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Academic literature on the topic 'Load flow studies'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Load flow studies"

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El-Hawary, M. E., and L. G. Dias. "Bus sensitivity to load-model parameters in load-flow studies." IEE Proceedings C Generation, Transmission and Distribution 134, no. 4 (1987): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-c.1987.0049.

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Kumar Jaiswal, Ganesh, Uma Nangia, and Narender Kumar Jain. "Load Flow Studies Using Intelligent Techniques: Review." American Journal of Networks and Communications 10, no. 2 (2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajnc.20211002.11.

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Hassan, S., F. Thalouth, and A. Abo El-Ela. "Numerical Techniques for Load Flow Studies.(Dept.E)." MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal 5, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.2021.182455.

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Vlachogiannis, J. G. "Fuzzy logic application in load flow studies." IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution 148, no. 1 (2001): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-gtd:20010032.

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Hong, Ying-Yi, Faa-Jeng Lin, and Ti-Hsuan Yu. "Taguchi method-based probabilistic load flow studies considering uncertain renewables and loads." IET Renewable Power Generation 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2015.0196.

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El-hawary, M. E., and L. G. Dias. "Incorporation of load models in load-flow studies. form of model effects." IEE Proceedings C Generation, Transmission and Distribution 134, no. 1 (1987): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-c.1987.0004.

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Gagliardi, F., U. De Martinis, M. Fantauzzi, M. Maraniello, and D. Lauria. "Influence of loads representation in load-flow studies for ac/dc industrial electrical systems." European Transactions on Electrical Power 2, no. 5 (September 7, 2007): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.4450020502.

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EL-HAWARY, M. E., and L. G. DIAS. "SELECTION OF BUSES FOR DETAILED MODELING IN LOAD FLOW STUDIES." Electric Machines & Power Systems 12, no. 2 (January 1987): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07313568708960097.

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Pereira, Marcos, and Luiz Cera Zanetta. "A current based model for load flow studies with UPFC." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 28, no. 2 (May 2013): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2012.2206409.

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Quintana, V. H., and N. Müller. "Studies of load flow methods in polar and rectangular coordinates." Electric Power Systems Research 20, no. 3 (March 1991): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(91)90067-w.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Load flow studies"

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Oke, Oluwabukola A. "Enhanced unscented transform method for probabilistic load flow studies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14040/.

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The advent of deregulated electricity and the call for sustainable energy practices are major drivers for the continued increase of renewable energy systems within the modern day power network. Dominant among them is the wind energy system whose output is uncertain because of its dependence on the prevailing climatic conditions. This increases the level of uncertainty witnessed within the power system as such, as the penetration of renewable energy systems continue to increase, their effects cannot be trivialised. Probabilistic load flow (PLF) is employed by power system analysts to account for the effect of uncertainty within the power network. The common technique which is based on Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), though accurate is very time consuming and for large systems it becomes unwieldy. Alternative approaches with the advantages of the MCS method but with reduced computational burden are required. A viable alternative method should therefore require minimum computational time and burden, be able to accurately model various network uncertainties, be applicable to practical small and large systems, be able to account for the effect of dependency among network variables and possess good overall accuracy. This thesis proposes a novel approximate approach referred to as the enhanced unscented transform method to meet the requirements of PLF. The method combines the Gaussian quadrature method and the Stieljes procedure with dimension reduction technique in deciding estimation points while the Cholesky decomposition is incorporated to account for the effect of dependency. The performance of the proposed technique is demonstrated using modified IEEE 6, 14, and 118 test systems and a practical distribution test system all incorporating wind farms. Results obtained for numerous scenarios show a good match between the proposed method and the MCS method but with significant computational burden saving. The performance of the method is also shown to compare favourably with other existing PLF methods.
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Kockar, Ivana. "Iterative generation of synthetic power system networks for load flow studies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0031/MQ50633.pdf.

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Rämmal, Hans. "Studies of flow duct acoustics with applications to turbocharged engines." Doctoral thesis, KTH, MWL Marcus Wallenberg Laboratoriet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10590.

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A number of experimental and theoretical studies, performed in the field of technical flow duct acoustics are presented in this thesis. The acoustical methods treated are implemented on turbocharged IC-engines and engine gas exchange system components. A new method based on the well-known two-load technique has been developed. The method was applied to characterise the source data of various piston-engines with non-linear behaviour including a 6 cylinder turbo-charged truck diesel engine. The source characterisation results were compared to the results obtained using the linear two-load technique. It was demonstrated that the new non-linear multi-load technique gives improved results when the source is slightly non-linear. The use of active one-port models has been tested to characterize an air terminal device (ATD) as a source of flow generated noise. In order to predict the noise generation at different operating points of the device a scaling law was derived and verified. In the experimentally derived scaling law a flow speed dependence of 3 was found for the narrow band spectra, corresponding to a dipole-like behavior of the source in the plane wave range. The proposed technique was validated successfully and the results indicated a good prediction of in-duct sound generation by the air terminal device. Sound reflection from hot flow duct openings has been investigated experimentally. The reflection coefficient was measured for flow temperatures up to 500 ºC and jet velocities up to 108m/s. The results have been compared with famous Munt’s theory. It was concluded that at low Mach number and Helmholz number cases the results agree well with the Munt’s model. This was the first experimental validation of the theory for hot flow conditions. Experimental procedures to determine the sound transmission through automotive turbo-charger compressors were developed and described in detail. An overview of a unique turbocharger testing facility established at KTH CICERO in Stockholm is given. The facility can be used to measure acoustic two-port data for turbo-compressors. Results from measurements on a passenger car turbo-compressor are presented and the influence of operating conditions on the sound transmission is discussed. Current wave action models developed in CMT for computation of the gas exchange processes in I.C. engines have been implemented to determine the acoustic wave transmission through the turbo- compressor. The models are validated with the experimental data and the results are presented for different operating conditions of a Volvo passenger car turbo-compressor.
QC 20100809
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Widén, Joakim. "System Studies and Simulations of Distributed Photovoltaics in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-132907.

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Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) capacity is increasing worldwide, mainly due to extensive subsidy schemes for renewable electricity generation. A majority of newly installed systems are distributed small-scale systems located in distribution grids, often at residential customers. Recent developments suggest that such distributed PV generation (PV-DG) could gain more interest in Sweden in the near future. With prospects of decreasing system prices, an extensive integration does not seem impossible. In this PhD thesis the opportunities for utilisation of on-site PV generation and the consequences of a widespread introduction are studied. The specific aims are to improve modelling of residential electricity demand to provide a basis for simulations, to study load matching and grid interaction of on-site PV and to add to the understanding of power system impacts. Time-use data (TUD) provided a realistic basis for residential load modelling. Both a deterministic and a stochastic approach for generating different types of end-use profiles were developed. The models are capable of realistically reproducing important electric load properties such as diurnal and seasonal variations, short time-scale fluctuations and random load coincidence. The load matching capability of residential on-site PV was found to be low by default but possible to improve to some extent by different measures. Net metering reduces the economic effects of the mismatch and has a decisive impact on the production value and on the system sizes that are reasonable to install for a small-scale producer. Impacts of large-scale PV-DG on low-voltage (LV) grids and on the national power system were studied. Power flow studies showed that voltage rise in LV grids is not a limiting factor for integration of PV-DG. Variability and correlations with large-scale wind power were determined using a scenario for large-scale building-mounted PV. Profound impacts on the power system were found only for the most extreme scenarios.
Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 711
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Donleavy, Gabriel Douglas. "The usefulness of funds flow statements : an empirical study of Hong Kong banks' loan officers' use of published company accounts." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281973.

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Schmidt, Sarah Ruth. "Computational and wind tunnel studies of shelterbelts for reduction of wind flow and wind-induced loads on low-rise buildings." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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Fadul, Nada, Jacob Couturier, Xiaoying Yu, Claudia A. Kozinetz, Roberto Arduino, and Dorothy E. Lewis. "Treatment-Naïve HIV-Infected Patients Have Fewer Gut-Homing β7 Memory CD4 T Cells than Healthy Controls." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1497.

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OBJECTIVES: The integrin α4β7 is the gut-homing receptor for lymphocytes. It also is an important co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) via glycoprotein (gp)120 binding. Depletion of gut cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T cells is linked to chronic inflammation in patients with HIV; however, measuring CD4 cells in the gut is invasive and not routine. As such, establishing a peripheral marker for CD4 depletion of the gut is needed. We hypothesized that α4β7 CD4 T cells are depleted in the peripheral blood of treatment-naïve patients with HIV compared with healthy controls. METHODS: The study groups were treatment-naïve patients with HIV and uninfected controls. Subjects were included if they were 18 years or older with no history of opportunistic infections, active tuberculosis, or cancer. We collected peripheral blood and examined on whole blood using flow cytometry for the following cell surface markers: CD4, CD45RO, chemokine receptor type 5, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and the integrin β7. We collected demographic information, including age, sex, and ethnicity, as well as viral load (VL) and CD4 count. Two-samplettests and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the differences between the two groups. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between CD4 count and log10-VL and percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+and log10-VL in patients. RESULTS: Twenty-two subjects were enrolled in the study (12 patients with HIV and 10 controls). There were no differences in age or sex between the two groups. There were more Hispanics and fewer Asians in the group comprising patients with HIV compared with the control group (7 vs 2 and 0 vs 4,P= 0.05, respectively). Patients infected with HIV had significantly lower frequencies of CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+cells (median 12%, range 5-18 compared with uninfected controls: median 20%, range 11-26,P= 0.0007). There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4+cells between patients (72%, range 60%-91%) compared with controls (79%, range 72%-94%,P= 0.04). The percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/chemokine receptor type 5+did not differ between the group of patients with HIV and the control groups (22%, range 11%-57% vs 27%, range 14%-31%;P= 0.8, respectively). There was no correlation between percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/β+cells and log10-VL as measured by the Spearman correlation coefficient (r= 0.05,P= 0.88) in patients infected with HIV. CONCLUSIONS: Memory CD4 β7+cells are reduced significantly in the peripheral blood of untreated patients infected with HIV, which could be used as a noninvasive indicator of intestinal CD4 T cell loss and recovery. Further studies are needed to examine whether depletion of these CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+cells in the peripheral blood parallels depletion in the gut of treatment-naïve patients with HIV and whether levels return to control levels after treatment.
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WANG, SHUN-YUAN, and 王順源. "Load flow studies based on personal computer." Thesis, 1986. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59080722427857606528.

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Payne, Daniel Frederik. "Modelling of different long-term electrical forecasts and its practical applications for transmission network flow studies." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2179.

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D.Phil
The prediction of the expected transmission network loads as required for transmission network power flow studies, has become very important and much more complex than ten to twenty years ago. Therefore a single forecast is no longer the answer to the problem. The modelling of different long-term electrical forecasts makes it possible to compare a number of different forecasts. The modelling provides the further option that each expected load can be entered as a range and then the developed balancing algorithm checks for consensus (feasibility). If feasibility exists, then the different forecasts are reconciled (a feasible solution is determined). Factors such as international and national market trends, economical cycles, different weather patterns, climate cycles and demographic changes are studied. The factors that have significant impact on the transmission electrical loads are integrated in ten different forecasts. It thus gives more insight into the electrical industry and makes the forecast results more informative and therefore reduces the uncertainty in the future expected loads.
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Books on the topic "Load flow studies"

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Center, Langley Research, ed. Studies of aerothermal loads generated in regions of shock/shock interaction in hypersonic flow. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1991.

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Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Recommended Practice for Conducting Load-Flow Studies and Analysis of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems. IEEE, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Load flow studies"

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Chakraborty, Kabir, and Abhijit Chakrabarti. "Load Flow Studies." In Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering, 11–57. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2307-8_2.

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Kamble, Chandan, and Javed Dhillon. "Load flow studies of LV microgrid using ETAP." In Intelligent Circuits and Systems, 391–97. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003129103-61.

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Halder, Arup, Prakash Chakrabarty, Sayan Banik, Subhayan Saha, Sukanya Dasgupta, Somenath Guha, Bishaljit Pal, Sudhanshu Sarkar, and Ambarnath Banerji. "Analysis of a Power System Under Contingency Using Load Flow Studies." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 87–95. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3691-5_8.

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Jabari, Farkhondeh, Khezr Sanjani, and Somayeh Asadi. "Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution Systems Using a Backward-Forward Sweep Based Load Flow Method." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 63–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34050-6_3.

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Kimura, S., N. Tsuchiya, and K. Nakatsuka. "A system for flow through experimental studies under load pressure and hydrothermal conditions." In Water-Rock Interaction, 87–90. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203734049-20.

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Holzbecher, Ekkehard, and Ahmed Hadidi. "Sediment Transport in Shallow Waters as a Multiphysics Approach." In Natural Disaster Science and Mitigation Engineering: DPRI reports, 423–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2904-4_16.

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AbstractSuspended particle and bed-load transport are usually high during flooding events. For that reason, sediment transport is an important feature to be taken into account when studying floods. Measures that aim to mitigate the negative impacts of floods depend on such studies. Sediment transport phenomena are complex due to their coupling behavior with fluid flow. Due to the erosion and sedimentation of particulate matter, the ground surface changes during the passing of a flood. The courses of unregulated rivers and wadis after floods are different than those before floods. Flowing water transports sediments, and vice versa; sediment redistribution affects the flow of water due to changes in the ground surface and other factors. Computer simulations of sediment transport must take the coupling between water flow and transport processes into account. Here, a multiphysics approach in such a coupled model is presented. Shallow water equations (SWE) representing water height and velocity are coupled with equations for suspended particulate matter and bed loads. Using COMSOL Multiphysics software, an implementation is presented that demonstrates the capability and feasibility of the proposed approach. The approach is applied to the problems of scouring and sedimentation at obstacles, which are particularly important for ensuring the stability of bridges across rivers and wadis.
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Saliklis, Edmond. "Dead Load Flow." In Structures: A Studio Approach, 27–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33153-5_3.

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Saliklis, Edmond. "Load Flow in Significant Buildings." In Structures: A Studio Approach, 239–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33153-5_9.

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Daub, Dennis, Sebastian Willems, Burkard Esser, and Ali Gülhan. "Experiments on Aerothermal Supersonic Fluid-Structure Interaction." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 323–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_21.

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Abstract Mastering aerothermal fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is crucial for the efficient and reliable design of future (reusable) launch vehicles. However, capabilities in this area are still quite limited. To address this issue, a multidisciplinary experimental and numerical study of such problems was conducted within SFB TRR 40. Our work during the last funding period was focused on studying the effects of moderate and high thermal loads. This paper provides an overview of our experiments on FSI including structural dynamics and thermal effects for configurations in two different flow regimes. The first setup was designed to study the combined effects of thermal and pressure loads. We investigated a range of conditions including shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction (SWBLI) with various incident shock angles leading to, in some cases, large flow separation with high amplitude temperature dependent panel oscillations. The respective aerothermal loads were studied in detail using a rigid reference panel. The second setup allowed us to study the effects of severe heating leading to plastic deformation of the structure. We obtained severe localized heating resulting in partly plastic deformations of more than 12 times the panel thickness. Furthermore, the effects of repeated load cycles were studied.
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Abu-Siada, Ahmed. "Preface." In Recent Advances in Renewable Energy, i. UAE: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681085425117020001.

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Due to the continuous resources’ reduction and cost increase of conventional fossil fuel along with the global trend to decrease the greenhouse effect, clean energy production from renewable sources has been given a global great concern. Among renewable energy sources, wind energy conversion systems have received a worldwide notable attention. It is expected that more than 10% of the global electricity demand will to be generated by wind energy conversion systems by the year 2020. During their early implementation stage, wind turbines were to be disconnected during abnormal and fault conditions within the electricity grid it is connected to. Owing to the fact that current wind installations supply a significant portion of the load demand, disconnecting windfarms may lead to business interruption and discontinuity of power supply to the end user. As such, transmission line operators have developed strict grid codes that wind turbine generator must meet to maintain its connection to support the grid during various fault conditions. To comply with these codes, flexible AC transmission systems have been widely used with current wind energy conversion systems to modulate reactive and/or active power at the point of common coupling of the wind turbine generator and the grid. This book presents the applications of various flexible ac transmission system devices to wind energy conversion systems. Devices such as unified power flow controllers, superconducting magnetic energy storage and static synchronous compensator are covered in this book. Topologies, control systems along with case studies of the aforementioned devices are presented and discussed. This book will be useful for postgraduate research students, upper-division electrical engineering students and practicing engineers.
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Conference papers on the topic "Load flow studies"

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Srinivasarao, T., and P. Mallikarajunarao. "A promising method for uncertain load flow studies." In 2015 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Signals, Communication and Optimization (EESCO). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eesco.2015.7253997.

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Moller, Friedemann, Jan Meyer, and Peter Schegner. "Load model of electric vehicles chargers for load flow and unbalance studies." In 2014 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference (PQ). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pq.2014.6866774.

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Oke, Oluwabukola A., and David W. P. Thomas. "Probabilistic load flow in microgrid assessment and planning studies." In 2012 IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference (EPEC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epec.2012.6474941.

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Prasad, Aashwin, and Omveer Singh. "Analysis of Software Tools Used for Load-Flow Studies." In 2022 4th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icac3n56670.2022.10074587.

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Gomes, Bruno Andre, Joao Tome Saraiva, and Luis Neves. "Modeling costs and load uncertainties in optimal power flow studies." In 2008 5th International Conference on the European Electricity Market (EEM 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2008.4578997.

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Defu Cai, Jinfu Chen, Dongyuan Shi, Xianzhong Duan, Huijie Li, and Meiqi Yao. "Enhancements to the Cumulant Method for probabilistic load flow studies." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. New Energy Horizons - Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6343972.

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Priyadharshini, P., and M. Mohamed Thameem Ansari. "Modeling and analysis of wind farms in load flow studies." In 2015 International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy Information and Commuincation (ICCPEIC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccpeic.2015.7259482.

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Jain, N. K., Uma Nangia, and Uttam Kumar. "Load flow studies based on a new Particle Swarm Optimization." In 2016 IEEE 1st International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpeices.2016.7853076.

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Kazachkov, Yuriy, and Ronald Voelzke. "Modeling wind farms for power system load flow and stability studies." In 2005 IEEE Russia Power Tech. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ptc.2005.4524591.

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Schaefer, Andrea, Jutta Hanson, and Gerd Balzer. "Developing a Simplified Network Model for Load-Flow and Harmonic Studies." In 2020 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical And Power Engineering (EPE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epe50722.2020.9305670.

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Reports on the topic "Load flow studies"

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Briggs, Nicholas E., Robert Bailey Bond, and Jerome F. Hajjar. Cyclic Behavior of Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Concrete-filled Steel Deck Diaphragms through Push-out Tests. Northeastern University. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering., February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20476962.

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Earthquake disasters in the United States account for $6.1 billion of economic losses each year, much of which is directly linked to infrastructure damage. These natural disasters are unpredictable and represent one of the most difficult design problems in regard to constructing resilient infrastructure. Structural floor and roof diaphragms act as the horizontal portion of the lateral force resisting system (LFRS), distributing the seismically derived inertial loads out from the heavy concrete slabs to the vertical LFRS. Composite concrete-filled steel deck floor and roof diaphragms are ubiquitously used in commercial construction worldwide due to the ease of construction and cost-effective use of structural material. This report presents a series of composite steel deck diaphragm Push-out tests at full scale that explore the effect that cyclic loading has on the strength of steel headed stud anchors. The effect that cyclic loading has on structural performance is explored across the variation of material and geometric parameters in the Push-out specimens, such as concrete density, steel headed stud anchor placement and grouping, steel deck orientation, and edge conditions. As compared to prior tests in the literature, the push-out tests conducted in this work have an extended specimen length that includes four rows of studs along the length rather than the typical two rows of studs, and an ability to impose cyclic loading. This provides novel insight into force flows in the specimens, failure mechanisms, and load distribution between studs and stud groups.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION FOR ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE-FILLED DOUBLE-SKIN TUBES EXPOSED TO FIRE. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.263.

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Abstract:
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) or ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC) are alternatively used to reduce construction materials, thereby achieving more sustainable constructions. Moreover, engaging the advantages of concrete cores and outer steel tubes in concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) or ductile concrete-filled double-skin tubes (CFDST) is of great interest for the better performance of such members under fire. Nevertheless, current design provisions do not provide design models for UHPC-filled double-skin tubes under fire, and existing finite-element (FE) methodologies available in the literature may not accurately simulate the behaviour of CFDST exposed to fire. Therefore, this paper develops a comprehensive FE protocol implementing the scripting technique to model CFDST members for heat transfer and coupled (simultaneously or sequentially) thermal-stress analyses. Various modelling parameters incorporated in the proposed FE routine include the cross-sectional geometry (circular, elliptical, hexagonal, octagonal, and rectangular), the size (width, diameter, and wall thickness), interactions, meshing, thermal- and mechanical-material properties, and boundary conditions. The detailed algorithm for heat transfer analysis is presented and elaborated via a flow chart. Validations, verifications, and robustness of the developed FE models are established based on extensive comparison studies with existing fire tests available in the literature. As a result, and to recognize the value of the current FE methodology, an extensive parametric study is conducted for different affecting parameters (e.g., nominal steel ratio, hollowness ratio, concrete cylindrical strength, yield strength of metal tubes, and width-to-thickness ratio). Extensive FE results are used for optimizing the fire design of such members. Consequently, a simplified and accurate analytical model that can provide the axial load capacity of CFDST columns under different fire ratings is presented
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