Journal articles: 'LOAD EFFECTS'

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Tsal, Yehoshua, and Hanna Benoni. "Diluting the burden of load: Perceptual load effects are simply dilution effects." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 36, no. 6 (2010): 1645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018172.

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Yi, Z., A. K. Agrawal, M. Ettouney, and S. Alampalli. "Blast Load Effects on Highway Bridges. I: Modeling and Blast Load Effects." Journal of Bridge Engineering 19, no. 4 (April 2014): 04013023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000547.

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Benoni, H., and Y. Tsal. "Diluting the burden of load: Perceptual load effects are simply dilution effects." Journal of Vision 9, no. 8 (March 22, 2010): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/9.8.228.

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Bloch-Salisbury, E., and A. Harver. "Effects of detection and classification of resistive and elastic loads on endogenous event-related potentials." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 1246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1246.

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Resistive and elastic loads added to inspiration are readily detected, and detection latencies vary as a function of load magnitude and load type. In the present study, we recorded endogenous event-related potentials (i.e., N2 and P3) to the detection and classification of large (15.0 cmH2O.1–1.s and 70.0 cmH2O/l) and small (1.45 cmH2O.1–1.s and 19.0 cmH2O/l) loads equated for subjective magnitude in 14 men (mean age 21.14 yr). In blocks of trials comprised of either large or small loads, subjects made a button-press response upon detecting a load and then classified the load as resistive or elastic. Loads were presented briefly (for approximately 200 ms) early in inspiration and at the same level of inspiratory pressure. For loads of comparable magnitude, subjects detected equivalent numbers of resistive and elastic loads but could not discriminate reliably between load types. On the other hand, the latency of N2 was shorter to larger than to smaller loads, to resistive than to elastic loads, and to correct than to incorrect load classifications. The latency of P3 was affected similarly by load magnitude and load type. These findings demonstrate that event-related potentials are elicited by brief presentations of resistive and elastic loads and that N2 and P3 latencies vary reliably as a function of load magnitude and load type. Most importantly, event-related potential latencies are sensitive to load type and to classification accuracy even when resistive and elastic loads are not distinguishable subjectively.

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Zhang, L. M., M. C. McVay, S. J. Han, P. W. Lai, and R. Gardner. "Effects of dead loads on the lateral response of battered pile groups." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-008.

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The effects of vertical load on the lateral resistance of single piles were initially reviewed to facilitate the interpretation of the test results of pile groups. Then, 18 different lateral load tests were carried out in the centrifuge on the 3 × 3 and the 4 × 4 fixed-head battered pile groups to investigate the effects of vertical load on the group lateral resistance. Vertical dead loads ranging from approximately 20 to 80% of the vertical ultimate group capacity Puv were applied. Based on these tests, the effects of vertical dead load on the lateral resistance of the battered pile groups are found to depend on pile arrangement, pile inclination, and soil density. The lateral resistances of the 3 × 3 pile groups do not appear to vary considerably with the vertical dead loads in the range of the vertical loads studied. For the 4 × 4 pile groups however, the lateral resistances at vertical loads of approximately 50 and 80% Puv may be 26-29% and even 40% higher than that at the 20% Puv dead load. It may be inferred that designs based on standard lateral load tests with small vertical dead loads would be on the safe side. Three mechanisms for vertical load effects are discussed in terms of axial tension and compression failures, influence of pile inclination, and initial subgrade reaction caused by vertical loading. Preliminary numerical analyses are also performed to simulate the responses of some of the battered pile groups.Key words: pile group, battered pile, lateral resistance, load test, pile-soil interaction, centrifuge test.

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Bartlett, F. M., H. P. Hong, and W. Zhou. "Load factor calibration for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada: Statistics of loads and load effects." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-087.

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The 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) will adopt a companion-action format for load combinations and specify wind and snow loads based on their 50 year return period values. This paper summarizes statistics for dead load, live load due to use and occupancy, snow load, and wind load that have been adopted for calibration, and a companion paper presents the calibration itself. A new survey of typical construction tolerances indicates that statistics for dead load widely adopted for building code calibration are adequate unless the dead load is dominated by thin, cast-in-place concrete toppings. Unique statistics for live load due to use and occupancy are derived that pertain specifically to the live load reduction factor equation used in the NBCC. Statistics for snow and wind loads are normalized using the 50 year values that will be specified in the 2005 NBCC. New statistics are determined for the factors that transform wind speeds and ground snow depths into wind and snow loads on structures.Key words: buildings, code calibration, companion action, dead loads, live loads, load combinations, load factors, reliability, safety, snow loads, wind loads.

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Willy, Richard W., Paul DeVita, Stacey A. Meardon, Michael Baggaley, Christopher C. Womble, and John D. Willson. "Effects of Load Carriage and Step Length Manipulation on Achilles Tendon and Knee Loads." Military Medicine 184, no. 9-10 (March 6, 2019): e482-e489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz031.

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Abstract Introduction Longer steps with load carriage is common in shorter Soldiers when matching pace with taller Soldiers whereas shorter steps are hypothesized to reduce risk of injury with load carriage. The effects of load carriage with and without step length manipulation on loading patterns of three commonly injured structures were determined: Achilles tendon, patellofemoral joint (PFJ) and medial tibiofemoral joint (mTFJ). Materials and Methods ROTC Cadets (n = 16; 20.1 years ± 2.5) walked with and without load carriage (20-kg). Cadets then altered preferred step lengths ±7.5% with load carriage. Achilles tendon, PFJ and mTFJ loads were estimated via musculoskeletal modeling. Results Large increases in peak Achilles tendon load (p < 0.001, d = 1.93), Achilles tendon impulse per 1-km (p < 0.001, d = 0.91), peak mTFJ load (p < 0.001, d = 1.33), and mTFJ impulse per 1-km (p < 0.001, d = 1.49) were noted with load carriage while moderate increases were observed for the PFJ (peak: p < 0.001, d = 0.69; impulse per 1-km: p < 0.001, d = 0.69). Shortened steps with load carriage only reduced peak Achilles tendon load (p < 0.001, d = –0.44) but did not reduce Achilles impulse per km due to the resulting extra steps and also did not reduce peak or cumulative PFJ and mTFJ loads (p > 0.05). Longer steps with load carriage increased PFJ loads the most (p < 0.001, d = 0.68–0.75) with moderate increases in mTFJ forces (p < 0.001, d = 0.48–0.63) with no changes in Achilles tendon loads (p = 0.11–0.20). Conclusion A preferred step length is the safest strategy when walking with load carriage. Taking a shorter step is not an effective strategy to reduce loading on the Achilles tendon, PFJ, and mTFJ.

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Kawabe, Shoko. "Effects of Force Output and Preparatory Set on Premotor Time of Simultaneous Bilateral Responses." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 2 (April 1989): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.619.

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Premotor times in simultaneous bilateral elbow-flexion movements were measured for 20 subjects when loads (light or heavy) were applied to both elbow joints. Premotor times for the heavy load were longer than those for the light load on both sides. The difference in premotor time between the two loads was larger for bilateral response than for unilateral response, suggesting that exertion of strength combines with response modality to increase the difference between the two loads. Preparatory set did not affect premotor time under the heavy load but affected premotor time under the light load. Possible mechanisms subserving these findings are discussed.

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Wang, Zi Jian, Rong Pan Hu, and Shun Long Li. "A New Combination Method of Temperature and Vehicle Load Effects Based on SHM Data." Advanced Engineering Forum 5 (July 2012): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.5.157.

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When more than one load act on a structure, the combination of the load effects should be considered, especially for which are variant in time and in space. A new method to calculate the combination of two different loads effects as well as to predict the extreme value distributions in the subsequent service life is proposed. The loads discussed in this paper are two main loads acting on the cable-stayed bridge: the temperature and vehicle load, which can be modeled as rectangular pulse process and filtered Poisson process respectively. Firstly, truncated distributions of the two load effects are depicted using the monitoring data of Nanjing 3rd Yangtze River Bridge. The generalized Pareto distribution fits well to the upper tails of the vehicle load effect and the mean values of the temperature load effect in an hour follows a two weighted normal distribution. Then the combination of the two load effects as well as the prediction of extreme values in the subsequent service life can be calculated. In the end, the results obtained through the proposed method are compared with the observed value of the bridge.

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Marek, P., and W. J. Venuti. "On combinations of load effects." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 16, no. 3 (January 1990): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(90)90009-6.

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Sutarja, Nyoman, Gede Pringgana, and Made Wikrama. "The effects of earthquake and tsunami loadings on structural behavior of reinforced concrete building." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 19, no. 2 (2021): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-25655.

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This study aimed to evaluate the performance of structures such as drift ratios and internal forces arising on structural components due to earthquake and tsunami loads. The structures were modeled in three dimensions with varying heights of 3, 5, and 7-story according to the allowable building height in Bali, Indonesia. The earthquake load was designed in accordance with Indonesian standard SNI-1726-2012 and Tsunami loading refers to FEMA P646-2012. Three different loads were applied namely earthquake load, combined tsunami load 1 (T1), and combined tsunami load 2 (T2). The results showed that the drift ratios of the 3-story building structure subjected to all loads meets the criteria for a building with risk category IV, should less than 1%. However, for the 5 and 7-story building structures, the drift ratio on the first floor was only due to the earthquake load fulfilled (<1%). The drift ratio of 1.44% and 2.13% respectively were due to the loads T1 and T2 for 5-story and 2.88% and 4.67% for the 7-story building. These results indicated that the 5-story and 7-story building structure is unable to withstand the lateral forces due to the tsunami load neither load T1 nor T2.

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Liu, Yali, Ligang Qiang, Qiuzhi Song, Mingsheng Zhao, and Xinyu Guan. "Effects of Backpack Loads on Leg Muscle Activation during Slope Walking." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 4890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144890.

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Hikers and soldiers usually walk up and down slopes with a load carriage, causing injuries of the musculoskeletal system, especially during a prolonged load journey. The slope walking has been reported to lead to higher leg extensor muscle activities and joint moments. However, most of the studies investigated muscle activities or joint moments during slope walking without load carriage or only investigated the joint moment changes and muscle activities with load carriages during level walking. Whether the muscle activation such as the signal amplitude is influenced by the mixed factor of loads and grades and whether the influence of the degrees of loads and grades on different muscles are equal have not yet been investigated. To explore the effects of backpack loads on leg muscle activation during slope walking, ten young male participants walked at 1.11 m/s on a treadmill with different backpack loads (load masses: 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg) during slope walking (grade: 0, 3, 5, and 10°). Leg muscles, including the gluteus maximus (GM), rectus femoris (RF), hamstrings (HA), anterior tibialis (AT), and medial gastrocnemius (GA), were recorded during walking. The hip, knee, and ankle extensor muscle activations increased during the slope walking, and the hip muscles increased most among hip, knee, and ankle muscles (GM and HA increased by 46% to 207% and 110% to 226%, respectively, during walking steeper than 10° across all load masses (GM: p = 1.32 × 10−8 and HA: p = 2.33 × 10−16)). Muscle activation increased pronouncedly with loads, and the knee extensor muscles increased greater than the hip and ankle muscles (RF increased by 104% to 172% with a load mass greater than 30 kg across all grades (RF: p = 8.86 × 10−7)). The results in our study imply that the hip and knee muscles play an important role during slope walking with loads. The hip and knee extension movements during slope walking should be considerably assisted to lower the muscle activations, which will be useful for designing assistant devices, such as exoskeleton robots, to enhance hikers’ and soldiers’ walking abilities.

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Murphy, Gillian, and Ciara M. Greene. "Load theory behind the wheel; perceptual and cognitive load effects." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 71, no. 3 (September 2017): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cep0000107.

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Chan, H. S., and Alan J. Courtney. "Effects of Cognitive Foveal Load on a Peripheral Single-Target Detection Task." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 2 (October 1993): 515–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.2.515.

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This experiment investigated the effects of foveal cognitive load on a primary peripheral single-target detection task. Four levels of foveal task with cognitive loads involving identification and summation of numerals were used. Number of correct targets detected seemed unaffected by the foveal load in the near periphery but a decrement occurred beyond 7.7°. Response times for correct responses showed large dispersion compared with that for correct locations. At a low cognitive load, foveal task performance showed no deterioration for all eccentricities tested, but at a higher cognitive load performance declined gradually across eccentricities. Mild evidence of runnel vision was obtained as indicated by the significant interaction of cognitive loads × eccentricities. Resources theory accounted well for the results.

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Kang, Ting Ting. "Second-Order Effects of Shanxi Tall Steel Framework Sway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1096.

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Structure in horizontal wind load produce lateral displacement, vertical load may have caused additional effects due to the lateral displacement and deformation of the cumulative increase leads to structural instability collapse. Due to the characteristics and problems of the structure, utilizing SAP2OOO finite element software, this paper consider the deformation of the lateral displacement of the second-order effects under wind loads and loads of the Shanxi Taiyuan Xiaodian a tall steel frame structure.

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Viegas, Steven F., Rita Patterson, Pamela Peterson, John Roefs, Allan Tencer, and Shaena Choi. "The effects of various load paths and different loads on the load transfer characteristics of the wrist." Journal of Hand Surgery 14, no. 3 (May 1989): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(89)80004-8.

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Shi, Qiang, Chun Hua Zhang, Yan Chao Cai, and Ju Xiang Fang. "Effects of Load Ratio on Dual-Fuel Engine Operated with Pilot Diesel Fuel and Liquefied Natural Gas." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 1389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.1389.

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In order to study the application of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) on diesel engine, a turbocharged diesel engine was converted into a dual-fuel engine ignited by diesel fuel. The effects of load ratio on fuel economy and emissions of dual-fuel engine were compared and analyzed at engine speed of 1200 r/min, 1600 r/min and 2200 r/min. The experimental results show that, the specific fuel consumption is reduced with the increase of load ratio at different speeds. As the load ratio increases, CO emission of dual-fuel reduces, but it increases slightly at high loads and full load. When the load ratio is less than 40%, HC emission of dual-fuel is reduced significantly with the increase of load, but increases when the load ratio continues to increase, and finally HC emission is stable. When the load ratio is less than 40 %, NOx emission is relatively low, as the load ratio increases, increases sharply, but at high loads and full load, reduces slightly.

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Peng, J. L., D. V. Rosowsky, A. D. Pan, W. F. Chen, and S. L. Chan. "Simplified Modeling and Analysis of Pattern Loading Effects on Shoring Systems During Construction." Advances in Structural Engineering 1, no. 3 (July 1998): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136943329800100305.

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This paper examines the effect of concrete placement patterns on temporary structures. Specific consideration is given to scaffold shoring systems used in construction. A simplified two-dimensional portal frame model is developed to investigate the system stability for different load patterns corresponding to different concrete placement procedures. Then, a three-dimensional structural model is developed to identify the location and magnitude of the critical formwork load both during and after concrete placement. A second-order elastic analysis of the system is performed to determine the critical loads. For the sway case, there exists a unique critical (collapse) load which is independent of load pattern (placement paths) and partial loads. However, the amount of lateral deflection varies for different load patterns or paths. Thus, a single limiting lateral deflection of the temporary structure may not be suitable as an early-warning index signaling imminent collapse during construction. An analysis based on the concept of influence surfaces confirms that an equivalent uniform load may be used in design to account for pattern loading during construction.

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Weddle, Carie B. "Effects of Ectoparasites on Nestling Body Mass in the House Sparrow." Condor 102, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.3.684.

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Abstract House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) nestlings were screened for ectoparasites; the most common ectoparasite was Pellonyssus reedi, a haematophagous mite. Parasite load was used to determine whether: ectoparasites have an effect on chick body mass prior to fledging, relative chick body mass is a within-brood predictor of relative parasite load, and parasite load per brood correlates with brood size. There was a negative correlation between parasite load and chick body mass, indicating that ectoparasites can reduce the quality of host offspring. Within broods, a chick's body mass was not related to its parasite load relative to its siblings' loads, suggesting that these ectoparasites do not preferentially target particular nestlings based on size. No relationship was found between brood size and total parasite load; thus, there was no evidence that within-nests, mite population size is limited by brood size.

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Wang, Xueke, Steven A. Lavender, and Carolyn Sommerich. "The Effects of Load Stability and Visual Access During Asymmetric Lifting Tasks on Back and Upper Extremity Biomechanical Responses." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 5 (December 6, 2018): 712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818814107.

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Objective: To explore the change of muscular and biomechanical responses in different load stability and visual access conditions during an asymmetric lifting task. Background: Previous studies found that lifting unstable loads resulted in changes to the biomechanical loads experienced by the spine and upper extremities. However, researchers have not extensively investigated behaviors when people lift potentially unstable loads. It was hypothesized that lifting a potentially unstable load can lead to changes in lifting behavior, which may be mitigated by visual access to the load. Method: Fourteen volunteers lifted either a stable load or a potentially unstable load that could move within the container during the lifting task. In half of the lifting conditions, the box was covered to restrict visual access when lifting. Spine kinematic and kinetic measures and surface electromyographic (EMG) signals from back, shoulder, and arm muscles were obtained. Results: Lifts of the stable load were faster and generally had higher peak muscle activations than lifts of the potentially unstable load. Participants had less spine flexion when handling the potentially unstable load without visual access. Conclusion: When lifting and moving a potentially unstable load that could lead to a perturbation, people tended to lift the container more slowly comparing with lifting a stable load, which in turn reduced the peak muscle activities. Application: In industry, there are many work situations where workers need to lift or carry unstable loads that can shift during transport. Providing visual access to the load may help mitigate some of these effects.

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Shafiq, Nasir, Muhammad Imran, and Ibrisam Akbar. "An Experimental Study on the Effects of Biaxial Bending due to Eccentric Load on RC Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.339.

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Eccentric loads are very common in structures due to building configuration. Unequal slab length, circular ramp, large cantilevers are very common in modern architecture. The RC beams in previous studies were tested under the three and four point uniform loads. Therefore, a simple testing setup was arranged to understand the behaviour of RC beam under eccentric load applied at mid span. In this study the single point load applied eccentrically on RC beam. The beams were tested at different eccentricity and compared with control beam tested under the uniform load or zero eccentricity. Results have shown a drastically reduced crack load up to 54% compared to control beam as the eccentricity increased. However, small changed in ultimate load carrying capacity was observed up to 60mm eccentricity. Eccentric load caused biaxial bending due to high concentration of load on one side of beam, which change failure mode of RC beam from ductile to brittle.

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Rosowsky, David V., and Timothy A. Reinhold. "Rate-of-Load and Duration-of-Load Effects for Wood Fasteners." Journal of Structural Engineering 125, no. 7 (July 1999): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1999)125:7(719).

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Zhang, Weiwei, and Steven J. Luck. "Opposite effects of capacity load and resolution load on distractor processing." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 41, no. 1 (2015): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000013.

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Luck, S. J., and W. Zhang. "Opposite effects of capacity load and resolution load on distractor processing." Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.1335.

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Slavchev, V. "Load effects calculation according to EN 1991-2 Load Model 1." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 71 (January 20, 2015): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/71/1/012023.

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Karwowski, Waldemar, Bohdana Sherehiy, Paul Ray Gaddie, Tamer Khalaf, and Peter M. Quesada. "The effects of lifting instructions on the psychophysically selected lifting load limits: A need for reappraisal." Occupational Ergonomics 7, no. 1 (June 14, 2007): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/oer-2007-7105.

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This study investigated the effect of three different lifting instruction sets on the psychophysically selected loads. The instruction sets corresponded to three different load limit concepts: maximum acceptable weight of lift (MAWL), maximum comfortable weight of lift (MCWL), and maximum safe weight of lift (MSWL). Results demonstrated significant lifting instruction effects on the investigated dependent variables, including: selected load weight, selected load weight estimation, perceived physical effort, and perceived comfort and safety ratings associated with the selected load weights. Perceived acceptability of selected load weight was the only variable upon which lifting instructions did not have a significant effect. The results showed that the MAWL instruction led to selected loads that were significantly heavier than the loads selected under MSWL instructions. Also, the level of perceived physical effort under the MAWL condition was significantly higher than those obtained under the MSWL and MCWL conditions. Results from this study are consistent with previous research findings that psychophysical selection of lifting loads is very sensitive to the instructions provided to the subjects. It also is suggested that the application of the classical psychophysical approach to setting limits for manual materials handling tasks should be carefully reappraised.

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Williams, Kym J., Dale W. Chapman, Elissa J. Phillips, and Nick Ball. "Effects of Athlete-Dependent Traits on Joint and System Countermovement-Jump Power." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 10 (November 1, 2018): 1378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0050.

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Purpose:To establish the influence of athlete-dependent characteristics on the generation and timing of system and individual joint powers during a countermovement jump (CMJ).Methods:Male national representative athletes from volleyball (n = 7), basketball (n = 6), and rugby (n = 7) performed a set of 3 CMJs at relative barbell loads of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of absolute back-squat strength. Ground-reaction forces and joint kinematics were captured using a 16-camera motion-capture system integrated with 2 in-ground force plates. Limb lengths and cross-sectional areas were defined using 3-dimensional photonic scans. A repeated-measures analysis of variance determined the interaction between system and joint load–power profiles, whereas a multiregression analysis defined the explained variance of athlete-dependent characteristics on the load that maximized system power.Results:System and isolated hip, knee, and ankle peak powers were maximized across a spectrum of loads between and within sports; power values were not significantly different across loads. A positive shift in the timing of hip and ankle peak powers corresponded to a significant (P < .05) positive shift in the timing of system peak power to occur closer to toe-off. An optimal 3-input combination of athlete-dependent characteristics accounted for 68% (P < .001) of the explained variance in the load that maximized system peak power.Conclusion:The load maximizing system power is athlete-dependent, with a mixture of training and heredity-related characteristics influencing CMJ load–power profiles. The authors recommend that a combination of relative loads be individually prescribed to maximize the generation and translation of system CMJ power.

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Soares, C. Guedes, N. Fonseca, and R. Pascoal. "Abnormal Wave-Induced Load Effects in Ship Structures." Journal of Ship Research 52, no. 01 (March 1, 2008): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.2008.52.1.30.

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The paper presents an approach to determine the global load effects induced on shif structures by abnormal, freak, or episodic waves. It refers to the present procedure of determining extreme values of wave-induced responses, including the recent advances of adopting time series of wave elevation as reference design conditions t calculate the wave-induced structural loads on ships in heavy weather. It is show how this procedure can be extended to account for abnormal or episodic waves Reference is made to what is presently known about abnormal or freak waves showing that although it is possible to determine the loads induced by these wave in floating and fixed structures, the present knowledge about the probability of occurrence of these waves is not enough to allow a wave design criterion to be defined in a way consistent with the present probabilistic approaches. However, it is suggested that at the present stage of knowledge it is possible to determine the load induced by abnormal waves similar to ones that have been measured at various ocean locations and that are thus realistic; a method is described to perform such calculations. Although this information cannot replace the wave-induced loads calculated with the presently established procedures, it can serve as guidance for th design. An application example is presented of a containership subjected to a wav trace that includes an episodic wave that was measured during a severe storm in Central North Sea. The measured wave time history is modified in order to investigate the influence of the wave steepness on the induced vertical motions and loads. Th loads induced by the abnormal wave are compared for the first time with extreme values from long-term distributions.

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Wong, Koon Wan, and Vanissorn Vimonsatit. "Determination of Shear Capacity for Load Rating of Concrete Bridges to AS 5100.7-2017." Infrastructures 7, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7110156.

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According to Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT), the ultimate shear capacity of a reinforced concrete section depends on load effects (shear, moment, torsion, and axial force) caused by factored design loads. In many design standards, including Australian AS 5100.7, MCFT has been incorporated for bridge assessment, which requires a load rating to be carried out according to the loading of the nominated rating vehicle as prescribed in the standard. Recently, some approaches have been proposed for bridge load rating that have suggested using an iterative-search procedure to determine the shear capacity by proportionally increasing the load effects until the shear capacity and shear are equal. This paper describes several adverse effects of using the proportional load, which is not consistent with the characteristic of the vehicle loading, to determine the shear capacity for load rating. Numerical examples of two bridge beams, one simply supported and the other continuous, are presented to demonstrate that the characteristic of the load effects caused by a moving vehicle is not representable by proportional load effects. Furthermore, the current practice in the bridge load rating does not load rate the longitudinal steel capacity in resisting the axial force induced by the load effects of the rating vehicle. This paper presents a new approach to the load rating that separately accounts for the load effect for axial failure mode of the longitudinal steel. Finally, it is pointed out that locating the critical section where the rating factor is minimum is tedious but can be automated by integrating load rating into the analysis of load effects.

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Normand, Alice, Frédérique Autin, and Jean-Claude Croizet. "Evaluative pressure overcomes perceptual load effects." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 22, no. 3 (September 19, 2014): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-014-0729-8.

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Jenkins, C. H., and S. M. Faisal. "Thermal Load Effects on Precision Membranes." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 38, no. 2 (March 2001): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.3671.

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HWANG, Eui-Seung, and Hyun-Moo KOH. "Simulation of Bridge Live Load Effects." IABSE Congress Report 16, no. 10 (January 1, 2000): 1130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137900796313636.

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33

Cook, Nevis E., and Kurt H. Gerstle. "Load History Effects on Structural Members." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 3 (March 1985): 628–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:3(628).

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TALEB, M., H. M. ZEIN EL-DIN, and I. QAMBER. "SYSTEM LOAD EFFECTS ON POWER HARMONICS." Electric Machines & Power Systems 23, no. 2 (March 1995): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07313569508955617.

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35

Ravindrarajah, R. Sri, and R. N. Swamy. "Load effects on fracture of concrete." Materials and Structures 22, no. 1 (January 1989): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02472690.

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36

Cremona, Christian. "Optimal extrapolation of traffic load effects." Structural Safety 23, no. 1 (January 2001): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4730(00)00024-2.

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37

Dykstra, D. R., J. B. Ligon, and I. Miskioglu. "Transverse Load Effects on Repaired Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 16, no. 15 (October 1997): 1425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449701601506.

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38

Williams, Leonard J. "Peripheral Information Extraction: Cognitive Load Effects." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 6 (September 1986): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000625.

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The functional field of view appears to be sensitive to various cognitive load manipulations of foveal portions of displays. Several studies are summarized which provide considerable evidence for a kind of tunnel-vision which is induced via cognitive loading.

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Matias, Jérémy, Jean-Charles Quinton, Michèle Colomb, Marie Izaute, and Laetitia Silvert. "Reward history modulates perceptual load effects." Acta Psychologica 212 (January 2021): 103217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103217.

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Erkliğ, Ahmet, and Eyüp Yeter. "The effects of cutouts on buckling behavior of composite plates." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0011.

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AbstractCutouts such as circular, rectangular, square, elliptical, and triangular shapes are generally used in composite plates as access ports for mechanical and electrical systems, for damage inspection, to serve as doors and windows, and sometimes to reduce the overall weight of the structure. This paper addresses the effects of different cutouts on the buckling behavior of plates made of polymer matrix composites. To study the effects of cutouts on buckling, loaded edges are taken as fixed and unloaded edges are taken as free. Finite element analysis is also performed to predict the effects of different geometrical cutouts, orientations, and position of cutouts on the buckling behavior. The results show that fiber orientation angle and cutout sizes are the most important parameters on the buckling loads. For all types of cutouts the buckling loads decrease dramatically by increasing the fiber orientation angle. It is observed that minimum buckling load is reached when 45° fiber angle is used, and after this angle critical buckling load begins to increase. Also, it is concluded that while fiber orientation angle is 0°, elliptical cutout has the highest buckling load and while fiber orientation angle is 45°, circular cutout has the highest buckling load.

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41

KOGI, Kentaro, and Teruo SAITO. "Effects of isosorbide 5-mononitrate on cardiovascular function. II. Effects on pre-load and after-load." Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 86, no. 4 (1985): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.86.315.

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42

Gallagher, Sean, William S. Marras, and Kermit G. Davis. "Effects of Load and Posture on the Recruitment of Trunk Muscles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 13 (September 2002): 1071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601314.

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Seven male subjects performed 8 cable lifting and hanging tasks, while trunk kinematics and electromyographic data often trunk muscles were obtained. The objectives of the study were to evaluate trunk muscle recruitment and spine loads resulting from performance of this task in different postures and with different load magnitudes. The eight tasks were combinations of four postures (standing, stooping, kneeling on one knee or both knees) and two levels of load (0 N or 100 N load added to existing cable weight). Results indicated that changes in posture and changes in load magnitude both affected muscle co-activation; however, the influence of these variables were quite different in nature. Increased load magnitude resulted in a generalized increase in the co-activation of all trunk muscles, no matter which posture was employed (p < 0.05). Changes in posture significantly affected trunk muscle recruitment patterns (p < 0.05); however, the posture effect typically involved a relatively small subset of trunk muscles. No significant interactions were detected (p > 0.05), indicating that posture and load effects are both independent and additive.

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Lopes, Michelle N., Lorena Pinheiro-Silva, Eduarda Matté, José Lucas Safanelli, Mauricio Mello Petrucio, and Nei Kavaguichi Leite. "Anthropogenic effects on the pollutant load of forested watersheds in Southern Brazil." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 195, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/fal/2021/1310.

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Lehnhoff, T. F., and W. E. Wistehuff. "Nonlinear Effects on the Stresses and Deformations of Bolted Joints." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 118, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842163.

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Axisymmetric finite element modeling of bolted joints was performed to show the effects of the magnitude as well as the radial location of the externally applied load on the member separation radius and the stress on the surface between the two members. The separation radius was found to be nonlinearly related to changes in the magnitude as well as position of the external load. A 27-percent decrease for 24-mm bolts to 39-percent decrease for 8-mm bolts in the separation radius resulted with changes in the load magnitude. The external load varied from zero to the maximum that could be sustained before joint separation for steel members. The change in separation radius for the aluminum members, cast iron members, and a combination of the two materials was on the order of 2–10 percent. For the minimum and maximum external load, the separation radius decreased by 5 and 12 percent, respectively, with an increase in radial position of one to five bolt diameters for the 24-mm bolt models. Changes in the stress on the surface between the members also occurred with changes in magnitude as well as radial position of the external load. The stress was found to be higher near the bolt for larger external loads and also when the radial location of the external load was increased.

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Lee, Samuel C. K., Cara N. Becker, and Stuart A. Binder-Macleod. "Activation of human quadriceps femoris muscle during dynamic contractions: effects of load on fatigue." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 926–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.926.

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Muscle fatigue is both multifactorial and task dependent. Electrical stimulation may assist individuals with paralysis to perform functional activities [functional electrical stimulation (FES), e.g., standing or walking], but muscle fatigue is a limiting factor. One method of optimizing force is to use stimulation patterns that exploit the catchlike property of skeletal muscle [catchlike-inducing trains (CITs)]. Although nonisometric (dynamic) contractions are important parts of both normal physiological activation of skeletal muscles and FES, no previous studies have attempted to identify the effect that the load being lifted by a muscle has on the fatigue produced. This study examined the effects of load on fatigue during dynamic contractions and the augmentation produced by CITs as a function of load. Knee extension in healthy subjects was electrically elicited against three different loads. The highest load produced the least excursion, work, and average power, but it produced the greatest fatigue. CIT augmentation was greatest at the highest load and increased with fatigue. Because CITs were effective during shortening contractions for a variety of loads, they may be of benefit during FES applications.

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Kawabe, Shoko. "Effects of Force Output and Preparation on Fractionated Reaction Time." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 3 (June 1987): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.3.935.

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Fractionated reaction times of elbow-flexion to light stimuli were measured when two kinds of loads (light and heavy) were applied to the elbow joint. Premotor time for the heavy load was lengthened in comparison with that for the light load. This fact suggests that the intensity of the muscle tension required for the response influences the initiation of the output from the central nervous system. When subjects were informed about the load before presentation of the stimulus, premotor time was shorter than that under the conditions without the information. It seemed that the preparatory set for the force output influenced the fractionated reaction time for 20 subjects.

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Wei, Yan Gang, and Meng Sun. "The Effects of Load on the Radial Bearing Properties of Pre-Loaded Cylindrical Roller Bearings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 2306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.2306.

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According to the theory of contact mechanics, the radial stiffness, the maximum contact stress, and the maximum radial load of pre-loaded cylindrical roller bearings, including both solid roller and hollow roller bearings, are calculated with the finite element method. The effects of load on the radial stiffness, the maximum contact stress, and the maximum radial load of bearing are analyzed. The analysis results show that the effect of load on the radial stiffness is complex. Under the different magnitude loads, the effects of both hollowness and interference magnitude on the radial stiffness and on the maximum contact stress are not same. Thus the effects of load magnitude must be considered in the design and application of pre-loaded cylindrical roller bearings.

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48

Fu, Gongkang, Frank P. Pezze, and Sreenivas Alampalli. "Diagnostic Load Testing for Bridge Load Rating." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1594, no. 1 (January 1997): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1594-13.

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Diagnostic load testing uses field-measured data for bridge load rating without requiring certain information or the assumptions needed for analytical rating, and it can help arrive at more-reliable load ratings. It usually consists of three steps: preparation, execution, and analysis of the results. It is critical to estimate the probability of success in the preparation step before the execution step. A case of such a test for a steel highway bridge is presented. The bridge’s fascia beams were given a low rating because their cover plates were removed. Diagnostic load testing was used to obtain more reliable load ratings for the fascia beams. Under the test loads covering service loads, the support-fixity of the bridge was confirmed. It was identified as reserve strength and was not taken into account in the original analytical rating. Thus, it was concluded that no strengthening is needed for the fascia beams, and their rating factor was recommended to be increased from 0.7 to 1.4 on the basis of the measured load effects.

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Ishida, K., P. D. Pare, T. Blogg, and R. R. Schellenberg. "Effects of elastic loading on porcine trachealis muscle mechanics." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 1033–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.3.1033.

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To shorten in vivo, airway smooth muscle must overcome an elastic load provided by cartilage and lung parenchyma. We examined the effects of linear elastic loads (0.2-80 g/cm) on the active changes in porcine trachealis muscle length and tension in response to electrical field stimulation in vitro. Increasing elastic loads produced an exponential decrease in the shortening and velocity of shortening while causing an increase in tension generation of muscle strips stimulated by electrical field stimulation. Shortening was decreased by 50% at a load of 8 g/cm. At small elastic loads (less than or equal to 1 g/cm) contractile responses approximated isotonic responses (shortening approximately 60% of starting length), whereas at large loads (20 g/cm) responses approximated isometric responses with minimal shortening (20%). We conclude that elastic loading significantly alters the mechanical properties of airway smooth muscle in vitro, effects that are likely relevant to the loads against which the smooth muscle must contract in vivo.

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MIMURA, K., T. UMEDA, M. YU, Y. UCHIDA, and H. YAKA. "EFFECTS OF IMPACT VELOCITY AND SLENDERNESS RATIO ON DYNAMIC BUCKLING LOAD FOR LONG COLUMNS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 31n32 (December 30, 2008): 5596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208050875.

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In this research, the buckling behavior of long columns under dynamic load was investigated both experimentally and numerically, and an effective buckling criterion for dynamic load was derived from the results in terms of the impact velocity and the slenderness ratio. In the experiments, a free fall drop-weight type impact testing machine was employed. The dynamic buckling loads were measured by the load sensing block, and the displacements were measured by a high speed magnetic-resistance device. In the numerical analyses, dynamic FEM code 'MSC-Dytran' was used to simulate the typical experimental results, and the validity and the accuracy of the simulations were checked. The dynamic buckling loads at various impact velocities were then systematically investigated. From both experimental and simulated results, it was found that the dynamic to static buckling load ratios can be successfully described as a square function of the slenderness ratio of the columns, while they can be also described by a power law of the applied impact velocity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'LOAD EFFECTS'

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