Dissertations / Theses: 'Living standards'

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Schneider, Eric B. "Studies in historical living standards and health : integrating the household and children into historical measures of living standards and health." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f2e55a37-c605-4aba-8a2e-3d699c6b82b7.

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This dissertation attempts to integrate the household and children more fluidly into measures of well-being in the past. In part one, I develop a Monte Carlo simulation to test some of the assumptions of Allen’s welfare ratio methodology. These included his assumptions that family size was constant over time, that there were no female-headed households and that women and children did not participate in the labour force. After all of the adjustments, it appears that Allen’s welfare ratios underestimate the welfare ratios of a demographically representative group of families, especially if women and children’s labour force participation is included. However, the predicted distributions also highlight the struggles of agricultural labourers, who are given separate consideration. Even the average agricultural labourers’ family with women and children working would have had to rely of self- provisioning, gleaning, poor relief or the extension of the working year to make ends meet at the poorest point in their family life cycle. Part two adjusts Floud et al.’s estimates of calorie availability in the English economy from 1700 to 1909 for the costs of digestion, pregnancy and lactation. Taken together, these three additional costs reduced the amount calories available by around 15 per cent in 1700 but only by 5 per cent in 1909 because of the changing composition of the English diet. Part three presents a new adaptive framework for studying changes in children’s growth patterns over time and a new methodology, longitudinal growth studies, for measuring gender disparities in health in the past. An adaptive framework for understanding growth provides a more parsimonious explanation for the vast catch-up growth achieved by slave children in the antebellum American South. The slave children were only able to achieve this catch-up growth because they were programmed for a tall height trajectory by relatively good conditions in utero. Finally, impoverished girls experienced greater catch-up growth than boys in two schools in late-nineteenth century Boston, USA and early-twentieth century London, suggesting that girls were deprived relative to boys before entering these institutions.

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Lumsdaine, Jennifer A. "Improving the standards of living donor kidney transplantation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29232.

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The aims of this thesis were to establish pattern of living donor assessment, selection criteria and follow-up practice throughout the United Kingdom; to measure the impact of living donor transplantation on quality of life and relationship issues for both donor and recipient; to ascertain if the act of donating a kidney causes short or long term physical or psychological harm to the donor; to determine the optimum follow-up practice for living donors and to explore if standards of living donor transplantation can be improved. Results showed that there remains variety in practice throughout the UK in procedures, although publication of national guidelines has provided a valuable framework. These studies have demonstrated that with rigorous donor assessment only those above UK average physical quality of life scores proceed to donation. The donors experience a transitory decrease in quality of life following the operation and have a small risk of major and a higher risk of minor complications. Longer term the donors are not compromised by physical or psychological difficulties and experience an improved relationship with the recipient. Annual follow-up is provided for those donors who wish to attend and the majority of donors do not worry about living with one kidney. The clinical benefits of living donor transplant for the recipient are well-recognised. The assessment process appears to preclude those who may suffer psychological impairment from receiving a kidney from a living donor in this study group. The recipient enjoys an improved quality of life and relationships with both the donor and other family members. Initial high level of concern about the donor decreases after the operation.

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Ibbott, Peter. "Intergenerational changes in the distribution of Canadian living standards." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0015/NQ27667.pdf.

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4

Cantillon, Sara. "Living standards within households : learning from non-monetary indicators." Thesis, University of Kent, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411944.

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This dissertation focuses on the distribution of resources within Irish households and the implications of that distribution for the living standards of different household members. In most research on living standards, income inequality and poverty, the assumption is made that individuals living in the same household have the same standard of living. If however, different individuals within households actually experience different levels of well-being, this could have major implications for our understanding of poverty. In particular, conventional practice could lead to the extent and nature of gender differences in the experience of poverty being understated, to poverty for some children being obscured, and to the capacity of policy to improve living standards being seriously impaired. Non-monetary indicators of living standards and deprivation are increasingly being used in measuring household poverty. This study demonstrates their use in exploring differences in living standards within households. The aim of the present study was to develop a set of indicators suitable for the investigation of differences in living standards within the household - both differences between adults in a given household, and between adults and children - and to apply these indicators empirically to Ireland. This involved first designing a module of survey questions and refining them through focus group discussions with women experiencing poverty and social exclusion. The resulting set of questions was then included in the 1999 round of the Living in Ireland Survey. Research has then been carried out on the responses to this innovative set of specially-designed questions, focused on bringing out the scale and nature of differences within the household and teasing out the influences on the intra-household distribution of resources. In particular it looked at the role a woman's independent income might play and also at the impact of the presence of another adult at the interview. The results are revealing both in the specific Irish context and more broadly, from a methodological and substantive point of view.

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Arroyo, Abad Leticia. "Failure to Launch: Cost of Living and Living Standards in Peru during the 19th Century." Economía, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117816.

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Based on a variety of archival sources, this paper presents estimations for cost of living and living standards for Lima, Peru during the 19th century. During this century Peru experienced deep swings in economic activity marked by the independence wars, the War of the Pacific, and a commodity boom. These new series show that a sizable inflationary period during the guano age had dampeningeffects on the living standards of the popular class. While living standards peaked by mid 1850s, GDP per capita did not do so until two decades later. These results suggest that the guano bonanza failed to lift working-class living standards above subsistence levels. Even though living standards climbed steadily, almost reaching those of England, all these gains were lost by the end of the century.
Basado en diversas fuentes primarias, este artículo presenta estimaciones del costo de vida y de los estándares de vida para Lima, Perú durante el siglo XIX. Durante ese siglo, dicho país experimentó profundas fluctuaciones en la actividad económica debido a las guerras de independencia, la guerra del Pacífico y al auge monoexportador. Estos factores alimentaron un importante proceso inflacionario durante la era del guano que tuvo efectos adversos en los estándares de vida de las clases populares.Es de notar que los estándares de vida llegaron a su punto máximo a mediados de la década de 1850 mientras que el PBI per cápita lo hizo dos décadas más tarde. Estos resultados sugieren que la bonanza del guano no logró mejorar el bienestar económico de las clases populares de manera sustentable. A pesar de alcanzar niveles similares a Inglaterra, estos beneficios se evaporaron hacia el fin de siglo.

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Wakelin, Grace Lucile. "Standards of living in the commune of Namur, 1263-1429." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0013/NQ35359.pdf.

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Murray, John Edward. "Communal living standards and membership incentives : the Shakers 1780-1880." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1262628932.

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8

Le, Roux Leonard. "Agricultural change and farmworker living standards in post-apartheid South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30961.

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Commercial agriculture in South Africa has been subject to accelerated regulatory and economic change in the time since the country’s democratization. This dissertation focusses on some of the interactions of these changes with the prospects of low-income farmworkers and farm dwellers through exploring two interlinked questions. The first of these asks whether consolidation in the industry has extended to growing firm size and in-turn, whether farmworkers in larger firms earn higher wages than those in small firms. An analysis of the firm-size earnings relationship using long run labour survey data is discussed in the context of current debates on agrarian policy. The second question relates to the process of rural-urban migration off commercial farms and into urban areas in the post-apartheid period. Using a panel of individuals and in so doing, controlling for unobserved individual heterogeneity and initial household fixed effects, a difference in differences approach is used to estimate the impacts of migration on various measures of individual living standards. Together these two questions attempt to characterise aspects of the changing nature of life on farms. The results suggest that there exists a significant firm-size earnings premium for farmworkers and that this may be increasing over time. In addition the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data suggests that migration off farms has mixed implications for living standards, but is associated with significant gains in per-capita income, electricity and sanitation access.

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Twarog, Sophia Nora. "Heights and living standards in industrializing Germany: the case of Wurttemberg /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487844105977269.

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Twarog, Sophia. "Heights and living standards in industrializing Germany : the case of Wurttemberg." Connect to resource, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1261420600.

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11

Coppola, Michela. "Three essays on the relationship between the economy and the living standards." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-71955.

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Yu, Autumn Chau Sheung. "The construction of low cost budget standards and their use in assessing the living standards of families on low income." Thesis, University of York, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359307.

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Liddle, Philip. "Victorian Walsall : an economic and social study." Thesis, University of London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390346.

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Bryson, Rebecca Jane. "Working-class living standards in the West Yorkshire town of Huddersfield, 1870-1914." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338615.

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Efremov, Steven M. "The Role of Inflation in Soviet History: Prices, Living Standards, and Political Change." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1474.

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This thesis discusses the interaction between inflation, living standards, and political change in Soviet/Russian history. It traces the establishment and evolution of the Soviet monetary system, inflationary episodes, and their consequences. The goal of this study is to show how inflation affects the lives of ordinary people and how it has contributed to larger changes in Soviet history. Sources include economic statistics and analysis from articles and monographs, as well as first-hand accounts from interviews and newspapers. The results show that inflation was a factor in both the rise and the fall of the Soviet Union. Russia's first hyperinflation (1917-1923) nearly destroyed the economy, and the Bolsheviks were forced to stabilize prices. The Soviet system of price controls prevented inflation, but it also created persistent shortages of food and consumer goods. Mikhail Gorbachev tried to alleviate these problems, but his efforts resulted instead in Russia's second hyperinflation (1992-1993).

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Alnasseri, Saif Sultan. "Policies to Sustain High Standards of Living in Oil-Exporting Arabian Gulf Countries." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366346.

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This study addresses the following research question: “Taking into account the major trends in oil extraction and depletion, economic diversification and development, and population growth, what policies should be adopted by oil-exporting countries in the Arabian Gulf region to sustain high living standards?” The countries of interest include Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and Kuwait. Standards of living in these countries have generally risen during the last 35 or so years, even after real output per capita fell substantially in the mid-1980s. Public consumption has been very high by international standards and the countries have not been able to save and invest adequate amounts overseas. Economic diversification has often been limited in scope, in that the ‘new’ industries tend to be highly dependent on oil themselves. There is thus an urgent need for further reforms to achieve a broader-based economy and an increased role for the private sector. Greater emphasis will need to be placed on improving the technological knowledge and capabilities of Gulf citizens. In the 1970s, labour was imported primarily to meet the needs of rapidly developing domestic economies. After 1980, however, the importation of foreign labour became a self-feeding process that was not necessarily in the best long-term interest of the nationals. The governments have made numerous efforts to limit the number of foreign workers, but have not met with significant success, mainly because of the absence of a coherent strategy and a lack of consistent application of regulations. Both of these can be related to an underlying lack of political will. Gulf countries should apply regulations concerning the repatriation/rotation of foreign labour more consistently, and should pay foreign workers higher effective wages. Some of this increase should be saved and invested, to be paid as end-of-service ‘gratuities’ that would help foreign workers re-establish themselves upon returning to their own countries. For nationals, a coordinated strategy should be implemented to develop their skills and capabilities for employment in practical occupations, and to prepare them to be internationally competitive in the long run. Instead of giving every citizen a job in the public sector, it is preferable to provide a basic benefit (income supplement) that does not interfere with incentives to work in productive jobs in the private sector. Results from the simulation model demonstrate that no matter how big their oil reserves are, the countries will have to face severe deteriorations in wealth and living standards if historical trends continue into the long term. However, if appropriate adjustments are implemented early enough, some of the worst consequences can be avoided. Essentially, these adjustments work by reducing current consumption and increasing investment, thus allowing physical and human capital stocks, as well as the net stock of assets held overseas, to grow more rapidly. Results from the survey of opinions indicate an awareness of the serious problems that would ensue following the depletion of oil, and considerable willingness to contemplate a wide range of fundamental changes to sustain standards of living in the long term. Nevertheless, care will need to be exercised to ensure that any changes made will not infringe upon the basic right of all individuals.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics
Griffith Business School
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17

Riddselius, Christopher. "Certification process of international standards in the Kenyan cut flower industry." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-58371.

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This thesis examines if auditors, managers and workers see certification and auditing as tools to improve working conditions in the Kenyan cut flower industry. It scrutinizes if mentioned stakeholders think that certification has been effective, since the state of working conditions of the industry were brought to attention in 2002 by academics and non-governmental organizations. The study further examines what different stakeholders see as challenges with the certification process as well as with the auditing process. The theoretical framework for the study consists of several theories from previous studies, including Gereffi’s buyer-driven value chain and Barrientos and Smith’s distinction between outcome standards and process rights. The study is partly a literature review but focus of the study is on the findings from ten semi-structured interviews. Among the stakeholder groups there was not one commonly expressed understanding on if certification and auditing had improved the working conditions. All three stakeholders emphasized some positive changes because of certification although they saw remaining challenges with for example freedom of association and increasing the level of wages to becoming living wages. The main findings in the study support Barrientos and Smith’s distinction and certification and auditing are argued not to be effective tools alone to reach improvements in the industry.

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Kabura, Nyaga Elizabeth A. "Smallholder cashcrop production and its impact on living standards of rural families in Kenya /." Weikersheim : Margraf, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2999150&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Verkulevičiūtė, Daiva. "The territorial differences of the living standards in Lithuania according to social economical factors." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20091228_152158-69877.

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The aim of the research is to identify territorial differences of the living standards between separate Lithuania municipalities and rural - urban living areas according to the specific of social and economical factors size and dispersion of territory also to clarify the reasons of these differences. It is detailed territorial research in level of municipalities, evaluating the forces which directly and indirectly effect the living standards. The cluster analyzes and grouping involves not only the specific the living standards factors but also the other social economical meanings which helps to define its territorial specific in more adequate way. Municipalities are presented according to the living standards expression and the priorities of resolution of the problems. The territorial distribution of most of the socio-economic phenomena illustrating the standard of living depends on the level of urbanization. It was found that in Lithuania, territorially adjacent municipal groups (clusters) are emerging with the characteristic specificity of occurrence of social and economic indicators illustrating the living standard. The municipal typology by the degree of performance of indicators of the standard of living was carried out, allowing identification of the priorities of problems to be addressed. The maximum state attention should be focused to the municipalities, where the values illustrating living standards are the lowest, and the priority areas of the life raising level... [to full text]
Šio tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti gyvenimo lygio teritorinius skirtumus tarp atskirų Lietuvos savivaldybių, miestų ir kaimų gyvenamųjų vietovių pagal socialinių ir ekonominių rodiklių dydžio ir teritorinės sklaidos specifiką bei išaiškinti nustatytų skirtumų priežastis. Tai išsamus teritorinis tyrimas savivaldybių lygiu, įvertinant gyvenimo lygį tiesiogiai bei netiesiogiai lemiančius veiksnius. Tyrime atlikta klasterinė analizė apima ne tik konkrečių gyvenimo lygio rodiklių bet ir jį lemiančių kitų socialinių ekonominių reiškinių reikšmes. Savivaldybės išdėstytos pagal gyvenimo lygio rodiklių pasireiškimo laipsnį ir nustatomi problemų sprendimo prioritetai jose. Daugumos socialinių - ekonominių reiškinių, nusakančių gyvenimo lygį, teritorinis pasiskirstymas priklauso nuo urbanizacijos lygio. Nustatyta, kad Lietuvoje ryškėja teritoriškai gretimų savivaldybių grupės (klasteriai) su jiems būdinga gyvenimo lygį nusakančių socialinių - ekonominių rodiklių pasireiškimo specifika: Vilniaus – Kauno įtakos zonos, Vidurio ir Vakarų Lietuvos, Šiaurės Rytų ir Pietų Lietuvos ir pasienio savivaldybių. Atlikta savivaldybių tipologija pagal gyvenimo lygio rodiklių pasireiškimo laipsnį, leidžia išskirti spręstinų problemų prioritetus. Didžiausio valstybės dėmesio turi sulaukti tos savivaldybės, kuriose gyvenimo lygį nusakančių rodiklių reikšmės yra žemiausios, o prioritetinės gyvenimo lygio gerinimo kryptys pirmiausia turi būti nukreiptos į gyventojų užimtumo bei išsilavinimo/išsimokslinimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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Wang, Jiang. "Growth and relative living standards : testing barriers to riches on post-war panel data." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55687/.

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The main purpose of this thesis has been to estimate and simulate a general equilibrium model of growing small open economies by taking a new testing approach. The effect of business tax and regulation on growth, together with potential effects of government spending on education and R&D, is embodied in this model. We argue that regressions of growth on its supposed causes are not on their own persuasive evidence of these causes. Instead we propose to test theories by a two-stage Popperian procedure in which rejection can occur at each stage. The structural model is estimated on post-war panel data for 76 countries and the bootstrap is used to produce the model's sampling variation for the analysis of panel regressions of growth. In the first stage the model as tightly specified must pass an estimation test in its structural form in the second its bootstrapped implications must be consistent with the growth regressions it implies. We test two main classes of growth theory: one is the Incentivist theory in which growth is caused by incentives for people to engage in entrepreneurial activity, the other is the Activist theory where direct government intervention to stimulate particular activities---specifically education and R&D---causes growth. We are able to reject the latter for education at both the structural and the bootstrap levels and for R&D at the bootstrap level, though not the structural. We accept the Incentivist theory at both levels.

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21

Karagiannaki, Eleni K. "Essays on the pension system and the living standards of the elderly in Greece." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399978.

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22

Walker, John Geoffrey. "Labour market and rising living standards in 1950s western Europe : the case of the Netherlands." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1601/.

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This thesis looks at the rapid rise in living standards in western Europe during the 1950s. It argues that this rise occurred as a result of structural changes in the labour force, changes that were associated with the high growth rates and industrial expansion of the period. The thesis looks specifically at the Netherlands, where rising living standards went side by side with wage control. The purpose of wage control was to enable funds to be made available for industrial expansion. The wage control system and industrialisation polices are described, along with critiques that have argued that wage control failed to hold down wage levels. This alleged failure is rejected as the explanation of the rapid rise in living standards. A test of the effect of full employment on wage levels shows that wage rates in a number of industries where demand for labour was extremely high rose measurably by more than they otherwise would have done, but nowhere near enough to explain the rise in incomes during the period. The effects of sectoral change on male incomes are also calculated. Manufacturing increased its workforce during the period by recruiting young workers, new entrants into the workforce, who received higher pay than they would have received working in other sectors. Earnings have a tendency to rise with age, and the combination of these factors resulted in a median rise in male real incomes of over a hundred percent across the 1950s. A contribution to this rise was also made by the movement of older male industrial workers into office work, and by the movement of self-employed craftsmen into industrial employment. The rise in participation of unmarried women, particularly after 1952, increased the amount of earnings brought into households, with the result that household incomes rose even faster than male earnings.

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Stolz, Yvonne [Verfasser], and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Baten. "Essays on Human Capital Formation, Living Standards and Selective Migration / Yvonne Stolz ; Betreuer: Jörg Baten." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1162278951/34.

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Hickson, Kerry. "The contribution of improved health to standards of living in twentieth century England and Wales." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/22/.

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The thesis will highlight both qualitatively and quantitatively that during the twentieth century the English population experienced unprecedented improvements in mortality and particularly morbidity, which has provided a substantial boost to standards of living and economic development. Despite the extensiveness of these health improvements, there have been a very limited number of attempts to evaluate and quantify these valuable improvements. None of the existing studies that quantitatively assess improved health actually measure health per se, as they all utilise mortality as a proxy. Furthermore, there have been no historical studies that aim to map the evolution of improving health from the perspective of quality of life for illness sufferers. The thesis will fill all of these voids through developing a quantitative health (mortality and morbidity) measuring tool that is capable of providing (monetary) estimates about the contribution of improved health to standards of living and economic developments in twentieth century England. This will be applied to key case study illnesses (blindness, breast cancer, stomach cancer and tuberculosis) and then extrapolated forward to include all illnesses which will be combined with mortality in order to provide an aggregate health index for twentieth century England. The results of this exercise provide a significant contribution to the twentieth century health and economic history of England. The thesis findings that, at a most conservative estimate, the value of twentieth century health improvements is in excess of 33 billion (1990 international $) substantially adds to a new view of the economics of health and provides very valuable historical detail. This new view is that improvements in health have been a major contributor to economic welfare in twentieth century England. Put another way: the thesis will highlight that during the twentieth century increases in life expectancy and improvements in the quality of life associated with morbidity have provided a considerable contribution to standards of living and the growth of GDP defined on a utility, 'Fisherian' basis, whereby economic growth nearly doubles, from 1.4 percent for GDP only versus 2.6 percent when GDP is adjusted for improved health.

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Савчук, В. А. "Рівень життя молоді України в умовах євроінтеграції." Thesis, Чернігів, 2019. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/20136.

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Савчук В. А. Рівень життя молоді України в умовах євроінтеграції : 231 Соціальна робота / В. А. Савчук; керівник роботи Сила Т. І. ; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра соціальної роботи. – Чернігів, 2019. – 97 с.
Стабільний мир та соціальна злагода, яку прагне досягти Україна в сучасних умовах євроінтеграції, неможливо без консолідації громадян і держави у розробці стратегічних соціально-економічних програм, спрямованих на покращення рівня життя населення. Нині гостро постала проблема підвищення рівня життя населення, головним чином молоді, адже соціально-економічний розвиток держави має прямий вплив на складову фінансової спроможності та добробуту молодих українців, права яких закріплені в Основному законі – Конституції України. Євроінтеграція для України означає відповідальність за майбутнє дітей та безпеку дорослих, впевненість у молодому поколінні, адже на молодь покладаються надії позитивних трансформацій сучасного суспільного розвитку. В розділі 1 магістерської роботи розглянуто теоретичні засади дослідження рівня життя молоді України в умовах євроінтеграції; здійснено загальну характеристику основних показників рівня життя населення України; визначено особливості соціального захисту молоді в умовах євроінтеграції. В розділі 2 магістерської роботи проаналізовано державні соціальні стандарти в Україні; організовано експериментальне дослідження рівня життя молоді України в умовах євроінтеграції; здійснено аналіз результатів експериментального дослідження щодо виявлення рівня життя молоді України в умовах євроінтеграції. В розділі 3 визначено шляхи покращення рівня життя молоді України в умовах євроінтеграції. Наукова новизна полягає у дослідженні ставлення представників молодіжного середовища до шляхів покращення рівня життя молоді в умовах євроінтеграції.
The stable peace and social harmony that Ukraine strives to achieve in the current conditions of European integration is impossible without the consolidation of citizens and the state in the development of strategic socio-economic programs aimed at improving the standard of living of the population. Today, the problem of raising the standard of living of the population, mainly its youth component, is acute, since the socio-economic development of the state has a direct impact on the component of the financial capacity and well-being of young Ukrainians, whose rights are enshrined in the Basic Law - the Constitution of Ukraine. European integration for Ukraine means responsibility for the future of children and adult safety, confidence in the young generation, as young people are hopeful of the positive transformations of modern social development. In Chapter 1 of the master's thesis deals with the theoretical foundations of the study of living standards of Ukraine's population in the context of European integration; the general characteristics of the basic indicators of the standard of living of the population of Ukraine have been made; features of social protection of the population in the conditions of European integration are defined. In Chapter 2 of the master's thesis analyzes state social standards in Ukraine; an experimental study of the standard of living of the youth of Ukraine in the context of European integration was organized; The results of an experimental study on the identification of the standard of living of young people of Ukraine in the context of European integration were analyzed. In Chapter 3 identifies ways to improve the standard of living of Ukraine's youth in the context of European integration.

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Plümper, Thomas, Eric Neumayer, and Denise Laroze. "The limits to equivalent living conditions: regional disparities in premature mortality in Germany." Springer, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10389-017-0865-5.

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Aim Despite the country's explicit political goal to establish equivalent living conditions across Germany, significant inequality continues to exist. We argue that premature mortality is an excellent proxy variable for testing the claim of equivalent living conditions since the root causes of premature death are socioeconomic. Subject and methods We analyse variation in premature mortality across Germany's 402 districts and cities in 2014. Results Premature mortality spatially clusters among geographically contiguous and proximate districts/cities and is higher in more urban places as well as in districts/cities located further north and in former East Germany. We demonstrate that, first, socioeconomic factors account for 62% of the cross-sectional variation in years of potential life lost and 70% of the variation in the premature mortality rate. Second, we show that these socioeconomic factors either entirely or almost fully eliminate the systematic spatial patterns that exist in premature mortality. Conclusion On its own, fiscal redistribution, the centrepiece of how Germany aspires to establish its political goal, cannot generate equivalent living conditions in the absence of a comprehensive set of economic and social policies at all levels of political administration, tackling the disparities in socioeconomic factors that collectively result in highly unequal living conditions.

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Nemashkalova, A. A. "Migration in transition Ukraine." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/22385.

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De, Jager Nedia. "The living standards measure as a market segmentation tool for selected retailers / by Nedia de Jager." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/692.

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Businesses have realised that they cannot appeal to all consumers in the marketplace. Consumers are too numerous, geographically wide-spread, and too varied in their needs and buying practices. Furthermore, the business& themselves vary widely in their abilities to serve different segments of the market. Businesses consequently conduct market segmentation to identify the parts of the market that it can best serve and most profitably. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the actual target markets of selected retailers by means of the Living Standards Measure (LSM) tool, and to recommend improved marketing strategies based on the Media Groups Measure (MGM) tool. The objectives of the study were to describe market segmentation by emphasising its importance and discussing the market segmentation process. Further objectives include explaining the application of the LSM- and MGM-tools in identifying target markets and selecting media to reach these target markets, and to conduct an empirical investigation on the application of the LSM tool for the selected retailers. A market segmentation strategy concentrates the business' marketing efforts on consumers who have a similar interest in the business' values. Therefore, market segmentation enables the business to identify consumer needs more accurately. The aforementioned assists the business in creating a basis for developing products to satisfy consumer needs. The basis is developed by the identification of the attributes that are of value to consumers. Market segmentation furthermore assists in the development of an effective marketing mix, tailored to the business' strategy and objectives. A proper marketing mix can determine the promotional appeal, media choices, and the prices consumers are willing to pay. The LSM and MGM are only two of the variety of segmentation tools that can be used to segment a heterogeneous market. The LSM is a relatively new and unknown instrument - in comparison with other segmentation tools - and was specifically developed for the South African market. It is furthermore a multivariate segmentation tool, consisting of 29 household variables, which excludes discriminators such as race and income. The MGM-tool is used to obtain media consumption information on market segments. Its primary function is to assist businesses in selecting media that are most effective in reaching their target markets. The most important conclusions of this study are that the current target markets of Shoprite Checkers and Pick 'n Pay in Potchefstroom differs from their actual target markets. Gender and age do not differentiate shoppers significantly, and although race and income are not included as differentiators in the LSM index, these two variables correlate strongly with the various LSM-groups. Some of the most important recommendations include: The headquarters of both retailers should consider developing differentiated marketing strategies for stores in different locations. Shoprite Checkers and Pick 'n Pay (in Potchefstroom) should both target SU-LSM groups 6 to 10. Both retailers should adapt their marketing efforts in order to provide for the local market in Potchefstroom. The recommendations will enable the retailers to enhance their business and marketing efforts, and accordingly satisfy the needs of their customers.
Thesis (M.Com. (Marketing))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

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Zhang, Handan. "The seeds of the Chinese agrarian revolution : the level and dispersion of living standards in 1929-1933." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25146/25146.pdf.

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Chung, Kai-yin, and 鍾啟然. "An efficient tool for improving living standards?: a time-series analysis on subsidized housing programsafter the handover." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46756140.

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Eardley, Anthony C. "A culture of survival : the construction and maintenance of household living standards in low-income self-employment." Thesis, University of York, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10901/.

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Jones, Marion Elizabeth. "Poverty, inequality and living standards in rural China 1978-90 : a comparative study of Anhui and Yunnan." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1994. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28711/.

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This dissertation is concerned with trends in poverty, inequality and living standards among the counties and villages of Anhui and Yunnan since 1978. Trends in absolute poverty, measured by both income- and nutrition-based poverty lines, show only a small decline during the 1980s. Based on province-specific poverty lines, there is a substantial increase in the incidence of poverty during the late 1980s, over the incidence based on a national poverty line. The overall trend in living standards is of increasing dispersion, for Anhui and Yunnan relative to the national average, and between the counties of the two provinces. Living standards show little change for the counties of Yunnan, with declines outnumbering increases. In Anhui, the large increase in mortality between the 1982 and 1990 censuses contribute to declines in absolute living standards as well. Increases in spatial inequality are apparent from the output data; differentials in the rate of economic growth fuelling this increase in the 1980s. In essence counties thrive or languish based on the performance of their agricultural sector. Rapid improvements in yields for basic food stuffs, and expanding cash crop production in many regions, together cause income levels to rise, and therefore living standards, based on commodities, to increase as well. Where this is not the case, there is a lack of investment funds for the establishment of private and collective rural enterprises, and a lack of consumer demand. The low level of income, and the small size and slow growth in the xiangzhen give sector in disadvantaged areas also means that local governments are short of revenue, and therefore the costs of health care and education are left to the individuals requiring these services, exacerbating the gap between rich and poor in terms of achieved functioning. The question of how to increase the profitability of the agricultural sector in poor areas of China remains unsolved. Without a source of investment funds and increasing incomes to foster modern sector enlargement growth in rural areas, it is difficult to imagine an increase in either commodity or non-commodity based functioning in the poor regions of rural China in the near future.

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Macdonald, Catriona. "Live long in Scotland : the relative contribution of medicine and standards of living to Scotland's falling mortality rates." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29236.

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Between 1950 and 1999 the Scottish death rate, standardised to the 1950 population, declined from 13.1 per 1000 to 7.8 for men and from 12 per 1000 to 6.3 for women. The main aim of this thesis has been to establish the key influences on this doctrine. Thomas McKeown examined the decline of mortality in an earlier time period (up to the 1970s) and concluded that: falls in deaths from infectious diseases were responsible for the majority of the decline in mortality rate; and the main influence on their decline was standards of living, in particular diet. The causes of death which contributed most to the decline in mortality rates 1950-1999 were established by digitising GRO(S) mortality records and calculating ‘potential lives saved’ . This method allows an estimate to be made of the number of deaths which would be expected to occur in 1999, taking into account changing age structure, if the death rates from 1950 still applied. Tuberculosis (TB), stomach cancer (SC), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke were selected as case studies; these accounted for over 70% of the decline of male and female mortality. The trajectory of decline in these causes of death was then considered in detail and set in social and medical context. The thesis has reached an alternative conclusion from that of Thomas McKeown. It is argued that improving standards of living were responsible for some of the decline in SC and haemorrhagic stroke mortality, and the pre-1950 decline of TB; however, the main influence on the decline of TB, IHD and ischemic stroke mortality post-1950 was medicine. Using the wider definition of the influence of medicine adopted in this study, medicine is considered to account for the majority of the decline in the identified causes of mortality. Medicine has, at last, delivered important contributions to the life expectancy of the Scottish population.

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Blum, Matthias [Verfasser], and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Baten. "Worldwide inequality, living standards and its determinants during the 19th and 20th centuries / Matthias Blum ; Betreuer: Jörg Baten." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1162278854/34.

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Samuelsson, Göran. "I godsets skugga? : frälsebonden på Ängsö : familj och arbete 1700-1880 /." Stockholm : Stads- och kommunhistoriska institutet, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-241.

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Вега, А. Ю. "Исследования Балацкого О.Ф. по проблеме экономики чистого воздуха как методологическая основа для внедрения экологических стандартов жизни населения." Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/30691.

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В одной из работ О.Ф. Балацкого и его учеников утверждается, что исходной методологической предпосылкой при совершенствовании природопользования должно стать то, что конечной и главной целью общественного развития является не собственно производство материальных благ как таковое, а обеспечение благосостояния и всестороннего развития всех членов общества. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/30691

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Bradbury, Bruce William Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Family Size and Relative Need." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Economics, 1997. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17174.

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This thesis examines three questions concerned with the relative income needs of families of different sizes - often summarised by indices known as ???equivalence scales???. The first is the extent to which researchers and policy makers should offset the costs of family composition (eg the expenditure costs of children) with the benefits associated with demographic choice (eg the ???joys of parenthood???). Chapter 2 concludes that there are demographic and financial market constraints that will often make a narrow focus on expenditure costs appropriate for distributional research and tax/transfer policies. However, this will not always be the case. One implication of this result is that it may be reasonable for distributional research to use different equivalence scales for adults and children in the same household. Part 2 of the thesis introduces a new method for the estimation of the within-household income distribution and expenditure costs of different family types. This is based upon the household welfare model of Samuelson together with Lau???s method for modelling the joint consumption of household goods. In Chapter 4, this method is applied to the estimation of equivalence scales for older singles and married couples. The estimation is based upon a detailed set of assumptions about the extent of joint consumption for 17 different commodity groups. The main conclusions are that: the theoretical model fits the observed behaviour well (with the exception of some home production effects); that aged couples share their income relatively evenly; and that the relative rate of pension for aged singles in Australia is probably too low. In Part 3, the thesis examines how changes in poverty can be estimated when there is uncertainty about the equivalence scale. The thesis proposes a new method which permits a set of upper and lower bounds for the equivalence scale to be assumed, which in turn determine upper and lower bounds for the increase in poverty. This method is applied to measure the change in poverty in Australia during the 1980s. Equivalence scales can be found that imply either an increase or a decrease in poverty.

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Gabidsaschwili, B., and Simon Gelaschwili. "Armut in Georgien." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1877/.

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Poverty is currently wide spread in Georgia. This paper is dedicated to an analysis of the causes, the extent and the intensity of poverty in Georgia. With a strong focus on the period after Shevardnadze’s presidency, the paper shows how poverty has grown in the past 15 years. In spite of a rising per capita income, the variance within the distribution of income is also increasing. The widening gap between high and low incomes represents a danger for the Georgian society and is associated with high unemployment rates, a lack of education for entire societal strata and rising criminality. In addition, high inflation rates affect mainly low income groups. Apparently, the Rose Revolution of 2003 did not lead to an attenuation of poverty but rather intensified it.

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Майборода, Тетяна Миколаївна, Татьяна Николаевна Майборода, Tetiana Mykolaivna Maiboroda, and А. Д. Краснобаєва. "Питання нерівності доходів як важливої складової функціонування економіки." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/43625.

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Нерівність доходів є дуже важливою пробемою в наш час, адже саме вона може досягати величезних масштабів і створювати загрозу для економічного розвитку країни. Практично всі розвинені країни світу постійно здійснюють заходи щодо скорочення такої нерівності. Люди отримують доходи різними шляхами. Наприклад, одні отримують прибуток в результаті того, що створюють власний бізнес. Інша категорія людей надає свою працю або капітал у користування іншим людям або фірмам. У такому механізмі формування доходів вже споконвічно закладена проблема нерівності. Виходячи з цього, нам необхідно розширити знання про людські можливості, щоб зрозуміти головні причини нерівності доходів.

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Twrdek, Linda, and Kerstin Manzel. "The seed of abundance and misery. Peruvian living standards from the early republican period to the end of the guano era (1820-80)." Economía, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118084.

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This paper scrutinizes the development of heights in Peru from the early republican period to the end of the guano era (1820-1880). Studying heights of prisoners from the Lima penitentiary, we find that those of prisoners from the lower classes stagnated throughout the period. We argue that the presence of such a valuable export as guano had no positive effects on the standard of living of the middle and lower classes, not even in Lima, where most of the benefits from guano exports were concentrated. After controlling for ethnic and occupational differences throughout the period under consideration, we find no statistically significant regional disparities in living standards. Moreover, we find that ethnic differences were as pronounced during that time as they would have been if no political change had happened, and that they remained unchanged throughout the entire century. In addition, this study is the first to present data on 19th-century Peruvian women.
Este artículo escudriña el desarrollo de las estaturas en el Perú que va desde los inicios del periodo republicano hasta el fin de la era del guano (1820-1880). Estudiando las estaturas de los prisioneros de una penitenciaria de Lima, encontramos que las estaturas de los prisioneros de clases bajas se estancaron a través del periodo. Argumentamos que la presencia de un bien de exportación con tanto valor como el guano no tuvo efectos positivos en el nivel de vida de las clases medias y bajas, ni siquiera en Lima, donde se concentró la mayoría de beneficios de las exportaciones de guano. Luego de controlar las diferencias étnicas y ocupacionales para todo el periodo en consideración, no encontramos disparidades regionales en los niveles de vida que sean estadísticamente significativas.Además, hallamos que las diferencias étnicas fueron tan pronunciadas durante ese tiempo como lo habrían sido de no haber ocurrido ningún cambio político, y que estas permanecieron sin cambio durante el siglo entero. Adicionalmente, este estudio es el primero en presentar datos sobre la mujer peruana del siglo XIX.Este artículo fue originalmente publicado en Economics & Human Biology, 8(2), 2010, 145-152 con el título The seed of abundance and misery. Peruvian living standards from the early republican period to the end of the guano era (1820-80). La traducción al castellano fue realizada por Stephan Gruber Narváez.

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Nakashigue, Katia Luli. "Multirões verticalizados em São Paulo: avaliação de qualidade dos projetos e satisfação dos moradores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16137/tde-02032010-091701/.

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Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de avaliar os empreendimentos habitacionais verticalizados de interesse social, resultantes dos projetos elaborados pelas assessorias técnicas, contratadas pelos movimentos de moradia, com a parceria dos órgãos públicos responsáveis pela fomentação de habitação popular na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. São denominados Mutirões Verticalizados. A compreensão histórica e ideológica da verticalização das habitações sociais, da sua inserção e/ou espoliação no espaço da cidade e das políticas de mutirão existentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, pretende subsidiar uma reflexão a cerca dos resultados da ocupação dos projetos que tem como principal característica, o acompanhamento dos futuros moradores em todas as etapas da construção. Através da APO- Avaliação de Pós-Ocupação, aplicada em alguns mutirões verticalizados, localizados em vários pontos da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, podemos apontar indicadores do desempenho da aferição de satisfação dos usuários, e as principais causas que levam aos mutirantes quererem repassar ou ficarem em sua atual moradia. Essa pesquisa visa contribuir para o aprimoramento de programas de processos de projeto e da produção dos conjuntos habitacionais, na busca de uma melhor qualidade de vida aos moradores desses conjuntos.
The objective of this thesis is the assessment of social interest vertical-housing developments, as a result of projects elaborated by technical consultants, and contracted by housing movements in partnership with public institutions in charge of promoting popular dwellings in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo City, known as Mutirão Vertical (self-built vertical housing). The historical and ideological understanding of vertical social housing, of its insertion and/or exclusion from public space, and of the self-building policies in Metropolitan São Paulo, intends to provoke reflection about the results in projects occupation, whose main characteristic is the follow-up, in all phases of construction, by the future dwellers. Through the APO Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (post-occupation assessment) carried out in several self-built vertical projects throughout the city of São Paulo, it is possible to indicate and evaluate the users satisfaction, and their main reasons either to remain in the property or to transfer it. The research aims at contributing to the improvement of project development programs, and of the production of social housing, in order to provide its dweller with better living standards.

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Mulalu, Mulalu. "Participatory geographic information systems to anchor the creation and construction of knowledge to support rural community development. A case study of Tshane village, Botswana." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2000.

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This research investigated the role of participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) in instituting the culture of using knowledge in order to implement a rural community development strategy that targets improving living standards at the household level. Current development interventions continue to perform poorly because they do not really address people directly, attention has been drawn to the role of knowledge in facilitating the individuals to effect their own development. Geographic information systems (GIS) represent one of the options that the rural community can use to compile and to structure information and to facilitate the construction of knowledge. With regard to what motivates the people to initiate and sustain their own development effort, this research used learning theories to design training material, inform the individual and group learning activities and learning cycles theory to carry out confidence instilling field work research tasks. The overall aim was to work with a rural community to develop a framework that can be used to employ a GIS to a) compile basic data and review current livelihoods, b) determine local needs, c) determine the requirements that will facilitate people to achieve their needs, d) develop a computer assisted information system prototype to hold their knowledge requirements and support their business activities, and e) test the ease with which the local community applied the developed prototype to plan to improve their living standards. Such an approach defined a PGIS framework.The researcher procured guidance from and secured collaborative leadership with six village development committee (VDC) members, the village councillor and the village chief. The VDC facilitated the ward heads to select trainees from the village community, these together with the VDC became the work force of the research project. Eleven business modelling scenarios and ten business plans were produced. Seven two-man teams used GIS software to digitize village plot parcels from colour aerial photographs and also compiled other basic map data layers. Field mapping was used to check and update the preliminary village plots map, to map the existing electric power and water lines and to update the village roads network. The plot data which included type of fencing, types of buildings, presence of toilet, water or power facilities and number of people were used to determine a sampling frame. The village team carried out sixty one conversational interviews and administered an attitudes scale. An interpretation of the social survey exploratory data analysis results was then used to determine the community needs. A data model for shelter acquisition and goats rearing was developed and an application prototype was developed for it. The prototype was subsequently tested on the host rural community.The results of the research indicated that as people gain the skills to work with knowledge, they can become active in the tasks that are aimed at improving their living standards. To achieve this, there was need for a supportive stewardship and close tutoring and mentoring from the village leadership and a community livelihood supporting intervention strategy from the community development institutions. A more experiential form of formal education, and a better appreciation of traditional education are required in order to secure dignified and sustainable livelihoods. Such a conceptualization of education is also required for meaningful and beneficial participation to take place. Although the basic infrastructure was low, the indication was that with knowledge and forward planning, a sufficient infrastructure can be developed. However, whether the PGIS initiative could be sustained would depend on the strength and dedication of the local leadership at the various levels of the community, they would determine whether the PGIS initiative was institutionalized in order to add to the human and social capital of the community.

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Khan, Mohammad Arifujjaman, and Mohammed Anisur Rahaman. "Impact of Microfinance on Living Standards, Empowerment and Poverty Alleviation of Poor People: A Case Study on Microfinance in the Chittagong District of Bangladesh." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1497.

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Microfinance is not a new development. Its origin can be traced back to 1976, when Muhammad Yunus set up the Grameen Bank, as experiment, on the outskirts of Chittagong University campus in the village of Jobra, Bangladesh. Since then several microfinance institutions came up and have succeeded in reaching the poorest of the poor, and have devised new ground-breaking strategies with time for the fulfillment of their vision. These included the provision of collateral free loans to poor people, especially in rural areas, at full-cost interest rates that are repayable in frequent installments. Borrowers are organized into groups and peer pressure among them, which reduced the risk of default. Microfinance is now being considered as one of the most important and an effective mechanism for poverty alleviation. These are also effective mechanisms through which to disseminate precious information on ways to improve the health, education, legal rights, sanitation and other living standards, which are of relevant concerns for the poor. Above all, many micro-credit programs have targeted one of the most vulnerable groups in society – women, who live in households with little or almost no assets. By providing opportunities for self-employment, many studies have concluded that these programs have significantly improved women's security, autonomy, self-confidence and status within the household.

Our thesis is about microfinance and to investigate the impact of microfinance on the poor people of the society with the main focus on Bangladesh. We mainly concise our thesis through client’s (the poor people, who borrowed loan from microfinance institutions) perspective and build up our research based on it. Therefore, the objective of this study is to show how microfinance works, by using group lending methodology for reducing poverty and how it affects the living standard (income, saving etc.) of the poor people in Bangladesh. So on the light of our research objective; we have developed our research question, which is:

What is the impact of Microfinance on living standards, Empowerment and poverty alleviation of the poor people in Bangladesh?

We consider ourselves between the Positivist and Interpretivist researchers. Because, our main goal is not only to find out the mechanism of microfinance in Bangladesh, but also to find out that how this mechanism helps poor people to improve their living standards as: income, savings etc. By doing so, we believe that it will give us an upper hand, specially when it comes to finding answers to the questions raised in the problem statement.

One of the most important aspects of microfinance is savings mobilization, which is discussed in the theory part. Besides these, microfinance methodology, solidarity, human development and liquidity are also discussed in the theoretical framework.

Several microfinance institutions are working in Bangladesh for the last few decades. Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASA and PROSHIKA are some of the prominent MFIs in Bangladesh. These institutions are working tremendously to the empowerment, poverty reduction and improvement of living standards for the poor people in Bangladesh. Now, they are not only working in Bangladesh but also providing help and support, and are the source of motivation to other MFIs around the world.

We have chosen our sample based on the random sampling technique, from one district (Chittagong) in Bangladesh and we interviewed the people who are already involved in microfinance activities. Therefore, the accuracy of the analysis heavily relies on the data provided by the people, we interviewed.

From the analysis of data, we found that microfinance has the positive impact on the standard of living of the poor people and on their life style. It has not only helped the poor people to come over the poverty line, but has also helped them to empower themselves. There is an argument that the interest rate of MFIs is high, but we traced that most of the respondents of our interview, did not agree on this issue and found it to be reasonable. Inspite of the debate about higher interest rate, MFIs are contributing not only in alleviating the poverty and improving the living standards of the poor people, but also in offering extensive human development programs in Bangladesh.

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44

Kaluge, David, and n/a. "Microfinance and poverty in Indonesia: an analysis of the role of KUKESRA and MKEJ." University of Canberra. Economics and Marketing, 2001. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050509.093311.

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Following the success of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Microfinance institutions (MFIs) which apply group-lending method through the medium of small credit have been regarded as a new and effective tools for poverty alleviation for the poor in many Less Developed Countries. This study analyses the role of two MFIs, namely KUKESRA, a government administered programme and Mitra Karya East Java (MKEJ) which is a privately managed institution in poverty alleviation in Indonesia. It examines to what extent these institutions have been successful in helping the poor, and improving the living standards of the recipients. Two alternative approaches, namely the institutionalist and the welfarist approaches, are used to examine the question of whether the poor benefited from the two programmes, followed by a comparison of the performances between the two. Using data obtained from a sample survey of 393 respondents in the District of Malang in East Java, from December 1998 - June 1999, it was found that the differences in management, organisational structure, programme design, and the system of coordination all resulted in differences in performance of the two MFI institutions studied. It was found that both programmes increased the incomes of the recipients, but the impact of KUKESRA was much lower than that of MKEJ. However, KUKESRA had a greater positive effect on employment than MKEJ. Neither of the programmes resulted in a significant improvement in the consumption of basic needs of the recipients. Of the two approaches used in the evaluation of the programmes, a good performance in terms of outreach and sustainability under the institutional approach did not imply that the poor really benefited from the programme. It was found that the welfarist approach is much more appropriate in evaluating the effectiveness of MFIs in Indonesia.

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Afonso, Ana Teresa Martins. "De Marvila ao Tejo." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13510.

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Герасименко, Г. В. "Регіональні проблеми фінансування людського розвитку в Україні." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/12716.

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Seedee, Roosevelt. "The Impact of Foreign Aid on Extreme Poverty: A Case Study of Liberia’s Development Complexities (1980-2018)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3487.

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Many countries in West Africa, including Liberia, remain trapped in extreme poverty and dysfunctional social services amid continued increase in foreign aid. This study examines complexities influencing decisions of government donors in determining the kind of development assistance needed in Liberia and nation states in West Africa. This research explains the ways in which aid perpetuates poverty instead of alleviating it using interdisciplinary research approaches. Although aid is critical to Liberia’s development agenda, aid implementation faces numerous challenges because of extant poverty and rampant corruption. Part of the problem in Liberia is not solely the failure of aid to meet its goals. I conclude that poverty persists despite billions of dollars in aid because of corruption, human rights abuses, and inequalities, not the concept of aid. Democracy is effective when economic development allows citizens to have power within their own nation and government is accountable to its citizens.

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Granvik, Madeleine. "Implementation of the Habitat-agenda in local communities : late modern living conditions and residents' interest, time for and real action in citizen participation, in a Swedish and Russian context /." Uppsala : Dept. of Landscape Planning, Ultuna, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005108.pdf.

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Riding, Karen Susan. "How do I come to understand my shared living educational standards of judgement in the life I lead with others? : creating the space for intergenerational student-led research." Thesis, University of Bath, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501610.

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In this account I describe how the shared life that I lead with my husband Simon transforms itself into a loving energy that emerges in our educational practice. This loving way of being emerges as the energy that drives me to transform the social formation of the school to work alongside student researchers in an intergenerational and sustainable way. These living and loving standards of judgment are shared between us, asking the other to be the best that s/he can be and valuing the contribution that s/he makes. I live out an inclusional way of being that extends across the professional and personal domain, asking me to be responsive to the others with whom I share this life.

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Kamceva, Claudia. "So that our children can dream : A study that follows five people’s emigration journey from North Macedonia to Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Jönköping University, HLK, Globala studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49257.

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I denna studie följer man fem olika personers erfarenheter av att ha flyttat från Nordmakedonien till Sverige för att arbeta. Studiens mål är att ta reda på vilka utmaningar individerna upplevde på den Nordmakedonska arbetsmarknaden samt orsakerna som lett till att individerna valt att lämna sitt hemland i hopp om en bättre framtid i Sverige. Fortsättningsvis så är även målet med studien att ta reda på hur flytten till Sverige har gått, vilka utmaningar de har stött på i det nya landet både socialt och i arbetslivet. Insamlingen av det empiriska materialet gjordes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med mina fem intervjupersoner. Den metoden ansågs mest anpassad för att få fram ett individperspektiv och för att ge utrymme för individerna att berätta sina erfarenheter ur sitt egna perspektiv. Det empiriska materialet analyserades sedan med hjälp av Framing Theory som syftar på att få fram en definition av problemet ur individens perspektiv, även att se till orsakerna ur individens perspektiv, få fram deras moraliska bedömningar av problemet och orsakerna och till sist se vilka hjälpmedel som föreslås av individerna. Resultatet av studien visade vissa samband och vissa olikheter bland individerna. Alla individerna beskrev en skillnad på om man arbetade inom den privata eller statliga sektorn på den Nordmakedonska arbetsmarknaden. Den privata sektorn beskrivs som mer rättvis där kompetens är det som avgör dina möjligheter för ett arbete. Medan den statliga sektorn beskrivs som orättvis och präglad av politisk korruption som begränsade möjligheterna framför allt för en av mina respondenter. Däremot är detta något som alla respondenter direkt eller indirekt har erfarenhet av. Andra utmaningar på den Nordmakedonska arbetsmarknaden som nämndes var dåliga arbetsvillkor och rädsla för arbetslöshet. En annan orsak som nämndes av två av respondenterna var helt enkelt att de hade tröttnat på sina yrken och kände att de behövde en förändring. Den absolut främsta orsaken som nämndes av alla respondenterna var viljan att ge sina barn en bättre framtid med friheten att kunna utforska sina intressen och kunna bli vad de vill utan att begränsas av arbetsmarknaden. Väl i Sverige beskrevs språket som en stor utmaning av flera av respondenterna. Andra utmaningar som lyfts fram är kulturella skillnader. Att lära sig språket beskrivs som en stor hjälp både för att det gett fler möjligheter inom arbetslivet och för att komma in bättre i samhället och kulturen. Stöd från familj och vänner är även något som nämns vara till hjälp för att handskas med utmaningarna.
In this study you will follow five different people's experiences of moving from North Macedonia to Sweden for work. The aim of the study is to find out what challenges the individuals experienced in the North Macedonian labor market as well as the reasons that led the individuals to leave their home country in the hope of a better future in Sweden. Furthermore, the aim of the study is to find out how the move to Sweden went, what challenges they have encountered in the new country both socially and in the working life. The collection of the empirical material was done through semi-structured interviews with my five interviewees. This method was considered most suited as the goal of the study is to highlight the individual’s perspective and to allow the individuals to tell their experiences. The empirical material was then analyzed with the help of the Framing Theory, which aims to obtain a definition of the problem from the individual's perspective, as well as explaining the causes from the individual's perspective, to obtain their moral judgements of the problem and the causes. Lastly the framing theory wants to find out what remedies are suggested by the individuals. The results of the study showed certain connections and differences among the individuals. All individuals described a difference in if you work in the private or the governmental sector in the North Macedonian labor market. The private sector is described as more fair where competence is what determines your opportunities for a job. While the governmental sector is described as unfair and characterized by political corruption, which limits opportunities especially for one of my respondents. However, this is something that all respondents directly or indirectly have experienced. Other challenges in the North Macedonian labor market mentioned were poor working conditions and fear of unemployment. Another reason mentioned by two of the respondents was simply that they are tired of their jobs and felt that they needed a change. The most common reason mentioned by all the respondents was the desire to give their children a better future with the freedom to explore their interests and become what they want without being limited by the labor market. When arriving to Sweden, the language was described as a major challenge by several of the respondents. Other challenges highlighted are cultural differences. Learning the language is described as a great help. Both when it comes to being given more opportunities in the work life and to feel more a part of the society and culture. Support from family and friends is also something that is mentioned to be helpful when dealing with the challenges.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Living standards'

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