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Author: Grafiati

Published: 31 March 2023

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1

García, Franger J., Hillary J. Cabrera Peña, Guillermo Flórez, Oriana Vásquez-Parra, Marjorie Machado, and Dayana Araujo-Reyes. "First records of Thyroptera lavali (Chiroptera, Thyropteridae) for the Guiana Shield with an updated distribution of Thyroptera species in Venezuela." Mammalia 83, no. 3 (May 27, 2019): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2018-0020.

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Abstract The genus Thyroptera is composed of small insectivorous bats widely distributed in the Neotropics. Thyroptera lavali is an Amazonian species distributed in lowland rainforests of Peru, Ecuador and Brazil and in the Venezuelan Eastern Llanos. The goal of this study was to document new records of T. lavali for Venezuela and update the geographic distribution of Thyroptera species in that country. Based on specimens deposited in Venezuelan museums, we report the first record of T. lavali for the Guiana Shield and the second record for the Venezuelan Llanos. The external and cranial measurements of the analyzed specimens fall within the range previously reported for T. lavali; likewise, the qualitative characters are similar to what is known for the species. Additionally, derived from a search of records in databases, we report the first specimens of Thyroptera discifera for the Orinoco river basin. We confirm the presence of three species in Venezuela: T. discifera, distributed in the Cordillera de la Costa and Central and Western Llanos; Thryoptera tricolor, occurring in the Andes, Deltaic System and the Guiana Shield and T. lavali, recorded in the Eastern Llanos, Deltaic System and the Guiana Shield.

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Galán de Mera, Antonio, and Eliana Linares Perea. "Datos sobre la vegetación de los humedales de América del Sur. De las sabanas bolivianas a los Llanos del Orinoco (Venezuela)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 33 (December 1, 2008): 271–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v33i0.6987.

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RESUMEN. Datos sobre la vegetación de los humedales de América del Sur. De las sabanas bolivianasa los Llanos del Orinoco (Venezuela). En base a los inventarios fitosociológicos levantados en 3humedales de América del Sur (Llanos de Moxos y Pantanal, Bolivia; Llanos del Orinoco, Venezuela)damos a conocer semejanzas y diferencias en la composición de comunidades vegetales. Comoresultado, describimos 4 asociaciones [Hydrocleydo nymphoidis-Nymphoidetum herzogii (comunidadesde ninfeidos), Oxycaryo cubensis-Eleocharitetum acutangulae (graminales flotantes), Ipomoeofistulosae-Sennetum aculeatae (vegetación nitrófila) y Bacopo myriophylloidis-Eleocharitetumminimae (pastizales inundables)] y una alianza (Echinodorion boliviani). Entre los humedalesobservados, 9 comunidades vegetales son comunes; Ludwigio sedoidis-Eichhornietum diversifoliae(comunidades de ninfeidos), Spilantho uliginosi-Paspaletum orbiculati (pastizales inundables) yThalietum geniculatae (asociación de grandes helófitos) son características de los Llanos del Orinoco,mientras que Bacopo myriophylloidis-Eleocharitetum minimae, comunidades de Pontederia parviflora(comunidades helofíticas de aguas someras), Hydrocleydo-Nymphoidetum herzogii y Rhabdadenio-Cyperetum gigantei (asociación de grandes helófitos) lo son de los llanos neotropicales situados al Sde la Cuenca Amazónica.Palabras clave. Vegetación, sintaxonomía, Bolivia, Venezuela, humedales.ABSTRACT. Data about the vegetation of the wetlands of South America. From the Bolivian savannasto the Llanos of the Orinoco (Venezuela). Based on the phytosociological relevés made up in 3 wetlandsof South America (Llanos of Moxos and Pantanal, Bolivia; Llanos of the Orinoco, Venezuela),similarities and differences in the composition of plant communities are presented. As a result, 4associations [Hydrocleydo nymphoidis-Nymphoidetum herzogii (water lily communities), Oxycaryocubensis-Eleocharitetum acutangulae (floating grasslands), Ipomoeo fistulosae-Sennetum aculeatae(nitrophilous vegetation) and Bacopo myriophylloidis-Eleocharitetum minimae (flooding pastures)]and one alliance (Echinodorion boliviani) are described. In the observed wetlands, 9 plant communitiesare commons; Ludwigio sedoidis-Eichhornietum diversifoliae (water lily communities), Spilanthouliginosi-Paspaletum orbiculati (flooding pastures) and Thalietum geniculatae (high helophyticvegetation) are characteristics of the Llanos of the Orinoco, while Bacopo myriophylloidis-Eleocharitetum minimae, Pontederia parviflora plant communities (communities of shallow water), Hydrocleydo-Nymphoidetum herzogii and Rhabdadenio-Cyperetum gigantei (high helophyticvegetation) are presents in the Neotropical lands placed to the southern of Amazonian Basin.Key words. Vegetation, syntaxonomy, Bolivia, Venezuela, wetlands.

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Galán de Mera, Antonio, Adolfo González, Raquel Morales, Beatriz Oltra, and José A. Vicente Orellana. "Datos sobre la vegetación de los llanos occidentales del Orinoco (Venezuela)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 31 (December 1, 2006): 97–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v31i31.7124.

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RESUMEN. Datos sobre la vegetación de los Llanos Occidentales del Orinoco (Venezuela). Los Llanos Occidentales del Orinoco se caracterizan por ser una gran cuenca sedimentaria donde se alternan sustratos arcillosos y arenosos. El bioclima infratropical subhúmedo y la cantidad de ambientes palustres originan una gran diversidad de comunidades vegetales, en especial de helófitos, pleustohelófitos e hidrófitos. Cuando la inundación es más escasa, aparecen los bosques, arbustedas y los pastos secos de la sabana, que forman isleos de comunidades vegetales en medio de la llanura inundable. Hemos podido reconocer 17 asociaciones repartidas en 10 clases fitosociológicas: Cabombo- Nymphaeetea (comunidades de hidrófitos), Ceibetea occidentalis (bosques y arbustedas), Cladietea jamaicensis (comunidades de helófitos), Coccolobietea obtusifoliae (arbustedas riparias), Lemnetea minoris (comunidades de pleustófitos), Leptocoryphio-Trachypogonetea (pastizales secos de la sabana), Pistio stratiotidis-Eichhornietea crassipedis (comunidades de pleustohelófitos), Polygono arenastri-Poetea annuae (comunidades nitrófilas resistentes al pisoteo), Sido-Stachytarphetaetea (comunidades nitrófilas) y Xyridetea savanensis (pastizales temporalmente inundados con plantas anuales). Además, describimos como novedades sintaxonómicas 4 asociaciones (Bromelio chrysanthae- Platymiscietum pinnati, Geophiletum repentis, Helictero guazumifoliae-Bauhinietum benthamianae y Randio venezuelensis-Annonetum jahnii), 6 alianzas (Coccolobion obtusifoliae, Desmonco orthacanthi-Platymiscion pinnati, Heterantherion reniformis, Nectandro globosae-Viticion orinocensis, Oryzion perennis y Wissadulo periplocifoliae-Cassion torae), 3 órdenes (Bactrido guineensis-Cecropietalia peltatae, Coccolobietalia obtusifoliae y Eleocharitetalia minimae) y 1 clase (Coccolobietea obtusifoliae).Palabras clave. Vegetación, sintaxonomía, Llanos, Venezuela.ABSTRACT. Data about the vegetation of the Occidental Llanos of the Orinoco (Venezuela). The western Llanos of the Orinoco river are a sedimentary basin of sandy and clayey mixed soils. The infratropical subhumid bioclimate and the large marshes cause a high diversity of plant communities consisting specially of helophytes, pleustohelophytes and hydrophytes. When there is a little flooding, forest, shrubs and dry pastures of the savannas appear, forming islands of plant communities in the swampy plain. Seventeen associations belonging to 10 classes have been recognized (Cabombo- Nymphaeetea (hydrophytic communities), Ceibetea occidentalis (forests and shrubs), Cladietea jamaicensis (helophytic communities), Coccolobietea obtusifoliae (riparian shrubs), Lemnetea minoris (pleustophytic communities), Leptocoryphio-Trachypogonetea (dry pastures of the savanna), Pistio stratiotidis-Eichhornietea crassipedis (pleustohelophytic communities), Polygono arenastri-Poetea annuae (nitrophilous communities adapted to treading), Sido-Stachytarphetaetea (nitrophilous communities) and Xyridetea savanensis (temporal flooded pastures with annual plants). Moreover, 4 new associations (Bromelio chrysanthae-Platymiscietum pinnati, Geophiletum repentis, Helictero guazumifoliae-Bauhinietum benthamianae and Randio venezuelensis-Annonetum jahnii), 6 alliances (Coccolobion obtusifoliae, Desmonco orthacanthi-Platymiscion pinnati, Heterantherion reniformis, Nectandro globosae-Viticion orinocensis, Oryzion perennis y Wissadulo periplocifoliae-Cassion torae), 3 orders (Bactrido guineensis-Cecropietalia peltatae, Coccolobietalia obtusifoliae and Eleocharitetalia minimae) and 1 class (Coccolobietea obtusifoliae) are described.Key words. Vegetation, syntaxonomy, Llanos, Venezuela.

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Carr, Andrew S., Simon J. Armitage, Juan-Carlos Berrío, Bibiana A. Bilbao, and Arnoud Boom. "An Optical luminescence chronology for late Pleistocene aeolian activity in the Colombian and Venezuelan Llanos." Quaternary Research 85, no. 2 (March 2016): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.12.009.

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The lowland savannas (Llanos) of Colombia and Venezuela are covered by extensive aeolian landforms for which little chronological information exists. We present the first optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) age constraints for dunes in the Llanos Orientales of lowland Colombia and new ages for dunes in the Venezuelan Llanos. The sampled dunes are fully vegetated and show evidence of post-depositional erosion. Ages range from 4.5 ± 0.4 to 66 ± 4 ka, with the majority dating to 27–10 ka (Marine Isotope Stage 2). Some dunes accumulated quickly during the last glacial maximum, although most were active 16–10 ka. Accretion largely ceased after 10 ka. All dunes are elongated downwind from rivers, parallel with dry season winds, and are interpreted as source-bordering features. As they are presently isolated from fluvial sediments by gallery forest it is proposed that activity was associated with a more prolonged dry season, which restricted gallery forest, leading to greater sediment availability on river shorelines. Such variability in dry season duration was potentially mediated by the mean latitude of the ITCZ. The cessation of most dune accretion after ca. 10 ka suggests reduced seasonality and a more northerly ITCZ position, consistent with evidence from the Cariaco Basin.

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Chacón-Pacheco, Julio, Carlos Aya-Cuero, and Teresa Cristina S. Anacleto. "Dasypus sabanicola (Cingulata: Dasypodidae)." Mammalian Species 52, no. 991 (July 22, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/seaa004.

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Abstract Dasypus sabanicola Mondolfi, 1968, commonly known as Llanos long-nosed armadillo, is the second smallest armadillo of the genus Dasypus. It is a diurnal-nocturnal insectivorous species endemic to the Orinoco Region of Colombia and Venezuela, where it inhabits natural savannas and riparian forests. D. sabanicola is listed as “Near Threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources due to its restricted distribution to the floodplains (llanos), an ecosystem that is severely affected by continuing habitat conversion. It is also hunted in several parts of its range.

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Vilella, Francisco J., and Guy A. Baldassarre. "Abundance and Distribution of Waterbirds in the Llanos of Venezuela." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122, no. 1 (March 2010): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/09-070.1.

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7

Vilella, Francisco J., Mark S. Gregory, and Guy A. Baldassarre. "Abundance and Distribution of Waterbirds in the Llanos of Venezuela." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122, no. 3 (September 2010): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/1559-4491-122.3.577.

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8

Nico, Leo G., and Donald C. Taphorn. "Food Habits of Piranhas in the Low Llanos of Venezuela." Biotropica 20, no. 4 (December 1988): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388321.

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9

Pacheco, M. A., and E. A. Herrera. "Social Structure of Feral Horses in the Llanos of Venezuela." Journal of Mammalogy 78, no. 1 (February 21, 1997): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382634.

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10

García R., Mauricio M., Jesús A. Camacho M., and Nedy C. Poleo S. "El género Liocanthydrus en Venezuela (Coleoptera: Noteridae) con descripción de dos nuevas especies." UNED Research Journal 10, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v10i2.2161.

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El género Liocanthydrus contiene especies raras, por ser poco abundantes y carecer de registros que indiquen su distribución. El género ha sufrido varios cambios taxonómicos, desde su primer estatus como subgénero hasta su estatus genérico actual. Se describen dos especies de Liocanthydrus (Noteridae: Noterini). Liocanthydrus ramosae sp. nov. y L. distintus sp. nov., ambas colectadas de forma manual, en dos microhábitats de agua dulce, de los ríos Aguaro y Orinoco, en los llanos de Venezuela. Se incluyen habitus de las especies presentes en Venezuela y las estructuras genitales de las dos especies descritas. Se construye una clave para identificar las especies de Liocanthydrus.

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11

GARCÍA, MAURICIO, CESAR JOÃO BENETTI, and JESÚS CAMACHO. "A new species of Suphisellus Crotch, 1873 (Coleoptera: Noteridae) from “Los Llanos”, Venezuela." Zootaxa 3298, no. 1 (May 3, 2012): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3298.1.6.

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Suphisellus shorti sp. n. is described from “Los Llanos”, Venezuela, which brings to six the number of species includedin the Noteridae genus Suphisellus Crotch, 1873 recorded in this country. Specimens were collected in The Plains regionin Venezuela (Apure and Guarico states) using either a light trap or a net. Description and illustration of the new speciesare provided along with a discussion of its systematic position. The new species can be distinguished from the other spe-cies of the genus by the following main characters: crease at posterolateral angle of pronotum weakly marked; numerous setae covering entire surface of prosternal process and medial part of prosternum; shape of male genitalia.

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12

Ogden, John C., and Betsy Trent Thomas. "A Colonial Wading Bird Survey in the Central Llanos of Venezuela." Colonial Waterbirds 8, no. 1 (1985): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521191.

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13

Pouyllau, Michel. "Paysages agro-écologiques et macrostructures dans les Llanos occidentaux du Venezuela." Mappemonde 23, no. 3 (1991): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mappe.1991.975.

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Spencer, Charles S., and Elsa M. Redmond. "Prehispanic Causeways and Regional Politics in the Llanos of Barinas, Venezuela." Latin American Antiquity 9, no. 2 (June 1998): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971989.

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In this article we discuss the Prehispanic earthen causeways (calzadas) that traverse the llanos (humid savannas) of Barinas state, Venezuela. A salient question is why the calzadas in this area connect some archaeological sites but not others. Some scholars have proposed that the calzadas were constructed primarily as an adaptive response to seasonal flooding. We assess this proposition by examining Late Gaván phase (A. D. 550-1000) data from along the Río Canaguá and find a lack of positive association between sites that experience seasonal inundations and linkage to the calzada network. Instead, we conclude that the configuration of Late Gaván calzadas is better explained by a series of economic, military, and religious factors, all related to the political dynamics of chiefdom organization on the regional level.

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Rodda, Gordon H. "Highway Madness Revisited: Roadkilled Iguana iguana in the Llanos of Venezuela." Journal of Herpetology 24, no. 2 (June 1990): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564234.

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Bayona, German, Carlos Jaramillo, Milton Rueda, Andrés Reyes Harker, and Vladimir Torres. "PALEOCENE-MIDDLE MIOCENE FLEXURAL-MARGIN MIGRATION OF THE NONMARINE LLANOS FORELAND BASIN OF COLOMBIA." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2007): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.475.

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A foreland basin is a dynamic system whose depositional systems migrate in response to changes in tectonic uplift patterns, sedimentary filling processes and isostatic rebound of the lithosphere. The Paleocene-middle Miocene foreland system of the Llanos foothills and Llanos basin of Colombia includes regional unconformities, abrupt changes in lithology/stacking patterns and flooding surfaces bounding reservoir and seal units. Here we integrate a systematic biostratigraphic study, stratal architecture and tectonic subsidence analyses, regional seismic profiles, and provenance data to define the diachronism of such surfaces and to document the direction of migration of foreland depozones. In a flexurally-deformed basin, sandstone composition, rates of accommodation and sediment supply vary across and along the basin. We show how a coeval depositional profile in the Llanos foothills-Llanos foreland basin consists of litharenites interbedded with mudstones (seal rock, supplied from the orogenic front to the west) that correlate cratonward with organic-rich mudstones and coal (source rock), and to amalgamated fluvial-estuarine quartzarenites (reservoir rock, supplied from the craton to the east) adjacent to a subaerial forebulge (unconformity). This system migrated northward and eastward during the Paleocene, westward during the early-middle Eocene, and eastward during the Oligocene. In the lower-middle Miocene succession of the Llanos basin, identification of flooding events indicates a westward encroaching of a shallow-water lacustrine system that covered an eastward-directed fluvial-deltaic system. A similar process has been documented in other basins in Venezuela and Bolivia, indicating the regional extent of such flooding event may be related to the onset of Andean-scale mountain-building processes.

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17

Otto, J. S., and N. E. Anderson. "Cattle Ranching in the Venezuelan Llanos and the Florida Flatwoods: A Problem in Comparative History." Comparative Studies in Society and History 28, no. 4 (October 1986): 672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500014158.

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By 1860, Cuba had become Spain's leading plantation colony in the New World, producing cash crops such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco for export. Cuba devoted so much effort to cash crops that the colony found it necessary to import foodstuffs to feed its slave and free populations. Among the essential foodstuffs that Cuba imported were dried beef from Venezuela and beef cattle from Florida. Venezuela, a Spanish colony that achieved its independence in 1821, and Florida, a Spanish colony acquired by the United States in 1821, had become Cuba's leading beef suppliers by the mid-nineteenth century.

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Hoeinghaus, David J., Kirk O. Winemiller, and Donald C. Taphorn. "Compositional change in fish assemblages along the Andean piedmont - Llanos floodplain gradient of the río Portuguesa, Venezuela." Neotropical Ichthyology 2, no. 2 (June 2004): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252004000200005.

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The Llanos is an extensive area of savannas and floodplains in central and western Venezuela that encompasses a gradual elevation gradient from the río Orinoco to the foothills of the Andean piedmont. The río Portuguesa is one of the major rivers in this region that until recently had escaped major anthropogenic impacts and still maintains substantial seasonal fish migrations. However, little work has been conducted on fish ecology in this river. The present study analyzes museum collections sampled at 28 locations along the longitudinal gradient of the río Portuguesa to assess similarity of species composition from the foothills of the Andean piedmont to the lowland llanos floodplain. The standardized samples used in this analysis contained greater than 133 species representing 6 orders and 27 families, dominated by characiforms (61 species) and siluriforms (52 species). Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination of samples revealed a continual pattern of compositional change, and species are added at a faster rate than they are lost as one moves from the foothills of the piedmont to the low llanos. Based on DCA, samples from three elevational segments were found to significantly differ in fish species composition. Assemblages in the upper reaches contained unique species of loricariid catfishes, small pimelodid and trichomycterid catfishes, and small characiforms not observed at lower elevations. The lowland reach contained species of cichlids, large catfishes and characids not collected from the other two regions. Samples from the middle region revealed transitional species composition. Longitudinal species turnover probably reflects differences in environmental characteristics such as a water velocity, substrate composition and disturbance regime. Findings from this broad-scale analysis contribute to a baseline for future studies of fish ecology in this region.

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19

Nico, Leo G., and Donald C. Taphorn. "Diet of Acestrorhynchus microlepis (Pisces: Characidae) in the Low Llanos of Venezuela." Copeia 1985, no. 3 (August 5, 1985): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1444777.

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20

Herrera, Emilio A. "Growth and dispersal of capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) in the Llanos of Venezuela." Journal of Zoology 228, no. 2 (October 1992): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04610.x.

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21

Putz, Francis E., and N. Michele Holbrook. "STRANGLER FIG ROOTING HABITS AND NUTRIENT RELATIONS IN THE LLANOS OF VENEZUELA." American Journal of Botany 76, no. 6 (June 1989): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb15056.x.

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22

Hoogesteijn, Rafael, and Colin A. Chapman. "Large ranches as conservation tools in the Venezuelan llanos." Oryx 31, no. 4 (October 1997): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-16.x.

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Traditionally, wildlife conservation efforts have concentrated on the establishment of national parks and reserves. Additional strategies are needed if we are to conserve more than a small proportion of the world's natural habitats and their wildlife. One such strategy is the application of wildlife conservation regulations by private land owners on their properties. This paper uses examples of ranches in the seasonally flooded llanos of Venezuela to evaluate if effective wildlife conservation can coexist with sustainable wildlife use and cattle production. Income estimates derived from cattle production data varied among ranches from $US7.1 to $US26.4 per ha, while estimates of potential additional income through regulated capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris and caiman Caiman crocodilus exploitation ranged up to $US7.7 per ha. The economic benefits of capybara and caiman harvests can be realized only by protecting wildlife habitat. Thus, it is suggested that large ranches in the llanos can play a major role in wildlife conservation as well as provide economic gains for those involved. Common denominators for success are: personal involvement of owners, effective patrolling systems, co-operation of neighbouring ranchers in patrolling activities, and ranches being located far from densely populated areas. For the programmes to succeed in the long term, government and conservation agencies will need to give more support to landowners.

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23

Ordóñez Vela, Jorge Anibal, and Dieter Plasse. "Zoometría de dos poblaciones de ganado Criollo de Venezuela." Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal 28, no. 3-4 (December 14, 2020): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.53588/alpa283404.

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En Venezuela, el ganado criollo, introducido por los colonizadores, fue criado bajo condiciones diversas y, con diferentes propósitos. Ello indujo la formación de dos líneas: el Criollo Llanero (CrLl), mantenido bajo condiciones de sábana, prácticamente desaparecido; y el Criollo Río Limón (CrRL) conservado en el noroeste delestado Zulia, en peligro de extinción. El “Proyecto Cooperativo MAC UCV en la Estación Experimental de Los Llanos” incluyó CrRL en cría pura y cruzamiento, así como CrLl en apareamiento de absorción. Cincuenta vacas CrRL de fundación y 50 vacas CrLl compradas en el Llano fueron el sujeto de este trabajo con el objetivo de describirlas morfológicamente y compararlas mediante análisis estadístico. Se eliminaron observaciones debido al temperamento que impidió tomar algunas medidas; concluyendo 46 CrRL y 43 CrLl. Se aplicó la prueba F para distinguir las diferencias entre líneas de cada medida. Línea resultó significativo (p < 0.05) o altamente significativo (p < 0.01) para 21 de 24 variables. CrRL superó a CrLl en las dimensiones relevantes. El Peso en CrRL fue 20 %mayor que en CrLl (p < 0.01). En las demás dimensiones, la ventaja osciló entre 3 y 8 %, a favor de CrRL. Las correlaciones entre variables relevantes resultaron positivas y significativas (p < 0.01), siempre mayores en CrRL. Las pocas correlaciones de signo negativo resultaron no significativas (p >0.05). Cincuenta años después de realizadas las observaciones reportadas, el tiempo alteró la justificación; y de generar información básica, hoy surelevancia radica en la valoración del germoplasma autóctono y su contribución a la variabilidad genética necesaria para acoplar genotipos específicos asistemas de cría particulares ycondiciones ambientales alteradas. La declinación de estas poblaciones reportada en la literatura evidencia que podría ser tarde para recomendar su conservación y valoración y que las iniciativas para la preservación y aprovechamiento de ambas poblaciones han resultado insuficientes e inefectivas.

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Spencer, Charles S., Elsa M. Redmond, and Milagro Rinaldi. "Drained Fields at La Tigra, Venezuelan Llanos: A Regional Perspective." Latin American Antiquity 5, no. 2 (June 1994): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971559.

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This paper discusses drained-field studies in Venezuela, beginning with the first investigations two decades ago that focused on field systems themselves and proceeding to recent research by the authors that examined the drained fields of La Tigra as part of a regional-scale project in the state of Barinas. The La Tigra fields are dated to the Late Gaván phase (A.D. 550-1000), a time of extensive habitation in the region. An analysis of excavated pollen samples from the drained fields and a nearby village site has revealed that whereas maize was the predominant plant, there was notable intersite variability in the secondary cultigens. The paper also considers whether population pressure could have prompted the construction of the La Tigra fields. A comparison of archaeological population estimates to estimates of potential population under varying assumptions of productive capacity yields no indication of demographic pressures. We suggest that drained-field construction in this case was motivated primarily by political-economic considerations, part of a strategy whereby the regional elite sought to stimulate and mobilize the production of surplus by village farmers.

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Araujo-Araujo, Nelly, Vladimir Aguilar-Castro, Wilfredo Franco, and Wilver Contreras-Miranda. "Fundamentos para la Ley Orgánica de creación y protección del bosque Caparo (Venezuela) como Patrimonio Ecosistémico de la Humanidad." Gestión y Ambiente 21, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 207–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ga.v21n2.75967.

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La investigación expone los principios que amparan la conservación de un remanente boscoso, de importancia ecosistémica para la humanidad, denominado bosque Caparo, relicto de los Bosques Alisios que cubrieron las llanuras de Venezuela y Colombia, ubicado en la Reserva Forestal Caparo (Barinas, Venezuela). Se realizó una revisión documental del Sistema de Áreas Protegidas de Venezuela con énfasis en aspectos naturales, administrativos y legales que han influenciado en el estado actual de la Reserva; valores ambientales representados en el bosque Caparo; directrices de los preceptos ambientales contemplados en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela de 1999, y los acuerdos y convenios nacionales e internacionales suscritos por la República. Como resultado se derivaron los argumentos sobre la calificación del bosque Caparo según los criterios IX y X de la UNESCO, para ser incluido en la Lista de los Sitios de Patrimonio Natural del Mundo; y, los fundamentos para promulgar un instrumento legal que estipule la acción del Estado y la sociedad regional, para el manejo y protección del mismo, como reservorio genético para la posteridad y, especialmente, para los proyectos de restauración de las áreas degradadas de los Llanos del Orinoco.

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Dorr, Laurence J., Robert F. Smith S., José A. Casadiego, María Elena Sanabria, Fidel Yunez García, Jose A. Casadiego, Maria Elena Sanabria, and Fidel Yunez Garcia. "Clave para los árboles de los llanos de Venezuela basada en características vegetativas." Taxon 48, no. 2 (May 1999): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1224459.

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Sarmiento, Guillermo, and Marcela Pinillos. "Patterns and processes in a seasonally flooded tropical plain: the Apure Llanos, Venezuela." Journal of Biogeography 28, no. 8 (January 12, 2002): 985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00601.x.

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Adhikari, Bam Dev. "Dona Barbara, from an Amazon Ogress to a Loving Mother: A Tale of Revenge and Love." Literary Studies 33 (March 31, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/litstud.v33i0.38027.

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Venezuelan novelist Romulo Gallegos’ novel Dona Barbara (1929) is set in Venezuelan llanos and it depicts the conflict between barbarism and civilization that is represented by the figure of an amazon ogress and the figure of a good mother of the same woman named Dona Barbara. The specific setting of the novel, the Altamira ranch is a huge estate in the wildest section of the Arauca River basin of Venezuela, a ranch that was established early in the history of the country’s cattle business. Altamira gets neglected by its owner for years until Santos Luzardo, the successor of the ranch, a lawyer and a Ph. D. from the University of Carcass arrives there and tries to set the anarchy in order. On the other hand, the Altamira ranch borders the El Miedo ranch, owned by a ruthless woman, an amazon named Dona Barbara, who becomes the owner of the ranch by the use of tricks and treachery. Dona Barbara tries to expand her ranch by trespassing the neighboring ranches with the forces of witchcraft, superstition and deceit. As Skurski calls her, “a personification of rural despotism” (617), she rules the llanos for pelf and power with revenge from men as her central motive. Brian Gollnick comments on this conflict as “Santos Luzardo triumphing through a plan to rationalize territorial organization and agriculture under an enlightened authority which contrasts to Dona Barbara’s black magic and despotic charisma” (450). Thus, the novel establishes two lines, in the beginning, the line of civilization represented by Santos Luzardo and the line of barbarism represented by Dona Barbara. The novelist has associated the line of barbarism with the ogress figure and civilization with the mother figure of the same woman, Dona Barbara.

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RAMÍREZ-CHAVES, HÉCTOR E., DARWIN M. MORALES-MARTÍNEZ, WEIMAR A. PÉREZ, DANIELA VELÁSQUEZ-GUARÍN, INGRITH Y. MEJÍA-FONTECHA, MATEO ORTIZ-GIRALDO, PAULA A. OSSA-LÓPEZ, and FREDY A. RIVERA PÁEZ. "A new species of small Eptesicus Rafinesque (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from northern South America." Zootaxa 5020, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 489–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5020.3.4.

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Eptesicus diminutus Osgood, 1915 is the smallest species of the subgenus Eptesicus found in South America. It has a discontinuous distribution, with northern populations in Colombia and Venezuela, and southern populations in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. We reviewed specimens assigned to the northern populations of E. diminutus and compared them to these from the southern populations. Based on morphologic, morphometric, and molecular analyses, we support the recognition of the northern populations of E. diminutus as a new species. This new species is distributed in the Llanos of the Orinoco region in Colombia and Venezuela (and likely in Guyana). Eptesicus sp. nov. is morphologically similar to E. diminutus and E. furinalis, from which it can be distinguished by its intermediate size. This taxon increases to 11 the number of species of bats of the subgenus Eptesicus in South America.

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GARCÍA-PÉREZ, JUAN E., and WALTER E. SCHARGEL. "A new species of Gymnophthalmus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from sand dunes of the Llanos of Apure, Venezuela." Zootaxa 4318, no. 3 (September 8, 2017): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4318.3.9.

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A new species of Gymnophthalmus is described from the Llanos of Venezuela in Apure State. Gymnophthalmus marco-naterai sp. nov. is found mostly on sand dunes and is seemingly endemic to the eolic plains of Apure State. The new species differs from all other species of Gymnophthalmus with 13 scales around the midbody, by having distinctive coloration that includes complete and well-defined lateral and dorsolateral white stripes, a white ventral coloration in preservative (creamish white or yellow in life) devoid of dark markings, and salmon pink tail in life.

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31

Gonzalez, Jose A. "Phenology and Reproductive Success of the Maguari Stork in the Southern Llanos of Venezuela." Colonial Waterbirds 21, no. 2 (1998): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521900.

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32

McCrystal, Hugh K., and James R. Dixon. "A New Species of Cnemidophorus (Sauria: Teiidae) from the Llanos of Colombia and Venezuela." Journal of Herpetology 21, no. 4 (December 1987): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1563966.

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Rodda, Gordon H., and Alejandro Grajal. "The nesting behavior of the green iguana, Iguana iguana, in the llanos of Venezuela." Amphibia-Reptilia 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853890x00294.

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34

Leal, Alejandra, Tibisay Perez, and Bibiana Bilbao. "Contribution to Early Holocene vegetation and climate history of Eastern Orinoco Llanos, Venezuela, from a paleoecological record of a Mauritia L.f. swamp." Acta Amazonica 41, no. 4 (2011): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672011000400009.

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A palynological analysis of an organic paleosol found at 150-125 cm depth in a Mauritia swamp from the Eastern Orinoco Llanos is presented. The 25 cm pollen record summarizes the vegetation history during the Early Holocene, from 10,225 to 7,800 calendar yr BP. The vegetation was characterized by a Poaceae marsh, where Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Schefflera-type and Phyllanthus were the most abundant shrubs and trees. Pollen-types richness was lower than that recorded today in similar environments, and Mauritia pollen was absent. Results suggest that climate was as humid as present during the beginning of the Holocene, with a decreasing trend in humidity from around 8,000-7,000 yr BP, in coincidence with the beginning of the "Early-Mid-Holocene Dryness" that affected deeply the Amazon Basin and neighboring areas. Dry climatic conditions could have existed in the study site until the Mid-Late Holocene when a Mauritia swamp developed, and humid conditions similar to present established. Main climate phases inferred in our study site fit well with regional trends recorded in other places located north Amazon Basin. However, conclusions are still limited by the lack of additional Quaternary records in the Orinoco Llanos area, avoiding regional correlations.

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35

García Lluberes, Alcides. "El 27 de Febrero ignorado." Revista ECOS UASD 2, no. 3 (March 25, 1994): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51274/ecos.v2i3.pp205-211.

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El 15 de noviembre de 1843, los encabezados trinitarios Vicente Celestino Duarte y Francisco Sánchez, escribieron una memorable carta a su jefe y mentor Juan Pablo Duarte, quien se hallaba a la sazón en Caracas, gestionando con el presidente de la República de Venezuela, general Carlos Soublette, la consecución de los elementos indispensables para alistar la expedición libertadora con que había de desembarcar en diciembre por nuestro puerto sureño de Guayacanes, entrada natural de Los Llanos de Arriba, importante región en donde el citado Vicente Duarte, el resuelto Juan Ramírez y el meritorio Padre Carrasco habían logrado que la causa de la independencia no tuviera opositores.

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36

Hamilton, Stephen K., Suzanne J. Sippel, and John M. Melack. "Seasonal inundation patterns in two large savanna floodplains of South America: the Llanos de Moxos(Bolivia) and the Llanos del Orinoco(Venezuela and Colombia)." Hydrological Processes 18, no. 11 (July 23, 2004): 2103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5559.

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37

Ramirez, Nelson, and Mary Kalin Arroyo. "Estructura Poblacional de Copaifera pubiflora Benth. (Leguminosae; Caesalpinioideae) en los Altos Llanos Centrales de Venezuela." Biotropica 22, no. 2 (June 1990): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388404.

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38

Gómez, Y., and J. Paolini. "Actividad microbiana en suelos de sabanas de los Llanos Orientales de Venezuela convertidas en pasturas." Revista de Biología Tropical 54, no. 2 (March 17, 2014): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v54i2.13868.

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39

Azofeifa, Yara, Sergio Estrada-Villegas, Jesús Mavárez, and Jafet M. Nassar. "Activity of Aerial Insectivorous Bats in Two Rice Fields in the Northwestern Llanos of Venezuela." Acta Chiropterologica 21, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15081109acc2019.21.1.012.

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40

San Jose, J. J., and R. Montes. "Rainfall partitioning by a semideciduous forest grove in the savannas of the Orinoco Llanos, Venezuela." Journal of Hydrology 132, no. 1-4 (March 1992): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90181-t.

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41

Vargas, Juan Carlos. "Economía e intensificación agrícola: Variabilidad en trayectorias de cambio agrícola en la América Prehispánica." Jangwa Pana 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 232–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21676/16574923.2927.

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El paso de una economía de subsistencia a una economía política ha sido considerado como una de las transformaciones fundamentales para el surgimiento de sociedades complejas. El desarrollo de estrategias agrícolas intensivas que permitió la acumulación de excedentes se ha argumentado, fue una condición necesaria para la aparición de jerarquías regionales en distintas partes del mundo. Una de las principales evidencias que los arqueólogos han usado para demostrar la relación entre agricultura y el surgimiento de la desigualdad social ha sido el paisaje, el cual ha sido modificado mediante la implementación de estructuras a través del tiempo por las sociedades humanas alrededor del mundo. La elaboración de terrazas, campos elevados, sistemas hidráulicos para el cultivo, ha sido relacionada con procesos de intensificación económica y organización política centralizada. Este artículo presenta una discusión a partir de la revisión de los modelos arqueológicos de economía política en los que la construcción de estructuras para la producción de excedentes alimentarios fue crítica para el surgimiento de desigualdad social. Para esto se presenta un análisis comparativo de distintos casos de sociedades complejas provenientes de Colombia y otras regiones de América entre los que se encuentran los Llanos de Casanare, la región Calima; la región del Valle Black Warrior (Mississippi - Estados Unidos); los Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia), la Isla de Marajo (Brasil), la región de Yaguachi (Ecuador) y los Llanos de Barinas (Venezuela). Se plantea que, así como arqueológicamente se han identificado distintas trayectorias de cambio social en el pasado, también existieron distintas trayectorias de cambio agrícola, las cuales guardan relación con el surgimiento de desigualdad y complejidad social. Palabras clave: Cambio agrícola, sociedades complejas, arqueología del paisaje.

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42

Farji Brener, Alejandro G., and Juan F. Silva. "Leaf-cutting ants and forest groves in a tropical parkland savanna of Venezuela: facilitated succession?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 4 (November 1995): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009202.

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ABSTRACTSome savanna areas in the Orinoco Llanos region in Venezuela are characterized by the abundance of small forest groves, resulting in a parkland landscape. We hypothesized that forest groves are the result of colonization of the open savanna by forest species, facilitated by the activity of leaf-cutting ants. In this paper we present results from a field study conducted on an ecotonal belt between a deciduous gallery forest and an open savanna in the western Llanos of Venezuela. In seven transects, trees, groves and leaf-cutting ant nests were counted, size parameters evaluated and distance from grove to forest measured. Soil chemical analysis and microclimatic measurements were performed in the forest, grassland and groves. Floristic composition of the woodland component of the savanna (scattered trees) was very dissimilar from that of the forest, but the composition of the groves was essentially a mixture of both woodland and forest species. Woodland trees were present in all groves, whereas forest trees were present only in larger groves. The size structures of populations of the two types of trees differed significandy according to the size of the grove; also, woodland tree population structure differed significantly between open savanna and groves. The frequency of groves with Atta laevigata nests increased with the size of the grove, and groves with forest trees were positively associated with the presence of nests. A. laevigata nests improved the soil of groves, increasing N, Mg, Ca and organic carbon, but other soil properties were not modified. Temperatures at ground level in the dry season were ameliorated in the groves compared with the grassland, and this effect increased with the size of the grove. We concluded that a dynamic process of grove formation is facilitated by the aggregation of a few woodland trees, followed by the successful invasion of forest trees and a leaf-cutting ant nest. The results did not show any clear sequence of arrival of the ants or the forest trees, but it seems clear that these two would act synergistically, improving conditions for each other.

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43

Markič, Jasmina. "Análisis textual de la narrativa oral de los Llanos Colombianos : ejemplo de un informante de Casanare, Colombia." Linguistica 48, no. 1 (December 29, 2008): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.48.1.167-176.

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En este trabajo se pretende analizar la narrativa oral2 presentada por un hablante natural de Casanare, de la zona de los Llanos, una vasta región geográfica que se extiende por Colombia y venezuela. El motivo que me ha llevado a escoger esta región es, por una parte, personal (el hecho de haber cooperado en una investigación de campo en esta zona durante mis estudios de posgrado y, por ende, el deseo de enfocar el tema de la narrativa oral desde otro punto de vista teniendo en cuenta también el tiempo transcurrido desde que fue hecha la entrevista) y, por otra parte, se debe al hecho de que se trata de una región con una idiosincracia muy específica donde la tradición oral sigue muy viva.

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44

Rojas-Morales, Julián A., Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves, and Thaís B. Guedes. "New record for Colombia, updated distribution map, and comments on the defensive behavior of Thamnodyastes dixoni Bailey & Thomas, 2007 (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae)." Check List 16, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/16.1.169.

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The original description of Thamnodynastes dixoni Bailey & Thomas, 2007 was based on few specimens, and the morphological variation, distributional range, and ecological aspects of this species are virtually unknown. The species is known to occur in the Llanos of Colombia and Venezuela. In Colombia, it was recorded only in four localities. We report a fifth occurrence of T. dixoni in Colombia and the first in the Department of Meta. The new record extends this species’ distribution nearly 150 km (in a straight line) from the nearest previously known occurrence at Paz de Ariporo, Department of Casanare. Additionally, we also provide comments about the species’ defensive behavior, not reported elsewhere, and a thorough revision on the species’ geographical distribution.

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45

Herrera, Emilio A., and Michael D. Robinson. "Reproductive and Fat Body Cycles of the Tegu Lizard, Tupinambis teguixin, in the Llanos of Venezuela." Journal of Herpetology 34, no. 4 (December 2000): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565277.

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46

Donnay, Timothy J., and Steven R. Beissinger. "Apple Snail (Pomacea doliodes) and Freshwater Crab (Dilocarcinus dentatus) Population Fluctuations in the Llanos of Venezuela." Biotropica 25, no. 2 (June 1993): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2389184.

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47

Carbón, J., and C. Schubert. "Late cenozoic history of the eastern llanos of venezuela: Geomorphology and stratigraphy of the Mesa Formation." Quaternary International 21 (January 1994): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90023-x.

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48

San José, J. J., and C. R. Bravo. "CO2 Exchange in soil algal crusts occurring in the trachypogon savannas of the Orinoco Llanos, Venezuela." Plant and Soil 135, no. 2 (August 1991): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00010911.

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49

Montes, R., and J. J. San Jose. "Chemical composition and nutrient loading by precipitation in the Trachypogon savannas of the Orinoco llanos, Venezuela." Biogeochemistry 7, no. 3 (May 1989): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00004219.

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50

Orobitg Canal, Gemma. "Mujeres en el origen. Una distribución pumé de los seres del cosmos." AIBR. Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11156/aibr.v13i2.68515.

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Discuto la distribución de los seres en la cosmología pumé, un grupo indígena de los Llanos de Apure, en el sudoeste de Venezuela. Como sucede con los grupos amerindios en general, los pumé no poseen una noción equivalente a humanidad. En su lugar, distinguen dos clases principales de seres: aquellos con los que establecen una relación de continuidad a través del intercambio de las almas, y aquellos con los que no es posible intercambiar las almas: seres sanguinarios entre los que se cuentan ciertos espíritus, algunas especies animales y los blancos. En este escenario, las mujeres pumé representan el único tipo de ser capaz de establecer relaciones directas con los seres sanguinarios. La sangre se revela también central para entender la relación y la distinción entre los seres.

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