Relevant bibliographies by topics / LOAD DEFORMATION

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'LOAD DEFORMATION'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "LOAD DEFORMATION"

1

Aleksandrov, A. S., T. V. Semenova, and N. P. Aleksandrova. "MATERIALS USED IN THE ROAD BASES: METHOD OF THE RESIDUAL DEFORMATIONS’ CALCULATION." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 16, no. 4 (September 8, 2019): 456–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2019-4-456-471.

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Materials and methods. The authors performed the analysis of the models for calculating residual deformations accumulated by granular materials and under the influence of repeated loads. The research showed the hereditary nature of the strain granular materials’ accumulation. Therefore, the authors used integral calculus for analytical solution of the residual deformation’s dependence on the number of repeated loads and on the magnitude of the main stresses. Moreover, the authors obtained the solution in the form of logarithmic and power functions, which associated the accumulated deformation with the deformation arising from the first load application. In determining the deformation from the first load application, the authors took into account the model of the theory of plasticity, in which the elastoplastic deformation was determined by the sum of two components elastic and plastic, as well as rheological models considering the deformation as the sum of three or four components. Generalizing the model for various materials, the authors gave the preference to the model, in which the elastoplastic deformation was determined by four components: instantaneous elastic and residual deformations, elastic (elastic-viscous) deformation and a viscoplastic component. Therefore, the residual strain from the first load application was represented by the sum of the two components, instantaneous irreversible and viscoplastic. The viscoplastic component of the deformation was a result of stress relaxation in a relatively short period of time equal to the duration of the load impact. Such research allowed taking into account the effect of speed on the duration of the load and the magnitude of the viscoplastic component of the residual deformation. The authors emphasized that taking into account the viscous-plastic component of residual deformation was most appropriate when calculating residual deformations of soils and materials treated with an organic binder. Granular materials were less sensitive to viscoplastic deformation under a single load application, but, when the voltage exceeded the elastic limit, and the more plastic adaptability of crushed stone, gravel, etc. viscoplastic deformation made a significant contribution to the accumulated residual deformation.Results. As a result, the authors carried out the analysis of experimental data on the triaxial compression of various granular materials and determined the parameters obtained for the power and logarithmic functions. The authors studied such materials as granite, gneissic, granodiorite and diorite crushed stone, sand, gravel and crushed stone, gravel mixtures with a mineral part from various rocks and fortified sands.Discussion and conclusions. The paper demonstrates the possibility of using the solutions for calculation of the surface displacement of the pavement layers of granular materials. The authors formulate the tasks for further research.
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Da, Kang, Wang Yongliang, Zhong Jingjun, and Liu Zihao. "Pre-Deformation Method for Manufactured Compressor Blade Based on Load Incremental Approach." International Journal of Turbo & Jet-Engines 37, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2017-0024.

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AbstractThe blade deformation caused by aerodynamic and centrifugal loads during operating makes blade configurations different from their stationary shape. Based on the load incremental approach, a novel pre-deformation method for cold blade shape is provided in order to compensate blade deformation under running. Effect of nonlinear blade stiffness is considered by updating stiffness matrix in response to the variation of blade configuration when calculating deformations. The pre-deformation procedure is iterated till a converged cold blade shape is obtained. The proposed pre-deformation method is applied to a transonic compressor rotor. Effect of load conditions on blade pre-deformation is also analyzed. The results show that the pre-deformation method is easy to implement with fast convergence speed. Neither the aerodynamic load nor centrifugal load can be neglected in blade pre-deformation.
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Anderson, William D., Sydney L. M. Wilson, and David W. Holdsworth. "Development of a Wireless Telemetry Sensor Device to Measure Load and Deformation in Orthopaedic Applications." Sensors 20, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 6772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236772.

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Due to sensor size and supporting circuitry, in-vivo load and deformation measurements are currently restricted to applications within larger orthopaedic implants. The objective of this study is to repurpose a commercially available low-power, miniature, wireless, telemetric, tire-pressure sensor (FXTH87) to measure load and deformation for future use in orthopaedic and biomedical applications. The capacitive transducer membrane was modified, and compressive deformation was applied to the transducer to determine the sensor signal value and the internal resistive force. The sensor package was embedded within a deformable enclosure to illustrate potential applications of the sensor for monitoring load. To reach the maximum output signal value, sensors required compressive deformation of 350 ± 24 µm. The output signal value of the sensor was an effective predictor of the applied load on a calibrated plastic strain member, over a range of 35 N. The FXTH87 sensor can effectively sense and transmit load-induced deformations. The sensor does not have a limit on loads it can measure, as long as deformation resulting from the applied load does not exceed 350 µm. The proposed device presents a sensitive and precise means to monitor deformation and load within small-scale, deformable enclosures.
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Williamson, M., and A. Majumdar. "Effect of Surface Deformations on Contact Conductance." Journal of Heat Transfer 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911886.

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This study experimentally investigates the influence of surface deformations on contact conductance when two dissimilar metals are brought into contact. Most relations between the contact conductance and the load use the surface hardness to characterize surface deformations. This inherently assumes that deformations are predominantly plastic. To check the validity of this assumption, five tests were conducted in the contact pressure range of 30 kPa to 4 MPa, with sample combinations of (I) smooth aluminum-rough stainless steel, (II) rough aluminum-smooth stainless steel, (III) rough copper-smooth stainless steel, (IV) smooth copper-rough stainless steel, and (V) smooth aluminum-smooth stainless steel. The experimental results of tests I, II, and IV indicate that the conductance of the first load-unload cycle showed hysteresis, suggesting that the plastic deformation was significant. However, for subsequent load cycles, no conductance hysteresis was observed, implying that elastic deformation was predominant. In contrast, no conductance hysteresis was observed for all load-unload cycles of tests III and V. Therefore, the surface deformation for this combination was always predominantly elastic. In practical applications where plastic deformation is significant for the first loading, mechanical vibrations can produce oscillating loads, which can finally lead to predominance of elastic deformation. Comparison of the results of tests II and V show that even though plastic deformation was significant for the first loading of a rough aluminum surface, elastic deformation was always predominant for the smoother aluminum surface
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Barchukova, Tetіana. "Work piles - columns with soil under constant influence of vertical and cyclically approximated horizontal loads." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 2, no. 51 (October 12, 2018): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2018.51.1283.

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The article describes an experimental study aimed at identifying common patterns of joint work of piles - columns with soil with vertical and cyclically applied horizontal loads. The study examines the deformation processes occurring in the soil. At any pressure value, soil deformations can be divided into two groups, which are restored (elastic) and residual. When the pressure is less than the structural strength, elastic deformations appear. With a pressure of greater structural strength, elastic and residual deformations appear. Elastic deformations appear throughout the depth, residual deformations develop in the depth of the deformation zone, where the stress exceeds the structural strength of the soil. After removing the load, the elastic deformation disappears, and the residual remains. The lower limit of the residual strain zone is at a depth, where the stresses from the load transmitted by the column of piles below its base are balanced by the structural strength of the soil.
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CELMS, A., I. TREVOHO, V. CELMINA, and M. BRINKMANIS-BRIMANIS. "Technologies of building deformation monitoring in Latvia." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 2, no. 44 (September 1, 2022): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-2-44-53-59.

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Determining the deformations of a building is a very important process in the construction and operation of a construction site. The main causes of deformation of structures and their foundations are sedimentation of foundation structures, weak load-bearing soil, crushed sand layers, wear and degradation of building foundations, uneven or excessive loading of foundations, poor condition of pile foundations, regular ambient vibrations, support of ambient temperature, various loads caused by wind, snow and other conditions, uncompact soil. The quality of building materials, binders, and aggregates can also be mentioned as the causes of the deformations of buildings and foundations. The paper analyzes the available information and regulatory enactments related to the monitoring of building deformations, evaluates the provision of building deformation in Latvia, describes the types of building deformations and their causes, building deformation monitoring technologies, as well as building monitoring methods, and summarizes the results. The aim of the study is to investigate and evaluate the deformation monitoring system of buildings. The results of the research reflect the procedures and technologies of deformation monitoring of buildings, the possibilities of using high-precision deformation sensors, substantiating the need to create an automated height, load, and other deformation-causing properties, and measurement control system. The work provides a specific assessment of the building deformation monitoring object in Strēlnieku Street in Riga.
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Tateyama, Kohei, and Hiroyuki Yamada. "Nonuniform Deformation of Cell Structures Owing to Plastic Stress Wave Propagation." Applied Mechanics 2, no. 4 (November 5, 2021): 911–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech2040053.

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In cell structures, unlike in dense bodies, nonuniform deformation occurs from the impact end, even at velocities in the order of tens to hundreds of meters per second. In this study, we experimentally examine the nonuniform deformation mechanism of cell structures. They prepared two kinds of specimens: nickel foam (Ni foam) and silicone-rubber-filled nickel foam (Ni/silicone foam). As a dynamic and impact test method (compression velocity of 20 m/s or more), we used a dynamic and impact load-measuring apparatus with opposite load cells to evaluate the loads on both ends of the specimen in one test. At compression velocities of 20 m/s or less, no nonuniform deformations were observed in the Ni foam and the Ni/silicone foam, and the loads on the impact and the fixed ends achieved force equilibrium. The Ni foam showed no change with an increasing strain rate, and the Ni/silicone foam showed a strong strain rate dependence of the flow stress. At a compression velocity of approximately 26 m/s, the loads differed at the two ends of the Ni/silicone foam, and we observed nonuniform deformation from the impact end. The results of the visualization of the load and deformation behavior obtained from both ends of the specimen revealed that the velocity of the plastic stress wave and the length of the specimens are important for nonuniform deformation.
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Aleksandrov, A. S., T. V. Semenova, and N. P. Aleksandrova. "Calculation of Residual Deformations of Granulated Materials from Exposure to Repeated Loads." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.828.

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The analysis of the models for calculating residual deformations accumulated by granular materials under the influence of repeated loads is performed. Determined the hereditary nature of the accumulation of deformation of granular materials. This allowed the use of integral calculus for the analytical solution of the problem of the dependence of residual deformation on the number of repeated loads, the value of the main stresses. The solution is obtained in the form of logarithmic and power-law functions that associate the accumulated deformation with the deformation arising from the first load application with the number of applied loads. The deformation from the first load application is represented by the sum of the two components, instantaneous irreversible and viscoplastic. The viscoplastic component of the deformation is a consequence of stress relaxation in a relatively short period of time equal to the duration of the impact of the load. The analysis of experimental data on the triaxial compression of various granular materials is carried out and the parameters obtained for the power and logarithmic functions are determined. The materials studied include: granite, gneissic, granodiorite and diorite crushed stone, sand and gravel and crushed stone and gravel mixtures with a mineral part from various rocks, fortified sands. The possibility of application of the obtained solutions for the calculation displacement of the surface of the pavement layers of granular materials is shown. The tasks of further research are formulated.
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Todic, M., V. Golubović-Bugarski, M. Merdanić, and T. Latinović. "Deformation state of the load-bearing structure of a four-column the press." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2540, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2540/1/012030.

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Abstract During the operation of each machine, the deformation and stress state of its supporting structure is directly related to the load. The load intensity ranges from the minimum to the maximum value and is a function of nominal force, torque, and kinematic-dynamic values of moving and executive assemblies during the machine operation process. The intensity of deformations is also a function of the shape and type of the supporting structure. However, although the supporting structure is reliable, which refers to its integrity, the production of a quality workpiece (product) does not have to be reliable. Therefore, it is important that the deformation states of the supporting structure be in the appropriate tolerance field, regardless of the intensity of the load. If the intensity of deformations is outside a certain field, it will directly affect the quality of the workpiece that is made on the subject machine. It is known that load-bearing structures can be of open and closed types, load-bearing structures of closed type are used for higher loads and larger workpiece dimensions. By installing sensors on the elements of the supporting structure with accompanying measuring chains in real-time, the deformation state of certain elements or places on the supporting structure can be monitored, based on which the reliable quality of the workpiece can be influenced.
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Kondrashin, K. G., R. A. Petrov, and N. A. Raktovich. "Accumulation of irreversible deformation of soils as a result of repeated loading." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 49, no. 2 (August 17, 2022): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2022-49-2-143-149.

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Objective. The purpose of the study is to establish the patterns of accumulation of irreversible soil deformations from repeated loading.Method. When loading soils, the balance between external and internal forces is established gradually over a more or less long time. Therefore, with a single application of a cyclic load, such an equilibrium can be achieved only in a relatively long time.Result. An approximate method is proposed for calculating the magnitude of the deformation developed as a result of the action of a cyclic load. The cases are determined when it is necessary to take into account the viscous component of deformation and when the latter can be neglected. It has been established that when determining the deformation of soils that has developed during a single application of such cyclic loads that are characteristic of the process of their compaction by machines, in all cases, except for rolling them with rollers on pneumatic tires, the viscous component of deformation can be ignored.Conclusion. In a relatively short time of the load, the state of equilibrium can be achieved only in the process of soil deformation by repeated loading. With an increase in the number of loading repetitions, the soil gradually hardens, and the deformation decreases. This occurs both due to the irreversible and reversible parts of the deformation. Consequently, the soil deformation modulus increases from cycle to cycle.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "LOAD DEFORMATION"

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Karsu, Burak. "The load deformation response of single bolt connections." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01242009-063304/.

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Molloy, Patrick Donal. "The load-deformation characteristics of steel-concrete sandwich construction." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317463.

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MOROTE, CARLOS HUGO SOTO. "STABILITY AND DEFORMATION OF SOIL SLOPES UNDER SEISMIC LOAD." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9532@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O comportamento sísmico de taludes tem sido um tópico de grande interesse da engenharia geotécnica nos últimos 40 anos. Durante este período, a prática da engenharia nesta área evoluiu do emprego de técnicas elementares para procedimentos numéricos bastante complexos. A abordagem mais simples é a análise pseudo-estática na qual o carregamento do terremoto é simulado por uma aceleração horizontal estática equivalente atuando na massa de solo deslizante, utilizando-se um procedimento de equilíbrio limite (método das fatias), geralmente conservativo. O parâmetro que descreve o comportamento dinâmico do solo é referido como coeficiente sísmico k, e sua seleção depende fortemente da experiência e normas técnicas locais, porque não há maneira simples e segura de se escolher um valor adequado. O segundo procedimento é conhecido como método de Newmark, que envolve o cálculo de uma aceleração de escoamento, definida como a força inercial necessária para o fator de segurança atingir 1 em uma análise pseudo-estática pelo método de equilíbrio limite. O procedimento então usa os registros de aceleração do terremoto de projeto e o integra duplamente no tempo para calcular os deslocamentos permanentes acumulados. O terceiro método é referido como análise de Makdisi- Seed, que procura definir a estabilidade sísmica do talude em termos de deslocamentos aceitáveis em vez de um fator de segurança tradicional através de uma versão modificada do método de Newmark. Esta técnica apresenta uma maneira racional de calcular uma aceleração de escoamento média, necessária para produzir um valor do coeficiente de segurança do talude igual a 1. Gráficos específicos foram também desenvolvidos para estimativa dos deslocamentos permanentes, tendo sido bastante aplicados em aterros rodoviários, barragens e aterros sanitários. Finalmente, o mais sofisticado método para análise de estabilidade sísmica de taludes é conhecido como análise dinâmica, que normalmente incorpora modelos de elementos finitos e relações tensão x deformação complexas numa tentativa de obter melhores representações para o comportamento mecânico de taludes sob cargas cíclicas Os resultados destas análises podem incluir a história no tempo dos deslocamentos e tensões, bem como das freqüências naturais, efeitos de amortecimento, etc. Este trabalho apresenta uma comparação entre os métodos mencionados anteriormente, analisando o comportamento sísmico dos taludes da estrutura de contenção dos resíduos de lixiviação de minério de urânio, na Bahia, e dos taludes do bota-fora sul da mina de cobre Toquepala, situada no Peru.
The seismic stability of slopes has been a topic of considerable interest in geotechnical engineering for the past 40 years. During that period, the state of practice has moved from simples techniques to more complicated numerical procedures. The simplest approach is the pseudo-static analysis in which the earthquake load is simulated by an equivalent static horizontal acceleration acting on the mass of the landslide, according to a generally conservative limit equilibrium analysis. The ground motion parameter used in a pseudo-static analysis is referred to as the seismic coefficient k, and its selection has relied heavily on engineering judgment and local code requirements because there is no simple method for determining an appropriate value. The second main procedure is known as the Newmark displacement analysis which involves the calculation of the yield acceleration, defined as the inertial force required to cause the static factor of safety to reach 1 from the traditional limit equilibrium slope stability analysis. The procedure then uses a design earthquake strong-motion record which is numerically integrated twice for the amplitude of the acceleration above the yield acceleration to calculate the cumulative displacements. These displacements are then evaluated in light of the slope material properties and the requirements of the proposed development. The third method is referred to as the Makdisi-Seed analysis sought to define seismic embankment stability in terms of acceptable deformation instead of conventional factors of safety, using a modified Newmark analysis. Their method presents a rational means to determine yield acceleration, or the average acceleration required to produce a factor of safety of unity. Design curves were developed to estimate the permanent earthquake- induced deformations of embankments, which have since been applied to sanitary landfill and highway embankments. Finally, the most sophisticated method for seismic slope stability calculations is known as the dynamic analysis, which normally incorporates a finite element model and a rather complex stress-strain behavior for geological materials in an attempt to obtain a better representation of the behavior of soils under cyclic loading. The results of the analysis can include a time history of displacements and stresses, as well as natural frequencies, effects of damping, etc. This work presents a comparison of the results obtained by the aforementioned approaches, considering the seismic behavior of the slopes of an uranium lixiviation pad situated in Bahia, Brazil, and the South embankment of the waste landfill of the Toquepala Mine, Peru.
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Jakobsen, Bo. "In-situ studies of bulk deformation structures : static properties under load and dynamics during deformation /." Roskilde : Roskilde University, Department of Science, Systems and Models & Center for Fundamental Research, Metal Structures in Four Dimensions Materials Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1800/3059.

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McLaughlin, Kirsten Kathleen. "TEM diffraction analysis of the deformation underneath low load indentations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613392.

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Goudie, K. "Experimental study of the gross deformation of tubular beams." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380143.

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McMahon, Brendan. "Deformation mechanisms beneath shallow foundations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244367.

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Shallow foundations can provide the most economical solution for supporting small-scale structures. The design approach is quite simple considering the ultimate bearing capacity and working-load settlement. Research has shown that settlement calculations, determined using a linear-elastic approach, usually govern the design but this approach is inappropriate because soil is highly non-linear, even at small strains. The result is that signifi cant discrepancies are observed between predicted and actual settlements. This uncertainty has seen the development of settlement-based approaches such as Mobilisable Strength Design (MSD). MSD uses an assumed undrained mechanism and accounts for soil non-linearity by scaling a triaxial stress-strain curve to make direct predictions of footing load-settlement behaviour. Centrifuge experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanisms governing the settlement of shallow circular foundations on clay and saturated sand models. Clay model tests were performed on soft or rm kaolin beds, depending on its pre-consolidation. Sand model tests were performed on relatively loose Hostun sand saturated with methyl-cellulose to slow consolidation. One-dimensional actuators were developed to apply footing loads through dead-weight or pneumatic loading. A Perspex window in the centrifuge package allowed digital images to be captured of a central cross-section, during and after footing loading. These were used to deduce soil displacements by Particle Image Velocimetry which were consistent with footing settlements measured directly. Deformation mechanisms are presented for undrained penetration, consolidation due to transient flow, as measured by pore pressure transducers, and creep. A technique was developed for discriminating consolidation settlements from the varying rates of short and long-term creep of clay models. Using MSD, a method for predicting the undrained penetration of a spread foundation on clay was proposed, using database results alone, which then provided estimates of creep and consolidation settlements that follow. The importance of the undrained penetration necessitated further investigation by using the observed undrained mechanism as the basis of an ellipsoidal cavity expansion model. An upper-bound energy approach was used to determine the load-settlement behaviour of circular shallow foundations on linear-elastic and non-linear clays, with yield defined using the von Mises' yield criterion. Linear-elastic soil results were consistent with those obtained from nite element analyses. The non-linear model, as described by a power-law, showed good agreement with both centrifuge experiment results and some real case histories. The single design curve developed through this model for normalised footing pressure and settlement could be used by practising engineers based on existing soil correlations or site investigations.
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Friedman, Ross Aaron. "The dehydration of pharmaceutical hydrates under mechanical load." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3224.

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Nearly one-third of all pharmaceutical substances on the market are able to sorb water into their crystal lattices to form hydrates, which can often compromise stability during processing and/or storage[1]. The tendency of a hydrate to lose its water of crystallization during the manufacturing process of tablet compression is of particular concern to formulation scientists. The amount of water freed as a function of increasing compaction pressure can be explained by the mobility of water within the compact. The mobility of water is determined by the size and shape of the crystal lattice, the numbers and strengths of the hydrogen bonds, and the presence of high-energy sites of disorder[2]. Due to their differing crystal structures, theophylline monohydrate (THM), citric acid monohydrate (CAM), theophylline-water-citric acid cocrystal hydrate (CATHP hydrate), and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) make for interesting model systems to examine the dehydration under mechanical load. The thermal dehydration of both powders and tablets was carried out via thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). By comparing the temperatures required to start removal of water loss from the powder to that of the tablet, the average amount of water of crystallization that is freed by the compaction process may be quantified. The average amount of water freed by the compaction process results from a competition between the mechanically-induced disorder of the crystal structure that increases the molecular mobility of water within the tablets, and the trapping of water within the interparticulate void spaces at high compaction pressures. The compressibilities, compactabilities, and tabletabilities of the materials were calculated as a function of increasing compaction pressure. The consolidation of the powder bed under pressure was modeled by out-of-die Heckel Analysis which demonstrated the ease of deformation of the model compounds. XRD was utilized to show the decrease in overall order of the crystal lattice as a result of compression as well as anisotropy within the tablets. Crystallographic approaches were utilized to demonstrate the compactness of the crystal structure, and how it affects water mobility. Relaxation pulse experiments (T1, T2) utilizing solid-state NMR were used to directly probe the mobilities of the water molecules within the crystal lattice of THM. The results from T1 and T2 relaxation experiments directly measure the change in molecular mobility of water within the tablets as a function of compaction pressure. This provided independent verification of the trends in molecular mobility and average water freed as a function of compaction pressure observed during TGA dehydration. Raman spectroscopy was used to indirectly measure the polarizability and vibrational motions of THM, and these results corroborate those obtained from ssNMR and TGA dehydration experiments. Overall, this work highlights the potential impact that tablet compression can have on API hydrate stability. 1. Hilfiker R (editor). 2006. Polymorphism in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, KGaA. 2. Byrn SR, Pfeiffer RR, Stowell JG. 1999. Solid-state chemistry of drugs. SSCI, Inc.
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O'Brien, Patrick Emmet. "Characterizing the Load-Deformation Behavior of Steel Deck Diaphragms using Past Test Data." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78679.

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Recent research has identified that current code level seismic demands used for diaphragm design are considerably lower than demands in real structures during a seismic event. However, historical data has shown that steel deck diaphragms, common to steel framed buildings, perform exceptionally well during earthquake events. A new alternative diaphragm design procedure in ASCE 7-16 increases diaphragm seismic demand to better represent expected demands. The resulting elastic design forces from this method are reduced by a diaphragm design force reduction factor, Rs, to account for the ductility of the diaphragm system. Currently, there exist no provisions for Rs factors for steel deck diaphragms. This research was therefore initiated to understand inelastic steel deck diaphragm behavior and calculate Rs factors. A review of the literature showed that a large number of experimental programs have been performed to obtain the in-plane load-deformation behavior of steel deck diaphragms. To unify review of these diaphragm tests and their relevant results, a database of over 750 tested specimens was created. A subset of 108 specimens with post-peak, inelastic behavior was identified for the characterization of diaphragm behavior and ductility. A new recommended method for predicting shear strength and stiffness for steel deck diaphragms with structural concrete fill is proposed along with an appropriate resistance factor. Diaphragm system level ductility and overstrength are estimated based on subassemblage test results and Rs factors are then calculated based on these parameters. The effects of certain variables such as deck thickness and fastener spacing on diaphragm ductility are explored.
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Colin, Julie Anne. "Deformation History and Load Sequence Effects on Cumulative Fatigue Damage and Life Predictions." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1260390033.

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Books on the topic "LOAD DEFORMATION"

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M, Bahm Catherine, Heinle Robert A, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., eds. Determination of stores pointing error due to wing flexibility under flight load. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1995.

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Moskalenko, Vladislav, Ivan Druz', Lev Leont'ev, and Valenin Tarasov. Features of the influence of the connection points of the set on the bearing capacity of the side floors of ice navigation vessels. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1870592.

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The monograph is devoted to the consideration of the problems of damage to the side floors of ice navigation vessels from the action of concentrated ice load. The problems of the ultimate equilibrium of the beams of the on-board set are solved, taking into account the features of the ladder fastening. Extensive model experiments on the supercritical deformation of beams are presented. The methods of designing and defecation of the on-board set of ice navigation vessels, taking into account the cable connections, are proposed. It can be useful to scientists, specialists of ship repair plants, senior students of maritime universities, as well as specialists of research institutes and design bureaus evaluating the structural safety of ships under the influence of ice load.
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S, Majumdar Bhaskar, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. In-phase thermomechanical fatigue mechanisms in an unidirectional SCS-6/Ti 15-3 MMC. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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S, Majumdar Bhaskar, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. In-phase thermomechanical fatigue mechanisms in an unidirectional SCS-6/Ti 15-3 MMC. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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S, Majumdar Bhaskar, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. In-phase thermomechanical fatigue mechanisms in an unidirectional SCS-6/Ti 15-3 MMC. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Sreeramesh, Kalluri, Bonacuse Peter J. 1960-, and Symposium on Multiaxial Fatigue and Deformation: Testing and Prediction (1999 : Seattle, Wash.), eds. Multiaxial fatigue and deformation: Testing and prediction. W. Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2000.

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Eberhardshtayner, Yozef, Sergey Leonovich, and Valentin Dorkin. Design models of structural building materials under multiaxial stress. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1082947.

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The monograph presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the behavior of wood and concrete of various structures under biaxial and triaxial compression. It contains a systematic classification of existing models for concrete that link three-axis nonlinear elastic stresses and deformations, as well as research and subsequent evaluation of some basic models from the point of view of their possible use in the framework of spatial load analysis using FEM. It is intended for scientific and engineering workers of research and design organizations.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Axisymmetric deformations and stresses of unsymmetrically laminated composite cylinders in axial compression with thermally-induced preloading effects. Bethesda, MD: Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, 1993.

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Hyer, M. W. Innovative design of composite structures: Axisymmetric deformations of unsymmetrically laminated cylinders loaded in axial compression : semiannual status report. Blacksburg, Va: College of Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990.

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Madenci, Erdogan. Implementation of free-formulation-based flat shell elements into NASA comet code and development of nonlinear shallow shell element: Grant NAG1-1626. [Hampton, Va.]: NASA Langley Research Center, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "LOAD DEFORMATION"

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Yoshida, S., H. Ono, T. Sasaki, and M. Usui. "Dynamic Deformation with Static Load." In Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics, Volume 3, 35–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41600-7_3.

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Lopetegui, J., and G. Sedlacek. "Some Applications of Load-Deformation States." In Numerical Techniques for Engineering Analysis and Design, 363–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3653-9_42.

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Varsha, T. S. Amritha, J. Jayamohan, and P. R. Anila Angel. "Horizontal Load—Deformation Behaviour of Shallow Circular Footing." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 505–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3383-6_45.

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Daub, Dennis, Sebastian Willems, Burkard Esser, and Ali Gülhan. "Experiments on Aerothermal Supersonic Fluid-Structure Interaction." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 323–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_21.

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Abstract Mastering aerothermal fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is crucial for the efficient and reliable design of future (reusable) launch vehicles. However, capabilities in this area are still quite limited. To address this issue, a multidisciplinary experimental and numerical study of such problems was conducted within SFB TRR 40. Our work during the last funding period was focused on studying the effects of moderate and high thermal loads. This paper provides an overview of our experiments on FSI including structural dynamics and thermal effects for configurations in two different flow regimes. The first setup was designed to study the combined effects of thermal and pressure loads. We investigated a range of conditions including shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction (SWBLI) with various incident shock angles leading to, in some cases, large flow separation with high amplitude temperature dependent panel oscillations. The respective aerothermal loads were studied in detail using a rigid reference panel. The second setup allowed us to study the effects of severe heating leading to plastic deformation of the structure. We obtained severe localized heating resulting in partly plastic deformations of more than 12 times the panel thickness. Furthermore, the effects of repeated load cycles were studied.
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Heinze, Tassilo, Hans-Joachim Koriath, and Alexander Pavlovich Kuznetsov. "Thermal Growth of Motor Spindle Units." In Lecture Notes in Production Engineering, 219–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34486-2_17.

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AbstractThe paper deals with strategies for numerical compensation of thermo-mechanical deformation of machine tool spindles and the TCP, respectively. Methods for digital modelling and simulating the temperatures and thermo-elastic deformation are presented. This is done by considering the geometry, material data, drive signals and temperature values. The topic of compensating thermo-elastic effects in spindle units is an important topic in manufacturing. Analytical equation and function block methods for measuring and predicting thermal spindle growth are compared. The heat flow model converts variable spindle load, speed, coolant and ambient temperature into local temperatures followed by elastic deformations of the spindle unit. The simulation results were verified for different types of motor spindles by experiments on a spindle test rig at SPL GmbH. A thermal stiffness value [W/µm] is characterized by the energy losses of the spindle, which result in thermal growth. Different strategies for digital reduction of a thermal spindle growth were developed.
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Li, Bin, Jiaying Zhang, Xuelei Zhang, and Zhongke Tian. "Research on Deformation Characteristics of SCP Foundation for HKZM Bridge." In Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, 435–43. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_39.

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AbstractTo further determine the bearing capacity of sand compaction pile (SCP) composite foundation in the West artificial island of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao (HKZM) Bridge, a large-scale in-situ load test system was designed to study the mechanical and deformation characteristic of SCP foundation. The test adopts the anchor pile method, the results show that the stress sharing ratio of the underwater SCP foundation under the same replacement rate is closely related to the load and time. With the increase of load level, the curve of stress sharing ratio decreases first and then increases. Under the same load level, the ratio decreases gradually with time and finally approaches a certain value. Based on the analysis of site monitoring data, the settlement law of SCP is clear, and the error of the empirical formula is found. The stress reduction ratio and empirical coefficient are proposed to correct the original formula. The research results in this paper can be used to guide the design and construction of SCP foundation of cross-sea project.
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Beerbaum, H., W. Grellmann, and S. Seidler. "Correlation Between Structure and Toughness Behaviour of High-Density Polyethylene under Impact Load." In Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymers, 161–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04556-5_12.

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Zhu, Weidong, Xiwen Zhang, and Liangliang Zhang. "Analysis of Deformation Characteristics of Large Diameter Shield Tunnel with Construction Load." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 455–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_41.

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AbstractWith the rapid development of the method of shield tunnel in our country, the shield in the tunnel and the internal structure exist a lot of prefabricated and assembled internal structure can be roughly divided into full cast-in-place, full precast, and precast and cast-in-place structure. However, it has the disadvantages of more internal structural joints, poor waterproof performance, and complex structural stress. Therefore, combined with the actual engineering case, the construction process is simulated by using the finite element analysis software, and the influence of the segmental and internal structure cooperative deformation and joint mechanical performance is considered to further analyze the deformation characteristics of shield tunnel assembly internal structure, which can provide a reference for the construction and design of similar projects.
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Steiner, R., and W. Grellmann. "Calculation of J—R Curves Based on Load—Deflection Diagrams Using the Hinge Model Test Specimen." In Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymers, 133–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04556-5_9.

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Lu, Qingyuan, and Qiang Luo. "A Load Transfer Approach for Studying the Load-Deformation Response of Vertically Loaded Single Pile." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 369–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6632-0_29.

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Conference papers on the topic "LOAD DEFORMATION"

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Milne, Douglas. "Relating measured deformation to support load." In Ninth International Symposium on Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1925_05_milne.

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George, Shiju V. P., Trevor G. Seipp, and Shawn W. Morrison. "Classification of Thermal Piping Loads Using Limit Load Analysis." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2613.

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Equipment nozzle loads essentially originate from sustained (gravity) sources and restraint of the free thermal displacement of the attached piping. A common practice has been to assume that these thermal piping loads develop only secondary stresses. That is, a 1.5Sm [2] check on membrane stress intensities arising from thermal piping loads is typically not performed. The key assumption used in support of this approach has been that these loads decay appreciably with local shell deformation such that the associated stresses are truly self-limiting in nature. This paper illustrates that this assumption may not be appropriate in all instances. A typical pressure vessel and piping configuration is examined. In this example, the associated stresses and deformations developed due to thermal piping loads resulted in significant deformation of the shell arrangement. In static evaluations of local stresses in shells, the ASME Code only offers two classifications that may be applied to stresses resulting from thermal piping loads: primary or secondary. Given these results it may be more reasonable to treat thermal piping load membrane stresses as being primary.
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Ramgulam, Rajcoomar, and Prasad Potluri. "Tensile Load Deformation Behaviour of Woven Fabrics." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61589.

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This paper is concerned with the mechanics of woven fabrics under tensile loading. The yarns are treated as elastica. The yarns bent into shape for both warp and weft are assumed to be elastic, homogenous, and weightless. During deformation the yarns are subjected to bending, extension and transverse compression. The initial geometry of the yarns in the fabric, under no external loading, is first obtained using a force-equilibrium method based on Love’s ordinary approximate theory, a generalisation of the Bernoulli-Euler theory of elastic rods. A non-linear boundary-value problem with a system of five differential equations has been formulated and solved. Application of load will further change the shape of the bent yarns due to bending and stretching. For a yarn with given initial geometry, as obtained by the force-equilibrium method, the solution of the deformed configuration is obtained from the solution of two nonlinear differential equations using appropriate boundary conditions. The formulation of the latter problem is based on the energy method. The sum of the energy terms due to bending, stretching together with the potential energy due to the applied load provides an expression for the total energy of the system. The variation of the total energy in terms of the variations of two parameters is then obtained, using the techniques from calculus of variations. One parameter described the deviation of the bent yarn from a straight line while the other is the length as measured along the yarn axis. This leads to a set of differential equations that fully describe the deformed yarns. The models, initially developed for plain weave, are being currently extended to non-plain weaves and 3D woven fabrics.
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Liu, Longbin, Yuan Wei, Hao Wang, Yicong Jia, and Weihua Zhang. "Load and Deformation Characteristics of Flexible Inflatable Wing Films Considering the Deformation Compensation." In 2017 5th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computing Technology (ICMMCT 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmmct-17.2017.218.

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Qingya, Zhang, Yan Guangsong, Sun Dong, and Wang Liang. "The Load-Deformation Analysis of Flanged Connection System Subjected to External Loads." In 47th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
14th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
7th. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-1880.

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Davids, William, and Joshua Clapp. "Load-Deformation Response of Pressurized Tubular Fabric Arches." In 50th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-2632.

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Hála, Petr, Radoslav Sovják, Markéta Munduchová, Vít Majer, and Tomáš Mičunek. "High-Load Bearing Deformation Block Made of UHPC." In Second International Interactive Symposium on UHPC. Iowa State University Digital Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21838/uhpc.9657.

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Shankar, A. U. Ravi, Shivashankar R, and N. Sachith Pai. "Load Deformation Behavior of Coir Mat Treated Soil." In International Conference on Ground Improvement & Ground Control. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-3560-9_09-0908.

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Kai, Satoru, and Akihito Otani. "Effect of Static Load Components in Seismic Loading on Gross Plastic Deformation on Structure." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84415.

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In general, a seismic load acting on a structure is considered to potentially cause unstable gross plastic deformation that is called as plastic collapse, because the seismic load induce an inertia force on the structure which may act as an external force onto the structure. The past researches by the authors to clarify the characteristic of seismic loads found that the way of the seismic response on the structure is driven by the correlation between the seismic loading and the natural frequency of the structure while only the dynamic loads are acting. On the other hand, existence of relatively large sustained loads such as a dead weight was also recognized to promote an unstable gross plastic deformation in the past experimental studies. Based on the previous studies, two factors that are the sustained load level and the correlation other than the dynamic load level are expected to play an important role in determining the dynamic behavior of a structure and potentially governing the failure mode. The several elastic-plastic analyses with an elastic-perfect-plastic (EPP) material property and a simplified structure were conducted in this paper by slightly changing the level of the sustained loads and the dynamic loads. From the analytical results focusing on the ratchet deformations and residual deformations, the level of the sustained load on the structure was found to promote ratcheting behavior on the structure with a specific trend and significantly affect the dynamic behavior at the conceptual conditions which were defined and identified in the past researches.
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Chou, Z. L., L. J. Wittenberg, S. Adeeb, and J. J. R. Cheng. "Buried Steel Pipeline Design: External Load Methodologies and Strain Limits." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33295.

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Buried steel pipelines are one of the most efficient means of transporting oil and gas from their resource deposits to their markets. The pipeline industry is experiencing an increased demand for larger diameter pipelines along with the implementation of thinner walls and higher operating pressures. In these cases, the external pipeline loads have significant effect on the pipeline stresses and deformations, thus influencing wall thickness and associated cost effectiveness. The external loads are made up of the weight of the backfill material combined with live and impact loads due to traffic. For the designs of buried pipelines, API RP1102, CSA Z662, American Lifelines Alliance (ALA) “Guidelines for the Design of Buried Pipelines”, ASCE “Design and Installation of Buried Pipes” and AWWA Manual M11 are commonly used to calculate external loads on buried pipelines. For the calculation of backfill loads, these methods are based mainly on the same theory, i.e., Marston load theory, while the calculation of live load, due to traffic loads, is based on different approaches. Depending on the design methodology selected, there is a large variation in the calculated external loads due to both backfill and live loads. In this paper, the experimental results of a field monitoring program will be compared with the calculated results from the various methods. An alternative approach for calculating external loads is presented and verified to field studies. In addition, for the design of onshore pipelines the industry uses design criteria which are based on allowable stress and ovalization deformation limits. Pipe stresses and deformations resulting from the external loads are commonly based on the Spangler stress and the Iowa equations. The parameters in the formulas include pipe and soil properties, pipe-soil stiffness and the geometric relation of a pipe section during deformation. As pipe materials, pipe sizes, operating means and pipe coating techniques change over time, the allowable design criteria shall be re-examined, especially for the ovalization deformation limits. In this paper the allowable strain and the corresponding ovalization deformation limits are re-examined by reviewing experimental results and industrial requirements.
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Reports on the topic "LOAD DEFORMATION"

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Al-Qadi, Imad, Hasan Ozer, Aravind Ramakrishnan, and Ashraf Alrajhi. Pavement Distresses Due to Truck Platoons: A Holistic Analysis. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/23-015.

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Currently, AASHTOWare PMED does not contain a framework to compute distresses for loading scenarios like truck platoons. Truck platoons reduce fuel consumption and improve safety while increasing pavement damage because of a reduction in wander and rest period. The important parameters of truck platoons are wander, rest period, and penetration level. Unlike wander, the effect of reduced rest period on permanent deformation and platoon penetration level are not well documented. Rest period (i.e., truck spacing) is a critical parameter in platoons that can be controlled to reduce damage or to improve fuel savings. Unlike fatigue cracking, shorter rest periods resulted in lower permanent deformation through conventional repeated load triaxial testing. However, the test does not entail a representative load stress pulse because of moving loads. This study uses modified triaxial testing equipment to simulate different load pulses. Reduced triaxial compression was critical over the conventional load stress pulse. For all representative pulses, the effect of rest period was similar (i.e., increasing rest period increased permanent deformation). The researchers developed a framework to compute pavement distresses as a function of truck platoon parameters. Truck platoons distributed uniformly on sublanes resulted in the lowest damage, even lower than a conventional trucking operation. Truck spacing of 60 ft is optimal in terms of safety, as the difference in distresses were minimal compared to spacing at 18 ft.
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Murphy, L. M. Variational Approach for Predicting the Load Deformation Response of a Double Stretched Membrane Reflector Module. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/909987.

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Messner, M. C., and T. L. Sham. Development of a multiaxial deformation measure and creep-fatigue damage summation for multiple load cycle types in support of an improved creep-fatigue design method. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1601810.

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Wada, Y., R. Ishigaki, Y. Tanaka, and K. Ohnishi. DTRS-3878-HEELAS Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement of Low Alloy Steel at Room Temperature. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011860.

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To verify the safety application and use of Cr-Mo steel for the high-pressure hydrogen equipment, tensile, fatigue, and crack growth tests of JIS-G4105-1979 SCM435 and 440 steel under 45MPa high-pressure hydrogen at room temperature were conducted. There were no significant differences in tensile deformation behaviors between the air environment and 45MPa hydrogen until the maximum load point. However, the hydrogen tested specimen broke with less ductility accompanied by many surface crack on the specimen surface which is caused by the specimen machining. The scatter of ductility was observed due to the specimen surface preparation conditions. As a result, reduction of ductility in the gaseous hydrogen environment is caused not only by the specimen machining effect but also by the presence of non-metallic inclusion at the surface.
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Ramakrishnan, Aravind, Ashraf Alrajhi, Egemen Okte, Hasan Ozer, and Imad Al-Qadi. Truck-Platooning Impacts on Flexible Pavements: Experimental and Mechanistic Approaches. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-038.

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Truck platoons are expected to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption. However, their use is projected to accelerate pavement damage due to channelized-load application (lack of wander) and potentially reduced duration between truck-loading applications (reduced rest period). The effect of wander on pavement damage is well documented, while relatively few studies are available on the effect of rest period on pavement permanent deformation. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to quantify the impact of rest period theoretically, using a numerical method, and experimentally, using laboratory testing. A 3-D finite-element (FE) pavement model was developed and run to quantify the effect of rest period. Strain recovery and accumulation were predicted by fitting Gaussian mixture models to the strain values computed from the FE model. The effect of rest period was found to be insignificant for truck spacing greater than 10 ft. An experimental program was conducted, and several asphalt concrete (AC) mixes were considered at various stress levels, temperatures, and rest periods. Test results showed that AC deformation increased with rest period, irrespective of AC-mix type, stress level, and/or temperature. This observation was attributed to a well-documented hardening–relaxation mechanism, which occurs during AC plastic deformation. Hence, experimental and FE-model results are conflicting due to modeling AC as a viscoelastic and the difference in the loading mechanism. A shift model was developed by extending the time–temperature superposition concept to incorporate rest period, using the experimental data. The shift factors were used to compute the equivalent number of cycles for various platoon scenarios (truck spacings or rest period). The shift model was implemented in AASHTOware pavement mechanic–empirical design (PMED) guidelines for the calculation of rutting using equivalent number of cycles.
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Hart and Zulfiqar. L52324 Characterization of Anisotropic Pipe Steel Stress-Strain Relationships Influence On Strain Demand. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010014.

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This report summarizes a PRCI research project aimed at evaluation of the effects of anisotropy and the shape of pipe steel stress-strain relationships on pipeline strain demand for X80 and X100 UOE pipe. The research included: a review of pipeline industry literature on the subject matter; a discussion of pipe steel plasticity concepts for UOE pipe; characterization of the anisotropy and stress-strain curve shapes for both conventional and high strain pipe steels; development of representative analytical X80 and X100 stress-strain relationships; and evaluation of a large matrix of ground-movement induced pipeline deformation scenarios to evaluate key pipe stress-strain relationship shape and anisotropy parameters. One goal of this research was to apply the findings toward guidance for supplemental pipe material specifications aimed at minimizing undesirable effects of anisotropy and stress-strain curve shape on pipe deformations under displacement-controlled loads.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Jaime Hernandez, Angeli Jayme, Mojtaba Ziyadi, Erman Gungor, Seunggu Kang, John Harvey, et al. The Impact of Wide-Base Tires on Pavement—A National Study. Illinois Center for Transportation, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-035.

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Researchers have been studying wide-base tires for over two decades, but no evidence has been provided regarding the net benefit of this tire technology. In this study, a comprehensive approach is used to compare new-generation wide-base tires (NG-WBT) with the dual-tire assembly (DTA). Numerical modeling, prediction methods, experimental measurements, and environmental impact assessment were combined to provide recommendations about the use of NG-WBT. A finite element approach, considering variables usually omitted in the conventional analysis of flexible pavement was utilized for modeling. Five hundred seventy-six cases combining layer thickness, material properties, tire load, tire inflation pressure, and pavement type (thick and thin) were analyzed to obtained critical pavement responses. A prediction tool, known as ICT-Wide, was developed based on artificial neural networks to obtain critical pavement responses in cases outside the finite element analysis matrix. The environmental impacts were determined using life cycle assessment. Based on the bottom-up fatigue cracking, permanent deformation, and international roughness index, the life cycle energy consumption, cost, and green-house gas (GHG) emissions were estimated. To make the outcome of this research effort useful for state departments of transportation and practitioners, a modification to AASHTOWare is proposed to account for NG-WBT. The revision is based on two adjustment factors, one accounting for the discrepancy between the AASHTOware approach and the finite element model of this study, and the other addressing the impact of NG-WBT.
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Meyer and Carson. PR-415-124508-R01 Strain-Based Design and Assessment State-of-Art Review. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010796.

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This report provides an overview and introduction to the use of strain-based design and assessment (SBDA) approaches to ensure mechanical integrity for pipelines that may be (design focus) or have been (operational focus) subjected to significant ground deformation. Appropriately designed pipelines subjected to significant ground deformation can accommodate longitudinal bending loads that induce tension and/or compression loads well beyond yield without impacting pressure containment. Strain-based procedures for evaluating and ensuring pipeline integrity for such potential pipeline hazards are being safely used today for both offshore and onshore pipelines. The fundamental concepts and structure of the strain-based design (SBD) approach are well-established, but not widely known across industry or consistently addressed by regulatory and standards bodies. This report seeks to outline the current state-of-art for SBDA, including how it works in tandem with conventional stress-based design. The goal is to advance the understanding of SBDA within the PRCI community and to identify future work that could be conducted within industry to facilitate the appropriate use of SBDA to meet industry�s goal of ensuring pipeline integrity.
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Denys, R. M. L51712 Fracture Behavior of Large-Diameter Girth Welds - Effect of Weld Metal Yield Strength Part II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010121.

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Fitness for purpose girth defect assessments assume the presence of a single defect. This assumption is not always fulfilled. Welds may contain many small defects. These defects, when considered individually and without interaction, are generally innocuous. However, this may be a false conclusion as to the true strength or deformation capacity of the weld because neighbouring imperfections or defects may interact and may be more severe than each individual imperfection. When non-destructive examinations reveal multiple defects, a defect recategorisation procedure has to be applied to determine whether neighbouring defects will interact other under load. The interaction criteria of BS PD6493, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section XI and the Japanese fitness-of-purpose code WES 2805 are based on a combination of linear elastic fracture mechanics calculations and engineering judgement. The PD6493 and ASME XI rules are based on the principle that the increase in the stress intensity magnification caused by interaction of neigbouring defects should be limited to 20% (PD 6493) and 6% (ASME XI), whereas the WES criterion is based on the principle that the stress intensity magnification or CTOD value of the interacting neighbouring defects should be limited to 20% of the shortest defect. As the fracture behaviour of line pipe girth welds differs from linear elastic behaviour, it is expected that the existing rules are not necessarily applicable for elastic-plastic or plastic material behaviours. This consideration suggests that there exist a need for developing criteria which permit plasticity effects to be incorporated. The mathematical treatment of multiple defects under elastic-plastic and or plastic fracture conditions is a complex issue because it is not possible to predict yielding behaviour and make a distinction between local and ligament collapse. Because of this limitation, it is thus necessary to employ large scale tensile tests in which the interaction effects can be reproduced. In persuing this approach, it is further possible: (a) to verify and establish the conservatism built into the existing interaction criteria. (b) to formulate alternative interaction criteria for elastic-plastic or plastic behavior. The goal of this study was to obtain information on the failure behavior of girth welds containing two coplanar fatigue pre-cracked defects. The results were correlated with tests on welds containing a single crack to determine the engineering significance of existing defect interaction rules under elastic-plastic and plastic fracture conditions.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Comparison of the Response of Small- and Large-Component Cripple Wall Specimens Tested under Simulated Seismic Loading (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/iyca1674.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. Two testing programs were conducted; the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) focused on large-component tests; and the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego) focused on small-component tests. The primary objectives of the tests were to develop descriptions of the load-deflection behavior of components and connections for use by Working Group 5 in developing numerical models and collect descriptions of damage at varying levels of drift for use by Working Group 6 in developing fragility functions. This report considers two large-component cripple wall tests performed at UC Berkeley and several small-component tests performed at UC San Diego that resembled the testing details of the large-component tests. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load on cripple wall assemblies. The details of the tests are representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1945 construction. All cripple walls tested were 2 ft high and finished with stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing. Specimens were tested in both the retrofitted and unretrofitted condition. The large-component tests were constructed as three-dimensional components (with a 20-ft  4-ft floor plan) and included the cripple wall and a single-story superstructure above. The small-component tests were constructed as 12-ft-long two-dimensional components and included only the cripple wall. The pairing of small- and large-component tests was considered to make a direct comparison to determine the following: (1) how closely small-component specimen response could emulate the response of the large-component specimens; and (2) what boundary conditions in the small-component specimens led to the best match the response of the large-component specimens. The answers to these questions are intended to help identify best practices for the future design of cripple walls in residential housing, with particular interest in: (1) supporting the realistic design of small-component specimens that may capture the response large-component specimen response; and (2) to qualitatively determine where the small-component tests fall in the range of lower- to upper-bound estimation of strength and deformation capacity for the purposes of numerical modelling. Through these comparisons, the experiments will ultimately advance numerical modeling tools, which will in turn help generate seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings. To this end, details of the test specimens, measured as well as physical observations, and comparisons between the two test programs are summarized in this report.
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