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Journal articles on the topic 'Livestock'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Abdullahi, Mohamed Omar, Abdukadir Dahir Jimale, Yahye Abukar Ahmed, and Abdulaziz Yasin Nageeye. "IoT-based livestock tracking: Addressing challenges in Somali livestock farming." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 11, no. 3 (March 2024): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2024.03.009.

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Livestock plays a vital role in Somalia's economy, contributing more than 60% of the country's gross domestic product. However, livestock production in Somalia faces many challenges, including conflict, insecurity, climate change and environmental degradation. These challenges can lead to livestock losses, which can significantly affect the livelihoods of livestock owners. This paper proposes an Internet of Things (IoT)-based livestock tracking system to help farmers locate their lost livestock. The system uses GPS and GSM/GPRS technology to track the location of livestock in real-time. The system also includes a boundary restriction feature that can be used to ensure that livestock remains within a designated area. The IoT-based livestock tracking system has the potential to address a number of challenges facing livestock production in Somalia. The system can help reduce livestock losses, improve livestock management practices, and increase productivity. The system is currently being field-tested in Somalia. The system successfully detects livestock crossing the border and transmits the livestock's location in real-time. Field test results show successful real-time tracking of livestock. The test data will be used to improve the system and assess its effectiveness in helping farmers locate their lost livestock.

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2

Urdaneta, Fatima. "Regenerative livestock or sustainable livestock?" Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia 40, Supplement (November 8, 2023): e2340Spl01. http://dx.doi.org/10.47280/revfacagron(luz).v40.supl.01.

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Sustainability has been recognized as a fundamental principle of development so that humanity can survive on this planet. However, there are still difficulties in translating its philosophical principles into the ability to make concrete decisions for its consolidation. Three factors that determine growth on planet earth, directly related to agricultural systems, have been identified: agricultural production, management of natural resources, and pollution. Therefore, sustainable agriculture must consider them both for the management of plant and animal populations, since both modify the environment to adapt it to their requirements, thus regenerative practices arise to recover the ability of ecosystems to restore themselves. In that sense, it is intended in this review to elucidate how the concepts and principles exposed are translated into a regenerative or a sustainable livestock. To achieve sustainability, it is necessary and essential, an integral management of processes with a holistic vision of the system by farmers and technicians, leading human talents willing to learn different and new technologies, and motivated trained personnel in sustainable techniques that incorporate agroecological and regenerative practices, all on the basis of financial planning. Regenerative livestock per se as an emerging paradigm is very promising, but still requires local research. It is concluded that there is no single model of sustainable livestock, there are no recipes or technological packages, it is governed by the principles that aim at the balance of its dimensions (social, economic, environmental and institutional political governance).

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3

Lindawati and S. Khie. "A community-based approach to livestock disease control in Subang Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1220, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1220/1/012008.

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Abstract Livestock is a leading commodity in Subang Regency. Besides, Subang is one of the national priority commodity development areas for beef cattle. An innovative way is required to handle resource constraints and achieve the targeted goals. The research describes the community-based livestock disease control innovation, “Paket Hemat”, in Subang Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. It used the case study method. Data was collected using documentation studies and interviews. This innovation unites and empowers the community of breeders in Subang Regency. The breeders were trained to become skilled in maintaining their livestock’s health and provide initial treatment when they have an illness, supervised by the Livestock and Animal Health Agency. Veterinarians or paramedics will handle further medical assistance if the initial treatment cannot overcome the problems. In 2017, 60 breeders were trained, and this increased to 120 breeders from 30 sub-districts in 2020. The evaluation results showed a decrease in livestock disease and an increase in livestock population from 2018 to 2020 in Subang Regency. Better livestock health status can increase livestock productivity and breeders’ welfare. Thus, disease control can reinforce the livestock’s role in poverty reduction and improve people’s welfare.

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4

Danah Pratama, Fahmi, Giva Andriana Mutiara, and Lisda Meisaroh. "A virtual cage for monitoring system semi-intensive livestock’s using wireless sensor network and Haversine method." JURNAL INFOTEL 15, no. 2 (June 5, 2023): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v15i2.944.

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Indonesia has great livestock potential. The semi-intensive grazing system is one of the efforts to increase the production of healthy and superior dairy or beef livestock. This grazing system has many advantages. However, it has several weaknesses that can prejudice farmers, including lost or stolen livestock due to a lack of control and monitoring. Therefore, tracking livestock’s position in the WSN-based grasslands monitoring will be implemented to overcome these weaknesses. Thus, it will provide benefits as a support for a modern and controlled livestock system. The built WSN consists of several nodes installed on livestock consisting of Arduino nano, GPS Neo Module, LoRa S-1278, DS3231 clock module, and MCU node. Tracking is visible through the application by displaying the map and livestock’s GPS position. In addition, the system is notified if the livestock’s position is located more than in the permitted radius of the farm. The system was examined and analyzed using the Haversine method with various scenarios to find the maximum range transmission and perform system toughness. The results stated that the system could track the livestock’s position up to 11 Km and the location error calculation obtained by Haversine is only 11.7% of the actual location.

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5

Maryoni, Hamdi Sari, and Kiagus Muhammad Basriwijaya. "PEMBERDAYAAN PETERNAK MISKIN (STUDI KASUS PEMBERDAYAAN PETERNAK ITIK DI DESA BANGUN PURBA KECAMATAN BANGUN PURBA KABUPATEN ROKAN HULU PROVINSI RIAU)." Jurnal Peternakan Lingkungan Tropis 2, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/jpltrop.v2i1.2657.

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Livestock industry have been playing the important in national economics. Problem faced by livestocks are capital problem, acces material, acces technology, networking in institutional livestock group, low human resources, marketing egg duck. The Community Development Research executed in three phase, there are social mapping, evaluate the program and empowerment research livestock poor in improving well-being livestock. Research method used is qualitative method. Technique of qualitative data collecting used are observation, in depth interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Problem identified with the descriptive analysis, program compilation execused with livestock community in FGD forum. Result of research indicate that poorness that happen at breeder duck in Bangun Purba Village because of breeder duck enterprise to have a loss effect avian influenza epidemic, tied pengijon/tengkulak, scale of is effort inefficient and downhill (it) investment to effort duck livestock. The Empowerment Program conducted by (1) Revitalization of Farmer Group, (2) Network Development and (3) Empowerment Mertelu Sistem.

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6

Paul, Birthe K., James K. Mutegi, Michael B. Wironen, Stephen A. Wood, Michael Peters, Sylvia S. Nyawira, Michael T. Misiko, et al. "Livestock solutions to regenerate soils and landscapes for sustainable agri-food systems transformation in Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 52, no. 2 (June 2023): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00307270231179747.

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Agri-food systems approaches have gained international recognition over the last years. The role of livestock—both in mixed crop-livestock and pastoral systems—in sustainable agri-food systems transformation remains contested. In this review paper we present new analyses of original data from an international livestock expert survey, a quantitative search in Web of Science, and a literature review to unravel the potential for livestock systems to sustainably transform agri-food systems through regenerating soils and restoring degraded landscapes. We (i) illustrate how livestock is important for people and planet alike; (ii) review how to harness livestock's potential for rehabilitation of soils and landscapes; (iii) demonstrate successful case studies of livestock solutions such as improved forages for cut-and-carry systems and grazing management; and (iv) identify four critical steps required for lasting change at continental scale. We conclude that livestock solutions can be key catalysts for sustainable agri-food systems transformation that merit accelerated public and private investments. More research is needed to develop concrete, operational and practical livestock solutions, and measure, monitor and report their contributions and progress toward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

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7

GRACE, D., and P. LITTLE. "Informal trade in livestock and livestock products." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 39, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.1.3071.

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8

Wang, Lin Jing, and Pei Jiang Zhang. "Real Time Monitoring System Design of Animal Husbandry Logistics Based on ARM and ZigBee." Applied Mechanics and Materials 539 (July 2014): 874–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.539.874.

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How to guarantee the origin country of livestock and monitor survival state during transportation become imminent problems of animal husbandry logistics. This paper proposes the use of RFID technology to monitor the origin country of livestock, using the ZigBee and ARM to monitor the environment during transport to assure the livestocks physique. After a preliminary test, the system works well and meets the requirement.

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9

K, Sreeparvathi, and Dr Kavitha R. "IOT Enabled Livestock Management." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 3 (March 9, 2024): 1986–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0324.0728.

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10

Usman, Muhammad, Abdul Saboor, Abdul Qayyum Mohsin, and Anila Afzal. "An Assessment of Food Security Status and Contribution of Livestock in Households Consumption Profile: A Comparative Study in Different Regions of Punjab." Journal of Education and Social Studies 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jess.20223301.

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Livestock is one of the fastest-growing sectors, especially in emerging economies, to meet the projected demand for protein for the growing population. Livestock’s role is beyond its contribution to meat and milk. It affects food security in multiple ways. The current study is designed to assess the food security status of households having livestock and the caloric contribution of livestock in the consumption profile of households. For this purpose, a sample of 456 households was collected from three districts (152 from each Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, and Rawalpindi) of Punjab, representing the southern, central, and northern regions of the province. The calorie intake of households is assessed by studying the consumption profile and evaluation of generated energy in terms of calories to assess food security. The contribution of livestock is estimated from cumulative energy generated in the form of calories from the consumption of livestock products. Data analysis reflects that 59% of Bahawalpur households are food secure compared to Faisalabad, where 63% of households are food insecure. Similarly, Rawalpindi has 60% of households with food security status. The households with livestock and whose women participate in livestock activities extract 20% of their nutrition from animal sources in Bahawalpur, 20% in Faisalabad, and 30% in Rawalpindi. The overall food security situation can be improved by increasing the share of livestock products in the household’s consumption profile.

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11

Schneider, Mindi, and Samuël Coghe. "Livestock Frontiers." Commodity Frontiers, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): i—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/cf.2021a18166.

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The word livestock itself suggests the reduction of animals as living things to animals as economic goods. Disaggregating the term into its component parts—live and stock—also suggest the difficulty of rendering things that are alive into things that are stocked, especially on large or predicable scales. The be alive is biological; living things breathe, eat, defecate, move, sleep, grow, reproduce, connect with others, get sick, die. To be stock, on the other hand, is economic; stocks are things held and exchanged. In capitalist relations specifically, livestock (and livestock parts) are owned, quantified, rationalized, commodified, specialized, simplified, contracted, accumulated, speculated upon, traded, sold. Ongoing attempts to make living things into stocks, or commodities, are rife with contradictions and impossibilities. Fundamentally, biological bodies are barriers to accumulation. The unruliness of living stocks—including their biological needs, the time they take to grow and mature, their propensities toward genetic diversity, and their vulnerabilities in environments where diversity is strictly denied—make them particularly difficult to standardize and simplify for the market. Just as Karl Polanyi (1944) unveiled the fiction of land, labor, and money as commodities, animals must join this list.

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12

HOFFMANN, I. "Livestock biodiversity." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 29, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.29.1.1966.

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13

CISSE, O., and T. M. TOURE. "Saving livestock." Bulletin de l'OIE 2018, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2018.2.2876.

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14

Foote, R. H. "Livestock Cloning." Science 283, no. 5401 (January 22, 1999): 487d—487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5401.487d.

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15

Squier, Susan M. "Liminal Livestock." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 35, no. 2 (January 2010): 477–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605511.

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16

Meadows, R. "Livestock legacy." Environmental Health Perspectives 103, no. 12 (December 1995): 1096–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.951031096.

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17

Sainsbury, D. W. B. "Livestock Housing." British Veterinary Journal 152, no. 6 (November 1996): 725–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80131-x.

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18

Hill, E. W. "Livestock Issue." Briefings in Functional Genomics 9, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bfgp/elq012.

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19

Douthwaite, Richard. "Livestock emissions." New Scientist 201, no. 2692 (January 2009): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(09)60225-6.

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20

Browne, Ray B. "Livestock Hotels." Journal of American Culture 28, no. 4 (December 2005): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.2005.00256.x.

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21

Tonsor, Glynn T., and Ted C. Schroeder. "Livestock Identification." Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 18, no. 3-4 (October 19, 2006): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j047v18n03_07.

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22

Полянскова, Н. В., В. А. Грашин, and А. А. Грашин. "LIVESTOCK BREEDING." Прогрессивная экономика, no. 4 (May 9, 2024): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.54861/27131211_2024_4_93.

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Целью данной статьи является анализ тенденций развития управления племенным животноводством в Российской Федерации. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что вопросы управления племенным животноводством находятся в фокусе исследований, но в то же время подведение промежуточных итогов или этапов развития не всегда позволяют рассматривать всю сложившуюся систему в совокупности, а самое главное-сделать прогноз на будущее. Исследования показали, что в истории государственного управления племенным животноводством в России можно выделить три основных этапа. Первый этап 1918 – 1994 гг. – это национализация племенного поголовья, создание системы племенных хозяйств и организация инспекции по племенному делу – государственной племенной службы. Второй этап 1995 – 2013 гг. представляет собой создание системы правового регулирования: становление системы государственной поддержки, развитие государственных услуг. Третий этап – это период с 2014 г. и по настоящее время, особенностью данного тапа является реализация достигнутых соглашений в рамках Евразийского экономического союза. На основании проведенного исследования получены выводы, что государственное управление племенным животноводством в Российской Федерации осуществляется на протяжении периода, превышающего 100 лет. Большое влияние на существующую систему оказывают решения по национализации племенных животных, мероприятия по созданию племенных хозяйств, сложившаяся система надзора, унификация племенной работы с сельхоз животными в рамках Евразийского экономического союза, а также породная инвентаризация. The purpose of this article is to analyze trends in the development of livestock breeding management in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the issues of livestock breeding management are in the focus of research, but at the same time, summing up intermediate results or stages of development does not always allow us to consider the entire existing system in its entirety, and most importantly-to make a forecast for the future. Research has shown that there are three main stages in the history of state management of livestock breeding in Russia. The first stage of 1918 – 1994. – this is the nationalization of the breeding stock, the creation of a system of breeding farms and the organization of a breeding inspection – the state breeding service. The second stage of 1995-2013 is the creation of a system of legal regulation: the formation of a system of state support, the development of public services. The third stage is the period from 2014 to the present, the peculiarity of this tap is the implementation of the agreements reached within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union. Based on the conducted research, it was concluded that the state management of livestock breeding in the Russian Federation has been carried out for a period exceeding 100 years. Decisions on the nationalization of breeding animals, measures to create breeding farms, the established system of supervision, unification of breeding work with farm animals within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as breed inventory have a great influence on the existing system.

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23

Juarez, Manuel M. "238 Linking livestock phenomics and precision livestock farming." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.212.

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Abstract Numerous pre- and post-mortem factors, such as genotype, production system, growth promotants, diet, health events, stress, slaughter age and weight, carcass chilling, and ageing time, have been shown to impact beef production and final product quality. The objective of livestock phenomics is the systematic acquisition of high dimensional phenotypic data, which requires measuring phenomes as they change in response to genetic mutation and environmental influences. Due to the decrease in costs associated to genomics technology and related fields, researchers had to face the so called “phenomic gap”, a lack of sufficient, appropriate phenotypic data. Selecting phenotypes of interests, standardizing methodologies, developing high-throughput data collection systems, systematically recording environmental factors, and integrating bioinformatics are some of the challenges when developing a livestock phenomics program. Precision livestock farming aims at applying continuous, automated real-time monitoring systems to optimize livestock management. The information collected by these systems can be used to optimize individual animal health and welfare, reproductive traits, and productivity, as well as environmental influences. This approach requires the use of novel technologies and the management of large amounts of data. Multiple technologies and sensors are already being used, or have the potential, to monitor important individual traits. These two interdisciplinary fields share multiple objectives that could lead to significant synergies. The complexity of in-farm data collection varies depending on the species and production system, with beef cattle presenting specific challenges. In addition, data collection needs to continue after slaughter, as carcass and meat quality traits are influenced by in vivo practices, determine the final profitability of the system, and need to be taken into consideration to modify management practices. Integrating livestock phenomics and precision livestock farming approaches will lead to a faster development of both fields and an optimal use of resources.

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24

Peacock, Christie. "The ‘Livestock Revolution’ – can poor livestock-keepers benefit?" Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000898x.

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AbstractThe projected increase in global demand for animal products, recently termed ‘the Livestock Revolution’, presents livestock keepers, in both the developed and the developing world, with many opportunities but also some problems. The increase in demand, mainly in South and South-East Asia, is described, disaggregated by region and product type. Some of the implications, in terms of the environment, public health, grain prices etc, of this increase in demand are also identified.

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25

Werkheiser, Ian. "Precision Livestock Farming and Farmers’ Duties to Livestock." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 31, no. 2 (February 16, 2018): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-018-9720-0.

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26

MAITI, SANJIT, SUJEET KUMAR JHA, SANCHITA GARAI, ARINDAM NAG, R. CHAKRAVARTY, K. S. KADIAN, B. S. CHANDEL, K. K. DATTA, and R. C. UPADHYAY. "Adaptation strategies followed by the livestock rearers of Coastal Odisha and West Bengal to cope up with climate change." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 84, no. 6 (July 23, 2014): 652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v84.i6.41633.

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Adaptation to climate change and variability has recently become a subject of increasing importance in climate change research with an objective to reduce the vulnerability of climate sensitive people. The present study was designed to identify and assess the adaptation strategies followed by the climate sensitive livestock rearers of coastal Odisha and West Bengal. Livestock rearers (480) were selected from 4 coastal districts of Odisha and West Bengal. The study revealed that 17 adaptation strategies were followed by the livestock rearer. To trace the relative importance among the adaptation strategies, an exclusively climate change adaptation index was developed. It was observed that change in micro-climate in cattle shed/grazing area/stall was the most preferred adaptation strategy followed by providing the frequent clean and fresh drinking water and additional washing/sprinkling of cattle and buffaloes. Livestocks are very much susceptible to heat stress. Therefore, most of the livestock rearers followed heat alleviating adaptation strategies.

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27

Muhammad Jamil, Mubarik Ali, Norina Jabeen, Jaweria Gul, and Naimat Ullah. "Importance of Livestocks and Blackleg Disease Spread in Livestock After Flood." Indus Journal of Agriculture and Biology 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.59075/ijab.v1i1.141.

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Animals are utilized for a variety of things, including food production, companionship, and scientific research. Different products such as wool, hides, skin, and hoofs used to make different products for the benefit of human. One of the many different types of health effects caused by natural disasters that happen all over the world are floods. Floods can worsen the spread of various contagious diseases in animals in addition to the immediate risks like drowning. No reports of infectious diseases spread by floods around the world have been made as of yet. This review describes a potential illness outbreak that could happen during or after flooding.

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28

Ma, Weihong, Yi Sun, Xiangyu Qi, Xianglong Xue, Kaixuan Chang, Zhankang Xu, Mingyu Li, Rong Wang, Rui Meng, and Qifeng Li. "Computer-Vision-Based Sensing Technologies for Livestock Body Dimension Measurement: A Survey." Sensors 24, no. 5 (February 26, 2024): 1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24051504.

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Livestock’s live body dimensions are a pivotal indicator of economic output. Manual measurement is labor-intensive and time-consuming, often eliciting stress responses in the livestock. With the advancement of computer technology, the techniques for livestock live body dimension measurement have progressed rapidly, yielding significant research achievements. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in livestock live body dimension measurement, emphasizing the crucial role of computer-vision-based sensors. The discussion covers three main aspects: sensing data acquisition, sensing data processing, and sensing data analysis. The common techniques and measurement procedures in, and the current research status of, live body dimension measurement are introduced, along with a comparative analysis of their respective merits and drawbacks. Livestock data acquisition is the initial phase of live body dimension measurement, where sensors are employed as data collection equipment to obtain information conducive to precise measurements. Subsequently, the acquired data undergo processing, leveraging techniques such as 3D vision technology, computer graphics, image processing, and deep learning to calculate the measurements accurately. Lastly, this paper addresses the existing challenges within the domain of livestock live body dimension measurement in the livestock industry, highlighting the potential contributions of computer-vision-based sensors. Moreover, it predicts the potential development trends in the realm of high-throughput live body dimension measurement techniques for livestock.

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29

Goldansaz, Seyed Ali, An Chi Guo, Tanvir Sajed, Michael A. Steele, Graham S. Plastow, and David S. Wishart. "Livestock metabolomics and the livestock metabolome: A systematic review." PLOS ONE 12, no. 5 (May 22, 2017): e0177675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177675.

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30

Liaqat, Saima, Nasir Ali, and Khalid Khan. "Examining the Impact of Livestock on Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study of Kalla Saifullah, Balochistan." Global Social Sciences Review VII, no. I (March 30, 2022): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2022(vii-i).32.

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The study aimed to investigate livestock's role in waning rural poverty in Kalla Saifullah district, Balochistan. Using convenient sampling, a sample of 150 was collected from three tehsils of the Kalla Saifullah district.The study found that most households were below the poverty line but could escape poverty with the help of livestock benefits. The study employed the logit model. The results of the explanatory variables showed that the benefit from livestock, age of the household head, agriculture credit, livestock training, gender of the household head, land ownership and education of the household head exhibited a significant but inverse association with the poverty of the households. Nevertheless, the size of the household has a positive impact on poverty, while family labour has no bearing on poverty. Therefore, to alleviate poverty in the region, which may significantly contribute to sustainable economic growth, the government needs to encourage interest- free loans and enhance the ability of the livestock producers through training.

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31

Hennessy, D. P., L. Shalloo, H. H. E. van Zanten, M. Schop, and I. J. M. De Boer. "The net contribution of livestock to the supply of human edible protein: the case of Ireland." Journal of Agricultural Science 159, no. 5-6 (July 2021): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859621000642.

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AbstractIf current food consumption patterns continue, the agriculture sector must provide significantly more food in the coming years from the available land area. Some livestock systems engage in feed–food competition as arable land is used for livestock feed rather than as crops for food; reducing the global supply of food. There is a growing argument that to meet future-food demands sustainably, feed–food competition must be minimized. To this end, we evaluated the effectiveness of two refined metrics to quantify feed–food competition in three livestock systems; dairy and its beef, suckler beef and pig production in Ireland. The metrics are edible protein conversion ratio (EPCR) and the land-use ratio (LUR). The EPCR compares the amount of human digestible protein (HDP) in livestock feed against the amount of HDP the livestock produced, calculating how efficiently it produces HDP. However, the LUR compares the potential HDP from a crop system on the land used to produce the livestock's feed against the HDP the livestock system produced. In both metrics, a value <1 demonstrates an efficient system. The EPCR values for dairy beef (0.22) and suckler beef (0.29) systems consider them efficient producers, whereas pig production (1.51) is inefficient. The LUR values designate that only the dairy beef (0.58) is a net positive producer of HDP from the land used for its feed, with crop production producing more HDP than suckler beef (1.34) and pig production (1.73). Consequently, the LUR can be deemed to be more suitable to represent feed–food competition in livestock production.

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32

Chand, Annisa. "Zoonoses beyond livestock." Nature Food 2, no. 1 (January 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-00219-z.

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Neethirajan, Suresh, and Bas Kemp. "Digital Livestock Farming." Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 32 (June 2021): 100408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100408.

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34

McKenna, Erin. "Pets and livestock." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 72 (2016): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20167241.

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35

Bharti, Alok, Sailabala Dei, and Santosh Kumar. "Livestock Reproductive Techniques." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 31, no. 2 (December 8, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2018/45891.

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36

Savory, Allan. "Livestock and Desertification." BioScience 42, no. 4 (April 1992): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311669.

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37

Jin, D. I., R. M. Petters, and K. S. Im. "Transgenic Livestock - Review -." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 7, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1994.1.

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38

Ibragimov, A. G., V. G. Borulko, and I. А. Lukyanova. "Livestock and environment." Agrarian science, no. 10 (January 12, 2022): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-353-10-46-49.

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Relevance. With the development of the application of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in agricultural production, agriculture began to take more from nature, and instead throw in there a huge amount of waste generated as a result of activities. Therefore, the problem of environmental protection in agricultural production, especially in industrial animal husbandry, has become urgent. Livestock and poultry farming with their manure, dung, greenhouse gases and other wastes have begun to pollute the environment more. These pollutants reduce soil fertility and productivity, and deteriorate the quality of water and atmospheric air. As a result, agricultural production itself suffers, agricultural products are received in less amount and the quality of products deteriorates.Materials and research methods. The material of the study was the data of environmental statistical reporting of the Russian Federation and its subjects over the last 10 years, as well as materials of periodical scientific publications on environmental problems. In the course of the research, abstract-logical, monographic, computational-constructive, comparative analyzes and statistical methods were used.Results. According to the state reports “On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation”, the agro-industrial complex in modern conditions continues to be the main pollutant of land and other elements of the environment. More than 45 types of pollutants are emitted into the environment from livestock farms and complexes and poultry farms. Atmosphere air is contaminated with microorganisms, dust, ammonia and other animal waste products. Large volumes of manure and droppings generated in the course of the activity of livestock enterprises, the complexity of their processing and disposal indicate the need to use a variety of ways to solve the problem of effective treatment of manure and droppings. In this sense, the chinese waste disposal technology is of particular interest. China is now took the leading positions in the world in the biological disposal of food and agricultural waste with the help of black lion fly larvae.

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MATHIAS, E., and C. M. MCCORKLE. "Traditional livestock healers." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.23.1.1474.

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Robinson, Nicola. "Sustainable livestock production." Veterinary Record 177, no. 3 (July 16, 2015): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.h3822.

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41

Ash, Caroline. "Livestock antibiotic resistance." Science 365, no. 6459 (September 19, 2019): 1260.12–1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.365.6459.1260-l.

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42

Evans, Nick, and Richard Yarwood. "Livestock and landscape." Landscape Research 20, no. 3 (December 1995): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426399508706468.

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43

Brown, Alastair. "Livestock parasite outbreaks." Nature Climate Change 5, no. 7 (June 24, 2015): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2706.

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44

Blackshaw, JK. "Human-Livestock Interactions." Australian Veterinary Journal 76, no. 12 (December 1998): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb12340.x.

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Hodges, Professor John. "For Livestock Science." Livestock Science 111, no. 3 (September 2007): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.011.

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Jones, William E. "Rare livestock breeds." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 23, no. 6 (June 2003): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(03)70021-5.

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Monypenny, Richard. "Livestock production systems." Agricultural Systems 54, no. 2 (June 1997): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-521x(97)89831-9.

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Sundrum, Albert. "Organic livestock farming." Livestock Production Science 67, no. 3 (January 2001): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(00)00188-3.

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Rendel, Jan. "Livestock production systems." Livestock Production Science 48, no. 1 (April 1997): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(97)89729-1.

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Beattie, Craig W. "Livestock genome maps." Trends in Genetics 10, no. 9 (September 1994): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(94)90037-x.

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