Journal articles: 'LIW'

1

Kubin, Elisabeth, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Elena Mauri, Milena Menna, and Giulio Notarstefano. "Levantine Intermediate and Levantine Deep Water Formation: An Argo Float Study from 2001 to 2017." Water 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091781.

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Levantine intermediate water (LIW) is formed in the Levantine Sea (Eastern Mediterranean) and spreads throughout the Mediterranean at intermediate depths, following the general circulation. The LIW, characterized by high salinity and relatively high temperatures, is one of the main contributors of the Mediterranean Overturning Circulation and influences the mechanisms of deep water formation in the Western and Eastern Mediterranean sub-basins. In this study, the LIW and Levantine deep water (LDW) formation processes are investigated using Argo float data from 2001 to 2017 in the Northwestern Levantine Sea (NWLS), the larger area around Rhodes Gyre (RG). To find pronounced events of LIW and LDW formation, more than 800 Argo profiles were analyzed visually. Events of LIW and LDW formation captured by the Argo float data are compared to buoyancy, heat and freshwater fluxes, sea surface height (SSH), and sea surface temperature (SST). All pronounced events (with a mixed layer depth (MLD) deeper than 250 m) of dense water formation were characterized by low surface temperatures and strongly negative SSH. The formation of intermediate water with typical LIW characteristics (potential temperature > 15 °C, salinity > 39 psu) occurred mainly along the Northern coastline, while LDW formation (13.7 °C < potential temperature < 14.5 °C, 38.8 psu < salinity < 38.9 psu) occurred during strong convection events within temporary and strongly depressed mesoscale eddies in the center of RG. This study reveals and confirms the important contribution of boundary currents in ventilating the interior ocean and therefore underlines the need to rethink the drivers and contributors of the thermohaline circulation of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Park, Seung-Bo, Da-Sol Park, Minjun Kim, Eunseok Lee, Doowon Lee, Jaewoo Jung, Seong Jun Son, Junggi Hong, and Woo-Hwi Yang. "High-Intensity Warm-Up Increases Anaerobic Energy Contribution during 100-m Sprint." Biology 10, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10030198.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of warm-up intensity on energetic contribution and performance during a 100-m sprint. Ten young male sprinters performed 100-m sprints following both a high-intensity warm-up (HIW) and a low-intensity warm-up (LIW). Both the HIW and LIW were included in common baseline warm-ups and interventional warm-ups (eight 60-m runs, HIW; 60 to 95%, LIW; 40% alone). Blood lactate concentration [La−], time trial, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured. The different energy system contribution was calculated by using physiological variables. [La−1]Max following HIW was significantly higher than in LIW (11.86 ± 2.52 vs. 9.24 ± 1.61 mmol·L−1; p < 0.01, respectively). The 100-m sprint time trial was not significantly different between HIW and LIW (11.83 ± 0.57 vs. 12.10 ± 0.63 s; p > 0.05, respectively). The relative (%) phosphagen system contribution was higher in the HIW compared to the LIW (70 vs. 61%; p < 0.01, respectively). These results indicate that an HIW increases phosphagen and glycolytic system contributions as compared to an LIW for the 100-m sprint. Furthermore, an HIW prior to short-term intense exercise has no effect on a 100-m sprint time trial; however, it tends to improve times (decreased 100-m time trial; −0.27 s in HIW vs. LIW).

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3

Godlewski, Michał. "Protection of monuments as an element of cultural security (on the example of the Liw Castle)." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 192, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2594.

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The article presents various ways of defining cultural security, which is one of the human primary needs represented in the literature on the subject. It focuses on explaining the meaning of the term “monument”, which is defined and understood in many ways. The history of the Land of Liw and the Liw Castle is presented through the analysis of historical literature. Furthermore, the article discusses Otto Warpechowski’s contribution to the protection of the Liw Castle, which is the cultural heritage of the Mazovia region and the entire Poland, against total destruction planned by the Nazi authorities. The article reveals the impact that the Castle in Liw has on the feeling of cultural security of the local community, and describes cultural activities undertaken at the Liw Castle aimed at promoting the sense of safety, cultural identity and belonging to the Polish cultural community and a local community.

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4

Hagqvist, Emma, Susanna Toivanen, and Claudia Bernhard-Oettel. "Balancing Work and Life When Self-Employed: The Role of Business Characteristics, Time Demands, and Gender Contexts." Social Sciences 7, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7080139.

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This study explores individual and contextual risk factors in relation to work interfering with private life (WIL) and private life interfering with work (LIW) among self-employed men and women across European countries. It also studies the relationship between interference (LIW and WIL) and well-being among self-employed men and women. Drawing on data from the fifth round of the European Working Conditions Survey, a sample of self-employed men and women with active businesses was extracted. After applying multilevel regressions, results show that although business characteristics are important, the most evident risk factor for WIL and LIW is time demands. Both time demands and business characteristics also seem to be important factors in relation to gender differences in level of interference. There is a relationship between well-being and both WIL and LIW, and time demands is again an important factor. Gender equality in the labor market did not relate to level of interference, nor did it affect the relationship between interference and well-being. However, in gender-separated analyses, LIW and LIW interacted with gender equality in the labor market in different ways for women’s and men’s well-being. In conclusion, gender relations are important in interference and how interference relates to well-being.

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Filipczak, Witold. "Sejmiks in the Land of Liw 1780–1786." Przegląd Nauk Historycznych 17, no. 3 (December 13, 2018): 123–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1644-857x.17.03.05.

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The article concerns sejmiks in the land of Liw, which was located in the voivodship of Mazovia. In the years 1780–1786 the noblemen who took part in the debates in Liw elected their envoys and resolved issues connected with self-government. The article discusses preparations for the sejmiks, their course and resolutions adopted there. The land of Liw was dominated by the royalist party, whose main representatives belonged to the Cieszkowski and Cieciszowski families. The iudex terrestris of Liw, Ignacy Cieciszowski, who had been elected an envoy to the Sejm for three times in the years 1780–1786, was the most active parliamentary member. His status was influenced by the support of his brother, Adam, who was in charge of Stanisław August’s private chancellery in the years 1780–1783. The connections between leaders of the local nobility and the royalist party did not have a major impact on the content of instructions for envoys, but they could be seen in the activity of the representatives of Liw in the parliament.

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6

Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J., Heidi Huntrieser, and Jose V. Moris. "Meteorological Conditions Associated with Lightning Ignited Fires and Long-Continuing-Current Lightning in Arizona, New Mexico and Florida." Fire 5, no. 4 (July 11, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5040096.

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Lightning is the main precursor of wildfires in Arizona, New Mexico, and Florida during the fire season. Forecasting the occurrence of Lightning-Ignited Wildfires (LIW) is an essential tool to reduce their impacts on the environment and society. Long-Continuing-Current (LCC) lightning is proposed to be the main precursor of LIW. The long-lasting continuing current phase of LCC lightning is that which is more likely to ignite vegetation. We investigated the meteorological conditions and vegetation type associated with LIW and LCC lightning flashes in Arizona, New Mexico, and Florida. We analyzed LIW between 2009 and 2013 and LCC lightning between 1998 and 2014 and combined lightning and meteorological data from a reanalysis data set. According to our results, LIW tend to occur during dry thunderstorms with a high surface temperature and a high temperature gradient between the 700 hPa and the 450 hPa vertical levels for high-based clouds. In turn, we obtained a high lightning-ignition efficiency in coniferous forests, such as the ponderosa pine in Arizona and New Mexico and the slash pine in Florida. We found that the meteorological conditions that favor fire ignition and spread are more significant in Florida than in Arizona and New Mexico, while the meteorological conditions that favor the occurrence of LIW in Arizona and New Mexico are closely related with the meteorological conditions that favor high lightning activity. In turn, our results indicate high atmospheric instability during the occurrence of LIW. Our findings suggest that LCC (>18 ms) lightning tends to occur in thunderstorms with high relative humidity and ice content in the clouds, and with low temperature in the entire troposphere. Additionally, a weak updraft in the lower troposphere and a strong one in the upper troposphere favor the occurrence of LCC (>18 ms) lightning. We found that the meteorological conditions that favor the occurrence of LCC (>18 ms) lightning are not necessarily the preferential meteorological conditions for LIW.

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7

Fedele, Giusy, Elena Mauri, Giulio Notarstefano, and Pierre Marie Poulain. "Characterization of the Atlantic Water and Levantine Intermediate Water in the Mediterranean Sea using 20 years of Argo data." Ocean Science 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-18-129-2022.

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Abstract. Atlantic Water (AW) and Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) are important water masses that play a crucial role in the internal variability of the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation. To be more specific, their variability and interaction, along with other water masses that characterize the Mediterranean basin, such as the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW), contribute to modify the Mediterranean Outflow through the Strait of Gibraltar, and hence they may influence the stability of the global thermohaline circulation. This work aims to characterize AW and LIW in the Mediterranean Sea, taking advantage of the large observational dataset (freely available on https://argo.ucsd.edu, https://www.ocean-ops.org, last access: 17 January 2022; Wong et al., 2020) provided by Argo floats from 2001 to 2019. AW and LIW were identified using different diagnostic methods, highlighting the inter-basin variability and the strong zonal gradient that both denote the two water masses in this marginal sea. Their temporal variability was also investigated over the last 2 decades, providing a more robust view of AW and LIW characteristics, which have only been investigated using very short periods in previous studies due to a lack of data. A clear salinification and warming trend characterize AW and LIW over the last 2 decades (∼ 0.007 ± 0.140 and 0.006 ± 0.038 yr−1; 0.026 ± 0.715 and 0.022 ± 0.232 ∘C yr−1, respectively). The salinity and temperature trends found at sub-basin scale are in good agreement with previous results. The strongest trends are found in the Adriatic basin in the properties of both AW and LIW.

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8

Taillandier, Vincent, Louis Prieur, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Maurizio Ribera d'Alcalà, and Elvira Pulido-Villena. "Profiling float observation of thermohaline staircases in the western Mediterranean Sea and impact on nutrient fluxes." Biogeosciences 17, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3343-2020.

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Abstract. In the western Mediterranean Sea, Levantine intermediate waters (LIW), which circulate below the surface productive zone, progressively accumulate nutrients along their pathway from the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Algerian Basin. This study addresses the role played by diffusion in the nutrient enrichment of the LIW, a process particularly relevant inside step-layer structures extending down to deep waters – structures known as thermohaline staircases. Profiling float observations confirmed that staircases develop over epicentral regions confined in large-scale circulation features and maintained by saltier LIW inflows on the periphery. Thanks to a high profiling frequency over the 4-year period 2013–2017, float observations reveal the temporal continuity of the layering patterns encountered during the cruise PEACETIME and document the evolution of layer properties by about +0.06 ∘C in temperature and +0.02 in salinity. In the Algerian Basin, the analysis of in situ lateral density ratios untangled double-diffusive convection as a driver of thermohaline changes inside epicentral regions and isopycnal diffusion as a driver of heat and salt exchanges with the surrounding sources. In the Tyrrhenian Sea, the nitrate flux across thermohaline staircases, as opposed to the downward salt flux, contributes up to 25 % of the total nitrate pool supplied to the LIW by vertical transfer. Overall, however, the nutrient enrichment of the LIW is driven mostly by other sources, coastal or atmospheric, as well as by inputs advected from the Algerian Basin.

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9

Najdek, M., P. Paliaga, T. Šilović, M. Batistić, R. Garić, N. Supić, I. Ivančić, et al. "Picoplankton community structure before, during and after convection event in the offshore waters of the Southern Adriatic Sea." Biogeosciences 11, no. 10 (May 20, 2014): 2645–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2645-2014.

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Abstract. This paper documents the picoplankton community's response to changes in oceanographic conditions in the period between October 2011 and September 2012 at two stations belonging to the South Adriatic Pit (SAP). The recorded data include the community's abundance, composition, prokaryotic production rates and bacterial metabolic capacity. The sampling period included an intense sea cooling with formation of exceptional, record-breaking dense water. We documented an especially intense winter convection episode that completely diluted the core of Levantine intermediate waters (LIW) in a large area encompassing the SAP's center and its margin. During this convection event the whole picoplankton community had significantly higher abundances with a recorded picoeukaryotic peak at the SAP margin. In the post-convection phase in March, prokaryotic heterotrophic production strongly increased in the entire SAP area (up to 50 times; 456.8 nM C day−1). An autotrophic biomass increase (up to 5 times; 4.86 μg L−1) and a disruption of a close correspondence between prokaryotic heterotrophic biomass production and cell replication rates were observed only in the center of the SAP, which was not under the influence of LIW. At the SAP's margin such an effect was attenuated by LIW, since the waters affected by LIW were characterized by decreased concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, decreased autotrophic biomasses, and by increased bacterial biomass production balanced with cell replication rates as well as by the domination of Synechococcus among autotrophic picoplankton. The metabolic capacity was lowest in spring when autotrophic biomass largely increased, while the highest levels found in the pre-convection phase (October 2011) suggest that the system was more oligotrophic before than after the convection event. Furthermore, we showed that metabolic capacity is a trait of bacterial community independent of environmental conditions and tightly linked to cell replication and substrate availability. In contrast, the bacterial community composition appears to be strongly influenced by physico-chemical characteristics of waters (e.g., temperature and nutrients) and environmental forcing (e.g., convection and LIW). Our results showed that the two oceanographic phenomena of the Southern Adriatic, strongly relevant for the total production of the Adriatic Sea, winter convection and LIW intrusion, regulate the changes in picoplankton community structure and activities.

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10

Wang, Huimin, and Yuliang Wang. "Characteristics of Flyer Velocity in Laser Impact Welding." Metals 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030281.

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The flyer velocity is one of the critical parameters for welding to occur in laser impact welding (LIW) and plays a significant role on the welding mechanism study of LIW. It determines the collision pressure between the flyer and the target, and the standoff working distance. In this study, the flyer velocity was measured with Photon Doppler Velocimetry under various experimental conditions. The laser energy efficiency was compared with measured flyer velocity for various laser energy and flyer thickness. In order to reveal the standoff working window, the peak flyer velocity and flyer velocity characteristic before and after the peak velocity and the flyer velocity was measured over long distance. In addition, the rebound behavior of the flyer was captured to confirm the non-metallurgical bonding in the center of the weld nugget in LIW. Furthermore, the flyer size and confinement layer effect on the flyer velocity were investigated.

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11

Gupta, Rajiv, and Mary Lou Soffa. "Compilation techniques for a reconfigurable LIW architecture." Journal of Supercomputing 3, no. 4 (December 1989): 271–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00128167.

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12

Najdek, M., P. Paliaga, T. Šilović, M. Batistić, R. Garić, N. Supić, I. Ivančić, et al. "Picoplankton community structure before, during and after convection event in the offshore waters of the southern Adriatic Sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2013): 17859–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-17859-2013.

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Abstract. This paper documents the picoplankton community's response to changes in oceanographic conditions in the period between October 2011 and September 2012 at two stations belonging to South Adriatic Pit (SAP). The recorded data include the community's abundance, composition, prokaryotic production rates and bacterial metabolic capacity. The aforementioned interval included an intense sea cooling with formation of exceptionally, record-breaking dense water. We documented an especially intense winter convection episode that completely diluted the core of Levantine intermediate waters (LIW) in a large area encompassing the SAP's center and its margin. During this convection event the whole picoplankton community had significantly higher abundances with a recorded picoeukaryotic peak at the SAP margin. In the post-convection phase in March prokaryotic heterotrophic production strongly increased in the entire SAP area (up to 50 times; 456.8 nM C day−1). The autotrophic biomass increase (up to 5 times; 4.86 μg L−1) and a disruption of a close correspondence between prokaryotic heterotrophic biomass production and cell replication rates were observed only in the center of the SAP, which was not under the influence of LIW. At the SAP's margin such an effect was attenuated by LIW, since the waters affected by LIW were characterized by decreased concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, decreased autotrophic biomasses and by increased bacterial biomass production balanced with cell replication rates as well as by the domination of Synechococcus among autotrophic picoplankton. Metabolic capacity was the lowest in spring when autotrophic biomass largely increased, while the highest levels found in the pre-convection phase (October 2011) suggests that the system was more oligotrophic before than after the convection event. Furthermore, we showed that metabolic capacity is a trait of bacterial community independent of environmental conditions and tightly linked to cell replication and substrate availability. On the other hand the bacterial community composition appears to be strongly influenced by physico-chemical characteristics of waters (e.g. temperature and nutrients) and environmental forcing (e.g. convection and LIW).

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13

Emelianov, M., J. Font, A. Turiel, C. Millot, J. Solé, P. M. Poulain, A. Julià, and M. R. Vitrià. "Transformation of Levantine Intermediate Water tracked by MEDARGO floats in the Western Mediterranean." Ocean Science 2, no. 2 (December 8, 2006): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-2-281-2006.

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Abstract. A clustering methodology is applied to investigate the thermohaline structure of Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) in the western Mediterranean basin. Sixteen free-drifting hydrographic profilers were deployed in the framework of the MFSTEP project (MEDARGO component) from September 2003. A total of 925 CTD profiles collected up to the beginning of February 2006 have been used in the analysis. The results are in good agreement with the general circulation scheme for intermediate waters in the basin and confirm the hypothesis about a "discrete-continuous" thermohaline structure of LIW.

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Emelianov, M., J. Font, A. Turiel, J. Solé, P. Poulain, A. Julià, and M. R. Vitrià. "Transformation of Levantine Intermediate Water tracked by MedArgo floats in Western Mediterranean." Ocean Science Discussions 3, no. 3 (June 20, 2006): 569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-3-569-2006.

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Abstract. A clustering methodology is applied to investigate the thermohaline structure of Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) in the western Mediterranean basin. 16 free-drifting hydrographic profilers were deployed in the framework of the MFSTEP project (MedArgo component) from September 2003. A total of 925 CTD profiles data collected until the beginning of February 2006 have been used in the analysis. The results are in good agreement with the general circulation scheme for intermediate waters in the basin and confirm the hypothesis about a "discrete-continuous" thermohaline structure of LIW.

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15

Peterson, C., J. Sutton, and P. Wiley. "iWarp: a 100-MOPS, LIW microprocessor for multicomputers." IEEE Micro 11, no. 3 (June 1991): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/40.87568.

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16

Nittis, Kostas, and Alex Lascaratos. "Diagnostic and prognostic numerical studies of LIW formation." Journal of Marine Systems 18, no. 1-3 (December 1998): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(98)00011-6.

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17

Mallil, Katia, Pierre Testor, Anthony Bosse, Félix Margirier, Loic Houpert, Hervé Le Goff, Laurent Mortier, and Ferial Louanchi. "The Levantine Intermediate Water in the western Mediterranean and its interactions with the Algerian Gyres: insights from 60 years of observation." Ocean Science 18, no. 4 (July 5, 2022): 937–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-18-937-2022.

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Abstract. The presence of two large-scale cyclonic gyres in the Algerian Basin influences the general and eddy circulation, but their effects on water mass transfer remain poorly characterized. Our study has confirmed the presence of these gyres using the first direct current measurements of the whole water column collected during the SOMBA-GE2014 cruise, specifically designed to investigate these gyres. Using cruise sections and a climatology from 60 years of in situ measurements, we have also shown the effect of these gyres on the distribution at intermediate depth of Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) with warmer (∼ 0.15 ∘C) and saltier (∼ 0.02) characteristics in the Algerian Basin than in the Provençal Basin. The Algerian Gyres, combined with the effect of anticyclonic Algerian Eddies, also impact horizontal density gradients with sinking of the isopycnals at the gyres' centers. Temporal cross-correlation of LIW potential temperature referenced to a signal observed southwest of Sardinia reveals a timescale of transit of 4 months to get to the center of the Algerian Basin. The LIW potential temperature and salinity trends, on average in the basin interior, are estimated to be +0.0022 ± 0.0002 ∘Cyr-1 and +0.0022 ± 0.0001 yr−1, respectively, over the 1968–2017 period and accelerating to +0.048 ± 0.003 ∘Cyr-1 and +0.0076 ± 0.0009 yr−1 over the 2013–2017 period.

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Grbec, Branka, Mira Morović, Gordana Beg Paklar, Grozdan Kušpilić, Slavica Matijević, Frano Matić, and Živana Ninčević Gladan. "The relationship between the atmospheric variability and productivity in the Adriatic Sea area." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 8 (July 2, 2009): 1549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000708.

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Interannual variability of the primary production in the middle Adriatic Sea for the period 1961–2002 was examined and correlated to the various atmospheric and oceanographic parameters. The sequential t-test analysis of regime shift (STARS) method and locally-weighted scatter plot smoothing (LOWESS) method were applied to the primary production, revealing the new regime with significantly different mean productivity ranging from 1980–1996. Moreover, this period with the highest primary production, consists of the two distinguished sub-periods: periods of increasing (1980–1986) and decreasing (1987–1996) primary production. Whereas in the first period the ecosystem was under the influence of warmer and nutrient richer Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) intrusions into the Adriatic, in the second period, which started with a cold winter in 1987, the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) occurred. The EMT established a new circulation regime which prevented the LIW intrusions in the Adriatic, causing its reduced productivity. Reduced LIW inflow in the Adriatic was evidenced in the lower than normal sea temperature, salinity and oxygen concentrations below the thermocline depth. Precipitation and wind regime also arose as important local factors for the primary production variability. Our analysis connected the shifts in primary production with hemispheric and regional scale climate variations, and supports the hypothesis that atmospheric variability can trigger the ecosystem changes.

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Knoll, Michaela, Ines Borrione, Heinz-Volker Fiekas, Andreas Funk, Michael P. Hemming, Jan Kaiser, Reiner Onken, Bastien Queste, and Aniello Russo. "Hydrography and circulation west of Sardinia in June 2014." Ocean Science 13, no. 6 (November 13, 2017): 889–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-13-889-2017.

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Abstract. In the frame of the REP14-MED sea trial in June 2014, the hydrography and circulation west of Sardinia, observed by means of gliders, shipborne CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) instruments, towed devices, and vessel-mounted ADCPs (acoustic doppler current profilers), are presented and compared with previous knowledge. So far, the circulation is not well-known in this area, and the hydrography is subject to long-term changes. Potential temperature, salinity, and potential density ranges as well as core values of the observed water masses were determined. Modified Atlantic Water (MAW), with potential density anomalies below 28.72 kg m−3, showed a salinity minimum of 37.93 at 50 dbar. Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW), with a salinity maximum of about 38.70 at 400 dbar, was observed within a range of 28.72<σΘ/(kg m−3) < 29.10. MAW and LIW showed slightly higher salinities than previous investigations. During the trial, LIW covered the whole area from the Sardinian shelf to 7°15′ E. Only north of 40° N was it tied to the continental slope. Within the MAW, a cold and saline anticyclonic eddy was observed in the southern trial area. The strongest variability in temperature and salinity appeared around this eddy, and in the southwestern part of the domain, where unusually low saline surface water entered the area towards the end of the experiment. An anticyclonic eddy of Winter Intermediate Water was recorded moving northward at 0.014 m s−1. Geostrophic currents and water mass transports calculated across zonal and meridional transects showed a good agreement with vessel-mounted ADCP measurements. Within the MAW, northward currents were observed over the shelf and offshore, while a southward transport of about 1.5 Sv occurred over the slope. A net northward transport of 0.38 Sv across the southern transect decreased to zero in the north. Within the LIW, northward transports of 0.6 Sv across the southern transects were mainly observed offshore, and decreased to 0.3 Sv in the north where they were primarily located over the slope. This presentation of the REP14-MED observations helps to further understand the long-term evolution of hydrography and circulation in the Western Mediterranean, where considerable changes occurred after the Eastern Mediterranean Transient and the Western Mediterranean Transition.

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Ościłowski, Jarosław. "Crossbow Part Finds from the Territory of Mazovia and Dobrzyń Land." Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae 34 (December 13, 2021): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/fah34.2021.007.

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The article discusses crossbow finds from the territory of historical Mazovia and Dobrzyń Land. These finds are mainly pieces of spanning devices and triggers. In the latter category we have a lever from the stronghold (motte) in Lekarcice Nowe as well as a few bone and antler nuts from strongholds in Czersk, Pułtusk, Warsaw, and Wizna. Included among the parts of spanning devices there is a mechanism from the castle in Liw. Furthermore, spanning stirrups have been recovered from strongholds on the Vistula river in Bobrowniki and Dobrzyń. The find from Liw merits special attention. This spanning device is of the band-and-belt type, which rarely occurs in East-Central Europe. Furthermore, the bow of the stirrup from Dobrzyń is provided with a broad foot plate with an asymmetrical rib. Such a construction was of significance for spanning the crossbow. The artefacts from Mazovia and Dobrzyń Land are dated from the 2nd half of the 13th to the 15th century.

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Carisio, Anastasiia. "The Linguistic Image of the World and Image Schemas: an attempt at their delimitation and comparison." Complutense Journal of English Studies 28 (September 21, 2020): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/cjes.67041.

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This article is a review of a few essential aspects of one of the famous Slavic linguistic schools —the Polish ethnolinguistic school of Lublin. This school developed the theory of językowy obraz świata (in Polish) or jazykovaja kartina mira (in Russian), which is generally translated in English as ‘Linguistic Image of the World’ (LIW). The Linguistic Image of the World takes into account the sociocultural embeddedness of language and cognition. We will compare this theory with embodiment models —Image Schemas. The paper is organised in four parts: (1) a brief review of relevant studies related to the Theory of Linguistic Image of the World; (2) an introduction to some essential aspects of Image Schemas, as representative of the standard Cognitive Linguistics approach, together with a brief analysis of some examples; (3) a description of LIW, highlighting some basic notions such as the stereotype and clarifying its relationship with the prototype; and (4) conclusions on the central role of culture in the process of conceptualization.

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Sosnowski, Jacek. "Floristic Composition of Selected Lowland Meadows in the Liw Commune." Journal of Ecological Engineering 20, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/95096.

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Kato, Komei, Takaya Arita, and Masahiro Sowa. "Delayed instruction execution on a long instruction word (LIW) computer." Systems and Computers in Japan 23, no. 14 (1992): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690231402.

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Gačić, M., K. Schroeder, G. Civitarese, S. Cosoli, A. Vetrano, and G. L. Eusebi Borzelli. "Salinity in the Sicily Channel corroborates the role of the Adriatic–Ionian Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) in shaping the decadal variability of the Mediterranean overturning circulation." Ocean Science 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2013): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-9-83-2013.

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Abstract. Previous studies have demonstrated that the salinity in the Levantine basin depends on the intensity of the Atlantic water (AW) inflow. Moreover, its spreading eastward (to the Levantine basin) or northward (to the Ionian Sea) is determined by the Ionian circulation pattern, i.e. by the Adriatic–Ionian Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) mechanism. The aim of this paper is to relate salinity variations in the Levantine basin to the salt content variability in the core of the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) passing through the Sicily Channel (SC) and its possible impact on the Western Mediterranean Transition – WMT (i.e. the sudden salinity and temperature increase in the deep layer of the Algero-Provençal subbasin occurring since 2004). From the historical data set MEDAR/MEDATLAS in the Levantine and northern Ionian, we present evidence of decadal occurrences of extreme salinities associated with the varying influx of AW over the last 60 yr. Furthermore, we show that the salinity variations in the two subbasins are out of phase. High-salinity episodes in the Levantine are a pre-conditioning for the potential occurrence of the events like the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT). Cross-correlation between the salinity time series in the Levantine basin and in the SC suggests that the travel time of the LIW is between 10 and 13 yr. Comparing the timing of the salinity increase associated with the WMT and the salinity in the LIW core in the SC, we estimate that the total time interval needed for the signal propagating from the Levantine to reach the deep mixed layers of the Algero-Provençal subbasin is about 25 yr. We also showed that the extra salt input from the eastern Mediterranean contribute up to about 60% to the salt content increase in the bottom layer of the western Mediterranean.

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Lewicki, Jakub. "OCHRONA I KONSERWACJA RUIN - PRZEMIANY METOD NA PRZYKŁADZIE MAZOWSZA." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 6 (November 29, 2018): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/odk.879.

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W pracy przedstawiono problematykę konserwacji ruin zamków na Mazowszu, omawiając ich losy i stan współczesny oraz zaprezentowano zastosowane metody ochrony w XX wieku. Wśród mazowieckich zamków można wyróżnić kilka grup. Są to budowle będące w stanie ruiny (Iłża, Czersk, Brok) częściowo odbudowane (Liw, Ciechanowiec) oraz te, które odtworzono w zmodyfikowanej formie i adaptowano do nowych funkcji (Gostynin, Pułtusk i Szydłowiec). W omówionych zamkach stosowano różne metody ochrony i konserwacji. Większość wykonanych prac odbiega od zasad angielskiej szkoły konserwacji ruin. Zastosowanie czystych zasad angielskiej szkoły konserwacji ruin było stosowane sporadycznie (Iłża, częściowo Czersk, Brok). Było to efektem wypracowania własnych, lokalnych rozwiązań, a nie wzorowania się na angielskich przykładach. Częściej stosowano częściową odbudowę zniszczonych zamków (Liw), odbudowę z elementami współczesnymi (Ciechanów, Pułtusk) lub całkowicie swobodną odbudowę (Gostynin), co spowodowało utratę autentyzmu zamków lub ich ruin. Wyraźną tendencją spotykaną na Mazowszu były i są swobodne odbudowy zamków, co przyczynia się do utraty autentyzmu tych zabytków. Jednak największym mankamentem wykonanych prac są widoczne uzupełnienia murów zamków nową cegłą o odmiennym kolorze i fakturze (np. mury zamku w Czersku).

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26

Sadeh, Sepehr, Glenn H. Gleason, Mohammad I. Hatamleh, Sumair F. Sunny, Haoliang Yu, Arif S. Malik, and Dong Qian. "Simulation and Experimental Comparison of Laser Impact Welding with a Plasma Pressure Model." Metals 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111196.

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In this study, spatial and temporal profiles of an Nd-YAG laser beam pressure pulse are experimentally characterized and fully captured for use in numerical simulations of laser impact welding (LIW). Both axisymmetric, Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) and Eulerian dynamic explicit numerical simulations of the collision and deformation of the flyer and target foils are created. The effect of the standoff distance between the foils on impact angle, velocity distribution, springback, the overall shape of the deformed foils, and the weld strength in lap shear tests are investigated. In addition, the jetting phenomenon (separation and ejection of particles at very high velocities due to high-impact collision) and interlocking of the foils along the weld interface are simulated. Simulation results are compared to experiments, which exhibit very similar deformation and impact behaviors. In contrast to previous numerical studies that assume a pre-defined deformed flyer foil shape with uniform initial velocity, the research in this work shows that incorporation of the actual spatial and temporal profiles of the laser beam and modeling of the corresponding pressure pulse based on a laser shock peening approach provides a more realistic prediction of the LIW process mechanism.

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Kuligowska, Katarzyna. "Семантика и сочетаемость польских и русских имен прилагательных с суффиксом „-liw-”/„-лив-”." Studia Rossica Posnaniensia 40, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2015.40.1.18.

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Roether, W., P. Jean-Baptiste, E. Fourré, and J. Sültenfuß. "The transient distributions of nuclear weapon-generated tritium and its decay product 3 He in the Mediterranean Sea, 1952–2011, and their oceanographic potential." Ocean Science 9, no. 5 (October 8, 2013): 837–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-9-837-2013.

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Abstract. We present a comprehensive account of tritium and 3He in the Mediterranean Sea since the appearance of the tritium generated by the atmospheric nuclear-weapon testing in the 1950s and early 1960s, based on essentially all available observations. Tritium in surface waters rose to 20–30 TU in 1964 (TU = 1018 × [3H]/H]), a factor of about 100 above the natural level, and thereafter declined 30-fold up to 2011. The decline was largely due to radioactive tritium decay, which produced significant amounts of its stable daughter 3He. We present the scheme by which we separate the tritiugenic part of 3He and the part due to release from the sea floor (terrigenic part). We show that the tritiugenic component can be quantified throughout the Mediterranean waters, typically to a ± 0.15 TU equivalent, mostly because the terrigenic part is low in 3He. This fact makes the Mediterranean unique in offering a potential for the use of tritiugenic 3He as a tracer. The transient distributions of the two tracers are illustrated by a number of sections spanning the entire sea and relevant features of their distributions are noted. By 2011, the 3He concentrations in the top few hundred metres had become low, in response to the decreasing tritium concentrations combined with a flushing out by the general westward drift of these waters. Tritium-3He ages in Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) were obtained repeated in time at different locations, defining transit times from the LIW source region east of Rhodes. The ages show an upward trend with the time elapsed since the surface-water tritium maximum, which arises because the repeated observations represent increasingly slower moving parts of the full transit time spectrum of LIW. The transit time dispersion revealed by this new application of tritium-3He dating is considerable. We find mean transit times of 12 ± 2 yr up to the Strait of Sicily, 18 ± 3 yr up to the Tyrrhenian Sea, and 22 ± 4 yr up into the Western Mediterranean. Furthermore, we present full Eastern Mediterranean sections of terrigenic 3He and tritium-3He age in 1987, the latter one similarly showing an effect of the transit time dispersion. We conclude that the available tritium and 3He data, particularly if combined with other tracer data, are useful for constraining the subsurface circulation and mixing of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Roether, W., P. Jean-Baptiste, E. Fourré, and J. Sültenfuß. "The transient distributions of nuclear weapon-generated tritium and its decay product 3He in the Mediterranean Sea, 1952–2011, and their oceanographic potential." Ocean Science Discussions 10, no. 2 (April 3, 2013): 649–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-10-649-2013.

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Abstract. We present a comprehensive account of tritium and 3He in the Mediterranean Sea since the appearance of the tritium generated by the atmospheric nuclear-weapon testing in the 1950's and early 1960's, based on essentially all available observations. Tritium in surface waters rose to 20–30 TU in 1964 (TU = 1018 · [3H]/[H]), a factor of about 100 above the natural level, and thereafter declined 30-fold up to 2011. The decline was largely due to radioactive tritium decay, which produced significant amounts of its stable daughter 3He. We present the scheme by which we separate the tritiugenic part of 3He and the part due to release from the sea floor (terrigenic part). We show that the tritiugenic component can be quantified throughout the Mediterranean waters, typically to a &pm;0.15 TU equivalent, mostly because the terrigenic part is low in 3He. This fact makes the Mediterranean unique in offering a potential for the use of tritiugenic 3He as a tracer. The transient distributions of the two tracers are illustrated by a number of sections spanning the entire sea and relevant features of their distributions are noted. By 2011, the 3He concentrations in the top few hundred meters had become low, in response to the decreasing tritium concentrations combined with a flushing out by the general westward drift of these waters. Tritium-3He ages in Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) were obtained repeated in time at different locations, defining transit times from the LIW source region east of Rhodes. The ages show an upward trend with the time elapsed since the surface-water tritium maximum, which arises because the repeated observations represent increasingly slower moving parts of the full transit time spectrum of LIW. The transit time dispersion found by this new application of tritium-3He dating is considerable. We find mean transit times of 12 &pm; 2 yr up to the Strait of Sicily, 18 &pm; 3 yr up to the Tyrrhenian Sea, and 22 &pm; 4 yr up into the Western Mediterranean. We furthermore present full Eastern Mediterranean sections of terrigenic 3He and tritium-3He age in 1987, the latter one similarly showing an effect of the transit time dispersion. We conclude that the available tritium and 3He data, in particular if combined with other tracer data, are useful for constraining the subsurface circulation and mixing of the Mediterranean Sea.

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30

Trochonowicz, Maciej, and Katarzyna Drobek. "Methods of protection and the state of preservation of the walls topping of Gothic brick castles." Budownictwo i Architektura 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 067–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.3319.

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This article is an analysis of methods of securing historic walls in objects in the form of so-called permanent ruins. The research group consists of the brick Gothic castles of Mazovia in Ciechanów, Czersk, Liw and Sochaczew. Based on the analysis of documentation and our research, the effectiveness of the solutions applied in 4 different technological variants was evaluated. The state of preservation of the introduced solutions after several years of work was also assessed. The entire study was summarised in a table and conclusions were drawn.

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Corana, A., A. Casaleggio, C. Rolando, and S. Ridella. "Efficient computation of the correlation dimension from a time series on a LIW computer." Parallel Computing 17, no. 6-7 (September 1991): 809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8191(05)80068-7.

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32

Puillat, I., R. Sorgente, A. Ribotti, S. Natale, and V. Echevin. "Westward branching of LIW induced by Algerian anticyclonic eddies close to the Sardinian slope." Chemistry and Ecology 22, sup1 (August 2006): S293—S305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757540600670760.

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33

Woliński, Paweł. "Budowa elektrociepłowni na biogaz o mocy elektrycznej 0,999 MW w Tończy (gm. Liw, powiat węgrowski)." WIADOMOŚCI ELEKTROTECHNICZNE 1, no. 8 (August 9, 2016): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/74.2016.8.4.

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De Maio, A., M. Moretti, E. Sansone, and G. Spezie. "Seasonal salinity variations of the LIW entering into the South Tyrrhenian Sea (October 1986–August 1988)." Il Nuovo Cimento C 13, no. 4 (July 1990): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02507965.

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35

Huang, Wei, Xuhui Lai, Honghai Wang, Shouyuan Zhao, Jinhu Guo, and Chaoqun Wu. "Identification and Characterization of LIW, a Novel Domain Involved in Animal NCKIPSDs and Some Uncharacterized Fungal Proteins." Biochemical Genetics 44, no. 3-4 (May 12, 2006): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10528-006-9014-5.

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36

Scharett, Emma, Snehal Lopes, Hunter Rogers, Ayush Bhargava1, Amal Ponathil, Kapil Chalil Madathil, and Cheryl Dye. "An Investigation of Information Sought by Caregivers of Alzheimer’s Patients on Online Peer-Support Groups." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601925.

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Alzheimer’s caregivers seek social support through online communities to deal with their issues. The research team conducted a content analysis of ALZConnected.org to investigate the characteristics of information searched by caregivers and responses received. Two-hundred fifty posts and related responses were randomly selected and analyzed using a classification tool derived from the analysis of 500 posts and related responses spanning a yearlong period. The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIW C) generated an average tone rating of 25.94 for the posts and 52.69 for the responses. The findings highlighted the caregiver’s need for emotional support (59.6%), and confusion about Alzheimer’s symptoms (12%). Most responses suggested informational resources (40.16%) and advised to seek professional assistance (21.31%). One of the key needs identified to inform future design of an Alzheimer’s Caregiver Forum was a design sensitive to the capabilities of its elder user audience.

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Dubois-Dauphin, Quentin, Paolo Montagna, Giuseppe Siani, Eric Douville, Claudia Wienberg, Dierk Hebbeln, Zhifei Liu, et al. "Hydrological variations of the intermediate water masses of the western Mediterranean Sea during the past 20 ka inferred from neodymium isotopic composition in foraminifera and cold-water corals." Climate of the Past 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-17-2017.

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Abstract. We present the neodymium isotopic composition (εNd) of mixed planktonic foraminifera species from a sediment core collected at 622 m water depth in the Balearic Sea, as well as εNd of scleractinian cold-water corals (CWC; Madrepora oculata, Lophelia pertusa) retrieved between 280 and 442 m water depth in the Alboran Sea and at 414 m depth in the southern Sardinian continental margin. The aim is to constrain hydrological variations at intermediate depths in the western Mediterranean Sea during the last 20 kyr. Planktonic (Globigerina bulloides) and benthic (Cibicidoides pachyderma) foraminifera from the Balearic Sea were also analyzed for stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopes. The foraminiferal and coral εNd values from the Balearic and Alboran seas are comparable over the last ∼ 13 kyr, with mean values of −8.94 ± 0.26 (1σ; n = 24) and −8.91 ± 0.18 (1σ; n = 25), respectively. Before 13 ka BP, the foraminiferal εNd values are slightly lower (−9.28 ± 0.15) and tend to reflect higher mixing between intermediate and deep waters, which are characterized by more unradiogenic εNd values. The slight εNd increase after 13 ka BP is associated with a decoupling in the benthic foraminiferal δ13C composition between intermediate and deeper depths, which started at ∼ 16 ka BP. This suggests an earlier stratification of the water masses and a subsequent reduced contribution of unradiogenic εNd from deep waters. The CWC from the Sardinia Channel show a much larger scatter of εNd values, from −8.66 ± 0.30 to −5.99 ± 0.50, and a lower average (−7.31 ± 0.73; n = 19) compared to the CWC and foraminifera from the Alboran and Balearic seas, indicative of intermediate waters sourced from the Levantine basin. At the time of sapropel S1 deposition (10.2 to 6.4 ka), the εNd values of the Sardinian CWC become more unradiogenic (−8.38 ± 0.47; n = 3 at ∼ 8.7 ka BP), suggesting a significant contribution of intermediate waters originated from the western basin. We propose that western Mediterranean intermediate waters replaced the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW), and thus there was a strong reduction of the LIW during the mid-sapropel ( ∼ 8.7 ka BP). This observation supports a notable change of Mediterranean circulation pattern centered on sapropel S1 that needs further investigation to be confirmed.

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Wang, Huimin, and Yuliang Wang. "High-Velocity Impact Welding Process: A Review." Metals 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020144.

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High-velocity impact welding is a kind of solid-state welding process that is one of the solutions for the joining of dissimilar materials that avoids intermetallics. Five main methods have been developed to date. These are gas gun welding (GGW), explosive welding (EXW), magnetic pulse welding (MPW), vaporizing foil actuator welding (VFAW), and laser impact welding (LIW). They all share a similar welding mechanism, but they also have different energy sources and different applications. This review mainly focuses on research related to the experimental setups of various welding methods, jet phenomenon, welding interface characteristics, and welding parameters. The introduction states the importance of high-velocity impact welding in the joining of dissimilar materials. The review of experimental setups provides the current situation and limitations of various welding processes. Jet phenomenon, welding interface characteristics, and welding parameters are all related to the welding mechanism. The conclusion and future work are summarized.

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Sari, Eka Purnama. "ANALISIS KOMPARATIF KINERJA KEUANGAN BERBASIS TINGKAT STRUKTUR MODAL PADA PERUSAHAAN PERTAMBANGAN SUB SEKTOR BATU BARA YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA." Accumulated Journal (Accounting and Management Research Edition) 3, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.22303/accumulated.3.2.2021.162-172.

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Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah agar dapat mengetahui perbandingan antara kinerja keuangan perusahaan yang dilihat dari struktur modal di Perusahaan Pertambangan Sub Sektor Batu Bara yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2017-2019. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode purposive sampling dengan beberapa kriteria. Populasi sebanyak 25 perusahaan dan sampel yang digunakan hanya sebanyak 20 perusahaan sesuai dengan kriteria yang telah ditentukan. Dalam penelitian ini analsis yang digunakan adalah metode uji independent t test. Hasil dari uji ini menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan yang memiliki high leverage dan liw leverage yang menggunakan tolak ukur Return On Equity 9ROE), Total Asset Turnover (TATO) tidak adanya perbadaan yang signifikan. Namun untuk tolak ukur Current Ratio menunjukkan hasil berbeda untuk perusahaan yang high leverage dan low leverage. Maka dari itu perusahaan dianjurkan untuk meningkatkan kembali kinerja keuangan untuk memperoleh hasil yang lebih baik dan optimal.

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Isapour, A., D. Bahloul, and A. B. Kouki. "A comparative study on four different transmission lines in LTCC for 60 GHz applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2016, CICMT (May 1, 2016): 000191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2016cicmt-tha22.

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Abstract The wireless telecommunication systems have an undeniable role in today's society. The rapid progress of wireless services and applications accelerates demands for high data-rate reliable systems. The 60 GHz band with its 5 GHz globally unlicensed available spectrum, provides a great opportunity for the next generation of high data-rate wireless communication. Despite this attractive bandwidth surrounding 60 GHz, there are still many challenges to be addressed such as the loss performance and the integration with other systems. Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) technology, with its unique and mature multilayer fabrication process, has excellent capability of realizing miniaturized 3D low loss structures to overcome these challenges. Since, one of the key components in any communication system for both interconnecting and designing components is Low loss transmission lines, in this article we overview the performances and challenges for four different most practical transmission lines at 60 GHz in LTCC: Microstrip, Stripline, Coplanar Waveguide (CPW), and LTCC Integrated Waveguide (LIW).

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Millot, C., and I. Taupier-Letage. "Additional evidence of LIW entrainment across the Algerian subbasin by mesoscale eddies and not by a permanent westward flow." Progress in Oceanography 66, no. 2-4 (August 2005): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.03.002.

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42

Gu, Yu Xuan, Xiao Wang, Er Shu Hao, Yuan Yuan Zheng, Tang Biao Qiu, You Juan Ma, and Hui Xia Liu. "Experimental Study on Laser Impact Welding of Dissimilar Metals." Key Engineering Materials 621 (August 2014): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.621.19.

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Laser impact welding (LIW) is a novel welding technique which uses laser induced shock waves to obtain the solid-state and metallurgical bonding between flyer and base plates, and can be applied in welding of dissimilar metal plates in micron level. In this paper, experimental study is conducted with titanium as the flyer plate and aluminum as the base plate under different laser energies and laser spot diameters. Besides, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welding joints are also investigated. The wavy interface is observed by metallographic investigation which is similar to explosive welding and electromagnetic pulse welding. Moreover, the micro-hardness taken from the interface region shows an obvious improvement compared with the base metal. It is also found that laser shock welding results in fine grained structure of titanium on the weld interface. In conclusion, laser shock welding can not only improve the material microstructure of weld interface, but also avoid the heat affected zone and formation of intermetallic phase during dissimilar metal welding. Therefore, it is a promising welding technology in the field of MEMS.

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Hainbucher, D., V. Cardin, G. Siena, U. Hübner, M. Moritz, U. Drübbisch, and F. Basan. "Hydrography in the Mediterranean Sea during a cruise with RV POSEIDON in April 2014." Earth System Science Data Discussions 8, no. 1 (May 13, 2015): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-8-427-2015.

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Abstract. We report on data from an oceanographic cruise in the Mediterranean Sea on the German research vessel POSEIDON in April 2014. Data were taken on a west–east section starting at the Strait of Gibraltar and ending south-east of Crete as well on sections in the Ionian and Adriatic Sea. The objectives of the cruise were twofold; long-term variations of the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and the deep water masses of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea were investigated. The measurements include salinity, temperature, oxygen and currents and were conducted with a CTD/rosette system, an underway CTD and an ADCP. The sections are on tracks which have been sampled during several other cruises, thus supporting the opportunity to investigate the long term temporal development of the different variables. The use of an underway CTD made it possible to conduct measurements of temperature and salinity with a high resolution of 6 nm and a vertical resolution of 1 dbar for the upper 800 m of the water column.

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Ahumada, M. A., and A. Cruzado. "Modeling of the circulation in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea with the Princeton Ocean Model." Ocean Science 3, no. 1 (February 9, 2007): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-3-77-2007.

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Abstract. The Princeton Ocean Model – POM (Blumberg and Mellor, 1987) has been implemented in the Northwestern Mediterranean nested (in one-way off-line mode) to a general circulation model of the Mediterranean Sea – OGCM (Pinardi and Masetti, 2000; Demirov and Pinardi, 2002) in order to investigate if this model configuration is capable of reproducing the major features of the circulation as known from observations and to improve what has been made by previous numerical modeling works. According to the model results, the large-scale cyclonic circulation in the northern part of the Northwestern Mediterranean is, at least in the upper layers, less coherent in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. Furthermore, there is evidence that the mesoscale structure (eddies and meanders) is, during all year, a significant dynamic characteristic in this region of the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, concerning the circulation in the lower layers, the model results have confirmed that Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) follow essentially a cyclonic path during all year.

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Umemoto, Kanae, Munekazu Naito, Kaori Tano, Hayato Terayama, Taro Koike, Mika Ohmichi, Yusuke Ohmichi, Kou Sakabe, and Takashi Nakano. "Acupuncture Point “Hegu” (LI4) Is Close to the Vascular Branch from the Superficial Branch of the Radial Nerve." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (June 25, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6879076.

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The acupuncture point “Hegu” (LI4) has been used for treating peripheral circulatory failure, which is located in the area covered by the superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN). SBRN has branches reaching arteries, so-called vascular branches (VBs), which are thought to be involved in the arterial constriction. The distribution areas of the VBs from the SBRN have been reported, but the positional relationship between these distribution areas and the acupuncture points are not known. To examine the positional relationship between LI4 and VBs from the SBRN, forty hands were examined to assess the positional relationship between the acupuncture points “Erjian” (LI2), “Sanjian” (LI3), LI4, and “Yangxi” (LI5) in the Yangming Large Intestine Meridian of Hand, which are located in the area covered by SBRN, and the VBs from the SBRN. After the VBs were identified, the distances from the acupuncture points (LI2, LI3, LI4, and LI5) to the point where the VBs reached the radial artery or the first dorsal metacarpal artery were measured. VBs reaching the radial arteries were observed in all specimens. The mean distances from LI2, LI3, LI4, and LI5 to the point where the VBs reached the radial artery were 64.2 ± 8.2 mm, 42.0 ± 7.5 mm, 4.3 ± 4.3 mm, and 33.0 ± 4.8 mm, respectively. LI4 was significantly closer than the other acupuncture points (P<0.01). The nerve fibers of the VBs adjacent to the radial artery were confirmed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Our findings provide anatomical evidence that stimulation at LI4 is used for treating peripheral circulatory failure such as Raynaud’s disease. LI4 is significant because it is located at a source point, making it clinically important.

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Hainbucher, D., V. Cardin, G. Siena, U. Hübner, M. Moritz, U. Drübbisch, and F. Basan. "Hydrography in the Mediterranean Sea during a cruise with RV Poseidon in April 2014." Earth System Science Data 7, no. 2 (September 3, 2015): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-231-2015.

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Abstract. We report on data from an oceanographic cruise in the Mediterranean Sea on the German research vessel Poseidon in April 2014. Data were taken on a west–east section, starting at the Strait of Gibraltar and ending south-east of Crete, as well on sections in the Ionian and Adriatic Sea. The objectives of the cruise were threefold: to contribute to the investigation of the spatial evolution of the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) properties and of the deep water masses in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and to investigate the mesoscale variability of the upper water column. The measurements include salinity, temperature, oxygen and currents and were conducted with a conductivity, temperature and depth(CTD)/rosette system, an underway CTD and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The sections are on tracks which have been sampled during several other cruises, thus supporting the opportunity to investigate the long-term temporal development of the different variables. The use of an underway CTD made it possible to conduct measurements of temperature and salinity with a high horizontal spacing of 6 nm between stations and a vertical spacing of 1 dbar for the upper 800 m of the water column.

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Bonanno, A., F. Placenti, G. Basilone, R. Mifsud, S. Genovese, B. Patti, M. Di Bitetto, et al. "Variability of water mass properties in the Strait of Sicily in summer period of 1998–2013." Ocean Science Discussions 11, no. 2 (March 13, 2014): 811–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-11-811-2014.

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Abstract. The Strait of Sicily plays a crucial role in determining the water mass exchanges and related properties between western and eastern Mediterranean. The presence of sills to the east and west of the Strait of Sicily and the complex seabed topography modulate the thermohaline circulation of the Mediterranean basin. An anti-estuarine circulation is mainly characterized, from a dynamic point of view, by a two-layer system: a surface layer composed of Atlantic Water (AW) flowing eastward, essentially dominated by mesoscale processes, and a subsurface layer composed of Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) flowing in the opposite direction; the topography appears to play an important role. Furthermore, there are transition water masses with variable hydrological characteristics. The dataset here studied is a time series 16 years long (1998–2013), which highlights the high horizontal and vertical interannual variability affecting the study area. Strong temperature-salinity correlations, in the intermediate layer, for specific time intervals, could be linked to the reversal of sub-surface circulation in the Central Ionian Sea. Moreover, a long-term monitoring of the hydrographic properties of water masses across this strait allow the modelers to assess the performance of hydrological models of this area.

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Wadekar, PR, and SD Gangane. "Study of variations in the pelvicalyceal system of kidney and its clinical importance." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 8, no. 3 (September 20, 2013): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v8i3.8681.

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Objective The present study has been undertaken to study the variations in renal pelvicalyceal system, to compare them with previous studies and to find their clinical implications. Materials and Methods A total of 100 kidneys (from 50 cadavers) were included in this study. The following parameters were measured 1)Lower Infundibular length, 2)Infundibular Width – Lower Infundibular Width (LIW), Middle Infundibular Width (MIW), Upper Infundibular Width (UIW), 3)Number of minor calyces and 4)Number of major calyces. Results The obtained data showed that there were numerous variations not only in the numbers of calyces of kidneys but also in the infundibular length and width. Conclusion Developments in endourology, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and techniques for retrograde percutaneous nephrostomy have rekindled interest in the anatomy of the renal collecting system. To perform these procedures safely and efficiently it is essential to have a clear understanding of pelvicalyceal anatomy and its variations. Thus the in-depth knowledge of pelvicalyceal anatomy will be of immense value to the clinicians of related specialties. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2012, Vol-8, No-3, 17-21 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v8i3.8681

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Sorgente, R., A. F. Drago, and A. Ribotti. "Seasonal variability in the Central Mediterranean Sea circulation." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2003): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-299-2003.

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Abstract. A high resolution eddy-resolving primitive equation numerical model, based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), is used to study the seasonal variability of the general circulation in the Central Mediterranean Sea. The model is run on a seasonal cycle, perpetual year simulation for five years, with nesting to the coarser resolution Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM), covering the whole Mediterranean Sea. The model results are compared to the current knowledge on the hydrography and dynamics of the area, with a special focus on the annual cycle of the Modified Atlantic Water (MAW), on the circulation in the Sardinia Channel, the water exchange across the Strait of Sicily, and on the transition and fate of the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). The results show that the adopted coupling techniques between the two models give a proficient downscaling of the large-scale OGCM flow field into the regional scale model. The numerical solution is also used to highlight the seasonal characteristics of important dynamical features in the area, as well as to shed light on the scarcely known circulation regimes along the north African shelf and slope. Key words. Oceanography: general (numerical modelling); Oceanography: physical (currents; general circulation)

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Bonanno, A., F. Placenti, G. Basilone, R. Mifsud, S. Genovese, B. Patti, M. Di Bitetto, et al. "Variability of water mass properties in the Strait of Sicily in summer period of 1998–2013." Ocean Science 10, no. 5 (October 2, 2014): 759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-10-759-2014.

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Abstract. The Strait of Sicily plays a crucial role in determining the water-mass exchanges and related properties between the western and eastern Mediterranean. Hydrographic measurements carried out from 1998 to 2013 allowed the identification of the main water masses present in the Strait of Sicily: a surface layer composed of Atlantic water (AW) flowing eastward, intermediate and deep layers mainly composed of Levantine intermediate water (LIW), and transitional eastern Mediterranean deep water (tEMDW) flowing in the opposite direction. Furthermore, for the first time, the signature of intermittent presence of western intermediate water (WIW) is also highlighted in the northwestern part of the study area (12.235° E, 37.705° N). The excellent area coverage allowed to highlight the high horizontal and vertical inter-annual variability affecting the study area and also to recognize the permanent character of the main mesoscale phenomena present in the surface water layer. Moreover, strong temperature-salinity correlations in the intermediate layer, for specific time intervals, seem to be linked to the reversal of surface circulation in the central Ionian Sea. The analysis of CTD data in deeper water layer indicates the presence of a large volume of tEMDW in the Strait of Sicily during the summers of 2006 and 2009.

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Journal articles on the topic 'LIW'

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