Relevant bibliographies by topics / Load factor design

Academic literature on the topic 'Load factor design'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Load factor design"

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Poutanen, Tuomo. "Combination of Variable Loads in Structural Design." Applied Sciences 14, no. 15 (July 24, 2024): 6466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14156466.

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This study delves into the intricacies of variable load combination factors (ψ) within structural codes under fundamental design scenarios, with Eurocodes serving as the primary reference. Currently, variable loads are combined by adding one load, the leading load with its full value, and the other load, the accompanying load, with a reduced value multiplied by a combination factor ψ. This approach employs an independent load combination methodology, utilizing hypothetical reference materials. In contrast, this paper advocates for a shift towards dependent load combination, anchored in the use of actual reference materials. Specifically, it is proposed that imposed loads be combined without the combination factor, i.e., ψ = 1. Given that combination factors are in approximate unity or pertain to infrequent load cases, this research recommends the elimination of ψ from codes altogether. This recommendation stems from the recognition that the current combination factor calculation excels in cases with approximately equal loads with a significant reliability gain, while more frequent unequal loads introduce a minor reliability gain and harmful unsafe errors. Despite the overall minor safety advantage of about 2–3% being negligible considering unavoidable safe errors of about 7% in codes, this simplification significantly reduces code complexity, enhances user-friendliness, and substantially decreases the workload associated with design processes.
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Chen, Wai‐Fah, and Suiping Zhou. "Cm Factor in Load and Resistance Factor Design." Journal of Structural Engineering 113, no. 8 (August 1987): 1738–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1987)113:8(1738).

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Wahba, Yohanna M. F., Murty K. S. Madugula, and Gerard R. Monforton. "Limit states design of antenna towers." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-097.

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The Canadian Standard CAN/CSA-S37-M86 “Antennas, towers and antenna supporting structures” follows a quasi-limit states approach in which the member forces determined for specified loads are multiplied by a unified factor and compared with factored resistances given in CAN3-S16.1-M84. This results in designs basically the same as those resulting from a working stress design with a factor of safety of 5/3. Such structures exhibit a non-linear structural behaviour even under service loads. Thus the effect of ice accretion and direct interaction between wind and ice does not permit the load factors specified in CAN/CSA-S16.1-M89 “Limit states design of steel structures” to be directly applied to antenna supporting structures.In this study, 41 different towers (representing various heights and designed for different ice classes and wind pressures) were analyzed under specified loads and then under a set of factored loads. From the comparison of the design forces in the towers with those calculated according to the existing standard, a set of partial load factors was derived. The new load factors to be used in the 1993 edition of S37 are presented and justified. Key words: antenna towers, guyed towers, ice and wind loads, limit states design, self-supporting towers, working stress design.
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Bakht, Baidar, and Leslie G. Jaeger. "Load sharing factors in timber bridge design." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-036.

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It is well recognized that the structural capabilities of timber that are relevant to structural design vary not only because of natural variations in the material properties of the timber but also, randomly, as a consequence of several aspects of the structure itself and the loading. These factors are accounted for in the design process through the modification factors applied to the calculated resistance of the various components. One of these factors is the load sharing factor, which is intended to account for the enhanced strength of an assembly of components which results from the reduced probability of simultaneous occurrence of low strength in more than one component of the grouping. All the modification factors, including the load sharing factor, are usually derived by ignoring the fact that the two sides of the design equation, representing load effects and resistances respectively, may be interrelated. Despite its significance, the load sharing factor has been specified in design codes as a result of only cursory investigations, which have not rigorously considered the mechanics of behaviour of the assembly of timber components. The results of an analytical study are presented in this paper; the load sharing factor is developed by considering the interaction between the two sides of the design equation and also by explicitly taking account of the mechanics of behaviour of groups of timber components. It is shown that the load sharing factor can be conservatively presented as a relatively simple function of the number of timber components that can be assumed to be subjected to the same deformation as one another. Key words: factored resistance, design equation, load sharing, modification factor, modulus of rupture, strength variability, timber bridges.
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Hong, H. P., M. A. Nessim, and I. J. Jordaan. "Environmental Load Factors for Offshore Structures." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 121, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829577.

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An analysis of the impact of model uncertainties on the design factors for environmental loads on offshore structures was carried out. Considering uncertainties in environmental processes, the load effect models and the member resistance, an approach was developed that gives explicit consideration to model uncertainty in codified design. For frequent environmental load effects, a two-factor approach was developed that defines the overall load factor as the product of two components: a basic factor accounting for uncertainty in the environmental process and a separate factor accounting for model uncertainty. The overall load factor is to be applied to the specified load, which is defined as the load corresponding to the environmental process value associated with a specified return period. This load can be calculated from the environmental process without considering model uncertainty. The model uncertainty factor was defined as a linear function of the mean and the standard deviation of the model uncertainty parameter. It can be estimated based on a specific model and reliability analysis. This two-factor approach has two advantages: (a) it allows for reductions in the load factor if conservative or more accurate models are used; and (b) it eliminates the need for the designer to consider model uncertainty in estimating the specified load. The approach was used to develop a set of load factors for environmental loads on offshore structures. These factors were calibrated to produce reliability levels consistent with those implied by the load factors in CSA-S471.
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Scott, B., B. J. Kim, and R. Salgado. "Assessment of Current Load Factors for Use in Geotechnical Load and Resistance Factor Design." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 129, no. 4 (April 2003): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2003)129:4(287).

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Kuo, Ching L., Michael C. McVay, and Bjorn Birgisson. "Calibration of Load and Resistance Factor Design: Resistance Factors for Drilled Shaft Design." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1808, no. 1 (January 2002): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1808-12.

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Perelmuter, Anatoly V. "CRANE LOAD STATISTICAL MODELLING AND DESIGN COMBINATIONS OF THE INTERNAL FORCES." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2017-13-2-136-144.

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Attention has been paid to the fact that design load case combinations and design combinations of the internal forces caused by these loads have got a different probability of implementation. This fact has been is illustrated by the example of the crane loads, where the traditional calculation does not take into account such random factors as position of the crane bridge and position of the trolley on the crane bridge. Analysis has been performed using statistical modelling. Results of the modelling has been also presented. It has been suggested that there is a specific way to include load combination factors into the calculation formulas by which inclusion of temporary load in a design load case combination should be performed with combinational value of the loadcombination factor decreased when including each new temporary load.
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SAKAMOTO, JUN, YOSHIRO KOHAMA, and YASUHIRO MORI. "EARTHQUAKE LOAD MODELS FOR USE IN LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 353 (1985): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.353.0_37.

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Fenton, Gordon A., D. V. Griffiths, and Olaide O. Ojomo. "Consequence factors in the ultimate limit state design of shallow foundations." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 2 (February 2011): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-053.

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The reliability-based design of shallow foundations is generally implemented via a load and resistance factor design methodology embedded in a limit state design framework. For any particular limit state, the design proceeds by ensuring that the factored resistance equals or exceeds the factored load effects. Load and resistance factors are determined to ensure that the resulting design is sufficiently safe. Load factors are typically prescribed in structural codes and take into account load uncertainty. Factors applied to resistance depend on both uncertainty in the resistance (accounted for by a resistance factor) and desired target reliability (accounted for by a newly introduced consequence factor). This paper concentrates on how the consequence factor can be defined and specified to adjust the target reliability of a shallow foundation designed to resist bearing capacity failure.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Load factor design"

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Saxena, Vishal. "Interval finite element analysis for load pattern and load combination." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04072004-180207/unrestricted/saxena%5Fvishal%5F200312%5Fms.pdf.

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Penketgorn, Thiwa. "Load and resistance factor design for wood structures." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104535.

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Townson, Peter Gerard Allan Luke. "Load-maintenance interaction : modelling and optimisation /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://adt.library.uq.edu.au/public/adt-QU20021108.134015/index.html.

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Reyburn, Elizabeth Maury. "The design of offshore structures using load and resistance factor design." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19978.

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Patterson, M. J. "Gender and physical training effects on soldier physical competencies and physiological strain." Fishermans Bend, Vic. : Defence Science and Technology Organisation, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1947/4680.

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Chen, Jou-Jun Robert. "Load and resistance factor design of shallow foundations for bridges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44627.

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Load Factor Design (LFD), adopted by AASHTO in the mid-1970, is currently used for bridge superstructure design. However, the AASHTO specifications do not have any LFD provisions for foundations. In this study, a LFD format for the design of shallow foundations for bridges is developed.

Design equations for reliability analysis are formulated. Uncertainties in design parameters for ultimate and serviceability limit states are evaluated. A random field model is employed to investigate the combined inherent spatial variability and systematic error for serviceability limit state. Advanced first order second moment method is then used to compute reliability indices inherent in the current AASHTO specifications. Reliability indices for ultimate and serviceability limit states with different safety factors and dead to live load ratios are investigated. Reliability indices for ultimate limit state are found to be in the range of 2.3 to 3.4, for safety factors between 2 and 3. This is shown to be in good agreement with Meyerhof's conclusion (1970). Reliability indices for serviceability limit state are found to be in the range of 0.43 to 1.40, for ratios of allowable to actual settlement between 1.0 to 2.0. This appears to be in good agreement with what may be expected. Performance factors are then determined using target reliability indices selected on the basis of existing risk levels.


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Shin, Dong Ku. "Minimum-weight design of symmetrically laminated composite plates for postbuckling performance under in-plane compression loads." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135134/.

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Simonpietri, Sean. "Influence of the LRFD moment magnification procedure on unbraced frames in short buildings." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040427/.

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Gandiaga, Lorehana. "Serviceability limits and economical bridge design." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1939207291&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Ross, Justin Henry. "Evaluating ultimate bridge capacity through destructive testing of decommissioned bridges." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 154 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338919151&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.C.E.)--University of Delaware, 2007.
Principal faculty advisors: Michael J. Chajes and Jennifer Righman McConnell, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "Load factor design"

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American Institute of Steel Construction., ed. Load & resistance factor design. Chicago: American Institute of Steel Construction, 1986.

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United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Highway Operations., ed. Load factor bridge design by computer. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Demonstration Projects Program, Office of Highway Operations, 1989.

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United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Highway Operations., ed. Load factor bridge design by computer. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Operations, 1990.

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United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Highway Operations., ed. Load factor bridge design by computer. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Operations, 1990.

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Construction, American Institute of Steel. Load & resistance factor design: Manual of steel construction. [Chicago, Ill.]: American Institute of Steel Construction, 1986.

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American Institute of Steel Construction., ed. Load & resistance factor design: Manual of steel construction. [Chicago?]: American Institute of Steel Construction, 1986.

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American Institute of Steel Construction., ed. Load & resistance factor design: Manual of steel construction. 2nd ed. [Chicago?]: American Institute of Steel Construction, 1994.

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Geschwindner, Louis F. Load and resistance factor design of steel structures. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1994.

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American Institute of Steel Construction., ed. Load & resistance factor design: Manual of steel construction. 3rd ed. [Chicago?]: American Institute of Steel Construction, 2001.

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American Institute of Steel Construction., ed. Load & resistance factor design: Manual of steel construction. 2nd ed. [Chicago?]: American Institute of Steel Construction, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Load factor design"

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Munwar Basha, B., and K. V. N. S. Raviteja. "Resistance Factor Calculations for Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of MSW Landfill Slopes." In Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 47–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4077-1_6.

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Rusakov, A. I. "Load and Resistance Factor Design and Models of Ductile Bar’s Collapse." In Fundamentals of Structural Mechanics, Dynamics, and Stability, 229–42. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429155291-28.

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Li, Pei-Pei, and Yan-Gang Zhao. "Load and Resistance Factor Design Involving Random Variables with Unknown Probability Distributions." In Reliability-Based Analysis and Design of Structures and Infrastructure, 425–50. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003194613-28.

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Jansing, Steffen, Christoph Rieger, Tim Jabs, Jochen Deuse, Florestan Wagenblast, Robert Seibt, Julia Gabriel, Judith Spieler, Monika Rieger, and Benjamin Steinhilber. "Exploratory Pilot Study for the Integration of Task-Specific Load Alternation into a Cyclic Assembly Process." In Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2022, 65–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10071-0_6.

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AbstractTakt work represents a significant risk factor for the development of musculoskeletal complaints and diseases, especially in short-cycle processes. The increased risk results primarily from a permanent uniform load on the musculoskeletal system. Studies on motor variability suggest that an increase in load variation can have positive effects on reducing the risk.The research project “Integration of activity-specific load changes to reduce physical stress during takt work” aims to demonstrate the increase in load variation by introducing specific load changes during takt work as a possible means of preventing musculoskeletal disorders without causing negative effects on productivity. For this purpose, a pilot study was already carried out with ten subjects, which is presented in more detail in this paper.As foundation for the description of this study, the given paper first provides background on the applied theoretical concepts as well as the design of the overall research project. This is followed by the presentation of the experimental procedure and the results of the pilot study on cyclic assembly. Based on the stress profiles determined via surface electromyography the sequence of the analysed reference assembly process is reconfigured in order to integrate load changes. Future investigations within the research project are planned to compare both processes in terms of risk surrogate parameters for musculoskeletal disorders.
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Liu, Chenyu, Anlin Wang, and Xiaotian Li. "Thermal Robustness Redesign of Electromagnet Under Multi-Physical Field Coupling." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 265–80. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1876-4_21.

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AbstractAiming at the durability problem of the proportional electromagnet used in the proportional valve of engineering machinery, in order to improve its thermal failure resistance under random load conditions, a parametric redesign model of the proportional electromagnet was proposed based on the multi-physics coupling theory and robust optimization theory. This article takes the proportional electromagnet with a basin-type suction structure as the research object. The parameter model was verified through steady-state proportional electromagnet tests and temperature distribution tests. On the premise of ensuring the accuracy of electromagnetic calculation force, the conductivity and heat transfer parameters with fuzzy magnitude in the system were calibrated. Taking the key structural parameters of the proportional electromagnet and coil as the control factors, and the enameled wire diameter of the coil caused by the uncertainty of the production process conditions as the noise factor, an orthogonal experiment was designed based on the Taguchi method, and the thermal robustness redesign evaluation function of the proportional electromagnet was defined. Multi-factor weighted form. The thermal load of the proportional electromagnet obtained from the excavator field test was used as the response to calculate the heat source. Under the constraint of allowable temperature rise that can not cause coil insulation failure, a redesign method for key structural parameters that minimizes changes in system response under noise interference is given. Studies have shown that coil length and number of turns are the main factors affecting the thermal robustness of proportional electromagnets. The window shape of the coil is determined by the winding process and determines the magnetic properties and heat transfer capabilities of the system. The thermal robustness redesign method of proportional electromagnets proposed in this article has engineering reference value for the customized design of electromechanical products under magnetothermal coupling conditions.
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Calì, Michele, Salvatore Massimo Oliveri, and Marco Evangelos Biancolini. "Thread Couplings Stress Analysis by Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 114–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_19.

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AbstractTraditional analytical methods are approximate and need to be validated when it comes to predict the tensional behavior of thread coupling. Numerical finite element simulations help engineers come up with the optimum design, although the latter depends on the constraints and load conditions of the thread couplings which are often variable during the system functioning. The present work illustrates a new method based on Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing formulation to optimize the stress concentration in thread couplings which is subject to variable loads and constraints. In particular, thread root and fillet under-head drawings for metric ISO thread, which are the most commonly used thread connection, are optimized with Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing. In metric ISO threaded connection, the root shape and the fillet under the head are circular, and from shape optimization for minimum stress concentration it is well known that the circular shape becomes seldom optimal. The study is carried out to enhance the stress concentration factor with a simple geometric parameterization using two design variables. Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing formulation, performed with a simple geometric parameterization, has allowed to obtain a stress reduction of up to 12%; some similarities are found in the optimized designs leading to the proposal of a new standard. The reductions in the stress are achieved by rather simple changes made to the cutting tool.
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Giacobbe, Tommaso, and Fabio Sardo. "Load Factor (Nz) / Roll Rate: First Comparisons Between Design and in-Flight Recorded Data on Eurofighter Typhoon Italian Fleet." In ICAF 2009, Bridging the Gap between Theory and Operational Practice, 1177–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2746-7_65.

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Charney, Finley A. "Importance Factor and Seismic Design Category." In Seismic Loads, 7–10. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413524.ch02.

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Spitas, C., V. Spitas, and M. Rajabalinejad. "Dynamical Simulation and Calculation of the Load Factor of Spur Gears with Indexing Errors and Profile Modifications for Optimal Gear Design." In Power Transmissions, 183–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6558-0_13.

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Adenuga, Olukorede Tijani, Khumbulani Mpofu, and Thobelani Mathenjwa. "Energy Efficiency for Manufacturing Using PV, FSC, and Battery-Super Capacitor Design to Enhance Sustainable Clean Energy Load Demand." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 259–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18326-3_26.

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AbstractEnergy efficiency (EE) are recognized globally as a critical solution towards reduction of energy consumption, while the management of global carbon dioxide emission complement climate change. EE initiatives drive is a key factor towards climate change mitigation with variable renewable technologies. The paper aimed to design and simulate photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell stack (FCS) systems, and battery-super capacitor energy storage to enhance sustainable clean energy load demand and provide significant decarbonization potentials. An integration of high volume of data in real-time was obtained and energy mix fraction towards low carbon emission mitigation pathway strategy for grid linked renewables electricity generation was proposed as a solution for the future transport manufacturing energy supplement in South Africa. The interrelationship between energy efficiency and energy intensity variables are envisaged to result in approximately 87.6% of global electricity grid production; electricity energy demand under analysis can reduce the CO2 emissions by 0.098 metric tons and CO2 savings by 99.587 per metric tons. The scope serves as a fundamental guideline for future studies in the future transport manufacturing with provision of clean energy and sufficient capacity to supply the demand for customers within the manufacturing.
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Conference papers on the topic "Load factor design"

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Brand, P. R., W. S. Whitney, and D. B. Lewis. "Load and Resistance Factor Design Case Histories." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7937-ms.

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Baker, A. C. "High voltage insulator mechanical load limitations and load resistance factor design." In 2012 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc.2012.6281416.

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Fenton, Gordon A., Xianyue Zhang, and D. V. Griffiths. "Load and Resistance Factor Design of Strip Footings." In GeoCongress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40971(310)13.

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Haldar, Sumanta, and Dipanjan Basu. "Load and Resistance Factor Design of Laterally Loaded Piles." In International Symposium on Advances in Foundation Engineering. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-4623-0_090.

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Gautham, B. P., Prateek Gupta, Nagesh H. Kulkarni, Jitesh H. Panchal, Janet K. Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Robust Design of Gears With Material and Load Uncertainties." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12170.

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Traditionally gears are designed using design standards such as AGMA, ISO, etc. These design standards include a large number of “design factors” accounting for various uncertainties related to geometry, load and material uncertainties. As the knowledge about these uncertainties increases, it becomes possible to include them systematically in the gear design procedure, thereby reducing the number of empirical design factors. In this paper a method is proposed to eliminate two design factors (viz., factor of safety in contact and reliability factor) used in standard AGMA-based design procedures through the formal introduction of uncertainty in the magnitude of load and material properties. The proposed method is illustrated via the design of an automotive gear with a desired reliability, cost, and robustness. The solutions obtained are encouraging and in-line with the existing knowledge about gear design, and thus reinforces the possibility of schematically reducing the aforementioned design factors.
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Avrithi, Kleio. "Load and Resistance Factor Design for Nuclear Pipes: Benefits and Challenges." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61636.

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The Board on Nuclear Codes and Standards (BNCS) recently decided to promote standards that use risk-informed design methods. In civil engineering practice a risk informed method, namely the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), has been in usage for quite some time. It is possible to extend such methods to the design of safety-related piping as well. This paper provides a brief overview of the LRFD method. Discussion is included for load factors to be used to account for the uncertainties in piping loads (e.g., internal pressure, sustained weight, etc.) and resistance factors to be used for addressing the uncertainties in strength of piping and analysis methods. Different load factors and resistance factors can be suggested for each load type and resistance type (e.g., hoop stress, bending stress, etc.). A design example for a feed water Class 2 piping system is provided to demonstrate the benefits of LRFD. This way, benefits such as the achievement of consistent reliability levels and the facilitation of a detailed risk analysis of mechanical systems are illustrated. Finally, the challenges associated with development of the LRFD method for nuclear piping are discussed. Such challenges pertain to the selection of the appropriate target reliability indices for piping, the development of equations for components such as tees, elbows, etc.
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Ayyub, Bilal M., Ibrahim A. Assakkaf, Klieo Avrithi, Abinav Gupta, Nitin Shah, Philip Kotwicki, Kenneth Balkey, and Ralph S. Hill. "Risk-Informed Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Methods for Piping." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80592.

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The main objective of structural design is to insure safety, functional, and performance requirements of a structural system for selected target reliability levels, for specified period of time and for a specified environment. As this must be accomplished under conditions of uncertainty, risk and reliability analyses are deemed necessary in the development of such methods as risk-informed load and resistance factor design for piping. This paper provides a summary of the methodology and technical basis for reliability-based, load and resistance factor design suitable for the ASME Section III, Class 2/3 piping for primary loading, i.e., pressure, deadweight and seismic. The methodology includes analytical procedures, such as the First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) for calculating the LRFD-based partial safety factors for piping. These factors were developed in this paper for demonstration purposes, and they can be used ultimately in LRFD design formats to account for the uncertainties in strength and in the load effects. The technical basis provided in the paper is suitable for a proof-of-concept in that LRFD can be used in the design of piping with consistent reliability levels. Also, the results from additional projects in this area, including future research for piping secondary loads, will form the basis for future code cases.
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Winterstein, Steven R., and Satyendra Kumar. "Reliability of Floating Structures: Extreme Response and Load Factor Design." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7758-ms.

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Lewis, D. B., P. R. Brand, W. S. Whitney, M. G. Hood, and M. A. Maes. "Load and Resistance Factor Design for Oil Country Tubular Good." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7936-ms.

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Goble, G. G., Fred Moses, and Richard Snyder. "Pile Design and Installation Specification Based on Load-Factor Concept." In Contributions in Honor of George G. Gobel. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40743(142)26.

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Reports on the topic "Load factor design"

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Hite, John, Robert Ebeling, and Barry White. Hydraulic load definitions for use in Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) analysis, including probabilistic load characterization, of 10 hydraulic steel structures : report number 1. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48610.

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In the past, allowable stress design (ASD) was used to design steel structures. The allowable stresses used were determined from previous practice, with limited understanding of the reliability and risk performance provided by the structure. Engineering methods based on Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) provide more accurate lifetime models of structures by providing risk-based load factors. Besides improved safety, cost savings can be provided through improved performance and, in some cases, by delaying rehabilitation. This research project develops LRFD-based engineering procedures for the evaluation and design of hydraulic steel structures (HSS). Hydraulic loads are a key element to the LRFD analysis. This report identifies the primary hydraulic loads and describes procedures that can be used to determine these hydraulic loads. Existing design guidance for HSS is described and presented in the individual chapters. The appendixes to the report provide examples of the procedures used to compute the hydrostatic, wave, and hydrodynamic loads. A new approach for determining wind-induced wave loads was developed. Design guidance for computing the hydrodynamic load was limited for many of the HSS. Additional research is recommended to improve capabilities for computing hydraulic loads. Details on these recommendations can be found in this report.
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Sotelino, Elisa, Judy Liu, and Wonseok Chung. Simplified Load Distribution Factor for Use in LRFD Design. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313314.

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Zimmerman and Chen. L51769 Limit States and Reliability-Based Pipeline Design. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010325.

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The objective is to develop fully calibrated limit states design (LSD) procedures for pipelines. Limit states design, also known as load and resistance factor design (LRFD), provides a unified approach to dealing with all relevant failure modes and load combinations of concern. It explicitly accounts for the uncertainties that naturally occur in the determination of the loads which act on a pipeline and in the resistance of the pipe to failure. The load and resistance factors used are based on reliability considerations; however, the designer is not faced with carrying out probabilistic calculations. LSD suggests that if pipelines are designed directly for those scenarios which are known to be the major causes of pipeline failure, the result will be better design in terms of both safety and economy. This study shows that LSD is a rational and logical design process that can provide consistent levels of safety and give the designer a clear picture of the structural response of the pipe for all credible failure modes.
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Evans, James W., and David W. Green. Censoring Data for Resistance Factor Calculations in Load and Resistance Factor Design: A Preliminary Study. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-304.

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Han, Fei, Jeehee Lim, Rodrigo Salgado, Monica Prezzi, and Mir Zaheer. Load and Resistance Factor Design of Bridge Foundations Accounting for Pile Group–Soil Interaction. Purdue University, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316009.

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Salgado, Rodrigo, Sang Inn Woo, and Dongwook Kim. Development of Load and Resistance Factor Design for Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States of Transportation Structure Foundations. Purdue University, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314618.

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Tow Leong, Tiang, Mohd Saufi Ahmad, Ang Qian Yee, Syahrun Nizam Md Arshad@Hashim, Mohd Faizal Mohd Zahir, Mohd Azlizan Moh Adib, Nazril Husny, Tan Kheng Kwang, and Dahaman Ishak. HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR NON-DOMESTIC BUILDING. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/techrpt2023.001.

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This technical report presents the electrical system installation design for development of a factory with 1 storey and 2 storey of offices. Firstly, the general methodology of designing the electrical system are elaborated in this report. As overall, the methodologies in designing the components of the electrical system are explained and elaborated, which included: (a) load and maximum demand estimation; (b) miniature circuit breaker (MCB) selection; (c) moulded case circuit breaker (MCCB) selection; (d) air circuit breaker (ACB) selection, (e) residual current device (RCD) selection; (f) protection relay selection; (g) current transformer (CT) selection; (h) sizing selection for cable and live conductors; (i) capacitor bank selection for power factor correction (PFC); and (j) distribution transformer and its protection devices selection. Then, the electrical system of this project is computed and designed by using the methodologies aforementioned. Firstly, the electrical system of various distribution boards (DBs) with the protection/metering devices along with its phase and earthing cables for every final circuits are designed and installed in the factory. Next, the installation is proceeded with the electrical system of main switchboard (MSB) with the protection/metering devices along with its phase and earthing cables for every DBs. Also, the electrical system of PFC by using detuned capacitor bank with various protection/metering devices is designed and built in the plant. Apart from that, the factory is equipped with the electrical system of high tension (HT) room that included the distribution power transformer with the protection/metering devices along with its phase and earthing cables. Lastly, the methodologies and the computation design of the electrical system installation in the context of connected load, load currents, maximum demand, MCB, MCCB, ACB, RCD, protection relay, metering CTs, live cable, protection conductor/earth cable, detuned capacitor bank, and distribution transformer, are prepared according to several important standards, for instance, the MS IEC 60364, Electrical Installations for Buildings, Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST) – Non-Domestic Electrical Installation Safety Code, Electricity Supply Application Handbook, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB).
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Sakleshpur, Venkata A., Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, and Mir Zaheer. CPT-Based Geotechnical Design Manual, Volume 2: CPT-Based Design of Foundations—Methods. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317347.

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This manual provides guidance on how to use the cone penetration test (CPT) for site investigation and foundation design. The manual has been organized into three volumes. Volume 1 covers the execution of CPT-based site investigations and presents a comprehensive literature review of CPT-based soil behavior type (SBT) charts and estimation of soil variables from CPT results. Volume 2 covers the methods and equations needed for CPT data interpretation and foundation design in different soil types, while Volume 3 includes several example problems (based on instrumented case histories) with detailed, step-by-step calculations to demonstrate the application of the design methods. The methods included in the manual are current, reliable, and demonstrably the best available for Indiana geology based on extensive CPT research carried out during the past two decades. The design of shallow and pile foundations in the manual is based on the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) framework. The manual also indicates areas of low reliability and limited knowledge, which can be used as indicators for future research.
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Sakleshpur, Venkata A., Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, and Mir Zaheer. CPT-Based Geotechnical Design Manual, Volume 3: CPT-Based Design of Foundations—Example Problems. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317348.

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This manual provides guidance on how to use the cone penetration test (CPT) for site investigation and foundation design. The manual has been organized into three volumes. Volume 1 covers the execution of CPT-based site investigations and presents a comprehensive literature review of CPT-based soil behavior type (SBT) charts and estimation of soil variables from CPT results. Volume 2 covers the methods and equations needed for CPT data interpretation and foundation design in different soil types, while Volume 3 includes several example problems (based on instrumented case histories) with detailed, step-by-step calculations to demonstrate the application of the design methods. The methods included in the manual are current, reliable, and demonstrably the best available for Indiana geology based on extensive CPT research carried out during the past two decades. The design of shallow and pile foundations in the manual is based on the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) framework. The manual also indicates areas of low reliability and limited knowledge, which can be used as indicators for future research.
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Turner, Benjamin. Guidance for Factoring Deep Foundation Structural Resistance for Landslide Stabilization and Excavation Support. Deep Foundations Institute, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/cpf-2017-land-1.

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Lateral support provided by deep foundations can be an effective means to stabilize existing and potential landslides, and deep foundations contribute to the stability of support-of-excavation systems. However, defining the structural resistance and implementing it in a slope stability analysis that satisfies LRFD requirements is a source of significant confusion and miscommunication among geotechnical and structural designers. This report explains the implications of applying (or not) structural resistance factors at various stages of the analysis. Furthermore, most commercial slope stability software offers the option to either use the user-input structural resistance without reducing it by the slope stability factor of safety (“Method A”) or to reduce the structural resistance by the stability factor of safety (“Method B”). Applying a structural resistance factor and/or using Method B will result in designs requiring more structural reinforcement; however, it is not necessarily the case that doing so will significantly improve reliability (i.e., decrease the probability of failure) of the slope. Three example cases are presented and analyzed probabilistically to demonstrate how reliability is influenced by the chosen method for factoring structural resistance, and the various scenarios for which this may or may not represent a tangible improvement in reliability from the slope Owner’s perspective. A recommended approach for factoring and implementing deep foundation structural resistance in slope stability analyses is described along with a simple example. After initial stability analyses are run without the deep foundations to define the critical surface geometry, p-y method lateral pile-soil interaction analyses are performed to identify the controlling strength limit state and corresponding mobilized shear resistance at the intersection of the deep foundation and critical slide surface. Because this mobilized resistance is limited by the factored shear and flexural strength of the foundation element, it represents a factored resistance, and inherently satisfies LRFD structural design requirements. This factored resistance is input back into the slope stability analyses using Method A such that no additional factoring is applied to the structural resistance; the stability analyses must then satisfy a minimum factor of safety, typically in the range of 1.3 to 1.5. The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications prescribe that the global stability factor of safety is interpreted as the reciprocal of the geotechnical resistance factor, and that the load factor for global stability is 1.0. Hence, the recommended approach satisfies structural and geotechnical LRFD requirements.
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