Academic literature on the topic 'Livestock effluent production during transport'

The load of total nitrogen (TN) in stream water was surveyed in the Nagara River Basin (2,000 km2), central Japan. Multivariate analysis placed the TN data in an environmental and social context, relating TN to land use conditions such as geologic features, population density, and percentage of the population using the sewer system. Multivariate analysis was used to examine relationships among the land use distribution with and without human activity and the amount of pollution effluent from waste water treatment plants (WWTP). The pollution load in stream water is related to characteristics of the land cover in the river basin, so the influence of land use on the pollutant load was investigated. However, key factors affecting the pollutant load are human activities associated with the land use. In this study, a relationship between pollutant load, land use, and human activity is developed. Land use was estimated from Landsat data using ISODATA clustering. The distribution of the land cover factors was related to human activities, i.e. population density, agricultural production, industrial wastewater discharge, percentage of sewered population, and stock breeding in the catchment. Multivariate analysis related the TN data to land use and human activities. However, the types of land use were found to be insufficient to evaluate the TN, which appeared to be largely governed by other human-related factors such as industrial wastewater discharge, agricultural production, population density, and livestock density. Socioeconomic data, were obtained from government agencies. The results indicate that the TN load outflow characteristics of the study catchment were affected not only by outside human activity, but also largely by the various human activities in the small drainage basin. Industrial waste water contributed as much to the pollution load outflow as did human activity. This is shown quantitatively in that land use information collected at the same time as that collected on human activities provides effective baseline data. The model proposed here is suitable for evaluating best management practices.

AbstractLivestock production under Northern European conditions can affect water, air and soil. Examples of the possible environmental effects on water are fish kills or microbial contamination, if solid manure, slurry, “dirty water” or silage effluent are collected, stored, handled or spread inappropriately. Examples of the possible environmental effects on air are emissions of ammonia (which can lead to acidification and, after subsequent deposition, to eutrophication), the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide, odours and particulates.In the case of water pollution, good management practices using existing technology are usually adequate for preventing most environmental impacts. This often requires storage during periods when conditions are unsuitable for spreading, followed by carefully controlled application. However, for relatively dilute effluents (such as dairy farm “dirty water”), it may be more cost-effective to use different approaches, such as waste minimisation and/or continuous treatment and land spreading. Recent research results are reviewed and compared in this paper, to identify ways in which farmers can prevent water pollution at least cost. The potential implications of such measures on further reductions in the annual numbers of pollution incidents are discussed in conjunction with the impacts of different regulatory and punitive approaches.In the case of preventing air pollution, although good management can achieve much, there is a need for new technology to back it up. Existing ammonia abatement techniques are mostly expensive and farmer-unfriendly. In the longer term, changes to the animals' diet should hold the greater potential for abatement, not only of ammonia emissions but also of methane emissions. Reducing one form of pollution can often increase another, so an integrated approach to solving pollution problems is necessary.

The peritoneal dialysis membrane is subject to remodelling in the course of peritoneal dialysis. In the absence of longitudinal morphological studies, this process is mainly studied indirectly by the investigation of changes in peritoneal transport. Non-invasive assessment of the peritoneum is also possible by assessment of substances that originate from peritoneal tissues and can be determined either as their gene expression in peritoneal effluent cells and/or as proteins in peritoneal effluent. Three of these biomarkers will be discussed, because longitudinal data are available. Cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) is present on the mesothelium,while its gene (MUC 16) is expressed in peritoneal effluent cells and is related to dialysate CA 125 protein. The constitutive production and the small intra-individual variability of 15% indicate its usefulness as a follow-up marker of mesothelial cell mass. Dialysate appearance rate is higher on biocompatible than on conventional solutions, but both decrease during long-term follow-up. Interleukin-6 (Il-6) is present in peritoneal effluent due to both transport from the circulation and local intraperitoneal production. Its appearance rate is unrelated to its gene expression in peritoneal cells. The intra-individual variation of effluent Il-6 averages 28%, hampering the interpretation of cross-sectional values. The relationships between effluent Il-6 and peritoneal transport have been interpreted as microinflammation, but are difficult to interprete due to mathematical coupling. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is encoded by the SERPINE 1 gene. A relationship is present between effluent concentration and gene expression. PAI-1 production is stimulated by glucose. PAI-1 appearance rate increases with PD duration. The sensitivity of effluent PAI-1 for the diagnosis of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis was 100% one year prior to the diagnosis and the specificity 56%. It can be concluded that the discussed biomarkers are useful extensions to transport in assessment of the peritoneum during dialysis.

AbstractMost livestock are transported at least once during their lifetime. Environmental conditions inside the transporter are critically dependent on many factors which can be controlled by well designed and carefully operated ventilation systems. Heat, moisture and carbon dioxide production of cattle, pigs and sheep are fitted to simple models as bases for ventilation design criteria. These assume that the animals are not well fed immediately before or during transport and that maintenance metabolic heat production applies. Interactions between temperature and humidity during transport are important at temperatures above 24°C.Ventilation slots along the sides of transporters can be occluded by the bodies of the stock themselves. Relevant dimensions of pigs, cattle and sheep related to body weight are provided as additional design parameters. Stocking density interacts critically with other aspects of transport and normally recommended values are shown to be inconsistent. Space requirements should be based on species and body weight, provided that the ventilation capacity is satisfactory.Proposed European regulations on the transport of livestock provide general guidelines for the provision of ventilation, but no means of achieving these requirements. This paper draws together detailed criteria for establishing acceptable space, thermal, psychrometric and gaseous conditions on transporters for pigs, cattle and sheep. Application of these quantitative criteria will assist shippers and regulating authorities in providing more suitable environmental conditions than are frequently achieved at present.

The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) sets standards and guidelines for international animal welfare for the international livestock trade. The growing economic advancement in the East and Southeast Asian region suggested the potential benefit of a research study to examine stakeholders’ understanding of animal welfare during the transport and slaughter of livestock. A survey of stakeholders’ knowledge of livestock welfare in the transport and slaughter industries was conducted in four Southeast Asian countries, Malaysia, China, Vietnam and Thailand, in association with trainer and stakeholder workshops conducted in each country. The attitudes of participants towards animal welfare during slaughter and transport were also identified. Knowledge scores were in accordance with the respondents’ assessment of their own knowledge level. The biggest knowledge improvement was among Thai respondents, who tended to be younger and less experienced than in other countries. The respondents with the biggest improvement in knowledge scores were most likely to be involved in the dairy industry and least likely to be involved in the sheep and goat industries, with meat processors and those involved in pig or poultry production intermediate. The respondents who obtained their knowledge from multiple sources had most knowledge, but it increased the least after training. Connections between attitudes to improving animal welfare and knowledge were limited, being mainly confined to ambivalent responses about their attitudes. The study suggests that knowledge can be improved in animal welfare training programs focused on livestock welfare around transport and slaughter, but that local cultural backgrounds must be considered in designing the program.

An understanding of how dissolved mineral nutrient ions (solutes) move through pine bark substrates during the application of irrigation water is vital to better understand nutrient transport and leaching from containerized crops during an irrigation event. However, current theories on solute transport processes in soilless systems are largely based on research in mineral soils and thus do not necessarily explain solute transport in soilless substrates. A study was conducted to characterize solute transport through a 9 pine bark:1 sand (by volume) substrate by developing and analyzing breakthrough curves (BTCs). Columns filled with pine bark substrate were subjected to the application of a nutrient solution (tracer) and deionized water under saturated and unsaturated conditions. Effluent drained from the columns during these applications was collected and analyzed to determine the effluent concentration (C) of the bulk ions in solution through electrical conductivity (EC) and nitrate (NO3–), phosphate, and potassium (K+) concentrations. The BTCs were developed by plotting C relative to the concentration of the input solution (Co) (i.e., relative concentration = C/Co) as a function of the cumulative effluent volume. Solutes broke through the column earlier (i.e., with less cumulative effluent) and the transition from C/Co = 0 to 1 occurred more abruptly under unsaturated than saturated conditions. Movement of the anion, NO3–, through the substrate was observed to occur more quickly than the cation K+. Throughout the experiment, 37% of the applied K+ was retained by the pine bark. The adsorption of K+ to pine bark cation exchange sites displaced calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), of which the combined equivalent charge accounted for 43.1% of the retained K+. These results demonstrate the relative ease that negatively charged fertilizer ions could move through a pine bark substrate while solution is actively flowing through substrate pores such as during irrigation events. This approach to evaluating solute transport may be used in horticultural research to better understand how mineral nutrients move through and subsequently leach from soilless substrates during irrigation. Expanding this knowledge base may lead to the refinement of production practices that improve nutrient and water use efficiency in container nurseries.

Among the whole cycle of interconnected technological operations for crop and livestock production, transport operations play a significant part: transportation of seed grain, forage, fertilizers, product transportation to storage and selling places. Transport operations account for 15-25% of the production cost. According to the analysis of recent research, the development and introduction of new methods for ensuring the quality and safety of production. For a tractor on transport works the task of increasing the functional precision at which it is solved its deviation from the roadway configuration (traffic corridor) during the movement is assessed. In this case the problem for short-term one-time and repeated, long-term discrete and continuous impact of the driver on the tractor steering control is solved. For these operating modes of a tractor during transport works, the methodology of functional stability providing of a hydro-level steering control is substantiated. Based on the reasoned analytical model of the tractor spin during transport works, an express method of diagnosing the technical state of the tractor steering has been elaborated. It is based on the comparison of the angular accelerations of the tractor and the steering wheel when the motion direction is changed or adjusted.

Agricultural production is dispersed in huge areas and requires the transfer of a large number of technological and operational materials, intermediate and final products. Therefore, in the agricultural sector, transport occupies an important place: it begins and completes the processes of crops production and livestock products and carries out technological connections between individual states of work. With the development of agricultural production, the role of transport is steadily increasing: if at present, at the average 45...50 tons of different cargoes is the share of each hectare of ploughed field, then in the coming years, an increase of this volume is expected. For more than 35% of the volume of the main work types is the share of transport works which are carried out by tractors in the agrarian sector. Increasing the dynamic and energy indices of tractors during transport operations in the agrarian sector by ensuring their functional stability will lead to lower energy consumption, increase the ecological efficiency of transport processes and will ensure a steady increase in profits in the agro-industry. The concept of the formation of tractor functional stability during transport works, which is based on the reduction of amplitudes of accelerations (slowdowns) in a three-dimensional geometric space, which, unlike the known ones, provides reduction of additional energy costs, is substantiated in the article.

Pigs and pork meat products are common source of human salmonellosis. Salmonella can enter the food chain at any point such as the livestock feed, via the on-farm production site, at the slaughterhouse or packing plant, as well as during manufacturing, processing and retailing of food, or through catering and food preparation at home. The understanding of epidemiology of Salmonella sp. at all stages of production chain is of crucial importance. The production of ?Salmonella free pigs? would reduce the risk for the occurrence of human infections Also, production of ?Salmonella free pigs? is difficult to achieve due to a number of practical and financial reasons. However, serological status of particular pig farm can be determined based on the analysis of blood- or meat juice samples taken from slaughtered pigs. This procedure enables the identification of Salmonella free farms?. The basic actions for preventing salmonellosis in humans should involve the following: preventing the entrance of Salmonella to the farm, reducing the number of infected animals and preventing the spread of the infection. The best way to prevent the disease is to keep the infection away from the farm. In order to successfully resolve the problem of human salmonellosis associated with infected pork meat or meat products, control measures need to be simultaneously implemented at all levels of meat production chain.

The novel COVID-19 pandemic came with its swindling effect on all sectors of the economy and the livestock sector is not spared. Its impact on livestock production and value chain in Nigeria as in many other countries of the world cannot be overemphasized and can be best understood from the decline in agricultural and other related economic activities, which were brought to almost a total halt during the pandemic. The lockdown policy instituted by various governments affected local and national food production as farmers could not go to their farmlands. Livestock and related products production and prices were impaired. The lockdown also affected the transportation of livestock, livestock products and livestock feed from farms and industries to the market, and across inter-state borders. COVID-19 threatens many sectors of the economy, resulting in hunger especially in developing countries, reduces animal products' consumption, livestock, livestock farmers and livestock value chain actors suffered a great deal with farmers making less gain resulting from reduced consumption of animal products, and many others lost their jobs from reduced production. There is need for creation of channels for adequate marketing of livestock and products, provision of processing and storage facilities, government, Non Governmental Organizations and individuals should invest in livestock production and research through grants and sponsorships to sustain the industry. Measures should be put in place to facilitate farmer's participation in government regulations on enforcing biosecurity, health standards, disease monitoring, and surveillance practices. La nouvelle pandémie COVID-19 est venue avec son effet d'escroquerie sur tous les secteurs de l'économie et le secteur de bétail n'est pas épargné. Son impact sur la production animale et la chaîne de valeur au Nigéria comme dans de nombreux autres pays du monde ne peut être surestimé et peut être mieux compris à partir du déclin des activités agricoles et autres activités économiques connexes, qui ont été pratiquement arrêtées pendant la pandémie. La politique de verrouillage instituée par divers gouvernements a affecté la production alimentaire locale et nationale car les agriculteurs ne pouvaient pas accéder à leurs terres agricoles. La production et les prix du bétail et des produits connexes ont été dégradés. Le verrouillage a également affecté le transport du bétail, des produits de l'élevage et des aliments du bétail depuis les fermes et les industries jusqu'au marché, et à travers les frontières interétatiques. Le COVID-19 menace de nombreux secteurs de l'économie, entraînant la faim en particulier dans les pays en développement, réduit la consommation de produits animaux, le bétail, les éleveurs et les acteurs de la chaîne de valeur de l'élevage ont beaucoup souffert, les agriculteurs réalisant moins de gains résultant de la réduction de la consommation de produits animaux, et de nombreux autres ont perdu leur emploi en raison de la réduction de la production. Il est nécessaire de créer des canaux pour une commercialisation adéquate du bétail et des produits, la fourniture d'installations de transformation et de stockage, le gouvernement, les organisations non gouvernementales et les particuliers devraient investir dans la production animale et la recherche par le biais de subventions et de parrainages pour soutenir l'industrie. Des mesures devraient être mises en place pour faciliter la participation des agriculteurs à la réglementation gouvernementale sur l'application de la biosécurité, les normes sanitaires, le suivi des maladies et les pratiques de surveillance.

The key objective of this multi-disciplinary research was to seek for feasible solutions to avoid effluent from livestock trucks spilling onto roads. Stock effluent spillage mainly poses road safety hazards and environmental damage, and also causes offence to road users and tourists. This task required reviewing previous institutional actions, assessing the power of the existing legislation, and evaluating the interests and attitudes of the stakeholder groups involved in the overall livestock supply chain. It was also necessary to consider politics, administration, public policy and economics, gaining the willing cooperation and confidence of the stakeholder groups through application of 'Soft Systems Methodology' (SSM). A key component was the creation of a 13 minute video and its associated brochure as a primary tool for a stakeholder educational awareness programme. It was necessary to analyse the complex relationships between livestock preparation prior to transport; effluent produced in-transit; and end product quality factors. Detailed information pertaining to the nature of livestock shipments by truck in the South Island of New Zealand had to be collected and verified. All the above information were fed into the calculation of an ideal network of in-transit effluent discharge sites on State Highways in the South Island of New Zealand. Assuming the adoption of best practice throughout the supply chain, it was possible to recommend sustainable solutions. The problem is amenable to solution. Adoption of a strong Industry Code of Practice, coupled with the construction of a strategic network of dump sites will enable the industry to avoid the heavy-handed legal consequences of allowing the status quo to continue.

There are many definitions of emerging contaminants (ECs). They are not usually new chemicals and could be substances that have stayed long in the environment with their presence and importance being recognized now. They may be chemicals or microorganisms which are not usually monitored in the environment but with known or suspected potential to cause ecological damage or adverse human effects. Some natural products and those transformed through biochemical processes from synthetic chemicals may be formed in the environment as ECs. Emerging Agricultural Contaminants are released to the environment or enter indirectly to the soil during the application of manure, fertilizers, biosolids or other solid waste materials. Once they enter the soil, they may be transported by leaching, runoff and drainage processes to water bodies. The extent of the transport is dependent on the persistence of the EC and on how it interacts with soil and air. These ECs contribute to global warming through the emissions of Greenhouse gases. The largest source of GHG emission from Agriculture is Nitrous oxide (N2O) and it accounts for 38% of the total global emission through the process of nitrification and denitrification, anthropogenic activities (use of nitrogen fertilizer, production of nitrogen-fixing crops and forages, retention of crop residues, application of managed livestock manure) which are either through direct additions and/or through indirect additions (atmospheric deposition of applied nitrogen). The natural digestive processes in ruminants otherwise known as enteric fermentation account for the key source of methane production under livestock production hence the second largest source of total agricultural emission with 34% global share and rice cultivation being the third with 11%. The three important greenhouse gases (Methane, Carbon dioxide and Nitrous oxide) are not harmful in naturally occurring quantities for their atmospheric presence helps in sustaining life on the planet when they trap heat energy near the surface of the earth. Concentration of greenhouse gases from both the natural and human factors have been increasing and contributing to Global Warming and Climate Change. Increase in greenhouse gases may cause tremendous changes to our civilization positively or negatively but the total impact is uncertain. Climate change comes as a result of a warming planet which can affect the weather adversely in many ways. So, as climate changes, extreme weather activities release severe threats on human society. Indicators of global warming include sea surface temperature, temperature over land, snow cover on hills, temperature over land and humidity. It is expected that climate change may cause more floods, storms, droughts, heatwaves and other extreme weathers activities. IPCC estimated that temp may rise from 2 to 6°C within 2021. Mitigation of greenhouse effect could be achieved through Biochemical methods on enteric fermentation, development of good environmental policies even Methanotrophs also aid in recycling the atmospheric Methane.