Journal articles: 'Load-pull'

1

Hashmi, Mohammad, Fadhel Ghannouchi, Paul Tasker, and Karun Rawat. "Highly Reflective Load-Pull." IEEE Microwave Magazine 12, no. 4 (June 2011): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2011.940595.

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Fregonese, Sebastien, Magali de Matos, David Mele, Cristell Maneux, Henri Happy, and Thomas Zimmer. "Source-Pull and Load-Pull Characterization of Graphene FET." IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society 3, no. 1 (January 2015): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jeds.2014.2360408.

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3

Ortega-Gonzalez, F. J. "Load–Pull Wideband Class-E Amplifier." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 17, no. 3 (March 2007): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2006.890504.

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4

Jäger, Matthias, and Alwin Luttmann. "Musculoskeletal load of push-pull tasks." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 37, no. 11-12 (November 2007): 823–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2007.07.001.

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5

Hashmi, M. S., A. L. Clarke, S. P. Woodington, J. Lees, J. Benedikt, and P. J. Tasker. "An Accurate Calibrate-Able Multiharmonic Active Load–Pull System Based on the Envelope Load–Pull Concept." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 58, no. 3 (March 2010): 656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2010.2040403.

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6

Ghannouchi, F. M., and R. G. Bosisio. "Source-pull/load-pull oscillator measurements at microwave/MM wave frequencies." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 41, no. 1 (1992): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.126626.

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7

Shao, Zhu Lei, and San Tang. "Design and Analysis of Push-Pull Switching Power Supply on PSpice." Applied Mechanics and Materials 336-338 (July 2013): 1186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.336-338.1186.

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Aiming at the problem of switching power supply stable output, a push-pull switching power supply was designed. the switching frequency is 100kHZ and the output voltage is 5V. System model of the push-pull switching power supply is established on PSpice, and research on the output performance of the push-pull switching power supply. By the parameter sweep analysis of load, the push-pull switching power supply can stabilize output in full load and light load conditions, and load regulation rate comply with the design requirements.

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8

Yu, Shuisheng, Leilei Niu, and Jin Chen. "Experimental and Numerical Studies on Bond Quality of Fully Grouted Rockbolt under Confining Pressure and Pull-Out Load." Shock and Vibration 2022 (August 25, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7012510.

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In mining engineering, the in situ stress changes with the stress induced by the surrounding mining activities. It positively or negatively affects the propagation of ultrasonic guided waves in rockbolts. Therefore, the effect of in situ stress in rockbolt support was determined by applying confining pressure and pull-out load in a laboratory test and using ultrasonic guided waves to test the rockbolt. Furthermore, the propagation law of ultrasonic guided waves and bond quality of the rockbolt under the interaction of the pull-out load and confining pressure were studied. Numerical simulations were performed to deduce the guided wave propagation process in grouted systems, and the influencing mechanism of the pull-out load and confining pressure on the guided wave propagation was discussed. The laboratory test and numerical simulation results show that the confining pressure weakens the guided wave propagation without pull-out load. Under the same pull-out load, the guided wave propagation gradually strengthens with increasing confining pressure. A larger confining pressure weakens the weakening effect of the pull-out load and suppresses the discreteness of the guided wave propagation. Under the same confining pressure, the guided waves did not diffract well into the cement mortar and concrete with increasing pull-out load, the confining pressure restricted the radial vibration of the guided waves, and the guided wave propagation law weakened. Thus, the pull-out load plays a weakening role in the propagation law of ultrasonic guided waves.

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9

Poluri, Nagaditya, and Maria Merlyne De Souza. "Designing a Broadband Amplifier Without Load–Pull." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 31, no. 6 (June 2021): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2021.3061804.

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10

Alobaidi, I. A., D. J. Hoare, and G. S. Ghataora. "Load Transfer Mechanism in Pull-Out Tests." Geosynthetics International 4, no. 5 (January 1997): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.4.0104.

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11

Du, Jia Qing, Shou Ji Du, and Zhi Wang. "A Comparison of Pull-Out Capacity of Suction Anchors in Clay and Sand." Applied Mechanics and Materials 614 (September 2014): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.614.613.

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With the oil and gas exploitation develop to the deep sea; offshore platform under extreme environment load needs more stable anchorage foundation. Based on the slender suction anchor of SPAR, three-dimensional numerical analysis method was presented to study the ultimate pull-out capacity. Based on the geological conditions from South China Sea, clay and sand was selected as soil conditions to make a comparison analysis. The effects of soil type, load positions, load angles and aspect ratio on the ultimate bearing pull-out resistance of the suction foundation were studied. The comparison analysis results indicated that the ultimate pull-out resistance of suction anchors in sand has a greater rise rate and achieve ultimate pull-out capacity need smaller displacement than in clay; load point and load angles have a great impact on the resistance and there is a critical aspect ratio under inclined loading in sand.

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12

Banthia, Nemkumar. "A study of some factors affecting the fiber–matrix bond in steel fiber reinforced concrete." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-069.

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With the objective of understanding the reinforcing mechanisms of fibers in steel fiber reinforced concrete, the bond between the fibers and the surrounding matrix is studied by conducting single fiber pull-out tests on fibers bonded in cementitious matrices. Various matrix compositions and fiber geometries have been investigated and the effects of various other factors on the pull-out behavior of the fibers have been quantified through pull-out load–extension plots. Finally, the various modes of fiber–matrix load transfer have been discussed and the favorable and unfavorable conditions for such a transfer have been recognized. Key words: steel fiber reinforced concrete, toughness, fiber–matrix bond, deformed fiber, pull-out tests, load–extension plots.

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13

Li, Jing, Ya-Fei Jia, Chen-Xi Miao, and Ming-Xing Xie. "Discrete Element Analysis of the Load Transfer Mechanism of Geogrid-Ballast Interface under Pull-Out Load." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 10, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8892922.

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Geogrids have been extensively used in subgrade construction for stabilization purposes of unconfined ballast. Based on well-calibrated microparameters, a series of geogrid-reinforced ballast models with different geogrid sizes and particular structures were developed to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the geogrid under pull-out load in this paper. And the rationality of the DEM model is verified by comparing the evolution law pull-out force measured by laboratory tests and numerical simulations under comparable conditions. Moreover, the macro pull-out force and the internal force distribution of the geogrid were analyzed, and the contact force statistical zones of the particle system were divided accurately according to the results. Meanwhile, both the force transfer mechanism in the geogrid-ballast interface and the sectionalized strain of the geogrid were discussed. And results unveil that the pull-out load is transmitted along the longitudinal ribs to the transverse ribs, and nearly 90% of the load is transmitted to the contact network (in statistical zone 1) in front of the first transverse rib, resulting in strong interlocking between the particles occurs in statistical zone 1. And the second transverse rib is the strength dividing line between strong and weak contact forces. Then, additional pull-out tests on the control groups were conducted, and the sectionalized strain of the geogrid and the peak pull-out force, as well as the energy dissipation were systematically analyzed. In addition, the proposed method used in simulation holds much promise for better understanding of the reinforcement mechanism and further optimizing the performance of geogrid-reinforced structures.

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14

Ghannouchi, F. M., R. Larose, R. G. Bosisio, and Y. Demers. "A six-port network analyzer load-pull system for active load tuning." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 39, no. 4 (1990): 628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.57245.

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15

Colangeli, Sergio, Walter Ciccognani, Patrick Ettore Longhi, Lorenzo Pace, Antonio Serino, Julien Poulain, Rémy Leblanc, and Ernesto Limiti. "Source/Load-Pull Noise Measurements at Ka Band." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185615.

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This paper is focused on the extraction of the noise parameters of a linear active device by exploiting both forward and reverse noise power measurements associated with different terminations. In order for load-pull measurements to yield a significant marginal improvement (as compared to forward measurements only) it is expected that the device under test should appreciably deviate from unidirectionality. For this reason, the source/load-pull technique is applied to frequencies at which the considered devices are still usable but their reverse noise factor exhibits a measurable dependence on the output terminations. Details on the test bench set up to the purpose, covering the 20–40 GHz frequency range, are provided. A characterization campaign on a 60 nm gate length, 4×35 µm GaN-on-Si HEMT fabricated by OMMIC is illustrated.

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Teppati, V., A. Ferrero, and U. Pisani. "Recent Advances in Real-Time Load-Pull Systems." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 57, no. 11 (November 2008): 2640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2008.926044.

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17

Hashmi, M. S., and F. M. Ghannouchi. "Introduction to load-pull systems and their applications." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 16, no. 1 (February 2013): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mim.2013.6417055.

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18

Mahon, Simon J., Alan C. Young, and Anthony E. Parker. "Common-Gate Load-Pull With Q-Band Application." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 47, no. 10 (October 2012): 2282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2012.2204913.

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19

Ferrero, A., V. Teppati, and A. Carullo. "Accuracy evaluation of on-wafer load-pull measurements." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 49, no. 1 (2001): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.899960.

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20

Ghanipour, Pejman, Shawn Stapleton, and Jong-Heon Kim. "Load–Pull Characterization Using Different Digitally Modulated Stimuli." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 17, no. 5 (May 2007): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2007.895735.

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21

Teppati, V., A. Ferrero, D. Parena, and U. Pisani. "Accuracy Improvement of Real-Time Load-Pull Measurements." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 56, no. 2 (April 2007): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.891049.

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22

Andersson, Christer M., Mattias Thorsell, and Niklas Rorsman. "Nonlinear Characterization of Varactors for Tunable Networks by Active Source–Pull and Load–Pull." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 59, no. 7 (July 2011): 1753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2011.2135377.

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23

Abib, Ghalid Idir, Eric Bergeault, Souheil Bensmida, and Reda Mohellebi. "Power amplifier optimization using base band and multiharmonic source/load-pull characterization with digital predistortion." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1, no. 4 (June 19, 2009): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078709990274.

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In this paper, different techniques are combined in a unique characterization system dedicated to power transistor linearity improvement. Successive optimizations are performed using source-pull/load-pull techniques at fundamental, harmonic, and base-band frequencies associated with an instantaneous memoryless base-band predistortion procedure. Measurement results performed at 1.575 GHz on a metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) power device biased in class-AB under a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)-modulated signal excitation show that fundamental frequency load-pull increases the output power and power-added efficiency (PAE) by 2 dB and 16 percentage points, respectively. The fundamental frequency source-pull measurements lead to an adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) variation equal to 3 dB. For harmonic load-pull (at 2f0), it has been found that some impedances greatly improve linearity but output power and PAE decrease. Source-pull characterization at the second harmonic frequency allows one to find a trade-off between output power, efficiency, and linearity. Moreover, the influence of base-band impedance on ACPR and error vector magnitude (EVM) is found to be 15 dB and 5.5 percentage points, respectively. Finally, instantaneous memoryless base-band predistortion improves ACPR and EVM values by 5 dB and 1 point, respectively.

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24

Asfaw, Natnael Tilahun, Gang Lei, Mehran Azizian, Arjan Poudel, Laureano Hoyos, and Xinbao Yu. "Field Pull-Out Tests of Percussion Driven Earth Anchors (PDEAs)." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042132.

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Percussion driven earth anchors (PDEAs) are driven into soils using an installation steel hammer rod. PDEAs are relatively easy to install and have gained wide applications recently. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) planned to use these anchors for slope stability mitigation along the Clear Fork Trinity River at Interstate Highway 20 (IH-20) in Benbrook, Texas. However, there are no straightforward design and construction guidelines for these systems. In addition, the pull-out capacity and failure mechanisms of PDEAs in clayey soils have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, three PDEAs, Duckbill model 138 II (DB-138 II), were installed and tested on the proposed west channel bank slope to acquire the ultimate pull-out capacity. The anchors were embedded to an average depth of 10 feet into the slope bank, predominantly consisting of sandy lean clay (CL) soil. The slope was graded at an average 2:1 to 2.5:1 configuration. After installation, the anchors were subjected to an upward pull-out force using a hydraulic jack system to measure their pull-out capacity. The pull-out load, displacement, and strains were continuously recorded with a load cell, a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), and a strain gauge, respectively. Pull-out load versus displacement curves were produced and analyzed to determine the behavior of the anchors. An empirical estimation method was then chosen to estimate pull-out capacity based on undrained shear strengths obtained either from laboratory tests or in situ Texas cone penetration (TCP) data. The comparison between estimated and field-obtained pull-out capacities showed that the pull capacity estimated using TCP data resulted in reasonably good agreement with the field-obtained capacity. The field experiment results help us to understand the relationship between the calculated and actual field pull-out resistance when PDEAs are used in clayey soil slopes.

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25

Kim, Young-Ho, Jae-Yoon Kang, Hyun-Bon Koo, and Dae-Jin Kim. "Pull-Out Resistance Capacity of a New Perfobond Shear Connector for Steel Pile Cap Strengthening." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1374689.

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This study proposes a new type of the perfobond shear connector, which can be used to strengthen the steel pile cap embedded into the structure foundation, and evaluates its pull-out resistance capacity by performing a test on ten specimens. Test parameters include the embedment length of the shear connector, existence of transverse rebars passing through holes in the shear connector, and their shape, size, and number. The pull-out load versus slip curve is plotted for all specimens, and their failure modes are identified. The effects of the test parameters on the peak pull-out load are examined in this work. The test results show that the perfobond shear connector proposed in this study can retain the peak pull-out load up to 6 times higher than the one without any holes. This indicates that the existence of holes in the shear connector enables the dowel action of concrete inside the hole, resulting in the improvement of the shear resistance capacity of the connector.

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26

Hone, Thomas M., Souheil Bensmida, Kevin A. Morris, Mark A. Beach, Joe P. McGeehan, Jonathan Lees, Johannes Benedikt, and Paul J. Tasker. "Controlling Active Load–Pull in a Dual-Input Inverse Load Modulated Doherty Architecture." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 60, no. 6 (June 2012): 1797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2012.2190748.

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27

Nguyen, Duy P., Jeffery Curtis, and Anh-Vu Pham. "A Doherty Amplifier With Modified Load Modulation Scheme Based on Load–Pull Data." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 66, no. 1 (January 2018): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2017.2734663.

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28

Sandau, Ingo, and Urs Granacher. "Effects of the Barbell Load on the Acceleration Phase during the Snatch in Elite Olympic Weightlifting." Sports 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8050059.

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The load-depended loss of vertical barbell velocity at the end of the acceleration phase limits the maximum weight that can be lifted. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze how increased barbell loads affect the vertical barbell velocity in the sub-phases of the acceleration phase during the snatch. It was hypothesized that the load-dependent velocity loss at the end of the acceleration phase is primarily associated with a velocity loss during the 1st pull. For this purpose, 14 male elite weightlifters lifted seven load-stages from 70–100% of their personal best in the snatch. The load–velocity relationship was calculated using linear regression analysis to determine the velocity loss at 1st pull, transition, and 2nd pull. A group mean data contrast analysis revealed the highest load-dependent velocity loss for the 1st pull (t = 1.85, p = 0.044, g = 0.49 [−0.05, 1.04]) which confirmed our study hypothesis. In contrast to the group mean data, the individual athlete showed a unique response to increased loads during the acceleration sub-phases of the snatch. With the proposed method, individualized training recommendations on exercise selection and loading schemes can be derived to specifically improve the sub-phases of the snatch acceleration phase. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of single-subject assessment when working with elite athletes in Olympic weightlifting.

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29

Zhang, Pandong, Lin Gao, Xinyu Zhan, Pengze Liu, Xiangtao Kang, Zhenqian Ma, Yongyin Wang, Ping Liu, and Sen Han. "Investigation of the Bearing Characteristics of Bolts on a Coal–Rock Combined Anchor Body under Different Pull-Out Rates." Energies 15, no. 9 (May 2, 2022): 3313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093313.

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In order to reveal the influence of the pull-out rate on the load-bearing properties of the coal–rock combined anchor body, the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of a coal–rock combined anchor body under different pull-out rates (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mm/min) were studied using the pull-out test and theoretical analysis. The results show that the bearing capacity of the bolt on the coal–rock combined anchor body improves under a dynamic load, but the load-bearing properties of the coal–rock combined anchor body are different from those of the full rock (coal) anchor body. With the increase in the pull-out rate, the maximum pull-out load of the bolt on the coal–rock combined anchor body increases first, then decreases, and finally tends to be stable. Under the condition of a low drawing rate, the bearing capacity of the coal–rock combined anchor system can be greatly improved, but when the pull-out rate exceeds 20 mm/min, the bearing capacity of the anchor system is reduced. The debonding process of the anchoring section of the coal–rock combined anchor body gradually expands from the beginning section of the anchor to the bottom of the borehole. The coal–rock combined anchor body undergoes time differential development of cracks, and the failure of the coal and rock mass occurs at different times. Its failure process can be divided into three stages: (1) the coal anchor and rock anchor act together; (2) the rock anchor acts alone; and (3) the coal anchor and rock anchor have residual action.

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30

Veit, David, Michael Gadringer, and Erich Leitgeb. "On different load configurations for mixed-mode load-pull measurements, hybrid imperfections, and tuning ranges." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 10 (July 14, 2020): 996–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000884.

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AbstractEach of the various methods for mixed-mode load-pull measurements, which can be found in literature, has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this publication, we analyze two of the most commonly used setups and a third setup of which we provided an initial treatment in a previous publication. We investigated the impact of 180° hybrids on the tuning capabilities of a mixed-mode load-pull system. Furthermore, we provide a rule-of-thumb to easily estimate this impact using only some specifications of hybrids. For all analyzed setups, we use measurement results to show that the tuning range of the newly proposed setup is superior compared to the other setups, though hardware effort and tuning complexity are greater.

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31

MOLENG, MOHD ASLAN, AHMAD FAIZAL AHMAD FUAD, and MOHD HAFIZI SAID. "THE EFFECT OF TRAWL BOARD PULL-OVER LOAD ON SUBSEA PIPELINE OF OFFSHORE SABAH." Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research 2, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v2i4.174.

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Trawling is a method of catching fish in a large volume where fish net is pulled through water using one or two boats. Bottom trawling is where the nets are pulled over or close to seabed and can affect the subsea pipeline if found along the route. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of pull-over to selected subsea pipelines in Sabah and Labuan waters. This study involved four oil and gas pipelines in Sabah and Labuan waters from the oil fields to shore terminals. The research started with obtaining data of the pipelines and specification of trawl gear in Sabah. Fishing trawler traffic data along the pipelines route was determined by AIS system and site observation to determine the density of the trawlers. Trawl gear pull-over load was calculated using DNV algorithm and the inputs were trawl gear specification ^and fishing trawl speed. The severity was based on pull-over load calculated and pipeline yield stress. Then frequency was based on AIS data and density of fishing trawl per area. Based on the comparison between trawl pull-over load and yield strength/stress, the effect of trawl board pull-over is considered as minor, which is the lowest in the severity index.

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32

Marchetti, M., M. J. Pelk, K. Buisman, W. Neo, M. Spirito, and L. de Vreede. "Active Harmonic Load–Pull With Realistic Wideband Communications Signals." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 56, no. 12 (December 2008): 2979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2008.2007330.

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33

Van Wagoner, R. C., and R. C. Hansen. "Measurement of phased array scan impedance by load pull." Electronics Letters 39, no. 15 (2003): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20030713.

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34

Romier, M., M. Romier, M. Romier, A. Barka, H. Aubert, H. Aubert, J. P. Martinaud, and M. Soiron. "Load-Pull Effect on Radiation Characteristics of Active Antennas." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7 (2008): 550–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2008.2005652.

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35

Ferrero, Andrea, and Marco Pirola. "Harmonic Load-Pull Techniques: An Overview of Modern Systems." IEEE Microwave Magazine 14, no. 4 (June 2013): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2013.2248631.

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36

Vadala, Valeria, Antonio Raffo, Sergio Di Falco, Gianni Bosi, Andrea Nalli, and Giorgio Vannini. "A Load–Pull Characterization Technique Accounting for Harmonic Tuning." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 61, no. 7 (July 2013): 2695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2013.2262803.

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37

Jonsson, R. "Computational load pull simulations of SiC microwave power transistors." Solid-State Electronics 47, no. 11 (November 2003): 1921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1101(03)00251-x.

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38

Bonino, Serena, Valeria Teppati, and Andrea Ferrero. "Further Improvements in Real-Time Load-Pull Measurement Accuracy." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 20, no. 2 (February 2010): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2009.2038619.

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39

Guo, Zhengwei, Shuai Xie, Liancheng Ren, Chaoqun Dong, and Yinchun Gong. "Pipeline Pull-Back Load Analysis by Continuous Beam Theory." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 24, no. 4 (March 9, 2020): 1307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-1721-7.

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40

Velazquez, Arturo, Antonio Lazaro, Luis Pradell, and Adolfo Comeron. "Application of CAD load-pull techniques in mixer design." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 36, no. 4 (January 22, 2003): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.10754.

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41

OMAE, H., C. ZHAO, Y. L. SUN, M. E. ZOBITZ, S. L. MORAN, and P. C. AMADIO. "The effect of tissue culture on suture holding strength and degradation in canine tendon." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 34, no. 5 (July 8, 2009): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193409104564.

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The purpose of this study was to assess tendon metabolism and suture pull-out strength after simple tendon suture in a tissue culture model. One hundred and twelve flexor digitorum profundus tendons from 28 dogs were cultured for 7, 14, or 21 days with or without a static tensile load. In both groups increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mRNA was noted. Suture pull-out strength did not decrease during tissue culture. While the presence of a static load had no effect on the pull-out strength, it did affect MMP mRNA expression. This tissue culture model could be useful in studying the effect of factors on the tendon-suture interface.

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42

Slama, Anne-Claire, Jean-Louis Gallias, and Bruno Fiorio. "Study of the pull-out test of multifilament yarns embedded in cementitious matrix." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 2 (July 29, 2020): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320946368.

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In order to understand the impregnation mechanism of a yarn by a cementitious matrix and its influence on the mechanical properties of a yarn/cement composite, pull-out tests have been performed on samples of yarn/cement. Two embedded lengths for the yarn and different rheological and mechanical properties for the matrix were tested. Two pull-out modes were distinguished according to the compressive strength of matrices. For matrices with a compressive strength between 60 and 70 MPa the pull-out mode is characterized by a behaviour close to the tensile behaviour of the yarn, with maximum load values reaching approximately 60% of the tensile maximum load because of filaments damages. For matrices with compressive strength inferior to 60 MPa, the pull-out mode exhibits a residual phase linked to a slippage and an extraction of a variable number of filaments, with lower maximum load values than the first pull-out mode. After pull-out test, for some samples with filaments extraction, an innovative method based on a double impregnation with resin enables to visualize the yarn/matrix interface and identify the level of impregnation of the filaments by using confocal microscopy. It is concluded that this level of impregnation has a direct influence on the mechanical behaviour of the embedded yarn, except for the slippage and extraction phase, but the rheological properties of the matrix has no significant influence on this impregnation.

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43

Yang, Qiang, Chang Hao Yang, Kai Ma, Xia Oli Zhang, Hai Feng Chen, and Han Ren. "Experiment and Numerical Simulation on Bearing Properties of Mg-Li Alloy Thread." Materials Science Forum 1072 (October 25, 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-c5i7y8.

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In order to verify the bearing performance of Mg-Li alloy thread connections, the tightening performance and axial pull-out performance of the Mg-Li alloy thread structure with wire thread insert were tested, and the failure load and mode were obtained. The finite element 2D axisymmetric model was used to numerically analyze the bearing properties of Mg-Li alloy threads. The reliability of the analysis model was verified by comparison with the experimental results and theoretical basis. The load distribution and stress distribution characteristics of the thread connection were studied, and the influence of boundary constraints on the axial pull-out performance was studied. The results show that the M5 Mg-Li alloy embeded wire threat insert with 8 rounds has sufficient connection strength under the action of tightening torque and axial pull-out load, and the failure mode is mainly bolts fracture. Boundary constraints will have an influence on the load distribution and performance of the Mg-Li alloy thread connection structure. The load-bearing ratio of each round thread changes obviously with the downward movement of the top of the boundary. As the top of the boundary moves downward, the location where the maximum load-bearing ratio will be transformed from the first thread to the last thread. The load-bearing ratio of the last thread gradually increases from 11.3% when the outer circumference fully restrained to 23.1% when the boundary area below 4 mm from the last thread. For the M5 Mg-Li alloy embeded wire threat insert with 8 rounds, the axial pull-out bearing capacity of M5 inserts is between 9.5 kN and 12 kN under different boundary conditions.

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44

Ando, Yasuhisa. "Wear Tests and Pull-Off Force Measurements of Single Asperities by Using Parallel Leaf Springs Installed on an Atomic Force Microscope." Journal of Tribology 122, no. 3 (August 10, 1999): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.555414.

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At the micro-scale level, the adhesion force dominates the friction force when the normal load approaches zero. For determining the effects of micro wear on the adhesion (pull-off) force, the wear-induced changes in surface topography of asperities and the pull-off force between the asperities and leaf springs were determined. First, single asperities were formed on a single-crystal gold plate and the asperities were rubbed with a silicon leaf spring attached to an AFM (atomic force microscope). A focused ion beam (FIB) system was used to form gold pyramid-shaped asperities on the surface of a single crystal gold plate. The FIB was also used to create the two types of single crystal silicon leaf springs tested here; single and parallel. The single leaf spring was created by flattening the probe-head of a commercially available AFM cantilever for AC mode. The parallel leaf spring was created by removing the central portion of a single-crystal silicon beam (25 μm×50 μm×300 μm). For the single leaf spring, the pull-off force no longer increased when the sliding distance exceeded 5 mm at a load of more than 200 nN. On the other hand, for the parallel leaf spring, the pull-off force increased monotonically with sliding distance, showing a more rapid increase at the higher normal load. The worn area of the asperity peak (measured by using an ordinary AFM probe) was proportional to the pull-off force. The wear volume per unit distance (i.e., wear rate) was estimated from the change in pull-off force, and was found to increase monotonically with the external load. There was no effect of adhesion force on the wear volume. [S0742-4787(00)01102-4]

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Hong, Xiang, Zhenkun Lei, Yu Ma, Ruixiang Bai, and Weikang Li. "Kevlar 49 yarn pull-out test and numerical analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2361, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2361/1/012004.

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The yarn pull-out tests are of great importance to study the frictional energy dissipation mechanism between yarns and the overall deformation behavior of fabrics. In this study, the stress transfer mechanism of the yarn pull-out process of Kevlar 49 woven fabric is investigated by the digital image correlation (DIC) marker method, considering both the warp waves and transverse preload variables, and have analyzed the shear deformation behavior of textile by the change history of fabric shear angle. The results show that the peak load of the yarn pull-out process increases nonlinearly with the increase of the transverse preload force and the number of warp waves, the maximum pull-out displacement of the yarn is sensitive to the preload force only and is largely independent of warp waves. Finally, the finite element (FE) calculation of the single yarn pull-out process was carried out by using the mixed element method with the restart analysis technique, and the numerical simulation results achieved a good match with the peak load of the experimental data.

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46

Su, Zhongming, Jianxun Chen, Yanbin Luo, and Xin He. "Laboratory Model Test Research on Mechanical Characteristics of Anchor in Loess Tunnel under the Action of Pull-Out Load." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (May 17, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9997569.

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The deformation mode of loess surrounding rock of anchor under the action of pull-out load and the shear stress distribution law of loess anchor and loess interface under the condition of different lengths anchor are studied by using the laboratory self-made model test chamber and micro anchor pullout instrument. A total of three tests are carried out for the selected test anchor. Three deformation modes of loess surrounding rock under the action of pull-out load are obtained according to the test results. It is proposed that the maximum shear stress of loess anchor under the action of pull-out load appears in the section 25 times the anchor diameter from the anchor head, and the shear stress in the middle and rear part of the anchor body can only be brought into full play when the length-to-diameter ratio of the anchor body is 110 or more. Based on the displacement solution of Mindlin problem, the drawn conclusion is compared with the theoretical solution of shear stress and axial force of loess anchor under the action of pull-out load. The results compared are basically consistent, indicating that the conclusion has strong engineering practice, which can provide technical basis for the design and optimization of the system anchor in the sidewall of loess tunnel.

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47

Mingjian, Sheng, Chen Puhui, and Chen Cheng. "Estimation of fastener pull-through resistance of composite laminates based on generalized regression neural network." Advanced Composites Letters 29 (January 1, 2020): 2633366X2096884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633366x20968847.

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The fastener pull-through resistance is a key performance index of composite laminates used for engineering application, and increasing research attention is being paid to developing methods for its calculation or estimation. The currently available research methods mainly focus on the standard test and the finite element analysis for determining the pull-through resistance of composite laminates suffering transverse load by the fasteners. Based on the results of the fastener pull-through resistance experiment performed on X850 composite laminates, a model for estimating the maximum affordable load of composite laminates for the fastener pull-through resistance is proposed, using generalized regression neural network technology. The inputs of this model are simplified to six parameters: the proportion of the ±45° layer of the laminates, the number of the layers, the thickness of the laminates, the bolt head shape, whether the bolt has a washer or not, and the nominal diameter of the bolt; the Gauss function is used as the hidden layer function. The model uses a large portion of the experimental data to train for finding the optimal smoothness factor, which is used to reconstruct the model, and simulation is performed with the remainder of the experimental data. The comparison between the estimated results using the model and the experimental results shows that the generalization ability of the proposed model can meet the estimation requirements. Moreover, the pull-through resistance of composite laminates under transverse load from a fastener can be estimated with high accuracy after some standard fastener pull-through resistance tests of the composite laminates.

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Bagchi, Soumendu, Abhilash Harpale, and Huck Beng Chew. "Interfacial load transfer mechanisms in carbon nanotube-polymer nanocomposites." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2216 (August 2018): 20170705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0705.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are highly promising for strength reinforcement in polymer nanocomposites, but conflicting interfacial properties have been reported by single nanotube pull-out experiments. Here, we report the interfacial load transfer mechanisms during pull-out of CNTs from PMMA matrices, using massively- parallel molecular dynamics simulations. We show that the pull-out forces associated with non-bonded interactions between CNT and PMMA are generally small, and are weakly-dependent on the embedment length of the nanotube. These pull-out forces do not significantly increase with the presence of Stone Wales or vacancy defects along the nanotube. In contrast, low-density distribution of cross-links along the CNT-PMMA interface increases the pull-out forces by an order of magnitude. At each cross-linked site, mechanical unfolding and pull-out of single or pair polymer chain(s) attached to the individual cross-link bonds result in substantial interfacial strengthening and toughening, while contributing to interfacial slip between CNT and PMMA. Our interfacial shear-slip model shows that the interfacial loads are evenly-distributed among the finite number of cross-link bonds at low cross-link densities or for nanotubes with short embedment lengths. At higher cross-link densities or for nanotubes with longer embedment lengths, a no-slip zone now develops where shear-lag effects become important. Implications of these results, in the context of recent nanotube pull-out experiments, are discussed.

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Cai, Da, Chenyu Jin, Jie Liang, Guangyao Li, and Junjia Cui. "Multivariate Quadratic Nonlinear Regression Model of the Ultimate Pull-Out Load of Electrohydraulic Expansion Joints Based on Response Surface Methodology." Coatings 11, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060689.

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Electrohydraulic expansion joining has great potential for joining the light weight and high strength thin-walled pipes due to its high strain rate. Based on the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology, multiple experiments of electrohydraulic expansion joining process were performed. The multivariate quadratic nonlinear regression model between process parameters (discharge voltage, wire length, and wire diameter) and the ultimate pull-out load of the joints was established. The results revealed that discharge voltage, wire length and wire diameter all had a significant effect on the ultimate pull-out load. The discharge voltage had the most significant effect. The interaction between the discharge voltage and the wire diameter had a significant effect on the ultimate pull-out load. The optimal parameter combination (discharge voltage = 6 kV, wire length = 10 mm, wire diameter = 0.833 mm) was obtained and verified through the experiments. This study would provide guidance for the choice of the process parameters in real applications.

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50

Tao, Zhigang, Shihui Pang, Yijun Zhou, Haijiang Zhang, and Yanyan Peng. "Static Pull Testing of a New Type of Large Deformation Cable with Constant Resistance." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5198049.

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A new type of energy-absorbing cable, Constant-Resistance Large Deformation cable (CRLD cable) with three different specifications, has been recently developed and tested. An effective cable should occupy the ability of absorbing deformation energy from these geodisaster loads and additionally must be able to yield with the sliding mass movements and plastic deformation over large distances at high displacement rates. The new cable mainly consists of constant-resistance casing tube and frictional cone unit that transfers the load from the slope. When experiencing a static or dynamic load and especially the load exceeding the constant resistance force (CR-F, a static friction force derived from the movement of frictional cone unit in casing tube) of CRLD cable, the frictional cone unit will move in the casing tube along the axis and absorb deformation energy, accordingly. In order to assess the performance of three different specified cables in situ, a series of field static pull tests have been performed. The results showed that the first type of CRLD cable can yield 2000 mm displacement while acting 850 kN static pull load, which is superior to that of other two types, analyzing based on the length of the displacement and the level of static pull load.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Load-pull'

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