Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Load schedule'

BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE. Various studies have identified physical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) associated with hand harvesting of crops, due to repetitive motions, lifting or carrying of heavy loads, and working in flexed trunk postures. A paucity of research exists on ergonomic risks to tomato farmworkers. The available studies have estimated risk based on self-reports of injury and semi-quantitative measures. METHODS. A partnership between East Tennessee State University (ETSU) and a migrant health center (Rural Medical Services) has identified some of the occupational health needs of this population. With the aid of surface electromyography (sEMG), an objective-quantitative tool, a more refined understanding of ergonomic health risks for this population will be developed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the muscle load and fatigue induced on the anterior deltoid and upper trapezius muscles during three tasks: driving stakes into the ground, tying of tomatoes to stakes, and hoisting of a 35-pound bucket full of tomatoes. Space for a mock test plot, where the study will be conducted, is available at the ETSU’s Valleybrook facility. Muscle activity recordings will be obtained from 15 tomato farmworkers. Spectral analysis and the amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) will be used to assess fatigue and muscle load respectively. A repeated measures ANOVA will be employed in the study. ANTICIPATED RESULTS. Findings of this study should show that localized muscle loading increases muscle fatigue. Neuromuscular demand should vary, depending on the type of task performed. Stake pounding may show a higher neuromuscular demand than the other tasks. AIM 1. Evaluate the magnitude of muscle activity during three simulated tomato-field tasks and measure the intensity of movement during the stake pounding task. AIM 2. Compare estimates of muscle fatigue and muscle load induced on the anterior deltoid and upper trapezius muscles during three simulated tomato-field tasks.

Розраховано навантаження та вибрано основне високовольтне обладнання електричної підстанції за нормальними та аварійними умовами роботи, для чого розраховано струми короткого замикання. В розділі «Охорона праці» розраховано заземлення та блискавкозахист підстанції. В економічній частині приведено визначення витрат на реконструкцію підстанції

Проведено аналіз поточного стану режимів електричного навантаження та складу генеруючої потужності ОЕС. Виконано ранжування методів управління режимами енергоспоживання за ступенем впливу для структурних рівнів регіональної електроенергетичної системи із застосуванням методів статистичних досліджень. Розроблений метод дискретного контролю споживачів із використанням методу мережевого планування та управління. Запропонований метод контролю рівня енергоефективності в промисловості.
The analysis of the current state of the electric load modes and the composition of the generating power of the UES is carried out. The ranking of methods of control of energy consumption regimes according to the degree of influence for the structural levels of the regional electric power system with the use of statistical research methods is performed. A method of discrete control of consumers using the method of network planning and management has been developed. The method of control of level of energy efficiency in the industry is offered.

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.14.02 – электрические станции, сети и системы – Национальный технический университет "Харьковский политехнический институт", Министерства образования и науки Украины, Харьков 2016 г. Диссертация посвящена научному обоснованию и решению научной задачи по созданию и разработке методов управления электрической нагрузкой в системах электроотопления для выравнивания ГЭН, а также синтезу энергосберегающей автоматизированной системы управления энергопотреблением потребителя-регулятора с предсказанием. В диссертационнойой работе исследованы методы синтеза автоматизированной системы управления электропотреблением в административных зданиях с электрообогревом с целью повышения энергоэффективности процессов генерации и потребления электрической энергии за счет уменьшения общих затрат. В основу метода управления электрической нагрузки положенимпульсный режим включения, который смещает спектр графика электропотребления в область сверхнизких частот, покрываемых за счет АЭС, а также на прогнозировании поступления энергии и теплопотерь. Разработаны методы и алгоритмы управления электрической нагрузкой для потребителей-регуляторов, позволяющих компенсировать их большую инерционность за счет предсказания состояния объекта управления и выработки компенсирующего воздействия. Предложен метод управления потребителями-регуляторами с использованием управляющего воздействия вида ступенчатой функции как без учета тепловых потерь, так и с их учетом, а также обоснован метод управления потребителями-регуляторами с распределенными параметрами с использованием широтно-импульсного регулирования. Исследован и показан метод определения длительности переходных процессов систем управления и устойчивости распределенных систем. В работе проведена оценка потенциального экономического эффекта от выравнивания графика электрической нагрузки за счет внедрения системы регулирования нагрузки потребителя-регулятора в виде теплоснабжения в административных зданиях.
The dissertation for degree of technical sciences candidate by specialty 05.14.02 – power plants, networks and system. – National Technical University "Kharkіv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkіv 2016. The thesis is devoted to scientific substantiation and scientific problem solving for the creation and development of electric load management in electric heating systems for alignment of the LEG, as well as the synthesis of energy-saving automatic power management system of the consumer-regulator with the prediction. The thesis discussed the methods of synthesis of the automated energy management systems in administrative buildings with electrical heating to improve the energy efficiency of generation and consumption of electric energy processes by reducing the overall costs. The basis of the electrical load control method is based on the pulse input mode which shifts the spectrum of power consumption schedule at ultralow frequencies covered by nuclear power plants, as well as predicting the energy input and heat loss. The methods and algorithms for electrical load management controllers for consumers to compensate for their greater inertia by predicting the state of the control object and generate the compensating effects. A consumer-regulator control method using the control action of the form as a step function without taking into account the heat losses and taking into account the heat loss, as well as substantiated by consumers control method controls with distributed parameters with the use of pulse-width control. Studied and shown the method of determining the duration of the transient stability control systems and distributed systems. The paper has been sown the potential economic effect of leveling the schedule of electric load due to the introduction of load control system of the consumer-regulator in the form of heat in the administrative building.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеню кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2016 р. Дисертація присвячена науковому обґрунтуванню та вирішенню завдання щодо створення і розробці методів управління електричним навантаженням в системах електроопалення для вирівнювання ГЕН, а також синтезу енергозберігаючої автоматизованої системи управління енергоспоживанням споживача-регулятора з упередженням. У дисертаційній роботі досліджені методи синтезу автоматизованої системи управління електроспоживанням в адміністративних будівлях з електрообігрівом з метою підвищення енергоефективності процесів генерації і споживання електричної енергії за рахунок зменшення загальних витрат. В основу методу управління електричного навантаження покладено імпульсний режим включення, який зміщує спектр графіка електроспоживання в область наднизьких частот, що покриваються за рахунок АЕС, а також на прогнозуванні надходження енергії і тепловтрат. Розроблено методи та алгоритми управління електричним навантаженням для споживачів регуляторів, що дозволяють компенсувати їх велику інерційність за рахунок передбачення стану об'єкта управління і вироблення компенсуючого впливу. Запропоновано метод управління споживачами-регуляторами з використанням керуючого впливу виду ступінчастої функції як без урахування теплових втрат, так і з їх урахуванням, а також обґрунтований метод управління споживачами регуляторами з розподіленими параметрами з використанням широтно-імпульсного регулювання. Досліджений і показаний метод визначення тривалості перехідних процесів систем управління і стійкості розподілених систем. У роботі проведена оцінка потенційного економічного ефекту від вирівнювання графіка електричного навантаження за рахунок впровадження системи регулювання навантаження споживача-регулятора у вигляді теплопостачання в адміністративних будівлях.
The dissertation for degree of technical sciences candidate by specialty 05.14.02 – power plants, networks and system. – National Technical University "Kharkіv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkіv 2016. The thesis is devoted to scientific substantiation and scientific problem solving for the creation and development of electric load management in electric heating systems for alignment of the LEG, as well as the synthesis of energy-saving automatic power management system of the consumer-regulator with the prediction. The thesis discussed the methods of synthesis of the automated energy management systems in administrative buildings with electrical heating to improve the energy efficiency of generation and consumption of electric energy processes by reducing the overall costs. The basis of the electrical load control method is based on the pulse input mode which shifts the spectrum of power consumption schedule at ultralow frequencies covered by nuclear power plants, as well as predicting the energy input and heat loss. The methods and algorithms for electrical load management controllers for consumers to compensate for their greater inertia by predicting the state of the control object and generate the compensating effects. A consumer-regulator control method using the control action of the form as a step function without taking into account the heat losses and taking into account the heat loss, as well as substantiated by consumers control method controls with distributed parameters with the use of pulse-width control. Studied and shown the method of determining the duration of the transient stability control systems and distributed systems. The paper has been sown the potential economic effect of leveling the schedule of electric load due to the introduction of load control system of the consumer-regulator in the form of heat in the administrative building.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеню кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2018. Дисертаційна робота присвячена регулюванню графіків електричного навантаження за допомогою споживачів-регуляторів з підключення у їх систему електропостачання кінетичного енергонакопичувача, що призведе до підвищення ефективності функціонування електричних мереж та показників якості електроенергії. У дисертаційній роботі досліджені методи регулювання графіків електронавантаження та обґрунтована доцільність використання адміністративних будівель з акумулючими пристроями, підключеними до системи електропостачання, у якості споживачів – регуляторів. Досліджено застосування різних типів акумулюючих пристроїв у системах електропостачання, та запропоновано використання кінетичного енергонакопичувача для регулювання графіків навантаження споживача регулятора. Проведено аналіз методів оцінки ризиків в енергетиці з метою їх зниження, що призведе до підвищення надійності роботи системи електропостачання споживача-регулятора та застосовано метод ієрархій Т. Сааті безпосередньо для аналізу ризиків та їх компенсації при підключені у систему електропостачання кінетичного енергонакопичувача. Розроблено конструкцію маховика з змінним моментом інерції та дисбалансними вантажами, який має кращі технічні характеристики у порівнянні з аналогами та може бути застосований у складі кінетичного енергонакопичувача. Розроблений спосіб симетрування навантаження у системі електропостачання адміністративної будівлі, заснований на використанні кінетичного енергонакопичувача. Розроблена модель обміну енергією між системою електропостачання будівлі та кінетичним енергонакопичувачем. Показана можливість регулювання графіків електронавантаження споживача-регулятора при регулюванні параметрів та характеристик кінетичного енергонакопичувача.
Thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in specialty 141 – electric power industry, electrical engineering and electromechanics – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute" of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkov, 2018. The thesis is devoted to regulation of electric load schedules with the help of regulator consumers to connect kinetic energy storages to their power supply system, which will lead to an increase in the efficiency of the functioning of electrical networks and power quality indicators. In the dissertation the methods of regulation of electronic loading schedules are investigated and the feasibility of using administrative buildings with storage devices connected to the power supply system, as consumers of regulators, is substantiated. The application of different types of accumulating devices in power supply systems has been investigated, and the use of a kinetic energy carrier for regulating load schedules of the consumer-regulator has been proposed. The analysis of risk assessment methods in energy with the purpose of their reduction, which will increase the reliability of the power supply system of the consumer-regulator, and the method of the hierarchy of T.Saati is used directly for the analysis of risks and their compensation when connected to the system of power supply of the kinetic energy accumulator. The design of the flywheel with a variable torque of inertia and imbalance loads, which differs from the existing presence of alternating moment of inertia and imbalance loads, which will reduce the energy consumption in the initial period of rotation of the flywheel and improve the smoothness of rotation in the working mode is developed, therefore, it has the best technical characteristics compared with analogues and can be used as a kinetic energy storage device. The method of balancing the load in the power supply system of an administrative building, based on the use of kinetic energy storage, has allowed to improve the quality of electricity due to the lack of switching in the power supply system. A model for energy exchange between the power supply system of the building and the kinetic energy storage device is developed, which differs from the current taking into account the design of the flywheel KES, which makes it possible to improve the accuracy of energy calculations. The possibility of regulating the electric load graphs of the consumer-regulator is shown when adjusting the parameters and characteristics of the kinetic energy storage, which will effectively regulate the load schedule of the electrical network as a whole. The influence of the design of the electric motor and the flywheel structure in the KEN on the accumulation of electric energy on the acceleration and loading characteristics of the drive for controlling the electric load schedule of the electric networks has been experimentally confirmed.

Дисертаційна робота присвячена регулюванню графіків електричного навантаження за допомогою споживачів-регуляторів з підключення у їх систему електропостачання кінетичного енергонакопичувача, що призведе до підвищення ефективності функціонування електричних мереж та показників якості електроенергії. У дисертаційній роботі досліджені методи регулювання графіків електронавантаження та обґрунтована доцільність використання адміністративних будівель з акумулючими пристроями, підключеними до системи електропостачання, у якості споживачів – регуляторів. Досліджено застосування різних типів акумулюючих пристроїв у системах електропостачання, та запропоновано використання кінетичного енергонакопичувача для регулювання графіків навантаження споживача регулятора. Проведено аналіз методів оцінки ризиків в енергетиці з метою їх зниження, що призведе до підвищення надійності роботи системи електропостачання споживача-регулятора та застосовано метод ієрархій Т.Сааті безпосередньо для аналізу ризиків та їх компенсації при підключені у систему електропостачання кінетичного енергонакопичувача. Розроблено конструкцію маховика з змінним моментом інерції та дисбалансними вантажами, який має кращі технічні характеристики у порівнянні з аналогами та може бути застосований у складі кінетичного енергонакопичувача. Розроблений спосіб симетрування навантаження у системі електропостачання адміністративної будівлі, заснований на використанні кінетичного енергонакопичувача. Розроблена модель обміну енергією між системою електропостачання будівлі та кінетичним енергонакопичувачем. Показана можливість регулювання графіків електронавантаження споживача-регулятора при регулюванні параметрів та характеристик кінетичного енергонакопичувача.
The thesis is devoted to regulation of electric load schedules with the help of regulator consumers to connect kinetic energy storages to their power supply system, which will lead to an increase in the efficiency of the functioning of electrical networks and power quality indicators. In the dissertation the methods of regulation of electronic loading schedules are investigated and the feasibility of using administrative buildings with storage devices connected to the power supply system, as consumers of regulators, is substantiated. The application of different types of accumulating devices in power supply systems has been investigated, and the use of a kinetic energy carrier for regulating load schedules of the consumer-regulator has been proposed. The analysis of risk assessment methods in energy with the purpose of their reduction, which will increase the reliability of the power supply system of the consumer-regulator, and the method of the hierarchy of T.Saati is used directly for the analysis of risks and their compensation when connected to the system of power supply of the kinetic energy accumulator. The design of the flywheel with a variable torque of inertia and imbalance loads, which differs from the existing presence of alternating moment of inertia and imbalance loads, which will reduce the energy consumption in the initial period of rotation of the flywheel and improve the smoothness of rotation in the working mode is developed, therefore, it has the best technical characteristics compared with analogues and can be used as a kinetic energy storage device. The method of balancing the load in the power supply system of an administrative building, based on the use of kinetic energy storage, has allowed to improve the quality of electricity due to the lack of switching in the power supply system. A model for energy exchange between the power supply system of the building and the kinetic energy storage device is developed, which differs from the current taking into account the design of the flywheel KES, which makes it possible to improve the accuracy of energy calculations. The possibility of regulating the electric load graphs of the consumer-regulator is shown when adjusting the parameters and characteristics of the kinetic energy storage, which will effectively regulate the load schedule of the electrical network as a whole. The influence of the design of the electric motor and the flywheel structure in the KEN on the accumulation of electric energy on the acceleration and loading characteristics of the drive for controlling the electric load schedule of the electric networks has been experimentally confirmed.

У дипломній роботі здійснено проект енергоефективної системи електропостачання кормоцеху промислового підприємства ТОВ «Агрокорм» та розглянуто заходи, що направлені на електрозбереження та вирівнювання добового графіка навантаження. Вирішені основні питання з електропостачання і захисту силового енергоощадного електрообладнання кормоцеху. Вибрано однотрансформаторну KTП 250-10/0,4 кВ. Проведений розрахунок освітлювального навантаження на базі сучасних світлодіодних промислових світильників Highbay 200. Також, проведений розрахунок струмів короткого замикання, перевірено захисну та комутаційну апаратуру на чутливість до струмів КЗ, на автоматичне спрацьовування і відключаючу здатність. Здійснилося вирівнювання нерівномірності графіка електричного навантаження за рахунок оптимізації основних критеріїв моделі оптимізації: дисперсія графіка електричного навантаження зменшилася на 26,4%, збільшився коефіцієнт заповнення та зменшився коефіцієнт максимуму.
In diploma work the project of the energy-efficient system of power supply to feeding room of industrial enterprise of LTD «Agrofeed» is carried out and events that is sent to electro-maintenance and smoothing of day's load-graph are considered. The decided basic questions are from a power supply and defence of power energy-efficient electrical equipment to feeding room. The onetransformer is chosen KTS 250-10/0.4 kV. Conducted calculation of the lighting loading on the base of modern light-emitting-diode industrial lamps of Highbay 200. Also, conducted calculation of currents of short circuit, a protective and interconnect apparatus is checked for a sensitiveness to the currents of short circuit, on an automatic wearing-out and disconnecting ability. Smoothing of unevenness of chart of the electric loading came true due to optimization of basic criteria of model of optimization: dispersion of chart of the electric loading diminished on 26,4%, a fillfactor increased and the coefficient of maximum diminished.

In the current electrical grid, utility companies have begun to use demand side management (DSM) programs and time-of-use (TOU) pricing schemes to shape the residential load profile. However, it is difficult for the residential users to respond to the pricing signal and manually manage the operation of various household appliances. Hence, the autonomous energy consumption scheduling of residential loads and electric vehicles (EVs) is necessary for the users to benefit from the DSM programs. In this thesis, we propose different algorithms to schedule the energy consumption of residential loads and EVs, and provide ancillary services to the electrical grid. First, we study the DSM for areas with high photovoltaic (PV) penetration. Since many rooftop PV units can be integrated in the distribution network, the voltage rise issue occurs when the reverse power flow from the households to the substation is significant. We use stochastic programming to formulate an energy consumption scheduling problem, which takes into account the voltage rise issue and the uncertainty of the power generation from PV units. We propose an algorithm by solving the formulated problem and jointly shave the peak load and reduce the reverse power flow. Subsequently, we study using the EVs to provide the frequency regulation service. We formulate a problem to schedule the hourly regulation capacity of the EVs using the probabilistic robust optimization framework. Our formulation takes into account the limited battery capacity of the EVs and the uncertainty of the automatic generation control (AGC) signal. An efficient algorithm is proposed to solve the formulated problem based on duality. Last but not least, we study the market participation of an aggregator which coordinates a fleet of EVs to provide frequency regulation service to an independent system operator (ISO). The two-settlement market system (i.e., the day-ahead market (DAM) and real-time market) is considered. We analyze two types of DAMs based on the market rules of New York ISO and California ISO. We formulate a problem to determine the bid for the aggregator in the DAM using stochastic program and conditional value at risk. Efficient algorithms are proposed to tackle the formulated problem.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate

Electrical power systems consist of a large number of power generators connected to consumers through a complex system of transmission and distribution lines. Within the electric grid, a continuous balance between generation and consumption of electricity must be maintained., ensuring stable operation of the grid. In recent decades due to increasing electricity demand, there is an increased likelihood of electrical power systems experiencing stress conditions. These conditions lead to a limited supply and cascading failures throughout the grid that could lead to wide area outages. Demand Response (DR) is a method involving the curtailment of loads during critical peak load hours, that restores that balance between demand and supply of electricity. In order to implement DR and ensure efficient energy operation of buildings, detailed energy monitoring is essential. This information can then be used for energy management, by monitoring the power consumption of devices and giving users detailed feedback at an individual device level. Based on the data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), approximately half of all commercial buildings in the U.S. are 5,000 square feet or smaller in size, whereas the majority of the rest is made up of medium-sized commercial buildings ranging in size between 5,001 and 50,000 square feet. Given that these medium-size buildings account for a large portion of the total energy demand, these buildings are an ideal target for participating in DR. In this dissertation, two broad solutions for commercial building DR have been presented. The first is a load disaggregation technique to disaggregate the power of individual HVACs using machine learning classification techniques, where a single power meter is used to collect aggregated HVAC power data of a building. This method is then tested over a number of case studies, from which it is found that the aggregated power data can be disaggregated to accurately predict the power consumption and state of activity of individual HVAC loads. The second work focuses on a DR algorithm involving the determination of an optimal bid price for double auctioning between the user and the electric utility, in addition to a load scheduling algorithm that controls single floor HVAC and lighting loads in a commercial building, considering user preferences and load priorities. A number of case studies are carried out, from which it is observed that the algorithm can effectively control loads within a given demand limit, while efficiently maintaining user preferences for a number of different load configurations and scenarios. Therefore, the major contributions of this work include- A novel HVAC power disaggregation technique using machine learning methods, and also a DR algorithm for HVAC and lighting load control, incorporating user preferences and load priorities based on a double-auction approach.
Doctor of Philosophy
Electrical power systems consist of a large number of power generators connected to consumers through a complex system of transmission and distribution lines. Within the electric grid, a continuous balance between generation and consumption of electricity must be maintained., ensuring stable operation of the grid. When electricity demand is high, Demand Response (DR) is a method that can be used to reduce user loads, restoring the balance between demand and supply of electricity. Based on data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), half of all commercial buildings in the US measure 5,000 square feet or smaller in size, whereas the majority of the other half is made up of medium-sized commercial buildings measuring in at between 5,001 to 50,000 square feet. This makes these commercial buildings an ideal target for participating in DR. In this dissertation, two broad solutions for commercial building DR have been presented. The first is a load disaggregation technique, where power consumption and activity of individual HVACs can be obtained, using a single power meter. The second work focuses on a DR algorithm, that controls single floor HVAC and lighting loads in a commercial building, based on a user generated bid price for electricity, user preferences and load priorities, when electricity demand is at its peak.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи. – НТУ "ХПІ". – Харків, 2015. Дисертацію присвячено теоретичному обґрунтуванню і вирішенню наукового завдання стосовно розробки методів керування електричним навантаженням в системах електропостачання побутових споживачів, які доведені до стадії практичного застосування та можуть використовуватись для вирівнювання ГЕН та симетрування режимів електропостачання у побутовому секторі. Для цього розроблена нова схема системи електропостачання побутових споживачів з можливістю управління виділеним навантаженням. Визначені тип та основні характеристики побутових споживачів-регуляторів, що дозволяють керувати ними на протязі доби. Заохочення побутових споживачів до надання "послуг з регулювання" здійснюється за рахунок методики визначення плати побутовим СР за послуги регулювання. Проведена оцінка загального ефекту від вирівнювання ГЕН ОЕС України, значення якого в порівнянні з вартістю розробленої системи управління дає відповідь щодо економічної доцільності її впровадження.
The dissertation for the degree of technical sciences candidate by specialty 05.14.02 – power plants, networks and systems. – NTU "KhPI". – Kharkiv, 2015. The dissertation is devoted to theoretical substantiation and scientific problem solution concerning designing techniques of residential consumers’ electric load management. The techniques are brought to the stage of practical application to result in electric load leveling and power supply mode balancing in the residential sector. To solve this problem, a new residential power supply scheme is worked out with the ability to control the load assigned. The type and the main characteristics of household consumers-regulators are specified to allow controlling them through the day. Household consumers’ motivation for rendering of the "regulation services" is based on a proposed payment methodology taking into account participation in the load management. The overall effect of the electric load leveling based on the developed load management techniques within the United Power System of Ukraine is assessed and compared with the introduced management system cost to show the economic expediency of its implementation.

Serverless computing is a paradigm where programmers write and compose stateless functions, leaving to Serverless infrastructure providers the duty to manage their deployment and scaling. Although the convenience of being relieved from handling the infrastructure and scaling is very appealing, there can be situations where it becomes a trade-off with efficiency. In this work we discuss several factors that current offerings don't take into account, but have an impact on efficiency and efficacy. When an inbound request to execute a function reaches the infrastructure of a provider, the latter needs to decide on which of its available computation nodes it should schedule the function. One way to improve serverless scheduling is through data locality. Intuitively, functions that access and elaborate data are faster to execute when scheduled on nodes near the data. Furthermore developers can have more control on the single nodes with self managed clusters, and can apply further optimizations for the different kind of resources to improve performance. In this work we present an extension of OpenWhisk, an open source project for serverless computing. It allows a more fine-grained control over function's scheduling. This extension provides developers with a declarative language they can use to specify priority policies for their functions. The scheduler uses those policies to find the node that best fits the constraints specified by the developer for a given function. We demonstrate the impact of data locality in a hybrid cluster context, where nodes were part of different local networks far from each other and we describe an use-case combining IoT, Edge and Cloud Computing architectures showing that we can capture the needs of different execution platforms. It is also useful to demonstrate that in such cases it is not needed to have specifically-designed platforms to host Serverless functions.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи. – НТУ "ХПІ". – Харків, 2015. Дисертацію присвячено теоретичному обґрунтуванню і вирішенню наукового завдання стосовно розробки методів керування електричним навантаженням в системах електропостачання побутових споживачів, які доведені до стадії практичного застосування та можуть використовуватись для вирівнювання ГЕН та симетрування режимів електропостачання у побутовому секторі. Для цього розроблена нова схема системи електропостачання побутових споживачів з можливістю управління виділеним навантаженням. Визначені тип та основні характеристики побутових споживачів-регуляторів, що дозволяють керувати ними на протязі доби. Заохочення побутових споживачів до надання "послуг з регулювання" здійснюється за рахунок методики визначення плати побутовим СР за послуги регулювання. Проведена оцінка загального ефекту від вирівнювання ГЕН ОЕС України, значення якого в порівнянні з вартістю розробленої системи управління дає відповідь щодо економічної доцільності її впровадження.
The dissertation for the degree of technical sciences candidate by specialty 05.14.02 – power plants, networks and systems. – NTU "KhPI". – Kharkiv, 2015. The dissertation is devoted to theoretical substantiation and scientific problem solution concerning designing techniques of residential consumers’ electric load management. The techniques are brought to the stage of practical application to result in electric load leveling and power supply mode balancing in the residential sector. To solve this problem, a new residential power supply scheme is worked out with the ability to control the load assigned. The type and the main characteristics of household consumers-regulators are specified to allow controlling them through the day. Household consumers’ motivation for rendering of the "regulation services" is based on a proposed payment methodology taking into account participation in the load management. The overall effect of the electric load leveling based on the developed load management techniques within the United Power System of Ukraine is assessed and compared with the introduced management system cost to show the economic expediency of its implementation.

The system test is very significant in the development life cycle of a telecommunication network node. Tools such as TITANSim are used to develop the test framework upon which a load test application is created. These tools need to be highly efficient and optimized to reduce the cost of the system test. This thesis project created a load test application based on the distributed scheduling architecture of TITANSim, whereby multiple users can be simulated using a single test component. This new distributed scheduling system greatly reduces the number of operating system processes involved, thus reducing the memory consumption of the load test application; hence higher loads can be easily simulated with limited hardware resources. The load test application used for system test of the HSS is based on the central scheduling architecture of TITANSim. The central scheduling architecture is a function test concept, where every user is simulated by a single test component. In the system test several thousand users are simulated by the test system. Therefore, the load application based on central scheduling architecture uses thousands of test components leading to high memory consumption in the test system. In this architecture, the scheduling of test components is centralized which results in a lot of communication overhead within the test system, as thousands of test components communicate with a master scheduling component during the test execution. On the other hand, in the distributed scheduling architecture the scheduling task is performed locally by each test component. There is no communication overhead within the test system. Therefore, the test system is highly efficient. In the distributed scheduling architecture the traffic flow of the simulated users are described using the Finite State Machines (FSMs). The FSMs are specified in the configuration files that are used by the test system at run time. Therefore, implementing traffic cases using the distributed scheduling architecture becomes simpler and faster as there is no (TTCN-3) coding/compilation. The HSS is the only node (within Ericsson) whose system test is performed using the central scheduling architecture of TITANSim. The other users (nodes) of TITANSim are using the distributed scheduling architecture for its apparent benefits. Under this circumstance, this thesis project assumes significance for the HSS. When a decision to adapt the distributed scheduling architecture is made for the system test of the HSS, the load application created in this thesis project can be used as a model, or extended for the migration of the test modules for the HSS from the central scheduling architecture to the distributed scheduling architecture. By creating this load application we have gained significant knowledge of the TITANSim framework; most importantly, the necessary modifications to the TITANSim framework required to create a distributed scheduling architecture based load application for the HSS. The load application created for this project was used to (system) test the HSS by generating load using real system test hardware. The results were analytically compared with the test results from the existing load application (which is based on the central scheduling architecture). The analysis showed that the load application based on distributed scheduling architecture is efficient, utilizes less test system resources, and capable of scaling up the load generation capacity
Systemet test är mycket betydelsefullt i utvecklingen livscykeln för ett telenät nod.Verktyg som TITANSim används för att utveckla testet ram på vilken ett belastningsprov program skapas. Dessa verktyg måste vara mycket effektiv och optimerad för att minska kostnaderna för systemet testet. Detta examensarbete skapat ett program belastningsprov bygger på distribuerad schemaläggning arkitektur TITANSim, där flera användare kan simuleras med hjälp av ett enda test komponent. Det nya distribuerade schemaläggning systemet minskar kraftigt antalet operativsystem inblandade system processer, vilket minskar minnesförbrukning av lasten testprogram, därav högre belastningar kan enkelt simuleras med begränsade hårdvara resurser. Lasten testa program som används för systemtest av HSS är baserad på den centrala schemaläggning arkitektur TITANSim. Den centrala schemaläggning arkitektur är ett funktionstest koncept, där varje användare simuleras med ett enda test komponent. I systemet testa flera tusen användare är simulerade av testsystemet.Därför använder belastningen program baserat på centrala schemaläggning arkitektur tusentals testa komponenter leder till hög minnesförbrukning i testsystemet.I denna arkitektur är schemaläggning av test komponenter centraliserad vilket resulterar i en mycket kommunikation overhead inom testsystem, som tusentals testa komponenter kommunicerar med en mästare schemaläggning komponent under testexekvering. Å andra sidan, i den distribuerade schemaläggning arkitekturen schemaläggning uppgiften utförs lokalt av varje test komponent. Det finns ingen kommunikation overhead i testsystemet. Därför är testsystemet mycket effektiv. I distribuerad schemaläggning arkitekturen trafikflödet av simulerade användare beskrivs med Finite State Machines (FSMs). Den FSMs anges i konfigurationsfiler som används av testsystemet vid körning. Därför genomföra trafiken fall med distribuerad schemaläggning arkitektur blir enklare och snabbare eftersom det inte finns någon (TTCN-3) kodning / sammanställning. HSS är den enda nod (inom Ericsson) vars system test utförs med hjälp av den centrala schemaläggningen arkitektur TITANSim. Den andra användare (noder) i TITANSim använder distribuerad schemaläggning arkitektur för sina uppenbara fördelar. Under denna omständighet, förutsätter detta examensarbete betydelse för HSS. När ett beslut att anpassa distribuerad schemaläggning arkitektur är gjord för systemet test av HSS, kan belastningen program som skapats i detta examensarbete kan användas som en modell, eller förlängas för migration av testet moduler för HSS från den centrala schemaläggningen arkitektur för distribuerade schemaläggning arkitektur. Genom att skapa denna belastning ansökan har vi fått stor kunskap om TITANSim ramen, viktigast av allt, de nödvändiga ändringar av TITANSim ramverk som krävs för att skapa en distribuerad schemaläggning arkitektur baserad belastning ansökan för HSS. Lasten program som skapats för detta projekt har använts för att (system) testa HSS genom att generera last använda riktiga maskinvarusystem test. Resultaten analytiskt jämfört med provresultaten från den befintliga belastningen ansökan (som är baserad på den centrala schemaläggning arkitektur). Analysen visade att belastningen ansökan baseras på distribuerad schemaläggning arkitektur är effektiv, använder mindre resurser testsystem, och kan skala upp kapaciteten last generation

Smart metering and precise measurement of energy consumption levels have brought more detailed information and interest on the actual load profile of a house which continues to improve consumer-retailer relationships. Participation in demand response (DR) programs is one of these relationships but studies have shown that there are considerable impacts resulting to some level of discomfort on consumers as they aim to follow a suggested load profile. This research therefore investigates the impact on consumers while participating in DR programs by evaluating various perspectives that includes:  Modelling the causes discomfort during participation in DR programs;  Evaluation of user participation capabilities in DR programs;  Identification of schedulable and non-schedulable loads and opportunities;  Application of load scheduling mechanism which caters for specific user concerns.  Investigation towards ensuring a secure and robust system design. The key source of information that enhances this work is obtained from data on historical user behavior which can be stored within a smart controller installed in the home and optimised using genetic algorithm implemented on MATLAB. Results show that user participation in DR programs can be improved and effectively managed if the challenges facing home owners are adequately understood. This is the key contribution of this work whereby load schedules created are specifically tailored to meet the need of the users hence minimizing the impact of discomfort experienced due to participation in DR programs. Finally as part of the test for robustness of the system design in order to prevent or minimize the impact of any event of a successful cyber-attack on the load or price profiles, this work includes means to managing any such attacks thereby mitigating the impact of such attacks on users who participate in demand response programs. Solutions to these attacks are also proffered with the aim of increasing robustness of the grid by being sufficiently proactive.

The diploma thesis deals with the technological stage of the lower structure, namely laying on piled foundations, including laying of a building pit with pilot reinforced concrete walls, and a rough top structure made of reinforced concrete walls, cores and reinforced concrete ceiling structure. The content is a technical report, solutions of wider transport relations, time and financial planning, studies of the main technological stages, equipment of the construction site of solved stages, design of the main building machines and mechanisms, technological regulations, control and test plans, safety and health protection at work, , thermal engineering assessment of selected constructions, budget, staff deployment balance, work progress scheme.

Decisions to interfere with the natural path of lava are constrained by geological, engineering and logistical factors; and legal, environmental and socio-cultural considerations. Lava flows erupted from several volcanoes around the world have threatened people and their property, motivating them to take actions to prevent or slow its advance by diverting the flow direction using channels, berms and explosives or obstructing the lava by quenching with water or armoring. Property to be protected has included government, public, commercial and private property ranging from cities and harbors to personal property. The earliest known attempt to influence the path of lava occurred in 1669 on Mount Etna, Italy, but more recent experience there occurred in the 1980s-90s. Several eruptions at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes in Hawai‘i also provided abundant experience (1881, 1935, 1942, 1955, 1960 and several times during the on-going 1983- present eruption of Kīlauea). Additional experience relates to experimental tests and an untested berm on Mauna Loa. Most recently though, local businessmen on Kīlauea constructed earthen berms to protect their property and the local utility authority constructed novel protective structures around electric utility poles. Decisions to use mitigation strategies may be based on expert scientific opinion, but public opposition has been reported to alone be able to prevent lava mitigation. In 2014, public opinions about the use of traditional mitigation strategies (diversion by berms or bombing) to protect commercial and residential areas of Puna were mixed among residents, but there appeared to be no opposition to a new mitigation strategy that protected key areas of the electrical infrastructure and supply of electricity. To help understand public opinion about this and various mitigation strategies and people’s acceptance of additional risk to personal property to help protect important elements of their community, we conductied questionnaire surveys among residents on Kīlauea and Mauna Loa as part of a multi-university NSF Hazards SEES project. We evaluated crisis experience, hazard zonation, and community bondedness, in addition to socio-demographic and cultural factors, with beliefs concerning mitigation, including effectiveness of mitigation strategies for lava flows and others hazards; financial and legal considerations; and requirements for specialized knowledge, skills and cooperation.

Emerging architecture designs include tens of processing cores on a single chip die; it is believed that the number of cores will reach the hundreds in not so many years from now. However, most common parallel workloads cannot fully utilize such systems. They expose fluctuating parallelism, and do not scale up indefinitely as there is usually a point after which synchronization costs outweigh the gains of parallelism. The combination of these issues suggests that large-scale systems will be either multiprogrammed or have their unneeded resources powered off.Multiprogramming leads to hardware resource contention and as a result application performance degradation, even when there are enough resources, due to negative share effects and increased bus traffic. Most often this degradation is quite unbalanced between co-runners, as some applications dominate the hardware over others. Current Operating Systems blindly provide applications with access to as many resources they ask for. This leads to over-committing the system with too many threads, memory contention and increased bus traffic. Due to the inability of the application to have any insight on system-wide resource demands, most parallel workloads will create as many threads as there are available cores. If every co-running application does the same, the system ends up with threads $N$ times the amount of cores. Threads then need to time-share cores, so the continuous context-switching and cache line evictions generate considerable overhead.This thesis proposes a novel solution across all software layers that achieves throughput optimization and uniform performance degradation of co-running applications. Through a novel fully automated approach (DVS and Palirria), task-parallel applications can accurately quantify their available parallelism online, generating a meaningful metric as parallelism feedback to the Operating System. A second component in the Operating System scheduler (Pond) uses such feedback from all co-runners to effectively partition available resources.The proposed two-level scheduling scheme ultimately achieves having each co-runner degrade its performance by the same factor, relative to how it would execute with unrestricted isolated access to the same hardware. We call this fair scheduling, departing from the traditional notion of equal opportunity which causes uneven degradation, with some experiments showing at least one application degrading its performance 10 times less than its co-runners.

QC 20151016

The diploma thesis deals with the lower and upper rough building of a apartment building. It includes a technical report, broader transport routes, a study of the implementation of the main technological stages, a technical report of the construction site equipment, the design of the main building machines and mechanisms, a plan for providing material resources for a reinforced concrete ceiling, a technological regulation for the rough bottom and top structure, work and monolithic constructions, gross building budget, risk plan and their measures, statement of the dimension and network graph for finishing works, thermal technical assessment of external structures, drawing of site equipment, situation, original state of the land and ramp diagram. It also contains time and financial plan of the building, schedule of the main building, schedule of construction and disposal of construction site equipment and balance of machines and workers.

Syfte: Det finns idag stor förbättringspotential i arbetet med logistik och tidplanering på byggarbetsplatser. Ökad komplexitet har lett till ökade krav på detta. Dock har det visats i studier att byggbranschen är en av de minst digitaliserade branscherna som finns, trots alla verktyg som finns. Syftet med studien är att undersöka fördelar med att använda sig av BIM i arbetet med logistik- och tidplanering jämfört med de traditionella metoder som finns, och på så sätt se hur detta arbete kan effektiviseras. Metod: De valda undersökningsmetoderna för att besvara våra frågeställningar är fallstudie samt litteraturstudie. Dessa metoder lämpar sig bäst för den typen av studie som ska utföras. Empirin är insamlad via intervjuer med anställda på Gärahovs Bygg AB. Resultat: Studien har visat att respondenterna tror att kommunikationen mellan olika aktörer i projektet, till exempel entreprenörer och underentreprenörer, kan förbättras med hjälp av den BIM-baserade metoden. De tror också att det blir lättare att se att allt tas med i planeringen i projekteringsskedet. Nyttan med att använda BIM: • BIM-metoden kan ge en visuell fördel i kommunikationen mellan entreprenörer och underentreprenörer. • BIM-metoden kan ge en tydligare bild av hur arbetet ska fortskrida genom visuella simuleringar. • BIM-metoden kan göra det lättare att i tidplaneringsskedet se om alla tänkta aktiviteter finns med i planeringen. • BIM-metoden kan göra det lättare att göra avstämningar mot tidplanen under projektets gång. Begränsningar: Begränsningar är att endast göra en tidplan över en typlägenhet i ett projekt, och gör jämförelser endast med denna. Studien har endast gjorts tillsammans med ett företag. För att få högre trovärdighet i resultatet behövs fler företag att jämföra med. En simulering av en större modell hade kunnat ge en ännu klarare bild av vilka fördelar och nackdelar som finns med BIM-metoden.
Purpose: Today there is big room for improvements in the work with logistics and scheduling on construction sites. Increased complexity has led to increased demands on planning. However, studies have shown that construction is one of the least digitalised industries today, in spite of all tools available. The purpose of the study is to study the advantages of using BIM in the work with logistics and scheduling compared to the traditional methods available, and in that way see how this increase efficiency. Method: The research methods that was chosen to answer our issue are case studies and literature studies. Those methods are the best suited for these types of studies that are going to be done. Collection of data has been made through qualitative interviews with employees at Gärahovs Bygg AB. Findings: The study has shown that the interviewees believe that communication between different participants in the project can be improved using the BIM-based method. They also believe that it will be easier to see that everything is included in the planning phase. The benefit of using BIM: • The BIM method can provide a visual advantage in the communication between contractors and subcontractors. • The BIM method can give a clearer picture of how the work will proceed through visual simulations. • The BIM method can make it easier to see if all the planned activities are included in the planning phase. • The BIM method can make it easier to make reconciliations against the schedule during the project. Limitations: The study is limited to only make a production schedule over one typeapartment in a project, and to only make comparisons with this. The study has only been made together with one company. For a more reliable result, more companies would have to be included in the study. A simulation of a larger model could have given an even clearer picture of what advantages and disadvantages that comes with the BIM-based method.

The purpose of this disertation is to introduce and demonstrate a new approach to robust control of AC electrical drives. The proposed robust control method takes advantage of a nonlinear nature of AC motor d-q equations to construct self-scheduled LPV stator current controller. The benefit of this approach is in maitaining the robustness without any increase in conservatism of the H infinity controller. The resulting controller achieves fast and consistent response in the entire range of operating speeds. Rejection of the load torque disturbance is achieved with nonparametric H infinity speed controller in the outter loop of the cascade structure. The combination of LPV current controller and H infinity speed controller was verified on real-time simulation platform dSPACE ds1103. Simulation results for both types of AC motors (PMSM and IM) shows that the proposed solution is not only robust with respect to operating speeds but also impervious to wide range of load disturbance values.

The aim of this master's thesis is the construction-technological project of the entire building focusing on major construction building - Multifunctional house, which is based on large-diameter piles. The main part of thesis are budget of object and time schedules of construction. Part of the thesis is organization of construction and design of the site eguipment, technological regulation of selected work, quality control and solving transport relations including oversize cargo. It also deals with the design of mechanical assemblies, health and safety, safety of environment and design of instructions for use of building.

Актуальність теми. На сьогоднішні день нерівномірний характер має попит споживачів на електричну потужність. Це призводить до зниження надійності та економічності функціонування енергосистеми, а також погіршенням якості електричної енергії. В зв’язку з цим виникає потреба в регулюванні попиту споживачів на електричну потужність. Викликало необхідність періодичного застосування адміністративних обмежень попиту споживачів на електричну енергію те, що в різні періоди часу енергетична галузь України була дефіцитною. Це пояснюється тим, що, з одного боку, на електростанціях недостатня кількість палива, а з іншого – фізична зношеність значної кількості генеруючого обладнання електростанції, а також електричних мереж. Несприятлива структура генеруючих потужностей спричинила те, що в об’єднаній системі України спостергіється серйозний дефіцит електричної потужності. Мається на увазі, що енергосистемa України недостатньо забезпечена необхiдною кількiстю маневруючих блокiв, які, в свою чергу, можуть швидко виходити нa робочий режим з горячого або холодного резервів, а також змінювати величину виробленої електричної потужності в широких межах. Тому, все більш складною задачею для української енергетичної галузі стає якість електричної енергії, а також надійність забезпечення попиту споживачів на електричну потужність. Відомо, що існують різні методи та способи керування попитом на електричну потужність, основними з яких є методи структурно-технологічного управління, адміністративно-правові методи, економічні та організаційні. Якщо розглядати структурно-технологічні методи, то мова йде про розвантаження енергосистеми при аварійних ситуаціях або дифіциті електричної потужності. Для цього було б доцільно збільшити кількість маневруючих потужностей в ОЕС України, а саме побудові нових гідроакумулюючих електростанцій, побудова та використання парогазових та газотурбінних генеруючих установок, а також модернізації існуючого обладнання ГЕС. Але, на жаль, цей шлях потребує значних фінансових та матеріальних витрат, а також достатньо тривалого часу. Тому необхідно застосовувати такі методи керування попитом споживачів на електричну потужність, які передбачають найменшу кількість витрат та часу, при цьому залишаються ефективними. Мова йде, про економічні методи керування. Таким чином, одним із таких засобів економічного керування попитом споживачів є тарифна система країни, а саме диференційовані за зонами доби тарифи. Диференційовані тарифи в Україні діють з 1995 року. В той час, використання таких тарифів мало сильний стимулюючий ефект у споживачів, при чому з кожним роком їх кількість ставала все більшою. Але, з часом, потреби споживачів на електричну енергію змінились, при чому, диференційовані за зонами доби, а саме коефіцієнти кожної зони, довгий час залишались не змінними. В зв’язку з цим, багато вчених аналізують характер впливу диференційованих тарифів на вирівнювання добових графіків, але разом з тим дана проблема залишається актуальною, адже зонні тарифи втратили свої стимулюючі ефекти до залучення нових споживачів, при чому, їх кількість, навіть, ставала меншою. Відповідно до цього було запропоновано новий спосіб адресного керування попитом споживачів на електричну потужність. Мета й завдання дослідження. Метою роботи є удосконалення механізму адресного керування попитом споживачів на електричну потужність. Для досягнення зазначеної мети були вирішені наступні завдання: • аналiз сучасного стaну eнергeтичної галузi України; • оцінка використання диференційованих за зонами доби тарифів; • визначення характеру та ступеню впливу груп споживачів на формування добового графіка електричного навантаження енергосистеми; • порівняння існуючих меж тарифних зон доби із сучасними потребами споживачів; • удосконалено концепцію та методичні основи побудови та використання мeхaніiму адресного кeрування рeжимами споживання eлeктричної потужностi; • удосконалено розрaхунок коeфіцієнту участi та коефіцiєнту рoзпoдiлу. Об’єкт дослідження. Процеси керування режимами споживання електричної потужності в енергетичній системі. Предмет дослідження. Методи та способи керування режимами споживання електричної потужності в енергетичній системі. Методи дослідження. Методи кореляційного та дисперсійного аналізу, а також математичної статистики застосовуються для визначення характеру та ступеню впливу основних груп споживачів на нерівномірність графіків електричного навантаження енергосистеми; дослідження характеру та ступеню протидії навантаження споживачів, які використовують диференційовані за зонами доби тарифи відповідно до зміни попиту на потужність споживачів, які не використовують ці тарифи; oцiнки пoтeнцiaлу eкoнoмії витрaт eнeргoсистеми на вирoбництвo електричної енергії, яку можливо отримати в результаті вирівнювання нерівномірності її графіка навантаження. Мeтoди встановлення довірчих інтервалів та групування годинних навантажень за допомогою критерія Стьюдента використовуються для виявлення фактичних зон доби зі статистично різним рівнем електричного навантаження енергосистеми та груп споживачів. Методи узагальнення та логічного підходу, методи моделювання графіків електричного навантаження, методи оптимального програмування застосовуються для використання засобу адресного керування режимами споживання електричної потужності в енергосистемі Наукова новизна одержаних результатів. Удосконалено метод визначення тривалості та меж фактичних зон доби зі статистично різним рівнем електричного навантаження, що базується на групуванні погодинних значень навантаження енергосистеми та споживачів електроенергії. Удосконалено показник, який дозволяє оцінити ступінь протидії електричного навантаження «дифтарифних» та «недифтарифних» споживачів. Визначено кількісні показники, а саме коефіцієнт участі та коефіцієнт розподілу, які дозволяють оцінити участь кожного із учасників запропонованого механізму адресного керування попитом споживачів у вирівнюванні нерівномірності графіка електричного навантаження енергосистеми. Практичне значення одержаних результатів. Для ефективного стимулювання споживачів до вирівнювання нерівномірності графіка електричного навантаження ОЕС України може бути застосовано запропоновану концепцію та методичні основи. Також, вона має новий напрямок розвитку ринкових методів керування режимами споживання електричнох потужності в енергосистемі.
Actuality of theme. To date, consumer demand for electricity is uneven. This leads to a decrease in the reliability and efficiency of the functioning of the grid, as well as the deterioration of the quality of electric energy. In connection with this, there is a need to regulate the demand of consumers for electric power. The necessity of the periodic application of administrative constraints on consumer demand for electricity was the fact that the energy sector of Ukraine was scarce at different times. This is explained by the fact that, on the one hand, there is insufficient amount of fuel at power plants, and on the other hand - physical deterioration of a significant amount of generating equipment of the power plant, as well as electric networks. The unfavorable structure of generating capacities was caused by the fact that in the united system of Ukraine there is a serious shortage of electric power. It is understood that Ukraine's energy system is insufficiently equipped with the required number of maneuvering blocks, which, in turn, can quickly enter the operating mode of hot or cold reserves, and also change the amount of electric power produced in a wide range. Therefore, the quality of electric energy, as well as the reliability of ensuring the demand of consumers for electric power, becomes an increasingly complex task for the Ukrainian energy sector. It is known that there are different methods and methods for controlling demand for electric power, the main of which are methods of structural and technological management, administrative and legal methods, economic and organizational. If we consider structural and technological methods, then we are talking about the unloading of the power system in emergency situations or the dipole of electric power. For this purpose, it would be advisable to increase the number of maneuvering capacities in the UES of Ukraine, namely the construction of new hydroelectric power stations, the construction and use of steam and gas turbine generating units, as well as the modernization of the existing equipment of the hydroelectric power station. But, unfortunately, this path requires significant financial and material costs, as well as a sufficiently long time. Therefore, it is necessary to apply such methods of controlling the demand of consumers for electric power, which provide the least amount of time and expenses, while remaining effective. It's about the economic management methods. Thus, one of such means of economic management of consumer demand is the tariff system of the country, namely tariffs differentiated by zones of the day. Differentiated tariffs in Ukraine have been in force since 1995. At that time, the use of such tariffs had a strong stimulating effect on consumers, with what each year their number became more and more. But, over time, the needs of consumers for electric energy have changed, with that, differentiated by zones of the day, namely, the coefficients of each zone, for a long time remained unchanged. In this regard, many scientists analyze the effect of differentiated tariffs on the equalization of daily charts, but at the same time, this problem remains relevant, because zone tariffs have lost their stimulating effects to attract new consumers, and at the same time, their number is even less. Accordingly, a new method of address management of consumer demand for electric power was proposed. The purpose and tasks of the study. The aim of the work is to improve the mechanism of address management of consumer demand for electric power. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: • analysis of the current state of the Ukrainian energy sector; • estimation of the use of tariff-differentiated zones; • determination of the nature and degree of influence of groups of consumers on the formation of a daily schedule of electric load of the power system; • Comparison of the existing boundaries of the tariff zones of the day with the modern needs of consumers; • The concept and methodical bases of the construction and use of the mechanism of address control of electric power consumption modes have been improved; • The calculation of the participation coefficient and the distribution coefficient has been improved. Object of study. Processes of control of modes of consumption of electric power in the power system. Subject of study. Methods and methods for controlling the demand of electric power consumers in the energy system. Research methods. Methods of correlation and dispersion analysis, as well as mathematical statistics, are used to determine the nature and extent of the impact of major consumer groups on the unevenness of the schedules of the electric load of the power system; the study of the nature and degree of counteraction of the load of consumers, which use differentiated by the zones of the day tariffs in accordance with the change in demand for the power of consumers who do not use these tariffs; Estimating the potential of energy saving in electricity generation for electricity production, which can be obtained as a result of equalizing the unevenness of its loading schedule. Methods for establishing confidence intervals and clustering of hourly loads using Student's criterion are used to identify the actual days of the day with a statistically different level of electrical load of the power system and consumer groups. Methods of generalization and logical approach, methods of modeling electric power schedules, methods of optimal programming are used for the use of address management tools for power consumption in the grid. Scientific novelty of the obtained results. The method of determining the duration and limits of actual days of the day with a statistically different level of electric load, based on the grouping of hourly values of the load of the power system and consumers of electricity, has been improved. The indicator, which allows to assess the degree of counteraction to the electric load of "diffariffic" and "non-dipharmary" consumers, is improved. The quantitative indicators, namely, the coefficient of participation and the distribution coefficient, which allow estimating the participation of each of the participants in the proposed mechanism of address management of consumer demand in the alignment of the unevenness of the schedule of the electric load of the grid. The practical value of the results. For the effective stimulation of consumers to equalize the uneven schedule of electric loading of the UES of Ukraine, the proposed concept and methodical bases can be applied. Also, it has a new direction in developing market-based methods for controlling electricity consumption regimes in the grid.

In 2011 the mining industry purchased 14.5% of the electrical energy generated by Eskom. During 2011 in South Africa, dewatering pump systems on gold mines were the fourth largest electrical energy consumer on South African mines therefor making dewatering pumps ideal candidates to generate significant financial savings. These savings can be realised by controlling time-of-use (TOU) schedules. Previous studies concentrated on the impact of improving a pumping scheme of a single mineshaft. This dissertation will focus on the operations of a complete dewatering system consisting of multiple mineshafts. The case study will consist of a gold mine complex comprising of five different shafts - each with its own reticulation system – as well as the larger interconnected water reticulation system. Various pumping options were investigated, simulated and verified. The interaction between shafts was determined when load-shifting was scheduled for all the shafts taking each shaft’s particular infrastructure into account. The underground dewatering system was automated and optimised based on the simulation results. Mine safety protocols were adhered to while optimal pump operational schedules were introduced.
Thesis (MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Калашников, К. О. Зменшення втрат електроенергії в тяговій мережі постійного струму шляхом вибору раціональної дислокації тягових навантажень : авт. дис. к. т. н. / К. О. Калашников ; Дніпропетр. нац. ун-т залізн. трансп. ім. акад. В. Лазаряна. - Д. : Вид-во Дніпропетр. нац. ун-ту залізн. трансп. ім. акад. В. Лазаряна, 2014. - 20 с. : іл. ГРНТИ 73.29.71 УДК 621.331:621.311.024(043.3) Захист – 6 березня 2014 р.
UK: АНОТАЦІЯ Дисертація присвячена вирішенню актуальної науково-технічної задачі зменшення втрат електроенергії в тяговій мережі постійного струму шляхом вибору раціональної дислокації тягових навантажень. На основі аналізу існуючих методів зменшення втрат електроенергії в тяговій мережі встановлено, що існують додаткові резерви зменшення втрат шляхом вибору раціональної дислокації тягових навантажень, послідовності відправлення поїздів різних категорій, інтервалів між поїздами. Сформульовано принцип зменшення втрат електроенергії в тяговій мережі на основі методу деформованого багатогранника, який дозволяє розраховувати оптимальні відстані між тяговими навантаженнями для побудови енергоефективних ГРП. Розглянуто ситуації для різної кількості поїздів між ТП. Запропоновано принцип зменшення втрат електроенергії в тяговій мережі на основі евристичного алгоритму пошуку мінімуму функції списку шляхом вибору оптимальної послідовності відправлення та інтервалів між поїздами. При цьому послідовність поїздів різних категорій представляється як список, а кожній послідовності відправлення поїздів різних категорій відповідає певне значення втрат електроенергії в тяговій мережі. Розроблено програмний комплекс для складання енергоефективних ГРП. Проведено експериментальну перевірку теоретичних положень дисертації з використанням програмного комплексу «Поток». Чистий дисконтований дохід для електрифікованих ділянок Придніпровської залізниці за 1 рік становить 1,4 млн грн.
RU: АННОТАЦИЯ Диссертация посвящена решению актуальной научно-технической задачи уменьшения потерь электроэнергии в тяговой сети постоянного тока путем выбора рациональной дислокации тягових нагрузок. На основе анализа существующих методов уменьшения потерь электроэнергии в тяговой сети установлено, что существуют дополнительные резервы снижения потерь путем выбора рациональной дислокации тяговых нагрузок, последовательности отправления поездов различных категорий, интервалов между поездами. Выделены факторы, которые влияют на величину потерь электроэнергии в тяговой сети постоянного тока: параметры СТЭ – схемы питания контактной сети, длина фидерной зоны, мощность и напряжение на шинах ТП; параметры пути – сопротивление движению, уклоны; технические данные ЭПС – максимальная скорость, масса, мощность, потребляемый ток; параметры транспортного потока – дислокация поездов между ТП, размеры движения, интервалы между поездами, последовательность отправления поездов различных категорий; прочие факторы – квалификация машинистов, погодные условия. Установлен потенциал уменьшения потерь электроэнергии в тяговой сети путем уменьшения неравномерности транспортного потока: для схемы двухстороннего питания величина потерь изменяется на 18,9 %; для узловой схемы питания – на 11,1 %. Разработаны модели СТЭ и транспортного потока, в которых ж.д. станция представлена как трансформатор транспортного потока с возможностью учета влияния показателей транспортного потока на величину потерь электроэнергии в тяговой сети. Установлены предельные показатели транспортного потока по условиям работы СТЭ для электрифицированного участка Приднепровской ж.д.: максимальная интенсивность транспортного потока – , максимальная плотность транспортного потока – . Разработана математическая модель энергооптимальной дислокации тяговых нагрузок между ТП, позволяющая выбирать схемы расположения тяговых нагрузок между ТП на каждом шаге времени, при которых потери электроэнергии в тяговой сети минимальны. Предложен подход, при котором расстояния между тяговыми нагрузками представлены как ребра многогранника. Ограничения по безопасности движения поездов учитываются следующим образом: минимальная длина ребра должна быть не меньше длины блок-участка устройств СЦБ, максимальная – не более длины рассматриваемого участка. Сформулирован принцип уменьшения потерь электроэнергии в тяговой сети на основе метода деформируемого многогранника, который позволяет рассчитывать оптимальные расстояния между тяговыми нагрузками для построения энергоэффективных ГДП. Рассмотрены ситуации для различного количества поездов между ТП. Предложен принцип уменьшения потерь электроэнергии в тяговой сети на основе эвристического алгоритма поиска минимума функции списка путем выбора оптимальной последовательности отправления и интервалов между поездами. При этом последовательность поездов различных категорий представляется как список, а каждой последовательности отправления поездов различных категорий поставлено в соответствие определенное значение потерь электроэнергии в тяговой сети. Разработан программный комплекс для составления энергоэффективных ГДП. Проведена экспериментальная проверка теоретических положений диссертации с использованием программного комплекса «Поток» путем имитационного моделирования. Установлены пределы изменения величины потерь электроэнергии в зависимости от: последовательности отправления поездов для различных схем питания – 20-23 % (двухсторонняя – 20 %, узловая и параллельная – 23 %); дислокации и интервалов между тяговыми нагрузками – 23–27 % (двухсторонняя – 23 %, узловая и параллельная – 27 %). Проведены технико-экономические расчеты, подтверждающие эффективность применения методов уменьшения потерь электроэнергии в тяговой сети путем выбора рациональной дислокации тяговых нагрузок. Чистый дисконтированный доход для электрифицированных участков Приднепровской ж.д. за 1 год составляет 1,4 млн грн.
EN: ABSTRACT The dissertation is devoted to the solution of the important scientific and technical tasks - decreasing energy losses in traction line by choosing a rational dislocation traction loads. Based on the analysis of existing methods of reducing electricity losses in traction lines it’s established that there are additional reserves of decreasing losses by choosing a rational dislocation of the traction loads, sequence of departure of trains with different categories, intervals between trains. It’s formulated the principles of reducing electric power losses in traction lines based on the method of strain of the polytope, which allows to calculate the optimal distance between traction loads for building energy-efficient schedule of trains. The author proposed the principle of reduction of electricity losses in traction line on the basis of the heuristic algorithm for finding the minimum of the function list by selecting the optimal sequence of departure and intervals between trains. The sequence of trains with various categories is represented as a list, and each sequence of trains with different categories corresponds to a certain value of electricity losses in traction lines. It’s developed a software package designed to compute energy-efficient train schedule. An experimental verification of theoretical propositions in dissertation using software complex «Potok» on the basis of simulation showed a positive economice effect.The net product value for electrified sections of Pridneprovskaya railway for 1 year is 1.4 million UAH.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程研究所
84
The purpose of this thesis is to develop a windows-based load analysis program for branch circuits lay-out in a industrial power distribution system design. A basic database required has been built as well. Recently, great improvement has been obtained in the computer techniques, especially the Graphic User Interface (GUI) techniques. Based upon the superior GUI techniques, the huge and complicated distribution analysis information can be efficiently synthesized by a personal computer. The techniques has been successively applied to the design of a practice distribution system. This thesis applies the recently developed GUI techniques to develop a distribution load analysis program and build a related database to analyze and design branch circuits in a industrial distribution system design. The developed system can improve the traditional human- made process and avoid unintentional mistakes. It is of value to the design engineers and consultants of a industrial power distribution system.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電機工程系研究所
95
Based on a good searching ability of structure, Genetic Programming is designed to search the structural solution and to utilize crossover mechanism of tree structure to get the better structure. In this thesis, we will use the performance of Genetic Programming to solve two optimal questions. (1).Application of Genetic Programming to fuzzy modeling: This study is concerned with a general methodology of identification of fuzzy models. Unlike other numeric models, fuzzy models operate at a level of information granules (fuzzy sets), and this aspect brings up an important requirement of design on about the transparency of the model. (2).Application of Genetic Programming to the schedule of direct load control: Based on the searching ability of Genetic Programming, we can find an optimal control strategy to reduce the peak load.

碩士
國立台灣工業技術學院
管理技術研究所
85
This thesis proposed a new self-stabilizing task dispatching algorithm fordynamically load-balancing systems. The algorithm involves a leader election algorithm, a minimal height spanning tree algorithm, a diffusioncomputation, and a task migration algorithm. It simply send a new comingtask to the least loaded node on the global system, where the decision ismade distributed and with fault tolerant. A previous work was shown by Flatebo, Datta and Bourgon which enhanced the fault-tolerance by self- stabilizing paradigm. However, due to the property of self- stabilization,their algorithm do not fast enough to work for a bursty system. A self-stabilization algorithm can tolerate state-transient fault and communication link fault in a non- masking manner. But the main disadvantageis that it costs more message overhead and an obvious slowdown than a non-self- stabilizing one. Our algorithm improved the time of service by overlapping the location scheme and the task migration scheme. The simulation comparison with the previous work is presented. We also implemented a scheduler based upon our algorithm on a network of Unix workstations with TCP/IP and UCP/IP facility. The result evidence that thealgorithm is practical and efficient in real environment, and it is suitablefor constructing both kernel- or user-level support load-balancing systems.

碩士
國立交通大學
資訊科學與工程研究所
99
MapReduce is becoming a trendy programming model for large-scale data processing such as data mining, log processing, web indexing and scientific research. MapReduce framework is a batch distributed data processing framework that disassembles a job into smaller map tasks and reduce tasks. In MapReduce framework, master node distributes tasks to worker nodes to complete the whole job. Hadoop MapReduce is the most popular open-source implementation of MapReduce framework. Hadoop MapReduce comes with a pluggable task scheduler interface and a default FIFO job scheduler. Performance of MapReduce jobs and overall cluster utilization rely on how the tasks being assigned and processed. In practice, there are some issues such as dynamic loading, heterogeneity of nodes, multiple job scheduling needs to be taken into account. We find that current Hadoop scheduler suffers from performance degradation due to the above problems. We propose a new scheduler named Load-Aware Scheduler to address these issues, and improve the overall performance and utilization. Experimental results show that we could improve 10 to 20 of utilization on average by avoid unnecessary speculative tasks.

The objective of an Energy Control Center (ECC) is to ensure secure and economic operation of power system. The challenge to optimize power system operation, while maintaining system security and quality of power supply to customers, is increasing. Growing demand without matching expansion of generation and transmission facilities and more tightly interconnected power systems contribute to the increased complexity of system operation. Rising costs due to inflation and increased environmental concerns has made transmission, as well as generation systems to be operated closure to design limits, with smaller safety margins and hence greater exposure to unsatisfactory operating conditions following a disturbance. Investigations of recent blackouts indicate that the root cause of most of these major power system disturbances is voltage collapse. Information gathered and preliminary analysis, from the most recent blackout incident in North America on 14th August 2003, is pointing the finger on voltage instability due to some unexpected contingency. In this incident, reports indicate that approximately 50 million people were affected interruption from continuous supply for more than 15 hours. Most of the incidents are related to heavily stressed system where large amounts of real and reactive power are transported over long transmission lines while appropriate real and reactive power resources are not available to maintain normal system conditions. Hence, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse has become a major concern in power system planning and operation. Reliable operation of large scale electric power networks requires that system voltages and currents stay within design limits. Operation beyond those limits can lead to equipment failures and blackouts. In the last few decades, the problem of reactive power control for improving economy and security of power system operation has received much attention. Generally, the load bus voltages can be maintained within their permissible limits by reallocating reactive power generations in the system. This can be achieved by adjusting transformer taps, generator voltages, and switchable Ar sources. In addition, the system losses can be minimized via redistribution of reactive power in the system. Therefore, the problem of the reactive power dispatch can be optimized to improve the voltage profile and minimize the system losses as well. The Instability in power system could be relieved or at least minimized with the help of most recent developed devices called Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers. The use of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers in power transmission system have led to many applications of these controllers not only to improve the stability of the existing power network resources but also provide operating flexibility to the power system. In the past, transmission systems were owned by regulated, vertically integrated utility companies. They have been designed and operated so that conditions in close proximity to security boundaries are not frequently encountered. However, in the new open access environment, operating conditions tend to be much closer to security boundaries, as transmission use is increasing in sudden and unpredictable directions. Transmission unbundling, coupled with other regulatory requirements, has made new transmission facility construction more difficult. In fact, there are numerous technical challenges emerging from the new market structure. There is an acute need for research work in the new market structure, especially in the areas of voltage security, reactive power support and congestion management. In the last few decades more attention was paid to optimal reactive power dispatch. Since the problem of reactive power optimization is non-linear in nature, nonlinear programming methods have been used to solve it. These methods work quite well for small power systems but may develop convergence problems as system size increases. Linear programming techniques with iterative schemes are certainly the most promising tools for solving these types of problems. The thesis presents efficient algorithms with different objectives for reactive power optimization. The approach adopted is an iterative scheme with successive power-flow analysis using decoupled technique, formulation and solution of the linear-programmingproblem with only upper-bound limits on the state variables. Further the thesispresents critical analysis of the three following objectives, Viz., •Minimization of the sum of the squares of the voltage deviations (Vdesired) •Minimization of sum of the squares of the voltage stability L indices (Vstability) •Minimization of real power losses (Ploss) Voltage stability problems normally occur in heavily stressed systems. While the disturbance leading to voltage collapse may be initiated by a variety of causes, the underlying problem is an inherent weakness in the power system. The factors contributing to voltage collapse are the generator reactive power /voltage control limits, load characteristics, characteristics of reactive compensation devices, and the action of the voltage control devices such as transformer On Load Tap Changers (OLTCs). Power system experiences abnormal operating conditions following a disturbance, and subsequently a reduction in the EHV level voltages at load centers will be reflected on the distribution system. The OLTCs of distribution transformers would restore distribution voltages. With each tap change operation, the MW and MVAR loading on the EHV lines would increase, thereby causing great voltage drops in EHV levels and increasing the losses. As a result, with each tap changing operation, the reactive output of generators throughout the system would increase gradually and the generators may hit their reactive power capability limits, causing voltage instability problems. Thus, the operation of certain OLTCs has a significant influence on voltage instability under some operating conditions. These transformers can be made manual to avoid possible voltage instability due to their operation during heavy load conditions. Tap blocking, based on local measurement of high voltage side of load tap changers, is a common practice of power utilities to prevent voltage collapse. The great advantage of this method is that it can be easily implemented, but does not guarantee voltage stability. So a proper approach for identification of critical OLTC s based on voltage stability criteria is essential to guide the operator in ECC, which has been proposed in this thesis. It discusses the effect of OLTCs with different objectives of reactive power dispatch and proposes a technique to identify critical OLTCs based on voltage stability criteria. The fast development of power electronics based on new and powerful semiconductor devices has led to innovative technologies, such as High Voltage DC transmission (HVDC) and Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), which can be applied in transmission and distribution systems. The technical and economicalBenefits of these technologies represent an alternative to the application in AC systems. Deregulation in the power industry and opening of the market for delivery of cheaper energy to the customers is creating additional requirements for the operation of power systems. HVDC and FACTS offer major advantages in meeting these requirements. .A method for co-ordinated optimum allocation of reactive power in AC/DC power systems by including FACTS controller UPFC, with an objective of minimization of the sum of the squares of the voltage deviations of all the load buses has been proposed in this thesis. The study results show that under contingency conditions, the presence of FACTS controllers has considerable impact on over all system voltage stability and also on power loss minimization.minimization of the sum of the squares of the voltage deviations of all the load buses has been proposed in this thesis. The study results show that under contingency conditions, the presence of FACTS controllers has considerable impact on over all system voltage stability and also on power loss minimization. As power systems grow in their size and interconnections, their complexity increases. For secure operation and control of power systems under normal and contingency conditions, it is essential to provide solutions in real time to the operator in ECC. For real time control of power systems, the conventional algorithmic software available in ECC are found to be inadequate as they are computationally very intensive and not organized to guide the operator during contingency conditions. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques such as, Expert systems, Neural Networks, Fuzzy systems are emerging decision support system tools which give fast, though approximate, but acceptable right solutions in real time as they mostly use symbolic processing with a minimum number of numeric computations. The solution thus obtained can be used as a guide by the operator in ECC for power system control. Optimum real and reactive power dispatch play an important role in the day-to-day operation of power systems. Existing conventional Optimal Power Flow (OPF) methods use all of the controls in solving the optimization problem. The operators can not move so many control devices within a reasonable time. In this context an algorithm using fuzzy-expert approach has been proposed in this thesis to curtail the number of control actions, in order to realize real time objectives in voltage/reactive power control. The technique is formulated using membership functions of linguistic variables such as voltage deviations at all the load buses and the voltage deviation sensitivity to control variables. Voltage deviations and controlling variables are translated into fuzzy set notations to formulate the relation between voltage deviations and controlling ability of controlling devices. Control variables considered are switchable VAR compensators, OLTC transformers and generator excitations. A fuzzy rule based system is formed to select the critical controllers, their movement direction and step size. Results show that the proposed approach is effective for improving voltage security to acceptable levels with fewer numbers of controllers. So, under emergency conditions the operator need not move all the controllers to different settings and the solution obtained is fast with significant speedups. Hence, the proposed method has the potential to be integrated for on-line implementation in energy management systems to achieve the goals of secure power system operation. In a deregulated electricity market, it may not be always possible to dispatch all of the contracted power transactions due to congestion of the transmission corridors. System operators try to manage congestion, which otherwise increases the cost of the electricity and also threatens the system security and stability. An approach for alleviation of network over loads in the day-to-day operation of power systems under deregulated environment is presented in this thesis. The control used for overload alleviation is real power generation rescheduling based on Relative Electrical Distance (RED) concept. The method estimates the relative location of load nodes with respect to the generator nodes. The contribution of each generator for a particular over loaded line is first identified , then based on RED concept the desired proportions of generations for the desired overload relieving is obtained, so that the system will have minimum transmission losses and more stability margins with respect to voltage profiles, bus angles and better transmission tariff. The results obtained reveal that the proposed method is not only effective for overload relieving but also reduces the system power loss and improves the voltage stability margin. The presented concepts are better suited for finding the utilization of resources generation/load and network by various players involved in the day-to-day operation of the system under normal and contingency conditions. This will help in finding the contribution by various players involved in the congestion management and the deviations can be used for proper tariff purposes. Suitable computer programs have been developed based on the algorithms presented in various chapters and thoroughly tested. Studies have been carried out on various equivalent systems of practical real life Indian power networks and also on some standard IEEE systems under simulated conditions. Results obtained on a modified IEEE 30 bus system, IEEE 39 bus New England system and four Indian power networks of EHV 24 bus real life equivalent power network, an equivalent of 36 bus EHV Indian western grid, Uttar Pradesh 96 bus AC/DC system and 205 Bus real life interconnected grid system of Indian southern region are presented for illustration purposes.

Estate planning is the arrangement and management of an estate owner’s estate to the effect that the estate owner and his beneficiaries can enjoy maximum benefit from his worldly possessions during his lifetime and after his death. Unfortunately, for estate owners and their beneficiaries, a deceased estate has to pay an executor’s fee, estate duty and capital gains tax on the demise of the estate owner, which means the amount the estate owner intended his heirs to receive, might be substantially decreased. For decades trusts have been used for estate planning purposes. The decision of the estate owner to utilise a trust for estate planning purposes involves the disposal of growth assets from the estate owner’s estate to the trust. This ensures that the value of a growth asset is pegged in the estate owner’s estate and the asset continues to grow in the trust. The asset is disposed of by way of a loan account in favour of the estate owner and the parties agree that the outstanding amount is payable on demand. In his will, the estate owner then bequeaths the outstanding amount back to the trust. However, Paragraph 12(5) of the Eighth Schedule to the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 stated that capital gains tax will be levied in cases where a debt is reduced or discharged by a creditor for no consideration or for an amount which is less than the outstanding amount. In ABC Family Trust ITC 1793 the estate owner transfer assets to the trust on a loan account and in her will, bequeathed the exact outstanding amount back to the trust. It was argued on behalf of the trust that the bequest constituted a set-off and not a discharge of the debt. However, the court stated that the set-off took place because of the “operation of law” which is specifically included in the definition of a “disposal” for capital gains tax purposes. The court applied Paragraph 12(5) and found that the trust is liable to pay capital gains tax on the full outstanding amount. In XXX Trust ITC 1835 the estate owner also transferred asset to a trust, but in her will she bequeathed the residue of her estate, and not the exact outstanding amount, to the trust. In this case the court placed emphasise on the intention of the estate owner and not on the possible application of Paragraph 12(5). The court found that it was not the intention of the estate owner to discharge or reduce the debt for no consideration. Subsequently, it was found that the trust is not liable for capital gains tax. Since these two cases Paragraph 12(5) has been deleted and Paragraph 12A inserted in the Eight Schedule to the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. The focus of this mini-dissertation is to determine which estate planning tools were available to estate owners to prevent a capital gains liability under Paragraph 12(5). The capital gains tax effect that Paragraph 12A might have on estate planning is also discussed.
LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014