Journal articles: 'Loading area'

1

Chao, T. L. "Stresses in Spherical Shells Due to Local Loadings Over a Rectangular Area." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 107, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264436.

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Analytical solutions for displacements, membrane stresses, and bending stresses in spherical shells due to local loadings over a rectangular area were developed. The three types of loading considered are radial load, overturning moment load, and tangential shear load.

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Wolff, Siegfried, Meng-Jiao Wang, and Ewe-Hong Tan. "Filler-Elastomer Interactions. Part VII. Study on Bound Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538304.

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Abstract SBR compounds were filled with 17 carbon blacks covering the whole range of rubber grades and tested for bound-rubber content. It was found that the bound-rubber content of a polymer at high loadings is higher for large surface-area carbon blacks. On the other hand, the bound-rubber content per unit of interfacial area in the compound (specific bound-rubber content) decreases with increasing specific surface area and filler loading. This observation was interpreted in terms of interaggregate multiple molecular adsorption, filler agglomeration, and change of molecular weight of rubber during mixing. When the comparison was carried out at critical loading of a coherent mass, the specific bound-rubber content was found to be higher for the high-surface-area products which are characterized by high surface energies. The critical loading of coherent mass of bound rubber also shows a strong surface-area dependence, indicating that large particle carbon blacks give high critical loadings. The measurements of bound rubber at high temperatures for carbon-black-filled compounds and in an ammonia atmosphere for silica-filled compounds suggest that bound rubber is caused essentially by physical adsorption.

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Forquin, Pascal. "Brittle materials at high-loading rates: an open area of research." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2085 (January 28, 2017): 20160436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0436.

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Brittle materials are extensively used in many civil and military applications involving high-strain-rate loadings such as: blasting or percussive drilling of rocks, ballistic impact against ceramic armour or transparent windshields, plastic explosives used to damage or destroy concrete structures, soft or hard impacts against concrete structures and so on. With all of these applications, brittle materials are subjected to intense loadings characterized by medium to extremely high strain rates (few tens to several tens of thousands per second) leading to extreme and/or specific damage modes such as multiple fragmentation, dynamic cracking, pore collapse, shearing, mode II fracturing and/or microplasticity mechanisms in the material. Additionally, brittle materials exhibit complex features such as a strong strain-rate sensitivity and confining pressure sensitivity that justify expending greater research efforts to understand these complex features. Currently, the most popular dynamic testing techniques used for this are based on the use of split Hopkinson pressure bar methodologies and/or plate-impact testing methods. However, these methods do have some critical limitations and drawbacks when used to investigate the behaviour of brittle materials at high loading rates. The present theme issue of Philosophical Transactions A provides an overview of the latest experimental methods and numerical tools that are currently being developed to investigate the behaviour of brittle materials at high loading rates. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Experimental testing and modelling of brittle materials at high strain rates’.

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Dar, RooufUnNabi, and Mehtab Alam. "Gravity dams under blast loading: A Review." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 1273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.651.

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Hi-tech wars, accidental explosions, and subversive bombing attacks have alarmingly increased throughout the globe in recent times. Destructive Beirut explosion that occurred recently is the witness of this fact. Thus, it is increasingly realized that blast loading is a potential threat to the structures of higher importance. With the rapid development of precision and transmission techniques, the accuracy to blast the target and destruction potential of guided or controlled blasts have increased the vulnerability of important structures from subversive attacks in strategic border areas. Consequently, important infrastructure has become susceptible to such harsh blast loadings. Notwithstanding this prevailing belief that risk to water facilities from blast loading is small, yet dam operators and engineers are aware of 9/11 kind of threat [6]. The failure of dams with large reservoirs as a result of blast loads will cause serious economic loss by damaging the structure, hit agricultural sector of the area and also inundate downstream populated area. Modern dams are designed considering conventional loads, including hydrostatic pressure, gravity, sediment pressure, uplift pressure and seismic loads. Seismic performance evaluation of dam-reservoir-foundation systems under strong earthquakes has been widely studied [1, 10, 17, 18, 28, 29]. The effects of explosions on dams are not very well understood because not many investigations have been done on blast performance of dams. This is why most dam engineers lack the understanding of response of dams under blast loading. This review presents the studies conducted on gravity dams subjected to various kinds of impulsive loadings. Also, numerical investigations done on concrete gravity dams (CGD) subjected to blast loading have been comprehensively reviewed. Probable research gap on underwater explosive loading to dams is also presented.

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Goronszy, Mervyn C., Nigel Slater, and Dennis Konicki. "The cyclic activated sludge system for resort area wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 9-10 (November 1, 1995): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0675.

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Significant load variation is imposed on wastewater treatment infrastructure at resort centres. The type of resort centre plays a large part in both hydraulic and organic loading dynamics. Climatic conditions may also be a determining factor on the loading pattern. Holiday patterns also have a large impact upon loading dynamics. Performance of the Portage/Catawba Cyclic Activated Sludge System, located on the shores of Lake Erie, is described relative to the loading dynamics of the Summer/Winter populations.

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Theis, Pascal, W. David Z. Wallace, Lingmei Ni, Markus Kübler, Annika Schlander, Robert W. Stark, Natascha Weidler, Markus Gallei, and Ulrike I. Kramm. "Systematic study of precursor effects on structure and oxygen reduction reaction activity of FeNC catalysts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2209 (September 13, 2021): 20200337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0337.

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In this work, the effect of porphyrin loading and template size is varied systematically to study its impact on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and selectivity as followed by rotating ring disc electrode experiments in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. The structural composition and morphology are investigated by 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. It is shown that with decreasing template size, specifically the ORR performance towards fuel cell application gets improved, while at constant area loading of the iron precursor (here expressed in number of porphyrin layers), the iron signature does not change much. Moreover, it is well illustrated that too large area loadings result in the formation of undesired side phases that also cause a decrease in the performance, specifically in acidic electrolyte. Thus, if the impact of morphology is the focus of research it is important to consider the area loading rather than its weight loading. At constant weight loading, beside morphology the structural composition can also change and impact the catalytic performance. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 2)’.

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Scerpella, Tamara A., Jodi N. Dowthwaite, Nicole M. Gero, Jill A. Kanaley, and Robert J. Ploutz-Snyder. "Skeletal Benefits of Pre-Menarcheal Gymnastics Are Retained After Activity Cessation." Pediatric Exercise Science 22, no. 1 (February 2010): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.22.1.21.

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Mechanical loading during childhood and adolescence may yield skeletal benefits that persist beyond activity cessation and menarche. At 1 year pre- and 2 years post-menarche, nondominant forearm areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and projected area (area) were compared in gymnasts (n = 9), ex-gymnasts (n = 8) and nongymnasts (n = 13). At both observations, gymnasts and ex-gymnasts had higher forearm aBMD, BMC and area than nongymnasts. gymnasts had higher postmenarcheal means than ex-gymnasts for all three parameters. Childhood mechanical loading yields skeletal advantages that persist at least 24 months after loading cessation and menarche. Continued postmenarcheal loading yields additional benefit.

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Surry, D., and E. M. F. Stopar. "Wind loading of large low buildings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 526–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-083.

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The paper aims to define an interior region on large low buildings within which lower external uplift pressures can be used for design rather than those recommended by the 1985 Supplement to the National Building Code of Canada. An extensive data base of pressures measured over tributary areas representative of those used for column design has been measured using 1:500 scale models of buildings ranging from 3500 to 90 000 m2 in plan area. Summary curves based on all the data have been determined and compared with data from other sources in the literature. An overall recommendation for specified pressure coefficients at various distances from the edge of nearly flat-roofed buildings is presented, which includes a reduction in the external loads beyond five roof heights by a factor of 2.5. Key words: wind pressure, wind loading, large low buildings, tributary area.

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Lv, Guixiang, and Liudong Xing. "Influence of Load on Reliability of Storage Area Networks." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 1533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2021.6.6.091.

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During the coronavirus pandemic, telecommuting is widely required, making remote data access grow significantly. This requires highly reliable data storage solutions. Storage area networks (SANs) are one of such solutions. To guarantee that SANs can deliver the desired quality of service, cascading failures must be prevented, which occur when a single initial incident triggers a cascade of unexpected failures of other devices. One such incident is the data loading/overloading, causing the malfunction of one device and further cascading failures. Thus, it is crucial to address influence of data loading on the SAN reliability modeling and analysis. In this work, we make contributions by modeling the effects of data loading on the reliability of an individual switch device in SANs though the proportional-hazards model and accelerated failure-time model. Effects of loading on the reliability of the entire SAN are further investigated through dynamic fault trees and binary decision diagrams-based analysis of a mesh SAN system.

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Wang, Jia Min, Zhao Lei Ding, Chuan Zhen Huang, and Zhao Liang Jiang. "Research of Wind Velocity Field of the Loading Area in Case of Empty Refrigerated Compartment of the Single Temperature Zone Refrigerator Transportation Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.469.

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An automatic test system of airflow performance in refrigerator transportation vehicle is proposed and constructed. The wind velocity field of loading area of empty refrigerated compartment is test in this research. The distribution characteristics of the tri-dimensional wind velocity field are analyzed. The plenty vortex areas in the back part of the recurvature area of the refrigerated compartment is beneficial to the uniformity of the temperature field, the flow fields of the loading area are obviously influenced by vortex areas and the face that the area below the return air inlet is most probably one of the temperature blind angles are concluded.

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Okayasu, Mitsuhiro, and Tsukasa Ogawa. "Effects of loading contact on electric-power generation of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic plate." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 8, no. 4 (December 2019): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-019-0331-7.

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AbstractTo better understand the generation of electric power for piezoelectric PbZrTiO3 (PZT) ceramic plate (ϕ25 mm), an attempt was made to investigate experimentally and numerically electric- power generation characteristics during cyclic bending under various loading fixtures (ϕ0–ϕ20 mm), i.e., different contact areas. Increasing the load-contact area on the PZT ceramic leads to a nonlinear decrease in the generated voltage. Decreasing contact area basically enhances the generated voltage, although the voltage saturates during loading when the contact area is less than ϕ5 mm. A similar voltage is generated for ϕ0 and ϕ5 mm, which is attributed to strain status (ratio of compressive and tensile strain) and material failure due to different stress distribution in the PZT ceramic. On the basis of the obtained electric generation voltage, suitable loading conditions are clarified by loading with the ϕ5 mm fixture, which generates a higher voltage and a longer lifetime of the PZT ceramic. From this approach, it is appeared that the area contact with the area ratio of 0.04 (ϕ5 mm/ϕ20 mm) is suitable to obtain the high efficiency of the electric voltage.

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12

Francis, O., and P. Melchior. "Tidal loading in south western Europe: A test area." Geophysical Research Letters 23, no. 17 (August 15, 1996): 2251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96gl02167.

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13

Smith, E. "The crack opening area for a multiple loading situation." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 76, no. 11 (September 1999): 801–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-0161(99)00049-6.

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14

Gamble, Scott L., Will W. Kochanski, and Peter A. Irwin. "Finite area element snow loading prediction - applications and advancements." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 42, no. 1-3 (October 1992): 1537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90162-4.

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15

Wetzel, Randall C., Christian J. Herold, Elias A. Zerhouni, and James L. Robotham. "Intravascular Volume Loading Reversibly Decreases Airway Cross-sectional Area." Chest 103, no. 3 (March 1993): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.103.3.865.

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Rahmawati, S., D. Wacano, M. Erpinda, and A. Juliani. "Risk level mapping of organophosphate pesticides application in agricultural area of Cangkringan Subdistrict, Yogyakarta, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 933, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/933/1/012046.

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Abstract Farmers in Indonesia widely use organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) to increase crop production, despite their risk to human health and the environment. Objective of this study is to estimate the loading rate and risk level of OPPs based on OPPs characteristics, farmers’ knowledge, and the behavior of OPPs application in agriculture area in Yogyakarta Special Region in Indonesia. Data collected through interview and questionnaire distribution revealed three types of OPPs used in study area; profenofos, chlorpyrifos and diazinon. Data on application dose and crop area were used to estimate loading rate. Risk scores can be calculated by multiplying loading rate with toxicity data of each type of OPPs used. Box-Cox transformation was then used to normalized rightly skewed risk score data to get 4 (four) levels of risk classification range; low, medium, high and very high. It was found that there were areas classified as very high risk in wet season, while it is not the case in dry season. However, in total loading per year, areas with high and very high risk level were found for more than >50% in study area.

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Meynendonckx, J., G. Heuvelmans, B. Muys, and J. Feyen. "Effects of watershed and riparian zone characteristics on nutrient concentrations in the River Scheldt Basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 3 (May 2, 2006): 653–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-653-2006.

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Abstract. The relative influence of a set of watershed characteristics on surface water nutrient concentrations was examined in 173 watersheds within two subcatchments (Upper-Scheldt and Nete) of the River Scheldt Basin (Flanders, Belgium). Each watershed was described by seasonal rainfall, discharge loading of point sources, morphological characteristics (area, average slope, drainage density, elongation), land use and soil properties (soil texture and drainage). Partial regression analysis revealed that soil drainage variables had the strongest influence on nutrient concentrations. Additional influence was exerted by land use and point source loading variables. Nitrate concentrations were positively correlated with effluent loadings coming from wastewater treatment plants and with the area of agricultural land. Phosphate concentrations were best explained by effluent loadings of industrial point sources and by the area of urban land. Land use close to the river was not a better predictor of nitrate and phosphate concentrations than land use away from the river. This suggests that the mediating impact of riparian zones is rather explained by the hydrologic pathways within the buffer strip.

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Meynendonckx, J., G. Heuvelmans, B. Muys, and J. Feyen. "Effects of watershed and riparian zone characteristics on nutrient concentrations in the River Scheldt Basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 6 (November 28, 2006): 913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-913-2006.

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Abstract. The relative influence of a set of watershed characteristics on surface water nutrient concentrations was examined in 173 watersheds within two subcatchments (Upper-Scheldt and Nete) of the River Scheldt Basin (Flanders, Belgium). Each watershed was described by seasonal rainfall, discharge loading of point sources, morphological characteristics (area, average slope, drainage density, elongation), land use and soil properties (soil texture and drainage). Partial regression analysis revealed that soil drainage variables had the strongest influence on nutrient concentrations. Additional influence was exerted by land use and point source loading variables. Nitrate concentrations were positively correlated with effluent loadings coming from wastewater treatment plants and with the area of agricultural land. Phosphate concentrations were best explained by effluent loadings of industrial point sources and by the area of urban land. Land use close to the river was not a better predictor of nitrate and phosphate concentrations than land use away from the river. This suggests that the mediating impact of riparian zones is rather explained by the hydrologic pathways within the buffer strip.

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Nakamura, Takayuki, Jun’ichi Kaneko, Takeyuki Abe, and Kenichiro Horio. "Developing a Support System for Loading Planning." International Journal of Automation Technology 13, no. 4 (July 5, 2019): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2019.p0475.

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While loading equipment into factories or facilities, pre-loading planning on computers to determine a loading object’s posture and its loading path will help reduce trials and errors at the site location. During such pre-loading planning, we need to detect the shape data of both the factory area and loading object and their interference states and then plan the loading object’s posture accordingly. In practice, however, there are a considerable number of issues while acquiring the latest factory area data and while grasping where the loading object in complex postures will result in interference, both simultaneously and for a short time period. In this study, we aimed at resolving the above-mentioned difficulties by developing a system that can detect where the loading object will interfere by means of polygonal shapes and can visualize the area by means of point clouds, both working in conjunction so that the developed system can automatically plan a loading object’s posture and can visualize its planned posture through augmented reality.

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20

Sabih, Saba. "Harmonic dynamic loading response of reinforced concrete column." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 04024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816204024.

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A reinforced concrete column is classified as compression structural element mostly analyzed and designed due to the applied combinations of dead and live loading with other considered loadings. Industries of considerable or relatively great size, production and electrical utilities are very concerned about the presence of dynamic loads in their electrical power systems. This behavior provides current with different components that are multiples of the fundamental frequency of the system which are called harmonics. Reinforced concrete elements such as column must be checked for the strength capacity and the response due to applied harmonic loading after completed the static analysis and design. In present article evaluations of reinforced concrete columns under the effects of dynamic harmonic loadings are studied. The main parameters are the reinforcement ratio and harmonic ranged loadings. Finite elements approach was adopted to analyze the columns by ANSYS software and all models are simulated in three dimensions. The analysis results indicated that the square cross sections with that rectangular of the same cross sectional area are closed in performance against static and dynamic loadings.

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Mára, Michal, and Petr Maca. "Fracture Surface Measurement of Concrete with Respect to Loading Speed." Advanced Materials Research 982 (July 2014): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.982.94.

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Reverse engineering is a specialization which was developed a lot in the 21st century. The major aim is researching and describing the principals and procedures of process and structures. Reverse engineering in civil engineering is used to describe the applied loadings which caused corruption or failure of a structure or it is used to reconstruct 3D models of the original object. The aim of this paper is to compare response to static and impact loading of two materials, i.e. plain concrete and high-performance concrete (HPC), with respect to the fracture surface area. These areas were scanned by the 3D laser scanner and they were evaluated in the graphic programs. The main objective of this paper is a presentation of measured data, which can be used to determine the size of the applied loadings using reverse engineering.

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Stevanovic, S., D. Tripkovic, A. Kowal, D. Minic, V. M. Jovanovic, and A. Tripkovic. "Influence of surface morphology on methanol oxidation at a glassy carbon-supported pt catalyst." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 8-9 (2008): 845–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0809845s.

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Platinum supported on glassy carbon (GC) was used as a model system for studying the influence of the surface morphology of a Pt catalyst on methanol oxidation in alkaline and acidic solutions. Platinum was deposited by the potential step method on GC samples from H2SO4 + H2PtCl6 solution under the same conditions with loadings from 10 to 80 mg cm-2. AFM and STM images of the GC/Pt electrodes showed that the Pt was deposited in the form of 3D agglomerates composed of spherical particles. Longer deposition times resulted in increased growth of Pt forms and a decrease in the specific area of the Pt. The real surface area of Pt increased with loading but the changes were almost negligible at higher loadings. Nevertheless, both the specific and mass activity of platinum supported on glassy carbon for methanol oxidation in acidic and in alkaline solutions exhibit a volcanic dependence with respect to the platinum loading. The increase in the activity can be explained by the increasing the particle size with the loading and thus an increase in the contiguous Pt sites available for adsorption and decomposition of methanol. However, the decrease in the activity of the catalyst with further increase of loading and particle size after reaching the maximum is related to the decrease of active sites available for methanol adsorption and their accessibility as a result of more close proximity and pronounced coalescence of the Pt particles.

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Hansen, O. B., C. Jacobsen, P. Harremoës, and P. Skat Nielsen. "Stormwater Loading of Greater Copenhagen Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0485.

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The study presented in this paper deals with the computation of the increased hydraulic loading of the treatment plants in the Greater Copenhagen area due to the installation of more storage capacity in the combined sewer system in the future. A mathematical model is set up for the entire sewer catchment and predictions of future increased hydraulic loadings are made for various development scenarios. The computed inflow conditions are presented on a statistical form. The results show a significant increase in the hydraulic loading of the plants due to increased storage volume in the sewer system. The computed inflow statistics are used in the design of the treatment plants to ensure proper plant performance during prolonged periods with full hydraulic loading due to storm water.

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Fujii, S., H. Tanaka, and I. Somiya. "Quantitative comparison of forests and other areas with dry weather input loading in the Lake Biwa catchment area." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0235.

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For the evaluation of pollutants loading to Lake Biwa, comprehensive river surveys on river mouths and forest sites were conducted 9 times from 1996 to 1999, on 25–40 main rivers in the Lake Biwa watershed. The main results obtained are as follows. (1) River water quality reflects regional characteristics of their catchment areas, and the concentration difference among rivers ranged between 2–3 fold. (2) Concentration variation shows different patterns with time and location depending on water quality indices used. (3) Indices related to organic matter and nutrients have lower correlation between forests and river mouths, but those related to ionic species showed strong correlation. (4) Flux comparison of forest and river mouth sites suggests that pollutants from catchment areas are conveyed to the lake not only through rivers but also underground. (5) In dry weather conditions, forests contribute 30% to the whole pollutants (TN, TP, and TCODMn) loading, and the remainder is derived mainly from paddy fields and residential/commercial zones. (6) Unit loading factors from forests are estimated as 640, 57 and 1200 kg/km2/y, respectively for TN, TP and TCODMn, while those from other areas are estimated as 2,500, 208 and 4,200 kg/km2/y.

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Suominen, Mikko, Fang Li, Liangliang Lu, Pentti Kujala, Anriëtte Bekker, and Jonni Lehtiranta. "Effect of Maneuvering on Ice-Induced Loading on Ship Hull: Dedicated Full-Scale Tests in the Baltic Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100759.

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Maneuvers in level ice are common operations for icebreakers and polar supply vessels. Maneuvering exposes the midship and stern area to ice interaction, influencing the magnitude and frequency of ice-induced loading in these areas. However, full-scale measurements do not typically cover the midship and stern areas, as measurements have commonly focused on the bow area. Controlled maneuvering tests were conducted during the ice trials of S.A. Agulhas II in the Baltic Sea. During these tests, ice-induced loading at different hull areas was measured simultaneously with ship control, navigation, and ice condition data. This work studied the effect of maneuvers on the characteristics and statistics of ice-induced loading at different hull areas and compared the impact to ahead operations. The study showed that the maneuvers had minor impact to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of loading at the bow and bow shoulder. On the other hand, maneuvers had a clear effect on the load magnitude and frequency at the stern shoulder. Additionally, a statistical analysis showed that the load magnitude increased as a function of load duration in all hull areas. Furthermore, the analyzed measurement data are presented and made available with the paper.

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Xu, Xiaoqing, Zhigang Zhang, Yangao Hu, and Xin Wang. "Bearing Strength of Crumb Rubber Concrete under Partial Area Loading." Materials 13, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112446.

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The application of waste tire rubber as aggregates in concrete can help to reduce carbon emissions and achieve green gross domestic product (GDP). However, civil engineers still have concerns about using rubberized concrete in structural members. For the safety of structures, the bearing strength of concrete is a very important parameter to be considered in the design. This paper presented the first experimental and numerical study on the bearing strength of crumb rubber concrete. Prisms of both normal concrete and crumb rubber concrete were tested with loading plates of varying sizes. The test results show that the failure modes and deformation behavior of crumb rubber concrete specimens with different rubber contents were similar to those of normal concrete, and the bearing strength of crumb rubber concrete can be well predicted by current standards for normal concrete. Finite element analysis was performed to further determine the effect of rubber content on the bearing strength of concrete. Proper parameter values for modeling crumb rubber concrete by the concrete damaged plasticity model were investigated. Through the numerical analysis, the reason the rubber content does not have an important effect on the bearing strength of crumb rubber concrete with similar compressive strength was found to be that the influence of rubber content on the tri-axial compression behavior of concrete and the ratio of concrete tensile strength to compressive strength is small. The experimental and numerical results presented in this study provide the insights needed to guide the design of structures utilizing crumb rubber concrete.

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Chang, Chih-Hua, Ching-Gung Wen, Chia-Hui Huang, Shui-Ping Chang, and Chih-Sheng Lee. "Nonpoint source pollution loading from an undistributed tropic forest area." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 146, no. 1-3 (December 12, 2007): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0064-x.

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Whalen, Robert. "Influence of loading history on muscle fiber cross-sectional area." Journal of Biomechanics 24, no. 3-4 (1991): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(91)90227-e.

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Jaehn, Florian. "Positioning of loading units in a transshipment yard storage area." OR Spectrum 35, no. 2 (January 29, 2012): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00291-012-0281-8.

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Intziegianni, Konstantina, Michael Cassel, Gerrit Hain, and Frank Mayer. "Gender Differences of Achilles tendon Cross-sectional Area during Loading." Sports Medicine International Open 1, no. 04 (July 2017): E135—E140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-113814.

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AbstractThe Achilles tendon (AT) is larger and stiffer in males compared to females. AT stiffness is determined by length differences during loading. However, as some collagen fibres run transversely, changes in cross-sectional area (CSA) are also expected. The study investigates the gender differences of AT-CSA during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC).Fifteen males and fifteen females were positioned prone on the isokinetic dynamometer with knee extended and ankle flexed 90°. AT-CSA [mm2] from rest to MVIC during plantar flexion was sonographically assessed. AT-CSA maximal deformation [mm2] was subtracted by CSAMVIC–CSArest. AT-CSA compliance [mm2/Nm] and strain [%] were calculated by dividing the CSA deformation [mm2] by peak torque [Nm] and CSA at rest [mm2], respectively. Gender differences were assessed by an independent sample t-test with Bonferroni correction (α=0.01).AT-CSA dimensions at rest (p=0.001) and contraction (p=0.001) as well peak torque (p=0.001) were statistically significant higher in males (54.4±5.1 mm2, 53.7±5.1 mm2, 120.1±26.8 Nm) compared to females (46.2±7.0 mm2, 43.4±6.9 mm2, 86.9±21.6 Nm). AT-CSA deformation (p=0.000) strain (p=0.000) and compliance (p=0.000) were found to be statistically significant higher in females (–2.8±0.9 mm2, –6.2±2.0%, –0.033±0.018 mm2/Nm) compared to males (–0.8±1.8 mm2, –1.4±3.3%, –0.007±0.008 mm2/Nm).During loading, the AT also deforms at the transverse level by reducing its CSA. CSA reduction was higher in females, indicating also higher CSA compliance compared to males. Higher CSA compliance might indicate higher adaptability towards loading and might be discussed as a protective factor.

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Afonichev, Dmitriy, and P. Ribnikov. "Justification of distances between loading points on a cutting area." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 2, no. 2 (March 18, 2014): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3180.

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Schmidt‐Thrö, Gerald, Mario Smarslik, Bassem Tabka, Wolfgang Scheufler, Oliver Fischer, and Peter Mark. "Experimental analysis of concrete elements under partial area strip loading." Civil Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (March 2019): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cend.201900001.

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Gao, Xingzhong, Muhammad Umair, Yasir Nawab, Zeeshan Latif, Sheraz Ahmad, Amna Siddique, and Hongyue Yang. "Mode I Fatigue of Fibre Reinforced Polymeric Composites: A Review." Polymers 14, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 4558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214558.

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Composites are macroscopic combinations of chemically dissimilar materials preferred for new high-tech applications where mechanical performance is an area of interest. Mechanical apprehensions chiefly include tensile, creep, and fatigue loadings; each loading comprises different modes. Fatigue is cyclic loading correlated with stress amplitude and the number of cycles while defining the performance of a material. Composite materials are subject to various modes of fatigue loading during service life. Such loadings cause micro invisible to severe visible damage affecting the material’s performance. Mode I fatigue crack propagates via opening lamina governing a visible tear. Recently, there has been an increasing concern about finding new ways to reduce delamination failure, a life-reducing aspect of composites. This review focuses on mode I fatigue behaviours of various preforms and factors determining failures considering different reinforcements with respect to fibres and matrix failures. Numerical modelling methods for life prediction of composites while subjected to fatigue loading are reviewed. Testing techniques used to verify the fatigue performance of composite under mode I load are also given. Approaches for composites’ life enhancement against mode I fatigue loading have also been summarized, which could aid in developing a well-rounded understanding of mode I fatigue behaviours of composites and thus help engineers to design composites with higher interlaminar strength.

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Lay, Mario Oktavianus, Inda Sumarli, and Ali Iskandar. "STUDI PARAMETRIK JARAK PENGARUH PENURUNAN DAN PERGERAKAN LATERAL AKIBAT VACUUM PRE-LOADING PADA DAMAGE AREA SEKITAR." JMTS: Jurnal Mitra Teknik Sipil 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmts.v3i4.8753.

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ABSTRACTSoil-fill is type of soil with low bearing capacity, therefore it’s need soil improvement to resolve the settlement. Soil improvement divided into 2 categories, namely methods that use new material and reinforcement. Commonly used method is PVD combined with vacuum pre-loading. Pre-loading is an application to increase surcharge load which aims to reduce the primary settlement occurs. Pre-loading not only causes settlement, but also cause lateral displacement which cause damage to the outside area around the improvement area. Thus, an analysis of distance effect between the improvement boundary and outside of improvement area in needed to prevent damage to utility around the site. Deformation analysis will be assisted by 2-Dimensional finite element program. Width of the improvement area is 80 meters with a depth of PVD is 14.5 meters to verify parameters. With the parameters that have been verified, an analysis is carried out on PVD with depth of 5m to 30m to determined distance effect of settlement and lateral displacement from boundary of the improvement area to until the value of the settlement and lateral displacement reaches <2cm. Result of studies on general is to find distance effect caused by vacuum pre-loading in areas outside the improvement boundary.ABSTRAKTanah hasil urugan merupakan jenis tanah lunak dengan daya dukung yang rendah, sehingga terjadi penurunan konsolidasi dan membutuhkan perbaikan. Perbaikan tanah dibagi menjadi 2 kategori, yaitu metode yang menggunakan material baru dan menggunakan pemanfaatan perkuatan. Metode yang umum digunakan adalah PVD yang dikombinasikan dengan vacuum pre-loading. Pre-loading adalah aplikasi penambahan beban surcharge yang bertujuan agar terjadinya penurunan primer. Pre-loading tidak hanya menyebabkan penurunan, tetapi juga menyebabkan terjadinya perpindahan secara lateral kearah luar yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada area luar disekitar daerah perbaikan. Sehingga, dibutuhkan analisis jarak pengaruh antara batas lahan perbaikan dengan daerah luar perbaikan, untuk mencegah kerusakan pada struktur atau utilitas disekitar lokasi perbaiki. Analisis deformasi menggunakan program elemen hingga 2D. Lebar area perbaikan 80 meter dengan kedalaman PVD 14.5 meter untuk melakukan verifikasi parameter. Dengan parameter yang telah diverifikasi, dilakukan analisis pada PVD dengan kedalaman 5m hingga 30m untuk mengetahui jarak pengaruh penurunan dan pergerakan lateral dari batas lahan perbaikan hingga nilai penurunan dan pergerakan lateral <2 cm. Hasil studi secara umum menunjukkan seberapa besar jarak pengaruh yang diakibatkan oleh vacuum pre-loading pada daerah diluar batas perbaikan.

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Kabutey, A., D. Herák, O. Dajbych, M. Divišová, W. E. Boatri, and R. Sigalingging. "Deformation energy of Jatropha curcas L. seeds under compression loading." Research in Agricultural Engineering 60, No. 2 (June 30, 2014): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/15/2012-rae.

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The present research is a follow-up of the previous studies on mechanical behaviour of Jatropha curcas L. seeds under compression loading. The research describes in detail the deformation energy which was determined from the area under the force-deformation curve. The compression device ZDM 50-2313/56/18 with a chart recorder and pressing vessel of diameter 76 mm were used to record the force-deformation functions of varying moisture content between 8.46% and 36.50% w.b. of Jatropha curcas L. seeds. Under the force-deformation curve, three main descriptions namely the increasing function (smooth curve), wave-effect characteristics (serration effect) and whole area under the force-deformation curve were analysed. For each of the force-deformation curve descriptions, it was found that moisture content influenced the values of compressive force, deformation, deformation energy and seed hardness. Interestingly, the research findings conclude that moisture content is a primary factor contributing to the wave-effect characteristics on the force-deformation curve.  

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Khairussaleh, Nor Ashikin Muhammad, Ng Kah Hoe, and Gerald A. R. Parke. "Effect of Area Loading on Flexural Performance of Bubble Deck Slab." Key Engineering Materials 912 (March 4, 2022): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-51xde0.

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Reinforced bubble deck slab is a structural slab that contains high-density polyethene (HDPE) hollow spherical plastic bubble balls forming a slab with less concrete volume compared to the normal reinforced concrete slab. Reducing certain volumes of concrete from 30 to 50% will affect the performance of the slab structure in particular the flexural and shear capacity. Thus, in this research the effect of area loading on the flexural performance of bubble deck slabs is investigated by considering the slabs to be one-way supported slabs. The square deck slabs used were 1200mm by 1200mm for the width and length with a thickness of 230mm. A total of 36 HDPE hollow spherical plastic bubble balls with a 180mm diameter were placed in the bubble deck slab specimens which reduce significantly the structural self-weight. In this paper, the experimental results of the flexural performance of the reinforced bubble deck slab, (BD slab) compared with a conventional reinforced concrete slab, simply supported, subjected to static area loadings, are presented. The effect of the load applied in the experiments on the flexural strength, bending stiffness and load-deflection behaviour of both types of slabs have been discussed including the crack propagation and crack pattern. In general, the conventionally reinforced solid slab, simply supported (SS) has a 60.6% higher resistance against bending deformation than the reinforced bubble deck slab.

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Lan, Ting-Hsun, Chin-Yun Pan, Pao-Hsin Liu, and Mitch M. C. Chou. "Fracture Resistance of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns on Four Occlusal Convergent Abutments in Implant Prosthesis." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (June 26, 2019): 2585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132585.

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Adjusting implant abutment for crown delivery is a common practice during implant installation. The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture resistance and stress distribution of zirconia specimens on four occlusal surface areas of implant abutment. Four implant abutment designs [occlusal surface area (SA) SA100, SA75, SA50, and SA25] with 15 zirconia prostheses over the molar area per group were prepared for cyclic loading with 5 Hz, 300 N in a servo-hydraulic testing machine until fracture or automatic stoppage after 30,000 counts. The minimum occlusal thickness of all specimens was 0.5 mm. Four finite element models were simulated under vertical or oblique 10-degree loading to analyze the stress distribution and peak value of zirconia specimens. Data were statistically analyzed, and fracture patterns were observed under a scanning electron microscope. Cyclic loading tests revealed that specimen breakage had moderately strong correlation with the abutment occlusal area (r = 0.475). Specimen breakage differed significantly among the four groups (P = 0.001). The lowest von Mises stress value was measured for prosthesis with a smallest abutment occlusal surface area (SA25) and the thickest zirconia crown. Thicker zirconia specimens (SA25) had higher fracture resistance and lowest stress values under 300 N loading.

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Mohammad Zaki, Mohd Faiz, Mohd Zulham Affandi Mohd Zahid, Afizah Ayob, and Tee Chin Fang. "Calculation of Axial Loads on Columns by Tributary Area Method and Finite Element Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.576.

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Basic concept of structural design is to transmit the loading from superstructure to substructure. This idea normally required sound knowledge of structural design and rational engineering judgments. Recently, there have several techniques that can be utilized to determine the superstructure loading, such as finite element method and tributary area method. However, the compatibility of both methods in order to determine the loading from superstructure is prime important and has been investigated in this research framework. Axial loading, represented as products from dead load and service load, which are imposed on the top of slab is directly transmit to the column nearby and modelled through computer simulation. Models of slab were then varies and studies through comparison with broad dimensions of slab thickness, ranging in 100 mm to 600 mm. Results has shown the increasing of slab thickness will indirectly increases the rigidity characteristic of slab and potential to distribute the axial load equally for all column members. Axial load against slab thickness on corner, edge, center, outer and inner column demonstrated the incompatibility for both methods, finite element method and tributary area method in determining the axial loading from superstructure.

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Bădărău, Rodica, Teodor Miloş, Ilare Bordeaşu, and Adrian Bej. "Corrective Solutions for the Shaft with Flange Used for Fixing the Blade on a 5 kW Wind Turbine to Withstand Extreme Weather Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 1029 (September 2014): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1029.118.

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The paper presents a case study on the original solution of a flange shaft as part of the root area of a 5 kW wind turbine blade. There were analyzed the causes that led to the shaft breakage under wind loadings in extreme weather conditions, and consequently technical solutions have been searched in order to improve the shaft design making it more reliable as mechanical strength at extreme wind loadings. The flange shaft is a welded subassembly that keeps the blades attached to the rotor hub. The first part of the paper consists in an analysis referring the loading status, the materials used for blade manufacturing, the identification of critical areas where the breaking was initiated and also the causes for which the materials assumed and specified in the technical design and manufacturing technology failed under loading at wind gusts of about 30 m/sec. Based on this preliminary analysis, the second part of the paper presents the technical solutions which were considered in reference to the materials and the improved design concept aiming to provide the right mechanical strength necessary to withstand specific wind loadings in extreme weather conditions.

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Adkins, Bruce D., Jill B. Heink, and Burtron H. Davis. "Comparison of Nitrogen Adsorption and Mercury Penetration Results. Pore Size Distributions for a Series of Mo-A12O3 Catalysis with Increasing MoO3 Content." Adsorption Science & Technology 4, no. 1-2 (March 1987): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617487004001-208.

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Scanning electron microscopic data, X-ray diffraction patterns and porosity measurements are consistent with a structure for an Mo-A12O3 catalyst series containing a single surface layer of Mo up to the point where the Mo loadings exceed the amount required for a monolayer. For greater Mo loadings than required for a monolayer, three dimensional orthorhombic MoO3 is also present. The cumulative pore volume, on an alumina basis, does not appear to be significantly altered by MoO3 loadings up to about 15 wt.%. The BET surface area, on an alumina basis, remains constant with Mo loading. However, the apparent surface area calculated from mercury penetration data decreases with Mo loading. For these materials with cylindrical pores, the Broekhoff-deBoer model for the calculation of pore size distributions produced closer agreement to the mercury penetration pore size distribution. This is in contrast to materials composed of nonporous spheres where the Broekhoff-deBoer model provided poorer agreement to mercury penetration results than either the Cohan or a packed sphere model. The results show that, within a factor of two the pore size distributions calculated from nitrogen adsorption and mercury penetration data are comparable.

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Ellis, J. B., and D. M. Revitt. "Defining urban diffuse pollution loadings and receiving water hazard." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 11 (June 1, 2008): 1817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.278.

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The use of unit area loading approaches to address the requirements of the US Clean Water Act (CWA) and the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) to identify and manage diffuse urban pollution sources is outlined. Issues relating to traditional volume-concentration probabilistic modelling are highlighted and the robustness of total maximum daily load (TMDL) approaches is discussed. A hazard assessment methodology for catchment scale identification of source area pollutant loadings and receiving water ecological impacts is developed based on urban land use activities.

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Zhang, Mengyu, Hong Sun, Chunyu Song, Yue Li, and Mingxun Hou. "Pores Evolution of Soft Clay under Loading/Unloading Process." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 8468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238468.

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Loading/unloading tests and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) tests were performed on undisturbed soft clay specimens to study the pore evolution under the loading/unloading process. The results showed that small pores (<0.2 μm) had intrinsic characteristics, and the distribution and the fragmentation fractal dimension of small pores were basically unchanged with pressure, while large pores (>0.6 μm) changed greatly under loading/unloading. The pore-size distribution was mainly influenced by large pores. The microstructure of soft clay before unloading has an influence on the change of the swelling index (Cs) and the pores evolution under unloading. Cs increased as the surface fractal dimension of the pores and the area of large pores decreased, and the fragmentation fractal dimension of the pores increased under the loading process. The variations in fractal dimensions and large pore area increased under unloading. Moreover, the compression index (Cc) changed nonlinearly with the pore evolution under loading. Below 100 kPa, Cc increased slightly with a small increase of the fractal dimensions and large pores area under loading. From 100 kPa to 400 kPa, Cc increased to a peak value of 0.484, and the fractal dimensions and large pore area were the greatest under loading. Above 400 kPa, all of them changed slowly. Based on the evolution of pore fractal characteristics, the loading/unloading process could be divided into three stages: the natural structural stage, the structural adjustment stage, and the new equilibrium stage, which was important to study the loading/unloading properties of soft clay.

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KANEKO, Kenji, Siti SHAFIQAH, and Tomomi MITSUNARI. "OS0812 Effect of Bonding Area and Loading Rate on Strength of Solder Alloys Butt-Joint under Biaxial Loading." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2011 (2011): _OS0812–1_—_OS0812–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2011._os0812-1_.

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Ghergic, Doina Lucia, Claudia Florina Andreescu, and Dan Nicolae Pătroi. "Aspects about oral rehabilitation with dental implants in lateral area." Romanian Journal of Stomatology 62, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjs.2016.3.10.

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Healthy patients choose dental implant to replace missing teeth due to its advantages. Objective of this study is to evaluate complications in oral rehabilitation with cemented crowns on implants in lateral area for partially edentulous subjects. The study included 21 with 31 dental implants. Surgical protocol was in two stages with delayed loading and rehabilitation with cemented metal-ceramic crown or bridges. All implants are in function with a mean period of 48.67 months from the date of loading. Complications are fracture of ceramic and loosing of implant screw all for single crown on implant. All implants are in use, without pain or sensitivity, there no mobility or exudate history, but there is bone loss from the first surgery.

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Wang, Honghai, Peng Jia, Liquan Wang, Feihong Yun, Gang Wang, Ming Liu, and Xiangyu Wang. "Modeling of the Loading–Unloading Contact of Two Cylindrical Rough Surfaces with Friction." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030742.

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The first fractal model for the loading–unloading process between two cylindrical surfaces with friction is presented. The nonlinear relation between the real contact area and the contact load in different deformation stages are deduced for a load–unload cycle. The impacts of parameters in the model are discussed. The numerical results show that for a given dimensionless contact load, the dimensionless real contact area of the loading–unloading process of cylindrical contact surface with friction, as well as the differences of the dimensionless real contact area between the loading and unloading processes, increase with the increase of the loading interference and fractal dimension, decrease of the profile scaling parameter and curvature radius, or the substitution of external contact for internal contact.

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Zhang, Xian Min, and Qian Dong. "Displacement Field Study on the Full Width of Rigid Airport Pavement to Aircraft Loadings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 1611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.1611.

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Considering the joint loading-transfer effect, a 3-D finite element model which consists of thirty full-scale slabs is established. Making the aircraft loads act on different positions and calculating their vertical displacements. The results indicate that the loading area is compressive and the regions far away from loading area are tensile and that the vertical displacement curves change dramatically when aircraft wheels act on different locations.

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Sithole, T., K. Jalama, and R. Meijboom. "Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Oils over MgO/Al2O3 Catalyst." Applied Mechanics and Materials 492 (January 2014): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.350.

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MgO/Al2O3 catalysts with 10 and 20 wt.% MgO loadings have been prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. A low-surface area alumina with small pore sizes was used as catalyst support to stabilise most of the MgO particles on the external surface area of the support. The prepared catalysts were subsequently tested in the conversion of a waste vegetable oil to biodiesel. The waste vegetable oil conversion was found to increase with the increase in reaction temperature, reaction time and MgO loading in the catalyst.

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Hajdu, Štefan. "Investigation of Stress State and Contact Pressures in Contact Area of Journal Bearing by Numerical Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 474 (January 2014): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.474.200.

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Goal of the paper was to investigate stress state and contact pressures in contact pair of tribological assembly by numerical simulation. This paper deals with simulation of cylindrical contact pair. One part has convex (shaft) and other one concave (hole) surface of the body. This assembly represents friction state of the plain cylindrical journal bearing. The paper includes results of stress state and contact pressures from two loading states. The first loading state includes only radial loading without effect of the torque moment and the second one includes radial loading with torque moment. If we want to know more about tribological processes we will have to know stress state in the materials loaded through contact interaction between two bodies to the last detail. This level of knowledge can be achieved just by numerical simulation. The simulation was made by CAE system ANSYS.

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Li, Fei, and Jianhui Zeng. "Characterization of Origin and Evolution of Formation Water in Buried Hill of Jizhong Depression, China, Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Geochemical Data." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5290686.

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Groundwater samples from buried hill of Jizhong Depression were evaluated using two statistical analyses: hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The samples were classified into four clusters, C1–C4, in HCA and the hydrochemical types of C1–C4 are HCO3-Na, Cl·HCO3-Na, Cl-Na, and Cl-Na·Ca. From C1 to C2, C3, and C4, the water-rock interaction becomes increasingly intensive, and rNa/rCl gets lower while total dissolved solids and r(Cl-Na)/rMg get higher. Three components of PCA explain 86.87% of the variance. Component1 (PC1), characterized by highly positive loadings in Na+ and Cl−, is related to evaporation concentration. Component2 (PC2) is defined by highly positive loading in HCO3- and is related to influence of atmospheric water. With high positive loadings in Ca2+ and high negative loadings in Na+ and SO42-, component3 (PC3) suggests plagioclase albitization. The combination of HCA and PCA within the hydrogeological contexts allowed the division of study area into five dynamic areas. From recharge area to discharge area, the influence of atmospheric water gets weaker and water-rock interactions such as evaporation concentration and plagioclase albitization become intensive. Therefore groundwater in buried hill showed paths of hydrochemical evolution, from C1, to C2, C3, and C4. Buried hill reservoir in Jizhong Depression is mainly distributed in hydrodynamic blocking and discharge area; therefore the two regions can be the favorable areas for petroleum migration.

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Koenig, J. S., and B. T. Thach. "Effects of mass loading on the upper airway." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 2294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.6.2294.

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To learn how increased cervical adipose tissue might affect upper airway function, we studied effects of mass loading on upper airway dimensions, stability, and resistance. Eight rabbits were studied (anesthetized and postmortem) using lard-filled bags to simulate cervical fat accumulation. Additionally, a handheld device was used to apply measured loads at localized sites along the airway. Upper airway resistance and closing pressure (a reflection of airway stability) were determined before and after loading. Endoscopy revealed concentric narrowing of the pharynx during loading in anesthetized and postmortem preparations. Upper airway resistance was increased by mass loads, with larger loads having greater effects. Loading caused decreased airway stability as reflected by closing pressures. The area over the thyrohyoid membrane was more vulnerable to mass loading than adjacent areas. Because mass loading of the upper airway causes changes in its configuration and function similar to those seen in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), we speculate that such loading may contribute to the pathogenesis of OSA associated with obesity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Loading area'

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