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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Livorno (Italy)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Livorno (Italy)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Livorno (Italy)"

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Lafarga, Tomás, Carlo Pieroni, Giuliana D’Imporzano, Lorenzo Maggioni, Fabrizio Adani, and Gabriel Acién. "Consumer Attitudes towards Microalgae Production and Microalgae-Based Agricultural Products: The Cases of Almería (Spain) and Livorno (Italy)." ChemEngineering 5, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5020027.

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The production of microalgal biomass and products derived thereof for a wide variety of applications is a hot research topic, with the number of facilities being built and products and biologically active molecules launched into the market increasing every year. The aim of the current study was to identify the attitudes of citizens in Almería (Spain) and Livorno (Italy) towards the construction of a microalgae production plant and a biorefinery in their cities and also their opinions about the microalgae-based products that could be produced. Overall, in Almería (Spain), a NIMBY (not in my back yard) attitude towards the construction of a microalgal production facility and especially towards a microalgal biorefinery was observed, despite the strong microalgal industry in the region and the higher knowledge of citizens about microalgae. In both locations, but especially in Livorno (Italy), microalgae-based biostimulants, biofertilisers, and aquafeeds were well accepted. Proximity was the main factor affecting the acceptance of a microalgae producing facility. Consumer knowledge about microalgal biotechnology and the health and environmental benefits of this valuable raw material are scarce, and opinions are based on drivers other than knowledge. After gaining more knowledge about microalgal biorefineries, most of the responses in Almería (47%) and Livorno (61%) were more positive.

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Buishand, TA, and T. Brandsma. "Dependence of precipitation on temperature at Florence and Livorno (Italy)." Climate Research 12 (1999): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr012053.

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Capecchi, Valerio, Andrea Antonini, Riccardo Benedetti, Luca Fibbi, Samantha Melani, Luca Rovai, Antonio Ricchi, and Diego Cerrai. "Assimilating X- and S-Band Radar Data for a Heavy Precipitation Event in Italy." Water 13, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131727.

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During the night between 9 and 10 September 2017, multiple flash floods associated with a heavy-precipitation event affected the town of Livorno, located in Tuscany, Italy. Accumulated precipitation exceeding 200 mm in two hours was recorded. This rainfall intensity is associated with a return period of higher than 200 years. As a consequence, all the largest streams of the Livorno municipality flooded several areas of the town. We used the limited-area weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, in a convection-permitting setup, to reconstruct the extreme event leading to the flash floods. We evaluated possible forecasting improvements emerging from the assimilation of local ground stations and X- and S-band radar data into the WRF, using the configuration operational at the meteorological center of Tuscany region (LaMMA) at the time of the event. Simulations were verified against weather station observations, through an innovative method aimed at disentangling the positioning and intensity errors of precipitation forecasts. A more accurate description of the low-level flows and a better assessment of the atmospheric water vapor field showed how the assimilation of radar data can improve quantitative precipitation forecasts.

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Cartoni Mancinelli, Alice, Alessandro Franzoni, Alessandro Dal Bosco, Achille Schiavone, Federica Mannelli, Margherita Marzoni, and Cesare Castellini. "Distribution and consistency of Ancona and Livorno poultry breed in Central Italy." Italian Journal of Animal Science 19, no. 1 (November 13, 2020): 1297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2020.1842814.

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Goracci, Enzo, and Giampaolo Goracci. "Ragweed (Ambrosia) pollen presence in Livorno, Central Italy: Aerobiological and sensitization data." Aerobiologia 12, no. 1 (December 1996): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02248139.

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Goracci, Enzo, and Giampaolo Goracci. "Ragweed (Ambrosia) pollen presence in Livorno, Central Italy: Aerobiological and sensitization data." Aerobiologia 12, no. 2 (July 1996): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02446607.

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Lezzerini, Marco, Jacopo Civita, Andrea Aquino, and Stefano Pagnotta. "Marbles from Castagneto Carducci Area (Tuscany, Italy)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012122.

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Abstract In this work, marbles from Castagneto Carducci (Livorno province, Tuscany), which originated by contact metamorphism of the Calcare Massiccio Fm., an Early Jurassic limestone belonging to the Tuscan Sequence, were studied for determining their chemical, mineralogical and petrographic characteristics, and the main physical and mechanical properties. Forty marble samples were sampled and analysed; they are from two inactive quarries on the NW and NE slopes of the Mt. Romitorino, and from natural outcrops in the vicinity of the quarries. The analysed rocks are marbles with high calcite content (> 98% by weight). Optical microscopy observations showed Castagneto Carducci marbles generally have a heteroblastic/granoblastic texture with crystal boundaries from curved-right to lobate. The maximum grain size of the calcite crystals ranges from 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm. The determination of the main physical and mechanical properties of the analysed marbles showed that these rocks are characterised by low porosity and, in general, good physical and mechanical properties.

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Pasquinelli, Paolo. "Lichen Transplantation on Polyporales Fungi. An Attempt to Verify the Compatibility after Translocation from a Hill Forest to Anthropized City Parks at Livorno (Tuscany, Italy)." Archives of Agriculture Research and Technology (AART) 4, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/aart/1044.

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The transplantation of genus Cladonia terricolous lichens on Polyporales parasitic xylophagous fungi was attempted. Three species of Cladonia (C. pyxidata, C. rangiformis, C. foliacea) have been moved (translocated) from Livorno hill woods (Tuscany, Italy) to some public Livorno parks which suffer by an excessive anthropization. After a short period (a week) of adaptation to the new environment we transplanted thirteen specimens of Cladonia lichens on four different species of Polyporales fungi (Fomitopis betulina, Phellinus torulosus, Stereum hirsutum and Ganoderma applanatum) identified on the trees of the parks. The transplants obtained good engraftment and every periodic qualitative control showed a persistent photosynthetic activity even eight months after the start. Only one transplant (on Ganoderma applanatum) failed due by the toxicity of a secretion after incision. These observations lead us to consider those experiments as a demonstration of the compatibility of the implied tissues on transplantation and also allow us to introduce the difference of the term transplantation (the insert of an organism to another) from the often-confused translocation (relocation of an organism in different habitat). Future checks will indicate how and for how long this artificial association complex might persist.

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Federico, Stefano, Rosa Claudia Torcasio, Elenio Avolio, Olivier Caumont, Mario Montopoli, Luca Baldini, Gianfranco Vulpiani, and Stefano Dietrich. "The impact of lightning and radar reflectivity factor data assimilation on the very short-term rainfall forecasts of RAMS@ISAC: application to two case studies in Italy." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 8 (August 23, 2019): 1839–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1839-2019.

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Abstract. In this paper, we study the impact of lightning and radar reflectivity factor data assimilation on the precipitation VSF (very short-term forecast, 3 h in this study) for two severe weather events that occurred in Italy. The first case refers to a moderate and localized rainfall over central Italy that occurred on 16 September 2017. The second case occurred on 9 and 10 September 2017 and was very intense and caused damages in several geographical areas, especially in Livorno (Tuscany) where nine people died. The first case study was missed by several operational forecasts, including that performed by the model used in this paper, while the Livorno case was partially predicted by operational models. We use the RAMS@ISAC model (Regional Atmospheric Modelling System at Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the Italian National Research Council), whose 3D-Var extension to the assimilation of radar reflectivity factor is shown in this paper for the first time. Results for the two cases show that the assimilation of lightning and radar reflectivity factor, especially when used together, have a significant and positive impact on the precipitation forecast. For specific time intervals, the data assimilation is of practical importance for civil protection purposes because it changes a missed forecast of intense precipitation (≥40 mm in 3 h) to a correct one. While there is an improvement of the rainfall VSF thanks to the lightning and radar reflectivity factor data assimilation, its usefulness is partially reduced by the increase in false alarms, especially when both datasets are assimilated.

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Nardi, Samanta, Federico Puccini Leoni, Viola Monticelli, Valentina Virginia Ebani, Fabrizio Bertelloni, Margherita Marzoni, Francesca Mancianti, Simonetta Citi, and Giovanni Barsotti. "Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)." Animals 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 2987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102987.

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Given the abundance of chickens in Italy, it is important for veterinarians to know the normal state of chickens’ eyes in order to identify any ophthalmic pathological changes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal values of select ocular parameters and to evaluate conjunctival microflora in two Italian chicken breeds. Sixty-six healthy chickens underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included a phenol red thread test (PRTT) for the evaluation of tear production and the assessment of intraocular pressure by rebound tonometry. B-mode ultrasound biometric measurements and conjunctival microflora identification were also performed in twenty-seven chickens. Mean PRTT was 23.77 ± 2.99 mm/15 s in the Livorno breed and 19.95 ± 2.81 mm/15 s in the Siciliana breed. Mean intraocular pressure was 14.3 ± 1.17 mmHg in the Livorno breed and 14.06 ± 1.15 mmHg in the Siciliana breed. Reference ranges for morphometric parameters were reported in the two breeds. Twenty-three chickens (85.18%) were bacteriologically positive. Chlamydia spp. antigen was detected in 14.81% of chickens. No positive cultures were obtained for fungi. Normal reference range values for selected ophthalmic parameters were obtained in clinically healthy chickens, which could facilitate accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in these animals.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Livorno (Italy)"

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Fantozzi, Chiara. "Disordine e disonore nell'occupazione alleata : Livorno (1944-1947)." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86050.

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VLAMI, Despina. "Business, community, and ethnic identity : the Greek merchants of Livorno, 1700-1900." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6008.

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Defence date: 28 May 1996
Examining board: Angiolini Franco, University of Pisa (supervisor) ; Delille Gerard, EUI ; Dertilis George University of Athens (co-supervisor) ; Papataxiarhis Efthimios, University of Aegean, Rowland Robert ISCTE Lisbon
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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GRENET, Mathieu. "La fabrique communautaire : les Grecs à Venise, Livourne et Marseille, v.1770-v.1830." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14698.

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Defence date: 06/09/2010
Examining Board: Prof. Brigitte Marin (Université Aix-Marseille I - M.M.S.H.) Prof. Anthony Molho (EUI) - supervisor Prof. Antonella Romano (EUI) Prof. Francesca Trivellato (Yale University)
The point of departure for this dissertation is a historical, epistemological and methodological discussion of the notion of “community”. Based on a comparative approach to the three cases of the Greeks in Venice, Livorno and Marseilles from the age of the “Greek Enlightenment” (c. 1770) up until the birth of an independent Neohellenic state (1830), this study aims to challenge the conventional image of early modern foreign communities as homogeneous and inclusive groups, by rendering the complex, diverse, and often contradictory trajectories of groups and individuals that formed what we know as “the Greek Diaspora”. Paying special attention to issues such as the administrative control of the migrants, the collective uses of urban space, and the sharing of socio-cultural practices, it reconstructs the multi-layered background that supported the expression of communal identities among the Greeks in Venice, Livorno and Marseilles. By recasting the three cases under scrutiny within the wider context of the many connections and relations that existed among them, the dissertation stresses the ways in which the entanglement of mercantile, migratory and family networks came to “shape” the Greek Diaspora as a space both physical and socio-symbolical. Conversely, and in a micro-historical perspective, it also analyses the role played by the “communal institutions” (namely the Greek-Orthodox churches and brotherhoods) in shaping collective identities and governing plural and heterogeneous social groups, as well as the many types of reaction and resistance to this progressive “institutionalisation” of community life. Lastly, a case-study on the ambiguous involvement of the Greeks in Venice, Livorno and Marseilles in the Greek war of independence (1821-1830), sheds light on the complex issue of the “patriotism of the expatriates”, and argues for an essential distinction between the making of communal identity, and that of national (or even “proto-national”) consciousness.
Ce travail se présente comme une enquête sur la « communauté », entendue à la fois comme construction socioculturelle et comme catégorie d’analyse. L’armature théorique et méthodologique de l’étude repose sur l’articulation dialectique entre ces deux grilles de lectures. D’une part, une analyse historique et contextualisée d’un « fait communautaire » entendu à la fois comme groupe social, comme corps juridico-politique, comme ensemble de pratiques sociales et culturelles, et comme construction politique et symbolique. D’autre part, une discussion critique des outils et méthodes de la recherche autour de la question de la communauté, qui apparaît comme indissociable d’une réflexion plus large – et transdisciplinaire – sur la nature du lien social. L’observatoire choisi est celui des colonies grecques de Venise, Livourne et Marseille, depuis les années 1770 (marquées par l’émergence d’une « bourgeoisie commerciale grecque » particulièrement active dans le contexte de la diaspora), jusqu’à l’indépendance de l’Etat néohellénique en 1830. Reprenant une périodisation classique de l’historiographie grecque moderne, ce découpage chronologique propose d’en discuter de l’intérieur la pertinence et la cohérence. Il s’agit ainsi de saisir les continuités du phénomène communautaire grec par-delà les ruptures politiques classiques de l’histoire grecque moderne (par exemple en incluant dans la période étudiée la guerre d’indépendance grecque et l’émergence consécutive d’un Etat-nation hellénique), et ce pour mieux débusquer et interroger les impensés des constructions historiographiques non seulement antérieures, mais aussi actuelles, des objets étudiés (ainsi de la diaspora grecque comme « laboratoire » de l’indépendance hellénique à venir). Le régime de la comparaison constitue ici une proposition méthodologique face à l’alternative classique entre l’étude d’une diaspora dans son ensemble, et celle d’une communauté en particulier. La multiplication des points d’observation sur le phénomène diasporique permet en effet de contourner l’obstacle d’une irréductibilité des approches macro et micro, tout en saisissant une partie des flux et des mouvements qui structurent l’espace diasporique et lie les communautés les unes aux autres. Elle permet aussi de poser au centre du questionnement le problème des frontières des groupes étudiés, en pointant la labilité des catégories comme des définitions, et donc de révoquer les modèles logiques abstraits et totalisants, pour interroger les relations et les identités sous un angle praxéologique.

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Books on the topic "Livorno (Italy)"

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Sanacore, Massimo. Livorno: Lo Scoglio della Regina. Pistoia: Gli ori, 2017.

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Viani, Andrea. Il Telegrafo di Giovanni Ansaldo (1936- 1943). Livorno, Italia: Belforte, 1998.

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1858-1939, Liegi Ulvi, ed. Ulvi Liegi: Monumenti del postimpressionismo in Toscana. Firenze: Mauro Pagliai, 2007.

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Laurentini, Giuliano. Biblioteca dei Cappuccini di Livorno: Manoscritti-edizioni secc. XV-XVI. Firenze: Biblioteca provinciale dei Cappuccini, 1992.

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Museo della Città di Livorno: Contemporary art section : guide. Livorno: Sillabe, 2021.

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Dora, Liscia Bemporad, ed. Fili di storia: Il patrimonio tessile della Nazione Ebrea di Livorno. Livorno: Sillabe, 2006.

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(Italy), Accademia navale, ed. Navi scuola a Livorno: L'Accademia navale e la cantieristica livornese. Livorno: Sillabe, 2007.

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Gianfranco, Magonzi, Pierleoni Michele, Cavallo Luigi, and Galleria d'arte "Athena" (Livorno, Italy), eds. Il Caffè Bardi di Livorno, 1909-1921: Le arti all'incontro. Livorno: Galleria d'arte Athena, 2008.

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Laterra, Giovanni. Un pratese innamorato di Livorno: Giuseppe Valaperti e la nascita di Prato a Mare e dello stadio comunale. [Livorno, Italy]: Erasmo, 2009.

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Lucarelli, Vasco. Vieni da me sul monte: Storia dei grandi pellegrinaggi al santuario di Montenero. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: San Paolo, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Livorno (Italy)"

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Arrighi, Chiara, and Fabio Castelli. "The 2017 Flash Flood of Livorno (Italy): Lessons Learnt from an Exceptional Hydrologic Event." In Advances in Natural Hazards and Hydrological Risks: Meeting the Challenge, 117–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34397-2_23.

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Davis, Ralph. "The Southern European and Mediterranean Trades." In The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 219–46. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497384.003.0011.

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This chapter explores trade between Britain, Southern Europe, and the Mediterranean during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In detail, it examines Spanish and Portuguese shipping and the wool and wine trades; the growth in corn trade quantities; trade with Italy and shipping from the port of Livorno; and the Levant company’s monopoly of the silk trade with Syria and Asia Minor. It includes shipping statistics and contemporary correspondence to provide a well-rounded representation of the international shipping trade between these nations.

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"CHAPTER 9. Hebrew Printing in Eighteenth-Century Livorno: From Government Control to a Free Market." In The Hebrew Book in Early Modern Italy, 171–96. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9780812205091.171.

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Antonucci, Anthony J. "Consuls and Consiglieri: United States Relations with the Italian States, 1790-1815." In Rough Waters, 77–100. Liverpool University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497346.003.0006.

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This chapter further explores the trade relationship between the United States and Italy during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars by examining the role of American consuls in the complex web of trade relationships between them. It investigates American consular records in attempt to determine how central their role was, and studies the way this role adapted over time. It provides case studies of the consulates of Livorno, Naples, and Sicily by analysing consul activity such as requests for military intervention against French authorities; negotiation tactics used to broker peace with monarchs and authority figures; connections made with local merchants; and the promotion of commerce. It concludes that despite the complexity of the role and the frequent changes to regime and personnel, American consuls established and developed political, social, and economic networks between America and Italy that benefitted American trade tremendously.

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Conference papers on the topic "Livorno (Italy)"

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Marchetti, D., G. D’Amato Avanzi, N. Sciarra, and M. Calista. "Slope stability modelling of a sandstone cliff south of Livorno (Tuscany, Italy)." In RISK ANALYSIS 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/risk080321.

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Allotta, Benedetto, Riccardo Costanzi, Enrico Meli, Alessandro Ridolfi, Luigi Chisci, Claudio Fantacci, Andrea Caiti, Francesco Di Corato, and Davide Fenucci. "An Innovative Navigation Strategy for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: An Unscented Kalman Filter Based Approach." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46432.

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Developing reliable navigation strategies is mandatory in the field of Underwater Robotics and in particular for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) to ensure the correct achievement of a mission. Underwater navigation is still nowadays critical, e.g. due to lack of access to satellite navigation systems (e.g. the Global Positioning System, GPS): an AUV typically proceeds for long time intervals only relying on the measurements of its on-board sensors, without any communication with the outside environment. In this context, the filtering algorithm for the estimation of the AUV state is a key factor for the performance of the system; i.e. the filtering algorithm used to estimate the state of the AUV has to guarantee a satisfactory underwater navigation accuracy. In this paper, the authors present an underwater navigation system which exploits measurements from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Doppler Velocity Log (DVL) and a Pressure Sensor (PS) for the depth, and relies on either an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) or an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) for state estimation. A comparison between the EKF approach, classically adopted in the field of underwater robotics and the UKF is given. These navigation algorithms have been experimentally validated through the data related to some sea tests with the Typhoon class AUVs, designed and assembled by the Department of Industrial Engineering of the Florence University (DIEF) for exploration and surveillance of underwater archaeological sites in the framework of the THESAURUS and European ARROWS projects. The comparison results are significant as the two filtering strategies are based on the same process and sensors models. At this initial stage of the research activity, the navigation algorithms have been tested offline. The presented results rely on the experimental navigation data acquired during two different sea missions: in the first one, Typhoon AUV #1 navigated in a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) mode near Livorno, Italy, during the final demo of THESAURUS project (held in August 2013); in the latter Typhoon AUV #2 autonomously navigated near La Spezia in the framework of the NATO CommsNet13 experiment, Italy (held in September 2013). The achieved results demonstrate the effectiveness of both navigation algorithms and the superiority of the UKF without increasing the computational load. The algorithms are both affordable for online on-board AUV implementation and new tests at sea are planned for spring 2015.

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Brunetti, Iarno, Giovanni Riccio, Nicola Rossi, Alessandro Cappelletti, Lucia Bonelli, Alessandro Marini, Enrico Paganini, and Francesco Martelli. "Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Lean Hydrogen Combustion in a Premix Burner Prototype." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45623.

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The use of hydrogen as derived fuel for low emission gas turbine is a crucial issue of clean coal technology power plant based on IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) technology. Control of NOx emissions in gas turbines supplied by natural gas is effectively achieved by lean premixed combustion technology; conversely, its application to NOx emission reduction in high hydrogen content fuels is not a reliable practice yet. Since the hydrogen premixed flame is featured by considerably higher flame speed than natural gas, very high air velocity values are required to prevent flash-back phenomena, with obvious negative repercussions on combustor pressure drop. In this context, the characterization of hydrogen lean premixed combustion via experimental and modeling analysis has a special interest for the development of hydrogen low NOx combustors. This paper describes the experimental and numerical investigations carried-out on a lean premixed burner prototype supplied by methane-hydrogen mixture with an hydrogen content up to 100%. The experimental activities were performed with the aim to collect practical data about the effect of the hydrogen content in the fuel on combustion parameters as: air velocity flash-back limit, heat release distribution, NOx emissions. This preliminary data set represents the starting point for a more ambitious project which foresees the upgrading of the hydrogen gas turbine combustor installed by ENEL in Fusina (Italy). The same data will be used also for building a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model usable for assisting the design of the upgraded combustor. Starting from an existing heavy-duty gas turbine burner, a burner prototype was designed by means of CFD modeling and hot-wire measurements. The geometry of the new premixer was defined in order to control turbulent phenomena that could promote the flame moving-back into the duct, to increase the premixer outlet velocity and to produce a stable central recirculation zone in front of the burner. The burner prototype was then investigated during a test campaign performed at the ENEL’s TAO test facility in Livorno (Italy) which allows combustion test at atmospheric pressure with application of optical diagnostic techniques. In-flame temperature profiles, pollutant emissions and OH* chemiluminescence were measured over a wide range of the main operating parameters for three fuels with different hydrogen content (0, 75% and 100% by vol.). Flame control on burner prototype fired by pure hydrogen was achieved by managing both the premixing degree and the air discharge velocity, affecting the NOx emissions and combustor pressure losses respectively. A CFD model of the above-mentioned combustion test rig was developed with the aim to validate the model prediction capabilities and to help the experimental data analysis. Detailed simulations, performed by a CFD 3-D RANS commercial code, were focused on air/fuel mixing process, temperature field, flame position and NOx emission estimation.

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