with symmetrical) results could be obtained, meaning localization is possible without the localization initiator. System response is strongly influenced with the presence of a mass. Phase diagram show that some combination of parameters and loading demonstrate chaotic behavior.

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26

Shrivastava, Ruchir, and K. K. Singh. "Flexural response of glass/epoxy composites to thermal shocks and conditioning environment in varying loading rate." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (2022): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012089.

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Abstract The structural integrity of composites faces severe challenge in the form of environmental extremes. Therefore, its performance in those cases were of great interest. In the present work, flexural strength of glass/epoxy composites were analysed in the environment of thermal shock generated by cryogenic exposure as well by thermal conditioning. Four cases were chosen, room temperature (RT), cryogenic conditioning (LN), thermal conditioning below (BG) and above glass transition temperature (AG). The exposure time for all the environments was kept constant at 24 hours. These responses are investigated with two sets of loading rates (i) 1 mm/minute and (ii) 10 mm/min. The experimental results indicate that; all three scenarios deeply impact the flexural response of the specimen. The first set experiences changes in flexural strength, strain, and chord modulus by (2.75, -8.52, 11.32), (21.36, 39.75, -6.47), (-35.8, -11.37, -22.94) % with LN, BG and AG condition respectively. Moreover, with high rate of loading these responses change by (-23.89, -28.41, -5.17), (-37.45, -43.56, -1.86), (-19.4, -27.46, 16.37) % respectively. The prolonged exposure indicates a strain hardening phenomenon in LN specimen, which improves the flexural strength with a 1 mm/min loading rate. However, this plasticization of the specimen was unable to bear the load at an elevated rate of loading, and therefore a loss in all the properties is seen with a 10 mm/min loading rate. Therefore, it is anticipated that the properties will further deteriorate with a higher rate of loadings.

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27

Weng, Fei, Yingying Fang, Mingfa Ren, Jing Sun, and Lina Feng. "High Strain Rate Effect on Tensile and Compressive Property of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 2 (2021): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3867.

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With high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios, Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite has been applied to the separation device of the rocket by shaped charge jet. But dynamic tensile and compressive properties of CFRP under high rate strain are still unclear. In the article, tensile testing along transverse direction are conducted. The quasi-static tests (10-3 s-1) use a universal testing machine and high dynamic loadings of 800 s-1 and 1600 s-1 tests adopt a high-speed tensile testing machine. Meanwhile, dynamic compressive tests of unidirectional and cross-ply laminated specimen under the thickness direction loading are implemented by a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) from dynamic loading 500 s-1 to 2500 s-1. Test results show that compared with static tests data, both transverse tensile modulus and strength of CFRP composites materials at dynamic loadings are sensitive to tensile tests. The compressive peak stress and stiffness of specimens also have an increasing tendency with the increases of the strain rate. Furthermore, for failure mode of tensile specimens, the crack propagation of the specimen fracture is along the interface of the fiber/matrix under all loading conditions. The failure modes of compressive specimens are different as the strain rate changes. The higher the strain rate, the more severe the crushing.

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28

Zulkifli, Muhammd Nubli, Azman Jalar, and Shahrum Abdullah. "Effect of Nanoindentation Loading Rate on Gold Ball Bond." Materials Science Forum 756 (May 2013): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.756.151.

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Nanoindentation tests with loading rates of 0.05 mN/s, 0.1 mN/s, 0.5 mN/s, and 1.0 mN/s were conducted on the Au ball bond. The effect of different loading on the Au ball bond were analysed based on qualitative and quantitative results. The displacement burst was more pronounced with the increment of loading rates. The increase of hardness value and the decrease of the reduced modulus value when the loading rate was increased are due to the effect of creep. It was found that the loading rate of 0.5 mN/s is the appropriate and stable value for the nanoindentation test on the Au ball bond.

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29

Wang, Shau-Chew, and Eberhard A. Meinecke. "Buckling of Viscoelastic Columns. Part II: Constant Deformation Rate Buckling." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 1 (1985): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536057.

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Abstract The buckling of viscoelastic columns has been considered from both a theoretical and an experimental perspective. The fact that buckling occurs at relatively low strain where the SBR is nearly linearly viscoelastic allowed several simplifications in the theoretical development, leading to closed form predictions of the loading and unloading curves. This treatment neglects gravitational effects and carbon secondary structure effects and fits the experimental data best at HAF loadings around 30 phr. At lower carbon black loadings, the gravitational effects caused the experimental Euler load to be less than predicted from linear viscoelasticity theory, while at higher carbon black loadings, the carbon black structure led to higher Euler loads than predicted.

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30

Shing, Pui‐Shumi B., and Stephen A. Mahin. "Rate‐of‐Loading Effects on Pseudodynamic Tests." Journal of Structural Engineering 114, no. 11 (1988): 2403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1988)114:11(2403).

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31

Yang, Xiuxuan, and Bi Zhang. "Material embrittlement in high strain-rate loading." International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 1, no. 2 (2019): 022003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ab263f.

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32

Saur, Joachim, Darrell F. Strobel, Fritz M. Neubauer, and Michael E. Summers. "The ion mass loading rate at Io." Icarus 163, no. 2 (2003): 456–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00085-x.

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33

Bažant, Zdeněk P., Bai Shang-Ping, and Gettu Ravindra. "Fracture of rock: Effect of loading rate." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 45, no. 3 (1993): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(93)90024-m.

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34

Zhang, Z. X., S. Q. Kou, J. Yu, Y. Yu, L. G. Jiang, and P. A. Lindqvist. "Effects of loading rate on rock fracture." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36, no. 5 (1999): 597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0148-9062(99)00031-5.

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35

Abolins, V., K. Nesenbergs, and E. Bernans. "Reliability of Loading Rate in Gait Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 575 (August 13, 2019): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/575/1/012002.

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36

Watson-Craik, Irene A., and Eric Senior. "Landfill co-disposal: Hydraulic loading rate considerations." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 45, no. 3 (2007): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280450305.

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37

Tandon, S., and K. T. Faber. "On loading rate effects in toughening processes." Scripta Materialia 34, no. 5 (1996): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-6462(95)00586-2.

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38

Jendoubi, Khemaies, Necar Merah, Marie Bernard, and Abdelaziz Bazoune. "The Effect of Loading History on Unstable Fracture of Austenitic Steel (304)." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 976–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.976.

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The present paper presents an analysis of the influence of loading history on unstable fracture of austenitic steel 304 (SS 304) using the J-integral and its applicability in situations where a loading history exists. A CT specimen is employed for the purpose. The loading history effect on the unstable fracture of SS 304 is studied by performing cyclic loading with different load histories at constant load range (ΔPi) and at constant stress intensity factor range (ΔKj). The results show that the plastic singularity is well described by the integral (J) for the different types of loadings used. Moreover, the real meaning of (JIC) as a representative of the maximum energy release rate is quite limited if it ignores the loading history. The experimental results show that the dissipated energy ΔJ is more active when the loading is done at constant ΔP. The evolution of ΔJ can be directly linked to the crack growth rate and to the extent of the plastic zone developed at the crack tip.

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39

Jiang, Bao Jun, Zhu Jun Tian, and Jin Ming Jiang. "The Parameters Control of Recirculation Treatment for Leachate." Advanced Materials Research 1015 (August 2014): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1015.340.

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The three parameters, hydraulic loading rate, organic loading rate and recirculation times have important influence on the efficiency of recirculation treatment, the recirculation experiment research removal of COD under different hydraulic loading rate, organic loading rate and recirculation times by the experimental devices built in landfill in a civil city. The result indicated that the hydraulic loading rate is the major influence parameter for leachate recirculation. When hydraulic loading rate was 30ml/L·d~200ml/L·d, COD removal efficiency was 70%~94%; However, organic loading rate has comparative minor influence on recirculation treatment; the apt recirculation times are 3 or 4 in a day; C/N of recirculation leachate have important influence on NH3-N removal rate, but the effect of hydraulic loading rate and recirculation times on NH3-N removal rate aren’t obvious.

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WANG, XIAOLING, KAI ZHAO, and HUI ZHAO. "FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF BIOFILM VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR UNDER VARIOUS LOADINGS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18, no. 05 (2018): 1850056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418500562.

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Experiments showed that biofilms exhibit viscoelasticity under both displacement and stress loadings, irrespective of pellicles at liquid–air interface or biofilms at solid–liquid interface. However, the general theoretical models are lacking inuniformly and quantitatively describing biofilms’ viscoelastic behavior under various loading conditions. We use the linear viscoelastic theory — Generalized Maxwell model to describe the viscoelastic mechanical properties of biofilms, and study the responses of biofilms under different loadings, including various strain/stress loading rates and cyclic loadings, by finite element method. The results can capture the typical viscoelastic characteristics of biofilms, such as creep, hysteresis, energy dissipation and loading rate-dependent behavior. Our work provides a simple viscoelastic model not only for bacterial biofilms but also for other biological materials.

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Yan, Dong Ming, and Gao Lin. "Failure Mechanism of Concrete in Dynamic Loading." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.623.

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Understanding the dynamic behavior of concrete in rapid loading is an issue of great importance in civil engineering. In this study, an experimental program was performed to investigate the dynamic behavior of concrete subjected to different strain-rate loadings. From the test results the rate-dependent effect on the ultimate strength of concrete was confirmed, i.e., the strength increases with the increasing strain rate. The dynamic failure process of concrete in tension and physical mechanism were discussed based on the experimental observations.

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Jiang, W. H., and M. Atzmon. "Rate dependence of serrated flow in a metallic glass." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 4 (2003): 755–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0103.

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Plastic deformation of amorphous Al90Fe5Gd5 was investigated using nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy. While serrated flow was detected only at high loading rates, shear bands were observed for all loading rates, ranging from 1 to 100 nm/s. However, the details of shear-band formation depend on the loading rate.

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Hasriati, Hasriati. "Dwiguna Life Insurance Zilmer Reserves With The Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) Interest Rate." Komputasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Komputer dan Matematika 20, no. 1 (2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/komputasi.v1i1.6229.

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This article discusses Zilmer's reserve of dual purpose life insurance. Zillmer reserve is one type of modified premium reserve that is calculated using prospective reserves and Zillmer level of , which is the difference from gross premium and net premium in the 1st policy year is greater than standard loading, so it is necessary to find a way for the loading to be smaller than standard loading. Furthermore, in determining Zilmer's reserves using cox-ingersoll-ross interest rate (CIR) which will be expressed in the form of discount vaktor by estimating two parameters through variance.

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Zhang, Chun Hui, Hong Liang Yue, and Lai Gui Wang. "Tests on Effects of Loading Rate on Modulus and Strength of Sandstone." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.214.

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For studying on the effects of loading rate on modulus and strength of sandstone, uniaxial compression experiment of the samples, from Balikun mine, was performed at different loading rates. The influence of loading rate on average modulus, uniaxial compressive strength and post-peak strength degradation angle was analyzed, and the results indicate that:: The average modulus of sandstone samples increases with loading rate increasing; the both almost obey linear relationship. The peak strength of sandstone grows with the increase of loading rate; there is an approximately exponential relationship between the two. With loading rate increasing, the post-peak strength degradation angle decreases; the relationship between the both is approximately exponential.

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Peng, Kang, Ke Gao, Jian Liu, et al. "Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Rock Dynamic Test with Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2048591.

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Feasibility of rock dynamic properties by split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was experimentally and numerically evaluated with ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The effects of different diameters, different loading rates, and different propagation distances on wave dispersion of input bars in SHPB with rectangle and half-sine wave loadings were analyzed. The results show that the dispersion effect on the diameter of input bar, loading rate, and propagation distance under half-sine waveform loading is ignorable compared with the rectangle wave loading. Moreover, the degrees of stress uniformity under rectangle and half-sine input wave loadings are compared in SHPB tests, and the time required for stress uniformity is calculated under different above-mentioned loadings. It is confirmed that the stress uniformity can be realized more easily using the half-sine pulse loading compared to the rectangle pulse loading, and this has significant advantages in the dynamic test of rock-like materials. Finally, the Holmquist-Johnson-Concrete constitutive model is introduced to simulate the failure mechanism and failure and fragmentation characteristics of rock under different strain rates. And the numerical results agree with that obtained from the experiment, which confirms the effectiveness of the model and the method.

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Xue, Junhua, Shulou Wang, Quanlin Yang, Yutong Du, and Zongxuan Hou. "Study on Damage Characteristics of Deep Coal Based on Loading Rate Effect." Minerals 12, no. 4 (2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040402.

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In this paper, the uniaxial compression tests of coal under different loading rates are carried out by using the MTS rock mechanics loading system and the DS5 acoustic emission instrument, and the mechanical parameters and damage characteristics of coal samples under five loading rates are studied. The conclusions are as follows: The uniaxial compressive strength and the elastic modulus of the sample increase with the increase in the loading rate, whereas the strain at the peak point of stress decreases with the increase in the loading rate; at a low loading rate, the AE ring count of the coal samples is widely distributed, but the maximum AE ring count value is small. At a high loading rate, the AE ring count of the coal samples decreases, whereas the maximum AE ring count value increases significantly. With the increase in the loading rate, the maximum AE ring count and cumulative AE ring count of the sample increase. According to the damage variable curves of the coal samples under different loading rates, the damage evolution process of the samples before the stress peak is roughly divided into three stages: initial damage stage, stable damage development stage and rapid damage development stage. It is found that when the loading rate is low, the deformation time of the coal sample is relatively sufficient, whereas when the loading rate is high, the micro cracks have no time to develop and expand, the sample is destroyed instantly and the destruction of the coal sample is sudden. Therefore, with the increase in the loading rate, the damage variable value at the peak stress of the coal sample generally shows an increasing trend.

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Xie, Qin, Sheng-xiang Li, Xi-ling Liu, Feng-qiang Gong, and Xi-bing Li. "Effect of loading rate on fracture behaviors of shale under mode I loading." Journal of Central South University 27, no. 10 (2020): 3118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-020-4533-5.

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Zhang, Hailong, Seisuke Okubo, Cancan Chen, Yang Tang, and Jiang Xu. "Loading-Rate Dependency of Young’s Modulus for Class I and Class II Rocks." Shock and Vibration 2021 (September 30, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2215900.

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Understanding the time-dependent behavior of rocks is important for ensuring the long-term stability of underground structures. Aspects of such a time-dependent behavior include the loading-rate dependency of Young’s modulus, strength, creep, and relaxation. In particular, the loading-rate dependency of Young’s modulus of rocks has not been fully clarified. In this study, four different types of rocks were tested, and the results were used to analyze the loading-rate dependency of Young’s modulus and explain the underlying mechanism. For all four rocks, Young’s modulus increased linearly with a tenfold increase in the loading rate. The rocks showed the same loading-rate dependency of Young’s modulus. A variable-compliance constitutive equation was proposed for the loading-rate dependency of Young’s modulus, and the calculated results agreed well with measured values. Irrecoverable and recoverable strains were separated by loading-unloading-reloading tests at preset stress levels. The constitutive equations showed that the rate of increase in Young’s modulus increased with the irrecoverable strain and decreased with increasing stress. The increase in the irrecoverable strain was delayed at high loading rates, which was concluded to be the main reason for the increase in Young’s modulus with an increasing loading rate.

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Atmika, I. Ketut Adi, I. Ketut Adi Atmika, Kadek Sebayuana, et al. "The effect of loading rate to biogas production rate of the 500 liter anaerobic digester operated with continuous system." E3S Web of Conferences 120 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912002004.

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Conventional anaerobic digester such as fixed dome and floating drum are found having drawback in application in developing country. It was difficult in maintenance and operation. It was also difficult to relocate to the new site of waste processing. The portable anaerobic digester is prepared in this work as a solution. The capacity is about 500 liter so that suitable for home scale organic waste treatment. The material that is used for the digester was 304 stainless steel. The digester is completed wit agitator to optimize the biogas production. A slurry of cow dung (50% cow dung+ 50% water) is use to feed the digester. There are 2 variations of slurry loading rate that were investigated in this work, namely 5 liter slurry/day and 10 liter slurry/day. The biogas production rate is found about 51.7 liter biogas/day if loading with 5 liter slurry/ day. The biogas production rate is found increase significantly to become 82 liter biogas/day if loading with 10 liter slurry/day. The quality of biogas is found better with loading rate 5 liter slurry/day which has average CH4 content about 58.75% vol. comparing the one with loading rate 10liter slurry/day that have average CH4 content about 56.40% vol.

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deBarbadillo, C., B. Sabherwal, A. Shaw, and P. Schauer. "Application and comparison of dynamic models to assess impact of loading variations on performance of denitrification filters." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 7 (2009): 1721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.222.

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Dynamic models were developed using two software packages to evaluate performance of a denitrification filter pilot under variable flow and nitrate loading conditions. Two data periods, including one at constant rate hydraulic loading and one under diurnal flow conditions, were used to calibrate the models. Two additional test periods, one with high nitrate loadings and the second with peak hydraulic loadings and intermittent methanol usage were used to validate the models. The paper presents the results and compares the features of the two models.

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