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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Livestock economics'
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1
Bennett, Richard. "The economics of livestock disease control." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316155.
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Ijpelaar, Adrianus C. E. "The Economics of Livestock Diseases: Applications for Policy Guidance." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485355.
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The objective ofthis thesis is to expand on the literature of animal health economics by the development of a system of economic models capable of assessing the wider economic impacts of livestock diseases (part I) and to apply the theory ofdamage control to the use ofveterinary inputs (Part II). The first part ofthis thesis examines the wider economic impact of 35 livestock diseases in Great Britain. Besides the costs of disease losses, treatment and control, it also covers their consequences for animal welfare and human health. A uniform framework was developed to calculate these wider economic effects. The information was compiled using a combination of secondary data, originating from veterinary literature and government statistics, and several surveys. Also, disease effects were valued at the margin given their marginal impact on domestic .' . and international markets of livestock products. Spreadsheet models were built based on the developed framework and using the collected data, which enables comparison of the economic importance of different livestock diseases. The thesis presents two examples ofhow this framework can be used to (1) find the optimal level of disease control for a particular disease control measure, and (2) set priorities for government expenditure on research, disease control, education and/or surveillance. The second part ofthis thesis presents the first known application of damage control theory to livestock disease. This theory distinguishes between damage abatement inputs (such as veterinary inputs) and produ<;tive inputs, as their role in the production process differs. The combination oftechnical/economic information (Farm Business Survey) and disease incidence information (National Milk Records; mastitis in dairy herds) created a unique new dataset. It was found that this application was reasonably successful, given the expeCted high variation in disease incidence and control measures, as well as the quality ofthe data. With respect to policy implications, the results suggest that there is a general overutilisation of veterinary inputs in dairy systems in England compared to the economically optimal level, but also in relation to the use ofother inputs. Unlike the spreadsheet-based models, applications of damage control theory require more detailed epidemiological, economical and farm management information.
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Cox, Mark. "Ecological economics of wildlife disease control." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310898.
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Bristley, J. H. "Animal economics : livestock, pastoralism and capitalism in post-socialist Mongolia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1566678/.
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In Mongolia, a range of activities configures time in a spatial way, something echoed in anthropological and social scientific concerns with various forms of ‘timespace’ (May and Thrift 2001, Bear 2014, 2015). Drawing inspiration from the indigenous Mongol term üye (lit. joint, time, generation), I develop a concept of ‘jointed-ness’ to analyse articulated interconnections between different forms of pastoral (and non-pastoral) timespace. Attending to the interconnections of different fora of spatio-temporalised activity, I reveal the dynamic and emergent nature of a livestock-based economy. Since the end of socialism (early 1990s), subsistence household-based herding has replaced collectives employing salaried labourers. Livestock and animal products, sold at seasonally specific times, form major sources of income in conditions I refer to as ‘animal-originating capitalism’. Exploring how the time of pastoral economic life is spatialised in animals as commodities for sale, my work moves beyond studies of the social origins of commodity status (Appadurai 1986, Kopytoff 1986). I thereby show how current Mongolian human-animal relations are not only indexical of the collapse of collective herding, but motors of new forms of economic life. This thesis has three Parts. Part I explores human-animal relations underpinning pastoral economic life, including views of plenty in livestock (Chapter 1) and the temporality of rural labour (Chapter 2). Part II examines the accumulation of livestock, and how this relates to particular forms of personhood. It examines ethics linking livestock accumulation and masculinity (Chapter 3) and, conversely, how these ethics can be destabilized (Chapter 4). Part III analyses how these economic forms are scaled. It examines the temporalisation of cash loans secured against local livestock (Chapter 5), and how this sense of locality is scaled in relation to national and international trade networks (Chapter 6).
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Paljor, Sonam. "Livestock economics and its impact on the environment of North Sikkim." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1090.
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Sancewich, Brian Robert. "Agricultural marketing and risk management strategies: an analysis of the United States livestock industry." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17158.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Tian Xia
This dissertation examines several different issues regarding pricing and contracting decisions as well as risk management practices affecting the Unites States livestock industry. The resulting policy and market implications are applicable to industry stakeholders in the beef cattle industry. Each topic is presented in the following chapters. Chapter 1 uses time series techniques to identify movements in regional fed cattle prices under a mandatory price reporting system. Mandatory price reporting altered the structure of livestock markets by requiring supply and demand conditions to be reported twice daily thereby affecting the price discovery process. Results suggest the level of information flow and the transparency of prices increased, markets respond to new information quicker, and larger volume markets behave as a price leader to smaller markets with less volume. Chapter 2 uses closeout data to measure the variability of profits in fed cattle production. A mean-variance approach was used to model yield risk factors relevant to and known at the time cattle are placed on feed. Results indicate yield factors were influenced by several preconditioning variables such as gender, placement weight, feedlot location, placement season, and overall animal health and vitality. Estimates from the yield equations were then used to simulate the overall ex-ante distribution of expected profits for the cattle feeder and the results provide information regarding the effect of production risk and price risk on cattle feeding profits.
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Rushton, Jonathan. "Quantitative methods for the economic assessment of smallholder crop-livestock farming systems." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336682.
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Worley, Charles Thomas. "Implications of liberalized U.S.-Canada trade on regional production and consumption of grain and livestock /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487677267730767.
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Rojas-Olavarria, Hernan. "The development of local livestock services for the family agriculture sector in Chile." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264413.
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Boonsaeng, Tullaya. "Three Essays on the Demand of Imported and Domestic Meat and Livestock in the United States." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08142006-103939/.
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This dissertation studies the demand for imported and domestic demand models for meat and livestock. The first essay focuses on the separability between import and domestic meat demand and the performance of static versus dynamic models of consumer behavior. A new dynamic system of demand functions is developed and used to test the separability restrictions on U.S. meat consumption data. Our results indicate that imported meat consumption is non-separable from the U.S. consumption and a dynamic specification of the AIDS model is superior to the static AIDS model. The second essay analyzes the demand for domestic and imported livestock by the US meat processing industry and explores the existence of long-run relationships in the derived demand models which are required for the specification of dynamic demand models. The results indicate that the static inverse input demand model performed better than the dynamic models for both the beef and pork processing industries. The results of this study indicate that there is not a long run relationship in the variables of the inverse demand models for livestock. The third essay investigates the impact of the discovery BSE in Canadian cattle on the imported and domestic demand for livestock and meat in the United States. The analysis is based on the results of the first and second essays of the dissertation. A multi-market partial equilibrium model is utilized to simulate the effects of policy-induced shifts in quantities of imports supplied from Canada on the meat and livestock industries. Our simulation results predict small effects on cattle and the results are similar to prediction from Armington type models even though separability strongly rejected.
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Northen, James R. "Farm assurance schemes in the United Kingdom livestock sector : their use as quality signals." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342092.
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N'Guessan, Yapo Genevier. "Economic impact of ethanol production on U.S. livestock sector : a spatial analysis of corn and distillers grain shipment." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/397.
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Sheikh, Dekha. "Methodologies to assess income, consumption, and the impacts of livestock on household food security." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988698.
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Tincher, Louise Horowitz. "Taking Stock: The Import of European Livestock into Virginia and its Impact on Colonial Life." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625411.
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Scoones, Ian. "Livestock populations and the household economy : a case study from southern Zimbabwe /." Online version, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.281919.
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Lopez, Alfredo Benito. "Livestock Production Costs of Small Ranches on the Central Altiplano." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5387.
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One of the more important economic activities in the Altiplano region is raising livestock, the exploitation of cattle, sheep, and llamas which are raised and adapted to the conditions surrounding this activity. Livestock production plays a fundamental role in the economy of farming families by providing them products such as meat, milk, cheese, fiber, skins, and other products that each translate into monetary revenues. The present study was carried out in the community of "Chama 6 de julio," Ingavi Province, Department of La Paz, about 83 km. (51.6 miles) outside of La Paz at an elevation of 3,792 m. (12,440 ft.) above sea level. The annual precipitation is 370 mm. (14.6 inches) and average annual temperature is 12° C (53.6° F). The set objectives of this investigative work were: To evaluate the economic behavior of the livestock production (cattle, sheep, and llamas) at the small ranchers 14 level. To quantify in monetary units the structure of costs and revenues of livestock activity. To carry out a socio-economic analysis of the activity. The statistic parameters used were: measures of means, deviations, and percentages. Techniques used for gathering information include the following: semi-structured interviews, dynamic polls, dialogues, conversations, key informants, and direct observation. In studying the costs and revenues of livestock activity the conventional model of fixed and variable costs was used. The method utilized to evaluate the activity is an adaptation of the economic evaluation expressed by the indicating gauges Cost-Benefit Relationship (RBC) and Annual Investment Profitability (RI). 42 families dedicated to agricultural and livestock activity were involved in the study. They were functionally classified according to the number of cattle that they have on their land, a classification that resulted in four groups. The first group contained families possessing from 4 to 6 cattle; the second, from 7 to 9; the third, from 10 to 12; and the fourth, the families with 13 to 15 cattle. Also, the number of samples for each class was calculated to be 5 families. As livestock activity is the most important for families in this community, these families have most of their money invested in their herds, investments ranging from 73% to 86% of all their active livestock investments. The other 14% to 27% of their investment is in the livestock infrastructure, tools, materials, and equipment. The amount of land possessed by families in this community ranges from 8 to 40 hectacres (19.8 to 98.8 acres). The meat (cattle, sheep, and llama) is the most important product for commercial purposes. Accordingly, families from class IV achieved the highest production with 812 kg. (180.7 lbs) per year, followed by classes III and II. The lowest annual amount came from families grouped into class I with only 235 kg. (518 lbs). Another product of utmost importance after meat is cheese for which the families of class IV were those that had the highest annual production with 476 units, with an average weight of 0.6 kg (1.3 lbs). They were followed by families in classes III and I. Finally, the families in class II achieved the smallest output with 337 units. 69% to 79% of the total production of meat and cheese is destined for market. The families consume only 10% to 31% of what is produced. Variable costs represent 87.25% of the total expenses. On the other hand, fixed costs amount to only 12.73% of the total. Labor represents the greatest expense, reaching an average of 71.17% of the total expense. Relative to gross annual revenue, families in class IV reached the highest average numbers with 7,996.00 Bs. (Bolivianos). The lowest gross annual revenues correspond to those in class I with only 3,124.00 Bs. Classes III and II occupy intermediate positions between both former classes. Comparing the sources of gross annual revenue, cattle meat occupies the greatest portion with 40.81%. This is followed by cheese production, lamb, and llama meat with 30.84%, 23.30%, and 2.17% respectively. At the same time, cattle meat and cheese provide these farming families with 71.65% of their total gross annual revenue. The net annual revenues are positive only for families in classes IV and III with numbers at 312.00 and 156.00 Bs. On the other hand, classes II and I have negative net revenues at -3,039.00 and -2,455.00 Bs. The indicative Cost-Benefit Relationship (RBC) shows viability of the activity for families from classes IV and III with figures of 1.04 and 1.02. It is not as viable for families in classes II and I with numbers at 0.62 and 0.50. Estimates provided by the annual investment profitability (RI) are only satisfactory for those in classes IV and III with percentages of 4.6% and 2.13%. Unsatisfactory percentages result for classes II and I with -35.45% and -49.31%. According to the results obtained for the four classes, livestock activity carried out by farming families does not provide an acceptable profitability, even for families that have greater numbers of livestock (more than 12 cattle). It would be much less profitable for the families that have smaller herds of livestock.
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Gramig, Benjamin M. "Essays on the economics of livestock disease management on-farm biosecurity adoption, asymmetric information in policy design, and decentralized bioeconomic dynamics /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Wadsworth, Jonathan. "A systems approach to agricultural extension in economic development as exemplified by an experiment with livestock farmers in Costa Rica." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254516.
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Cohen, Will E. "Economic Strategies for White-Tailed Deer and Livestock Production on Central and South Texas Ranches." DigitalCommons@USU, 1991. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5043.
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Recently, hunting and associated recreation have become an important business for Texas landowners. Most ranchers want to realize maximum net return from their investments. This study's objectives were to develop white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and livestock enterprise budgets and to determine optimal economic combinations and levels of deer and livestock enterprises to maximize net returns. Questionnaires were mailed to landowners in the Edwards Plateau and South Texas Plains who purchased shooting preserve licenses in 1985. Five hundred and twenty-four ranchers responded {23.4%). Respondents were segregated by enterprises (deer, cattle, sheep, and Angora and Spanish goats) and a 5% random sample Has chosen from each group for personal interviews. Forty-two and eighteen ranchers in the Edwards Plateau and South Texas Plains, respectively, provided operational and financial information about their ranch enterprises.
Typical ranch enterprise budgets were developed for four types of deer enterprises, three cattle enterprises, one sheep enterprise, two Angora goat enterprises, and one Spanish goat enterprise in the Edwards Plateau. In the South Texas Plains, enterprise budgets were developed for four types of deer enterprises and two cattle enterprises. Available resources, such as hectarage, labor, forage, and capital, were determined for typical ranches in both regions.
The year deer enterprise was the most profitable deer enterprise in both regions, followed by the season, short-term/season, and short-term deer enterprises. The nanny-mutton-kid-breeding-mohair Angora goat enterprise was the most profitable livestock enterprise in the Edwards Plateau, while the cow-calf enterprise was the most profitable in the South Texas Plains.
Linear programming was used to determine optimal combinations and levels of deer and livestock enterprises on typical Edwards Plateau and South Texas Plains ranches. The most profitable combination (in this case only one activity) in the Edwards Plateau was the nanny-mutton-kid- breeding Angora goat enterprise, which had an extremely high gross income due to high mohair prices and government subsidies. The year deer and cow-calf enterprises were the most profitable combination in the South Texas Plains. The most binding constraints on enterprise combination and level were labor, livestock investment, and spring and summer forage.
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Riofrío, Ordóñez Carlos Andrés. "Economics of introducing forage and livestock into alternative crop rotation systems during the transition to organic agriculture." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98779.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the economic feasibility of alternative crop rotations and to determine the economic implications of including forages and livestock during the transition to organic agriculture in Nova Scotia. The rotation systems were distinguished by: (i) frequency of forage in the rotation, (ii) source of nutrient supply, and (iii) type of farming operation. The economic analysis was divided in two parts. The first part analysed data from a four-year crop rotation experiment, using enterprise budgeting and statistical methods to compare differences among rotations under different treatments. The second part involved the development of a multi-period linear programming (LP) model to simulate a commercial operation.The results from the statistical analysis suggest that crop enterprise net returns tended to be higher in forage-based rotations and in the livestock systems compared to cash crop rotations and the stockless system. Results from the LP model suggest that including forages and beef cattle during the transition to organic agriculture can provide considerable economic benefits, especially when crops were grown under ruminant compost.
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Dlamini, Thula Sizwe. "The economics of converting a sheep farm into a springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis) ranch in Graaff-Reinet: a simulation analysis." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002738.
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In Graaff-Reinet, domestic livestock farming and springbuck ranching are similar in that they both rely on the rangeland for their sustainability. However, as a consequence of repeated monotonous domestic livestock farming, resulting in compromised biological productivity and diversity, the rangelands have disintegrated. This, unfortunately, has placed the future sustainability of these rangelands and the livelihoods of the local people in an indeterminate state. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in springbuck ranching for meat production as an alternative to domestic livestock farming in the area following (a) fears of worsening environmental challenges; (b) declining profitability in commercial domestic livestock farming and; (c) growing calls for the sustainable use of these rangelands for the benefit of future generations. The springbuck has emerged as a credible alternative to utilising the rangelands - as opposed to sheep - because of its promise to addressing the above challenges. This is in an attempt to tap into the multitude of benefits that the springbuck possesses (by virtue of being part of the natural capital of the area) that have a potential towards restoring ecological integrity by extenuating some of the detrimental effects of sheep farming on the rangelands and presenting opportunities for diversifying incomes. Yet, despite the general increase in interest, a resistance towards the uptake of springbuck ranching for meat production exists. The main contention is that springbuck meat production cannot out-perform the economic returns of wool sheep farming. This study attempts to address these concerns by investigating the profitability and economic sustainability of converting a sheep farm into a springbuck ranch in Graaff-Reinet. The study uses stochastic simulation to estimate the probability distribution of some key output variables, namely: net cash income, ending cash balance, real net worth and the net present value (NPV) in evaluating the profitability of converting a 5 000ha sheep-dominated farm into a springbuck-dominated ranch under three alternative scenarios. The use of stochastic simulation allows for the incorporation of downside risk associated with the production and marketing of wool, mutton and springbuck meat. The study uses stochastic prices and yields to calculate net returns variability. Incorporating scenario analysis helped to evaluate how alternative wool sheep-dominated and springbuck-dominated combinations would perform based on the probable outcomes of different assumptions in the various scenarios. By applying stochastic efficiency with respect to a function (SERF) criterion to the simulated NPVs, this study compares the profitability of alternative scenarios based on various risk aversion coefficients. The study finds that converting a 5 000ha wool sheep dominated farm into a springbuck dominated ranch could potentially be a more profitable investment than wool sheep farming over a 15 year planning horizon, in Graaff-Reinet. The SERF results indicate that for all scenarios tested, the best strategy of converting a wool sheep dominated farm into a springbuck ranch would be one which comprise a combination of 70% springbuck, 20% mutton and 10% wool production as the likely profitable enterprise mix. Using economic sustainability analysis, the study reveals that because of low costs in springbuck ranching, springbuck meat production enterprises are most likely to be more financially sustainable than wool sheep-dominated enterprises. This suggests that rangeland owners may be better off converting their wool sheep-dominated farms into springbuck-dominated ranches. Thus, as the call for more environmentally benign rangeland utilising economic-ecological systems intensifies, rangeland owners in the Eastern Cape Karoo have a practicable option. At the very least, there exists an option to broaden their incomes whilst promoting ecological restoration with springbuck meat production.
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Bayoh, Isaac M. "Accounting for Endogeneity and Spatially Correlated Errors in Hedonic Analyses with an Application to the Effects of Livestock Operations on Residential Property Values." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275370128.
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Lance, Nathan J. "Application of Electrified Fladry to Decrease Risk of Livestock Depredations by Wolves (Canis lupus)." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/282.
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Wolf (Canis lupus) predation on livestock can cause economic and emotional hardships for livestock producers, complicating the balance of wolf conservation with other human interests. New management tools that decrease risk of predation may offer additional flexibility or efficiency for both livestock producers and management agencies. I examined 1) the efficacy of electrified fladry compared to fladry at protecting a food source from wolves in captivity, 2) the efficacy of electrified fladry for reducing wolf use of pastures and preventing depredations, and 3) the applicability of electrified'-fladry. In captivity I tested the reaction from 15 groups (46 wolves) to the presence of fladry, electrified fladry, or no barrier within their enclosures. During trials, a deer carcass was provided in one corner of the pen, and a strand of fladry (n = 5 pens), or electrified fladry (n = 5 pens), was strung across the pen to protect the food resource. Failure of the barriers was defined by at least one animal in a group moving across the barrier. Both fladry and electrified fladry effectively excluded wolves from a food resource for short durations of time (1'-14 days), but electrified fladry was more effective. My research indicated that although electrified fladry has the potential to reduce wolf depredations, animal learning, motivation, and personality play critical roles in the effectiveness of fladry systems. In Montana, I assigned 9 livestock operations to randomly receive a treatment (electrified fladry, n=6 pastures) or control (not receiving electrified fladry, n=6 pastures). I measured cost per kilometer for purchasing materials, number of people and hours required for installing and maintaining, as well as recording observations of potential difficulties with electrified fladry. I formed and distributed an exit'-survey to each rancher who participated in the study to assess opinions about the use of the technique. Wolf activity at the ranches was insufficient and I was not able to determine if electrified fladry was successful or unsuccessful for preventing livestock depredations. I found, however, that electrified fladry may be limited by costs associated with its purchase and that the application and effectiveness of electrified fladry may limit its usefulness for addressing wolf'-livestock conflict. The understanding of human perceptions of management tools is critical to determining the success of implementing management techniques and fostering participation and cooperation among stakeholders.
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Nuñez, Lopez Raul Rolando. "Study of livestock production levels in three communities near the city of Riobamba." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1997. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5409.
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This study was done by administering household surveys to 50% of the families in the three communities. Families were selected through stratified random sampling. This allowed us to determine how much families are exploiting species that have a significant level of production as well as whether they use them for a commercial activity or subsistence. With regard to cows, 60.40 ± 4.72% of families use them. Each family has an average of 1.68 ± 0.21 cows. Productive cows make up 36.9% of the above percentage, which is a majority. The measured rate of production was 6.48 ± 0.25 L/cow/day. Overall, 40.16 ± 3.17% of production was used for household consumption while the rest was sold. These parameters as well as the sale of live animals helped San Nicolas have an annual income of 735 US dollars, which shows that this community relies more on commercial activity. On the other hand, San Clemente and San Francisco had annual incomes of 367 and 279 US dollars respectively. This shows that these communities focus more on familial subsistence. Of the major species, sheep are the least exploited with 54.80 ± 8.74% of families using them. The first lambing occurs at 17.79 ± 0.48 months. Newborns are weaned at 5.57 ± 0.11 months by only 27.27 ± 4.47% of families. Of the weaned newborns, 60.69 ± 5.13% are kept and the rest are sold. Every 10.46 ± 0.47 months, 77.96% of the wool produced is sold. Generally, the sheep are sol d at 22.84 ± 1.75 months of age. This generates an average annual income of 40.85 ± 19.26 US dollars, which indicates that this activity is focused on familial subsistence. Swine production is the most common form of animal production. Pigs are exploited by 81.86 ± 7.17% of families with each family having an average of 2.11 ± 0.16 animals. A sow’s first delivery occurs at 16.48 ± 0.48 months and their productive life comes after reproducing 1.98 ± 0.15 times. Each litter has 5.72 ± 0.19 offspring with a post-weaning mortality rate of 28.99 ± 4.82%. Offspring are weaned at 2.90 ± 0.12 months. Overall, 65.13% of the weaned offspring are kept and the rest are sold. Annual revenue from pig production is 63.2 ± 22.46 US dollars which indicates it is used for familial subsistence, acting as a safeguard against economic emergencies at times. Of the minor species, the guinea pig is the most exploited. It is used by 86.11 ± 3.65% of families with each family having an average of 12.04 ± 1.31 guinea pigs. The mothers have an average of 2.44 ± 0.06 offspring per litter with a weaning rate of 75.81 ± 4.33%. Overall, 86.91% of production is used for family consumption and the rest is sold. The annual income generated by this activity is 6.24 ± 0.51 US dollars which indicates that this is an activity dedicated to providing food for the family. Rabbits are used by 49.42 ± 5.23% of families, each having an average of 4.03 ± 0.64 animals. There is an average of 6.57 ± 0.29 newborns per litter with a weaning rate of 41.16 ± 5.20%. Overall, 80.18 ± 4.16% of production is used for family consumption. This activity is similar to guinea pig production seeing as the annual income it generates is only 12.80 ± 1.10 US dollars. Chickens are exploited by 77.33 ± 4.39% of families with each family having an average of 5.88 ± 0.60 animals. Broiler chickens make up 48.22% of the poultry population with the rest being made up of native and field hens. Overall, 68.96% of broiler chickens are used for family consumption while 89.31 ± 3.27% of hens are used for family consumption. The annual income from this activity is 40.13 ± 19.24 US dollars. This makes it appear to have a slight tendency toward commercial use. We conclude that the three communities have different levels of animal exploitation. San Nicolas was the most successful of the three, partially using their livestock production for commercial purposes. San Clemente used part of theirs for commercial purposes as well, but on a lower scale. San Francisco, on the other hand, focuses their livestock production solely on familial subsistence. We recommend that a study be conducted regarding all points involved in the feasibility of production projects in these communities, especially in regard to the organization in each community. This will help improve production levels and make way for a change from a subsistence based economy to a more commercially based economy, ultimately improving the social and nutritional levels of these families.
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Bolte, Kati Jo. "Electronic animal identification systems at livestock auction markets : perceptions, costs, and benefits." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/464.
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Zimmerman, Lance C. "Factors influencing the price of value-added calves at Superior Livestock Auction." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6991.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Ted C. Schroeder
Value-added management at the cow-calf level is integrated across breeding, health and nutrition programs. Hedonic pricing models are necessary to navigate through the layered management standards imposed by certified health and marketing programs on the cow-calf sector. Previous research in feeder calf pricing models provides insight on the use and development of ordinary least squares in estimating price effects. Breed, vaccination program, age-and-source verification and natural-beef production have become more relevant as vertical coordination has influenced commercial cow-calf producers. This study provides the industry with new information pertaining to the revenue opportunities that exist for cow-calf producers through increased coordination in the beef industry. Video and satellite auction markets are recognized as a national pricing mechanism for feeder cattle in the United States. These markets represent the management and marketing practices of national cow-calf producers and the tastes and preferences of a national stocker and feedlot industry. Previous research in feeder cattle pricing models is applied to the current genetic, management, marketing and market structure information from video auction markets to discover relevant price effects pertaining to value-added calf production. More intensive value-added management practices were expected to enhance the revenue of cow-calf producers selling their calves through video auction markets. This research confirms that verified health and genetic claims produce higher calf prices compared to commodity calves. Weaned calves with at least two rounds of respiratory vaccinations generated an additional $5.50 to $7.50 per cwt., and weaning created $2.75 to $4.50 per cwt. in premiums over non-certified health programs. There were statistical differences among the premiums for each aggregated breed influence, and Angus and black and black-white faced cattle offered the highest breed premiums at $5.25 to $7.50 per cwt. compared to Brahman-influenced calves. Age-and-source verification presents the best opportunity for video auction market premiums among recently developed marketing programs. Statistically significant premiums ranged from $1.25 to $2.00 per cwt. for both steers and heifers over the last five years.
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Allison, John T. Jr. "TWO ESSAYS ON INPUT SUBSTITUTION AND OPTIMAL DECISION MAKING IN CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/80.
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The thesis presented consists of two essays that analyze input substitution and decision making in crop and livestock production systems. The first essay consists of a whole-farm analysis that sought to optimize feed mixes and enterprise combinations for an organic dairy operation in the Southeastern United States. This was accomplished through mathematical programming where whole-farm net returns were maximized, and total feed costs were minimized simultaneously for four milk production level cases. Additionally, the sensitivity of the system and break-even milk price were explored. Results suggest substitutability in ration components where an increase in supplemental feeds is justified by additional milk output and sales. The second essay utilizes econometric methods and hedonic modeling to explore factors that drive the price of row crop planters on the used machinery market. Factors relating to make, age, condition, planter specifications, sale type, spatial aspects, seasonality, and year of the sale were analyzed. Results suggest non-linear relationships for row number and age relative to price and interactions between variables make and age that imply varying depreciation depending on the manufacturer. An additional break-even analysis relating to pasture yields and planter purchase price was conducted to explore these primary concepts in further detail.
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Nordin, Camilla. "Investigation of the livestock prices in Sweden and the effect of the membership of the European Union." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomi, geografi, juridik och turism, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41200.
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The aim with this research is to investigate if there is a relationship between import of meat and the price on livestock in Sweden. It also investigates if the Swedish membership of the European Union has affected both the price on livestock and the quantity of import of meat to Sweden. The research is based on a publication from Swedish Board of Agriculture, which indicates that the membership of the European Union has affected the consumer price on agricultural products. This gave the idea that this could have happened on prices of livestock as well. The data is collected from Swedish Board of Agriculture and SCB, for the years of 1970-2019. Regression analysis and paired t-test were supposed to be used for data analysis. The results of stationarity tests implies that regression analysis should not be used regarding the non-stationary result. Therefor were only the stationarity tests and the t-test used. The result of t-test showed that the membership of European Union has affected both price and import in Sweden. To exclude other reasons for the price decrease and the increase of import than the membership is not possible. When comparing the data with other factors and literature the conclusion is that events in the end of the 20th century did affect the price level of livestock and the increased demand for imported meat. Key
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Ibrahim, Medhat. "Analysis of Portfolio Diversification and Risk Management of Livestock Assets in the Borana Pastoral System of Southern Ethiopia." DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4408.
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Ethiopia is one of the poorest and most populated countries in the world. It is also one of the largest receivers of foreign aid in the world. The Borana Plateau in the Oromia region is one of the poorest regions in southern Ethiopia. The local population in this region has relied on livestock for their livelihood for many generations. The growing number of humans and livestock on the Borana Plateau has caused the rangeland to be degraded. Coupled with more frequent and severe droughts, this growth can cause the loss of a large number of the livestock in this region from time-to-time. Several scientific and social studies have been conducted regarding how to maintain more sustainable livelihoods on the Borana Plateau in the face of all of these challenges. Most of the social science literature has focused on the poor and how to build their resiliency in the face of poverty and drought. Research about poor pastoralists is very important. However, it is likely the wealthy pastoralists of the region have the greatest potential to fuel economic activity by their investment decisions.
This thesis focused on an analysis of portfolio diversification and risk management by wealthy pastoralists on the Borana Plateau. The method was to choose 12 important and wealthy pastoralists to survey to obtain data for the analysis. The idea was that wealthy pastoralists have more discretionary income available to invest compared to other local people. They have large-sized cattle herds, which leads to a larger-than-average consumption of the community water and forage resources. Wealthy pastoralists can also provide employment for the local communities for milking and herding activities. Understanding the diversification strategies used by this segment of the pastoralist population also provides some insights about the diversification strategies that are available and the barriers that exist to accessing different forms of investment to allow for diversification. This type of information may help us understand how to aid more general economic development in the Borana Plateau given that investment decisions of the wealthy are relatively important compared to the general population. It is also likely true that the livestock investment decisions by wealthy pastoralists may point to the future configuration of livestock herds on the Borana Plateau.
A nonlinear quadratic program was used to estimate five optimal portfolios using a mean-variance (E-V) formulation for minimizing variance. These optimal portfolios were analyzed together with the portfolios actually held by the 12 participants using risk analysis. This included using portfolio analysis, stochastic dominance, and stochastic efficiency, and estimating risk premiums for different investment alternatives. It was found that large investments in camels, savings accounts, and real estate are preferred by very risk-averse producers. A combination of cattle, camels, and savings tended to make up the portfolios of more risk-seeking participants.
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Montalvo, Silva Egresado Ángel. "Diagnosis of livestock production in three communities (Tunshi San Javier, San Antonio and Maria Auxiliadora) using the Chambo irrigation system - Guano." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1997. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5403.
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During 43 weeks three communities belonging to the Chambo-Guano irrigation system (María Auxiliadora, San Antonio, and Tunshi San Javier) were studied. Each family had 0.662 ± 0.149 producing cows, 0.115 ± 0.048 dry cows, 0.381 ± 0.095 heifers, 0.252 ± 0.068 young bulls, 0.158 ± 0.052 bulls, and 0.568 ± 0.096 calves. The age at first mounting (21.696 ± 9.28 months) showed that the cows enter reproduction late. Of the cows, 71.94 ± 5.26% were of household varieties. To feed them, alfalfa was used at 79.86 ± 4.5%, undergrowth 56.83 ± 5.62%, corn stalks 48.2 ± 6.02%, kikuyu 19.42 ± 4.63%, crop aftermaths 18.71 ± 4.29%, zig-zig 17.27%, agave 9.35 ± 3.5%, ray grass (8.63 ± 2.98), banana waste 8.63 ± 3.28%, and oats 2.88 ± 1.96%. There were 280 ± 85.27 mother sheep, 64 ± 33.697 male reproducers, 174 ± 54.62 young sheep, and 198 ± 65.76 lambs. The age at first mounting was 18.45 ± 9.55 months and time between shearings was 12.62 ± 2.91 months with a production of 7.46 ± 3.99 pounds of wool. 53.24 ± 5.82% of the sheep were household breeds. As sources of food there were underbrush (46.04 ± 5.79%), pasturing (41.73 ± 5.77%), alfalfa (25.9 ± 5.25%), crop aftermaths (12.95 ± 3.99%), ray grass (5.76 ± 2.64%), and corn stalks (5.04 ± 2.65%). There were 672 ± 310.302 pigs. The age at first birthing was 18.108 ± 1.153 months with 8.237 ± 0.713 piglets per birthing, with only 5.536 ± 0.472 weaned at an age of 2.419 ± 0.156 months. As a food source, there was underbrush (56.12 ± 5.94%), banana waste (51.8 ± 5.85%), kitchen scraps (48.2 ± 5.95%), crop aftermaths (38.85 ± 5.26%), bran (28.06 ± 5.37%), alfalfa (26.62 ± 5.19%), and quiquyo (4.32 ± 2.33%). The guinea pig population was 3608 ± 683.653 with 2.52 ± 0.1 young per birthing. Outstanding food sources were alfalfa (79.86 ± 4.74%), chilca (34.53 ± 5.72%), underbrush (24.46 ± 5.18%), and kitchen scraps (11.51 ± 3.77%). The bird population was 1140 ± 226.856 animals. The majority are household chickens (47.48 ± 11.79%) used for egg production. Predominating foods were dried corn (72.66 ± 5.26%), barley (35.97 ± 5.62%), and wheat (1.44 ± 1.40%). The communities studied tend toward using bovine milk production. Even when the cows have low reproduction rates, they have important levels of milk production. The number of calves per birth could be adequate, but the levels of weaning are low. In guinea pigs and birds there were not any precarious forms of tenancy; possibly there are family property forms. It is recommended that the study be deepened in order to establish the influence of irrigation water, implement profitable programs of exploitation, and establish plans to help forward ecological tourism.
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Godana, Wario. "Sero-epidemiology and economics of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in the beef cattle fattening and marketing chain of the livestock development and marketing enterprise from southern Ethopia." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431029.
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Wray, Vicki Lorraine. "Cattle price risk management strategies-using computer simulation to educate Iowa producers of available tools." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/759.
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Sieff, Daniela F. "The effects of resource availability on the subsistence strategies of Datoga pastoralists of north west Tanzania." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a499a1dd-3c21-4be9-8572-261a9625b85d.
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Many early anthropological studies treated pastoralist populations as egalitarian, however there is considerable variation in the resources available to individual households. This thesis considers how resources influence the subsistence system of the pastoral Datoga of Lake Eyasi. The two categories of resources considered are wealth and labour. The labour available to Datoga households does not influence the herding strategies of those households. In turn, the herding strategies do not affect the dynamics of cattle herds. This is because households that are short of labour can arrange for their animals to be herded by members of different households, and there are no discernible costs associated with this. Wealth, defined by livestock holdings, can be measured either as total household wealth, or as wealth per capita. These are conceptually distinct. Among the Datoga, households that are wealthy in terms of total livestock holdings, are also wealthy in terms of wealth per capita, but not proportionally more so. Once households have about five livestock units per capita, any increase in household wealth is used to attract new people to the household, rather than to increase the wealth of existing household members. For many aspects of the production system overall household wealth and wealth per capita have a similar effect, but this is not always the case. In some instances overall household wealth can explain variation between households, whereas wealth per capita cannot. This occurs when the absolute number of animals belonging to a household is important. In terms of provisioning the household and household economics, per capita wealth explains more of the variation between households. Overall the Datoga are struggling to survive. They have been alienated from more fertile areas, and consequently they are poor, and herd productivity is low. This is due to the low reproduction rate of cattle, and the high commercial offtake rate of both cattle and small stock. The high commercial offtake rate is driven by subsistence needs and most income is used to buy grain and veterinary products. However, there is considerable variation between households, and compared to poor households, wealthy households have a comparatively low offtake rate of livestock, in terms of both mortality and sales. Consequently, they are managing to retain their livestock holdings, or in a few cases to increase the size of their herds. However, wealthy households are in the minority, and the majority of households are caught in a declining cycle of poverty, and will eventually be forced to drop out of the pastoral system.
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Silva, Cínthia Simões da. "Instituições na pecuária de corte e sua influência sobre o avanço da sojicultura na campanha gaúcha." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2018. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riu/2969.
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A produção pecuária é caracterizada historicamente como principal atividade econômica do Pampa Gaúcho. No entanto, nas últimas décadas com a introdução de novos sistemas de cultivos agrícolas e a diversificação das atividades produtivas nas organizações rurais, áreas tradicionalmente destinadas à produção pecuária deram espaço as lavouras, evidenciando o crescimento das áreas plantadas com grãos, principalmente de soja na metade sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A transformação do cenário produtivo da pecuária, portanto, expõe uma rica realidade empírica para uma análise a partir da Economia Institucional. Assim, o objetivo da dissertação foi analisar as instituições da pecuária de corte e sua influência no avanço da soja na Campanha Gaúcha. A proposta metodológica da dissertação baseou-se na utilização de dados primários. Para a identificação do perfil e das instituições presentes na pecuária da Campanha Gaúcha, aplicou-se um questionário semiestruturado em uma amostra de 95 pecuaristas, sendo destes 53 Pecuaristas Tradicionais e 42 Pecuaristas Sojicultores, entre junho e novembro de 2017. A análise dos dados seguiu técnicas de estatística descritiva, análise fatorial, teste de hipóteses e regressão linear múltipla. Evidenciaram-se algumas similaridades no perfil socioeconômico e produtivo dos pecuaristas amostrados. Os dados primários indicaram que a atividade pecuária é desenvolvida em variadas estruturas fundiárias. O rebanho bovino nas organizações rurais apresenta tamanho diverso e, ainda que ocorra o cultivo de lavouras de soja nas organizações dos Pecuaristas Sojicultores, a atividade pecuária permanece uma importante exploração econômica. Constatou-se que as instituições presentes na nova dinâmica da pecuária da Região da Campanha apresentam conexão com o passado, a cultura e a tradição da atividade. O resultado da análise fatorial exploratória realizada identificou a presença de quatro fatores: as Instituições Comportamentais, Instituições Socioambientais, Instituições Econômicas, e Instituições Organizacionais. Os resultados dos testes de hipóteses identificaram diferenças entre as instituições presentes nas decisões dos Pecuaristas Tradicionais, estas ligadas a instituições comportamentais e socioambientais e ao processo de path dependence, e dos Pecuaristas Sojicultores que apresentaram maiores médias em variáveis de Instituições Econômicas e Organizacionais. Os resultados da regressão linear indicaram influência positiva das instituições econômicas no avanço do cultivo de soja nas organizações. No que diz respeito às instituições comportamentais e socioambientais, o modelo de regressão identificou que quando maior a presença destas instituições no comportamento dos pecuaristas menor é a presença do cultivo de soja nas organizações rurais. Conclui-se que compreender a nova dinâmica estabelecida na pecuária de corte da Campanha Gaúcha significa reconhecer o indivíduo como determinante da escolha de suas atividades produtivas, influenciado pelas suas motivações, hábitos de pensamento e ações coletivas. Reforçando a importância da utilização da abordagem Institucional, assim como das instituições (formais e informais), não apenas como componentes de análise, mas como agente principal nas transformações ocorridas nas organizações e no meio rural.
Livestock production is historically characterized as the main economic activity of the Pampa Gaucho. However, in the last decades with the introduction of new farming systems and the diversification of productive activities in rural organizations, areas traditionally destined to livestock production have given way to crops, evidencing the growth of areas planted with grains, mainly soybeans in half south of Rio Grande do Sul. The transformation of the livestock production scenario, therefore, exposes a rich empirical reality for an analysis based on the Institutional Economy. Thus, the objective of the dissertation was to analyze the institutions of the cattle ranching and its influence on the soybean advance in the Campanha Gaúcha. The methodological proposal of the dissertation was based on the use of primary data. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to a sample of 95 ranchers, of which 53 Traditional Cattle Raisers and 42 Pecuaristas Sojicultores, between June and November of 2017, were used to identify the profile and the institutions present in the Campanha Gaúcha. Data analysis followed techniques of descriptive statistics, factorial analysis, hypothesis testing and multiple linear regression. Some similarities were observed in the socioeconomic and productive profile of the farmers sampled. The primary data indicated that livestock farming is carried out in a variety of land structures. The cattle herd in the rural organizations presents a diverse size and, although the cultivation of soybean plantations occurs in the organizations of the Soybeans Farmers, the livestock activity remains an important economic exploitation. It was verified that the institutions present in the new dynamics of the livestock of the Region of the Campaign present connection with the past, the culture and the tradition of the activity. The results of the exploratory factorial analysis identified the presence of four factors: Behavioral Institutions, Socioenvironmental Institutions, Economic Institutions, and Organizational Institutions. The results of the hypothesis tests identified differences between the institutions present in the decisions of the Traditional Farmers, these linked to behavioral and socioenvironmental institutions and to the process of path dependence, and the Soybeans Farmers that presented higher averages in variables of Economic and Organizational Institutions. The results of the linear regression indicated a positive influence of the economic institutions in the advance of soybean cultivation in the organizations. Regarding behavioral and socioenvironmental institutions, the regression model identified that the higher the presence of these institutions in the behavior of small farmers is the presence of soybean cultivation in rural organizations. It is concluded that to understand the new dynamics established in the cattle ranching of the Campanha Gaúcha means to recognize the individual as determinant of the choice of his productive activities, influenced by his motivations, habits of thought and collective actions. Reinforcing the importance of using the institutional approach, as well as institutions (formal and informal), not only as components of analysis, but as the main agent in the transformations that occur in organizations and rural areas.
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Silva, Emerson de Sousa. "O movimento pecuário nordestino." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2011. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4532.
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Drawing on data released by the Census of Agriculture 2006, this paper aims to identify, among all those micro-regions of northeastern Brazil where the volume of livestock movement (represented by the quantity of purchase, sale and slaughter of goats, sheep, cattle, pigs and in poultry farms) would allow a high frequency of transactions with animals - between the segments of production and processing - which would result in market governance structures. The research is grounded in two theoretical pillars: the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), of Oliver Williamson, and the Commodity System Approach (CSA) compiled by John Davis and Ray Goldberg. The first theory is that, due to the bounded rationality of agents and the tendency to assume such an opportunistic behavior, it is impossible to fully and agents rationally anticipate outcomes of their decisions and that they protect themselves from possible flaws in the implementation of the economic transactions from the establishment of contracts between the parties involved. So that, CSA argues that the process of agricultural production can t be addressed so tight, that is, without understanding its systemic character, ranging from the decision of what and how to produce the end consumer. The tool used was exploratory factor analysis, multivariate statistical technique that allows the identification of latent factors that explain the interrelationships among the variables under study. The results showed that the cattle drive in the Northeast is a focused and dedicated event in the sense that largely takes place in a few territories and rarely stands out in a location more than one culture. Therefore, the coordination of the interface market for production / processing of agricultural products is suitable for a small number of locations in the brazilian Northeast.Valendo-se dos dados disponibilizados pelo Censo Agropecuário 2006, a presente dissertação objetiva identificar dentre as cento e oitenta e oito microrregiões do Nordeste brasileiro aquelas em que o volume de movimentação pecuária (representada pelo quantitativo de compra, venda e abate de caprinos, ovinos, bovinos, suínos e galináceos nas propriedades rurais) permitiria uma alta freqüência de comercialização de animais entre os segmentos de produção e transformação o que resultaria em estruturas de governança de mercado. O trabalho assentou-se sobre dois pilares teóricos: a economia dos custos de transação (ECT), de Oliver Williamson, e a Commodity System Approach (CSA), elaborada por John Davis e Ray Goldberg. A primeira teoria defende que, em função da racionalidade limitada dos agentes e da tendência desses em assumirem um comportamento oportunista, é impossível aos agentes anteverem plena e racionalmente os resultados de suas decisões e que esses se protegem de possíveis falhas na execução das transações econômicas a partir da constituição de contratos entre as partes envolvidas. Já a CSA advoga que o processo produtivo da agropecuária não pode ser abordado de forma estanque, ou seja, sem a compreensão do seu caráter sistêmico, que vai desde a decisão do que e como produzir até o consumidor final. O ferramental utilizado foi a Análise Fatorial Exploratória, técnica estatística multivariada que permite a identificação de fatores latentes que explicariam o inter-relacionamento entre as variáveis sob estudo. Os resultados mostraram que a movimentação pecuária nordestina é um evento concentrado e especializado no sentido de que grande parte dá-se em poucas microrregiões e raramente uma localidade se destaca em mais de uma cultura. Logo, a coordenação de mercado para a interface produção/processamento de produtos agrícolas é indicada para um pequeno número de microrregiões nordestinas.
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Thuranira, Christine M. "Socio-economic factors influencing livestock keeping dynamics in a smallholder crop-livestock system in western Kenya." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30029.
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The purpose of the work was to gain an understanding of the factors that influence household decision-making on the allocation of household resources and how these impact on the ability to own and successfully look after livestock. Livestock keeping dynamics were examined in terms of factors such as herd structures, production parameters, the ways in which households acquired and lost livestock and the characteristics of households entering and leaving livestock keeping. The study was undertaken in Funyula and Butula Divisions in Busia, Western Kenya and was carried out by means of a two-year longitudinal survey. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were employed in the form of questionnaires and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises. Busia district has a typical smallholder crop-livestock production system with most households relying on crops as their main livelihood strategy and livestock being kept as a means of income diversification. The majority of animals entering livestock holdings were born into the holdings and there was only a 3% increase in the number of livestock keeping households over 2 years. Households purchasing animals generally bought the same species as they had sold. The proportion of animals lost through death ranged from 27% to 33% among the all livestock species and the majority of these deaths were disease related. A quarter of cattle sales were directly attributed to disease and between 5% and 7% of cattle and small ruminants were sold because they were ‘unproductive’, a factor that can often be linked to the presence of disease. Livestock disease episodes were higher during the long rains than the dry season, but more money was spent during the dry season when numbers of disease episodes were low. The provision of credit to farmers would help enable farmers make the initial investment in livestock and in the appropriate management of their animals.
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Kobayashi, Mimako. "Livestock production in transition economies : the case of Kazakhstan /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Lieber, Matteo Johann <1997>. "Industrial livestock farming in China: economic, environmental, and ethical implications." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19881.
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In recent years, the rising food demand triggered by an increasing population, the acceleration of the urbanization rate, and rising incomes due to economic growth have caused a transformation in China’s agricultural sector and induced the nation’s current dietary shift from plant-based to animal-based food. The rapid growth of the industrial livestock farming sector to feed the country’s population and the associated exploitation of animals have not only raised ethical concerns but have also been called into question for their harmful impact on the environment.
The debate of a more ethical treatment of animals and the questions about the harmful consequences of livestock farming on the environment are now more relevant than ever before. China has to face the difficult task of reconciling the two conflicting demands for animal food products and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, many of the ethical concerns regarding the systematic mass exploitation of animals to feed the country have remained unanswered.
This thesis aims to examine the systematic exploitation of animals in China by analyzing the country’s meat consumption, industrial livestock production, and the associated environmental consequences and ethical issues. It aims to provide a better understanding of the human-animal relations in China and explore whether the current treatment of animals induced by the nation’s rapid economic growth is environmentally and morally sustainable.
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Bowen, Judith K. "An economic evaluation of a livestock production project of Bali, Indonesia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29772.
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This research was undertaken to determine the profitability of investing research funds into the Three Strata Forage System (TSFS) project, a cattle production project funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and carried out in the village of Pecatu, Bali. The purpose of the project was to increase the production of cattle and productivity of the traitional farming system by introducing different grass, ground ground legumes, fodder shrubs and trees, and changing the pattern of land allocated to these forages.
A TSFS plot foregoes 0.09 hectares of crop production to produce 0.09 hectares of grass and ground legumes (strata 1), 2000 shrubs (strata 2) and 42 fodder trees (strata 3) on the perimeter of a 0.25 hectare crop field. Cattle are fed exclusively with forages obtained from the plot, in contrast to the traditional system where cattle are tethered on marginal land and fed with feed obtained from other locations on the farm. The TSFS researchers have claimed that the TSFS will "not only increase the quantity and quality of the forages, but it could also increase the stocking rate [of cattle] and carrying capacity of the land, increase the soil fertility, reduce the soil erosion, increase the firewood supply, increase the farm income, induce other on-farm activities, and induce better ecological balance of the environment" (Nitis et al, 1989).
In this study, the claims made by TSFS project researchers have been evaluated using financial analyses. Using data collected from farms in Pecatu, Bali, the values of TSFS production inputs are estimated from local market prices and regressions estimating farm production relationships. The results of the financial analyses were then used to
infer the social welfare effects of the TSFS.
The results of the analyses show that the TSFS plot incurs negative returns, relative to a traditional crop field. Elements of the TSFS system, such as improvements to the local ecosystem, are believed to have a minimal effect on the final estimates of the profitability of the plot and are excluded from the analysis. The large negative returns of the plot indicate that there are resource allocation costs associated with the transfer of high value crop land to the low value forage production advocated by the TSFS.
The grasses and ground legumes introduced by the TSFS project were not familiar to farmers in Pecatu. However, the farmers were willing to experiment with the new varieties, with varying degrees of risk averseness and success in adoption (in accordance to the findings of Antle and Crissman (1990)). The tree and shrub forages of the TSFS were already known to farmers in Pecatu; the introduction of the TSFS did not appear to affect the use of tree fodder resources but may have increased the use of forage shrubs. The results of financial analysis of individual project forages indicate farmers have preferences for specific forage species. While farmers agreed to participate in the TSFS project due to financial incentives, they found they could reduce the costs of the TSFS by adopting profitable aspects of the TSFS, using a more flexible approach to land allocations and choice of forage species.
As the shrubs, grasses and ground legumes are well-known throughout Asia, it appears that the only new management techniques introduced by the TSFS are the planting arrangement and feeding system - and these aspects have resulted in negative returns. Therefore, any positive welfare effects associated with the project are due to an
increase in the rate of adoption of the forages included in the TSFS - although these effects are not large enough to offset the losses imposed by an inefficient allocation of land and labour resources to forage production.
Reviewing all resource allocation effects of the TSFS, and given the size of the payments needed to obtain farmer participation it is clear that the net welfare effects are negative. Notwithstanding the optimistic claims of the project literature, the forages produced by the TSFS regime are not valuable enough to match the profitable crop activities they are supplanting.
There is evidence to suggest that TSFS researchers have been prone to misjudge the true costs and benefits associated with the TSFS plot. This arises not only as a result of overly optimistic claims of project benefits and understated project costs, but a pervasive disregard for the rationality of traditional farmers.
For future research projects, it is recommended that the funding agency, IDRC, require ex ante economic analyses, to determine the true social costs and benefits of a proposed technology. In this way, projects of net negative social value can be identified and improved before research resources have been allocated to the generate an inefficient technology.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Nhemachena, Charles. "Agriculture and future climate dynamics in Africa impacts and adaptation options /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05302009-122839/.
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Kulak, Konrad K. "Comparison of economic values for livestock trait improvement with and without risk." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0017/NQ47394.pdf.
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Brummitt, William E. "China's economic growth, agricultural self sufficiency and its livestock and grain sectors /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecb893.pdf.
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Oliveira, Adriana Santos de. "Livestock, agriculture, trade: dynamics of economic relations of Sobral village (1773-1799)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15905.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoCreated in 1773 in order to accommodate vagrants and vagabonds who had nowhere to live and work, Sobral village developed an economy based on livestock, agriculture and trade. The interconnection of these activities enabled the development of a mixed economy, which created economic networks between ranchers, farmers and traders, thus forming heterogeneous elite. This was related to a mass of poor and free men who worked the cattle ranches, the farms and small businesses. We believe that these trade relations approached the elite and the poor men, which enabled the recent training in specialized activities, as well as the local business area. This enabled these men would create social strategies, enabling them to act freely in the economy, a profit with their work and generating prospects to be part of Sobral's elite. In our research, we analyzed the working relationships developed in Sobral Village to observe how they occur and how they influenced the personal trajectory of the residents. For this, we use the documents of the Board, which recorded economic activities, realizing the importance of each to the formation of Sobral's population.
Criada em 1773 com o objetivo de acomodar vadios e vagabundos que nÃo tinham onde morar e trabalhar, a Vila de Sobral desenvolveu uma economia baseada na pecuÃria, na agricultura e no comÃrcio, o que proporcionou o desenvolvimento de uma economia mista onde a interligaÃÃo dessas atividades criou redes econÃmicas que ligaram pecuaristas, agricultores e comerciantes, formando uma elite heterogÃnea que se relacionava com uma massa de homens pobres e livres que trabalhavam nas fazendas de gado, nas lavouras e no pequeno comÃrcio. Esse envolvimento nos levou a pensar a realidade dos homens livres e sem posses na Vila, onde as relaÃÃes criadas aproximaram elite e homens pobres, principalmente, nas relaÃÃes comerciais, permitindo aos Ãltimos a formaÃÃo em atividades especializadas e o domÃnio do comÃrcio local. Isso possibilitaria a esses homens criar estratÃgias sociais que lhes permitiam atuar livremente na economia, obtendo lucro com seu trabalho, gerando perspectivas de fazer parte da elite de Sobral. Tendo essas afirmativas como base, analisamos as relaÃÃes de trabalho desenvolvidas na Vila de Sobral para observar como elas ocorriam e como influenciaram na trajetÃria pessoal dos moradores. Para isso, utilizamos os documentos da cÃmara que registraram as atividades econÃmicas, percebendo a importÃncia de cada uma delas para a formaÃÃo da populaÃÃo de Sobral.
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Silbert, Michele Sue 1960. "Mesquite pod utilization for livestock feed: An economic development alternative in central Mexico." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291526.
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In central Mexico's semi-arid highlands, mesquite (Prosopis spp.) pods are utilized for food and livestock feed. In 1975, a union of 53 rural communities opened a storage and processing facility for mesquite pods. A study of the operation and the regional collection, sales, and use of mesquite was conducted to evaluate the industry's potential. Twenty-six communities were visited, and formal interviews were held with 35 subsistence farmers, 12 mesquite feed dealers, eight large-scale ranchers, and members of the mesquite union. The effect of climatic factors on mesquite pod harvests was analyzed. The study examined opportunity costs for land and labor and the costs and returns of improvements to the operation. The mesquite facility has increased income production for rural farmers and provided a local source of nutritious livestock feed. Potential improvements to the industry include pest control, production of mixed feeds, improved management, and marketing. Similar operations could succeed in areas with dense mesquite woodlands, a history of pod collection and use, and a need for seasonal income production.
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Heffernan, Claire. "The socio-economic impact of restocking destitute pastoralists : a case study from Kenya." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364466.
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Gruber, Ina. "The impact of socio-economic development and climate change on livestock management in Benin." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994941676/04.
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Phiri, Phillip H. W. "The Economic Role of Range Livestock Production in Kasungu Agricultural Development Division (KADD), Malawi." DigitalCommons@USU, 1997. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6554.
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This study was conducted to determine the effects of seas on and auction and produce marketing systems on prices received by farmers for livestock sales and the effect of price on cattle numbers sold in KADD. Livestock population, carrying capacity, and stocking rate were estimated. Data were analyzed using pie charts, regression methods, and analysis of variance.
There was no significant difference (P=.06) between cattle prices per kilogram during the wet season and after harvest. During the wet season, significantly more cattle were sold than after harvest (P< .001) to purchase food and farm inputs, and pay school fees and medical bills. Market price was only a secondary factor.
Carrying capacity and stocking rate were estimated at 15.00 kg metabolic mass per hectare and 12.00 kg metabolic mass per hectare, respectively.
Most households primarily sold male cattle because females are retained for breeding.
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VanDyke, Laura Snively. "Nutrient Management Planning on Virginia Livestock Farms: Impacts and Opportunities for Improvement." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36659.
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This study provides an environmental and economic analysis of the ability to reduce potential nitrogen loadings to water bodies through the implementation of nutrient management plans on livestock farms. Study results indicate that nutrient management plans do result in significant reductions while maintaining or increasing farm income. Nutrient management plans on the four case farms reduced mean nitrogen losses by 23 to 45 percent per acre while increasing net farm income from $395 to $7,249.
While reducing excess nitrogen applications with the implementation of nutrient management plans achieved significant reductions in potential nitrogen losses, further reductions may be achieved through farm level planning. After achieving initial reductions through the elimination of excessive nutrient applications, variation in application rates of organic and inorganic fertilizers across soils may become important in achieving further reductions in nitrogen loss. Study results suggest that it may be beneficial to apply higher rates of manure on soils and slopes less susceptible to nitrogen losses in order to reduce applications elsewhere. Increased nutrient losses on such fields may be more than offset by reductions on soils more susceptible to nutrient losses. Linear programming results for the Shenandoah Valley Dairy show that nitrogen losses could be reduced up to 44 percent below pre-plan losses with no impact on farm net economic returns. However, if nitrogen loss restrictions were instituted beyond this level, the impact on farm income increases significantly. After-plan nitrogen losses can reduced up to 52 percent, but farm returns decrease by 56 percent.Master of Science
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Beard, Rodney. "Ito stochastic control theory, stochastic differential games and the economic theory of mobile pastoralism /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18631.pdf.
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Mostafa, Imeni Seyed. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Anaerobic co-digestions of livestock manure with agro-industrial by-products." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667824.
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L’aplicació al sol d’una quantitat excessiva de dejeccions ramaderes, pot tenir un impacte ambiental notable sobretot en sòls i aigües subterrànies. Les dejeccions ramaderes com a residus biodegradables es poden tractar i reciclar per obtenir recursos (compost o biogàs) i per tant la producció d’energia renovable i productes fertilitzants. En general, els residus biodegradables reben una especial atenció a la legislació europea (Revised Framework Directive 2008/98 / CE) i, per tant, és necessari desenvolupar instal·lacions adequades per tractar i reciclar aquest tipus de residus i assegurar el funcionament correcte i eficaç d'aquestes instal·lacions de tractament i gestió.
La digestió anaeròbia dels fems i purins és una pràctica habitual; no obstant, el baix potencial de producció de biogàs pot dificultar la rendibilitat dels sistemes de digestió anaeròbia en explotacions ramaderes de petita i mitjana producció. Així doncs, perquè aquesta tecnologia sigui més atractiva per als agricultors, es podria aconseguir un increment de la producció de biogàs co-digerint els fems animals amb un co-substrat abundant i accessible, com ara subproductes agrícoles com la palla de blat (en forma crua o pre-tractats) i derivats de la indústria làctia com el sèrum de formatge.
A més de l'augment de la producció de biogàs i conseqüentment de la producció energètica, afavoreix la viabilitat econòmica de les tecnologies i plantes de digestió anaeròbia a explotacions ramaderes petites i mitjanes. No obstant això, hi ha poca informació disponible en la literatura científica sobre la viabilitat tecno-econòmica de l'aplicació d'aquestes plantes en explotacions ramaderes petites i mitjanes.
Per tant, en aquesta tesi es va dur a terme una avaluació tecnoeconòmica de la co-digestió anaeròbia de fems de bestiar i palla de blat (en forma crua i pretratada) i amb sèrum de llet.
L'avaluació tecnològica es va realitzar a escala de laboratori mitjançant reactors discontinus i semicontinguts. Amb les dades obtingudes, es va desenvolupar un model econòmic per investigar la rendibilitat de les plantes de co-digestió anaeròbia en explotacions ramaderes petites i mitjanes; també es va realitzar un anàlisis de sensibilitat per investigar l’efecte de paràmetres importants (per exemple, el preu de l'electricitat) sobre el rendiment econòmic global del sistema.
Els resultats obtinguts a partir de l’avaluació tecnoeconòmica van mostrar que per a una granja de 250 caps de bestiar adult, els ingressos generats en un procés de digestió anaeròbia no són capaços de compensar la inversió inicial necessària. No obstant això, la co-digestió de fems amb palla crua o briquetada ha mostrat uns rendiments econòmics positius (valors actuals nets> 0, taxa interna de retorn> 9% i retorn de la inversió en 11 anys), així com la co-digestió de fems amb un 30% de sèrum de llet amb resultats econòmics també positius (valors actuals nets> 0, taxa interna de retorn> 11% i retorn de la inversió en 9 anys). Pels agricultors disposats a aplicar la digestió anaeròbia, el preu de venda de l'electricitat i el preu de la palla són els paràmetres clau per determinar la rendibilitat del sistema.
A més a més, s'han provat i avaluat els tractaments previs per augmentar la producció de biogàs de palla des d'una perspectiva tècnica i econòmica. Els pre-tractaments alcalins i de microones-alcalins amb palla van mostrar els millors resultats amb un augment de la producció de biogàs del 156% i del 92% respectivament en comparació amb la palla crua.Deposition of excess amount of livestock waste when they are not properly treated has a notable environmental impacts specially on soil and undergrounds water. Livestock waste as a biodegradable waste can be treated and recycle to finally obtain compost or biogas which means green energy and fertilizer/soil-amendment products. In general biodegradable waste receives especial attention in the European Legislation (Revised Framework Directive 2008/98/CE) and therefore, is necessary to develop suitable facilities to treat these types of waste and assure the correct and efficient operation of such treatment and management facilities. Anaerobic digestion of dairy cattle manure is a common practice; however, the low biogas yield of manure can hamper the profitability of anaerobic digestion systems in small to medium dairy cattle farms. To make this technology more attractive to farmers, an increase in biogas yield per cubic meter of reactor could be achieved by co-digesting animal manure with an abundant and easy accessible co-substrate such as agricultural by-products like wheat straw (in its raw form or pre-treated) and dairy industry by-products like cheese whey. In addition of increase in biogas production which can be translated to production of more energy, economic feasibility of implementation of anaerobic digestion plants in the farms is a must. However, there is scarce information provided in scientific literature about economic feasibility of implementation of such plants in small to medium cattle farms. Thus, in this thesis a techno-economic assessment of anaerobic co-digestion of animal manure and wheat straw (in the raw form and pretreated) or cheese whey was carried out. The technological assessment was carried out at lab scale using batch and semi-continuous reactors. With the data obtained, an economic model was developed in order to investigate the profitability of anaerobic co-digestion plants in small to medium dairy cattle farms, sensitivity analyses were carried out to investigate important parameters (e.g. electricity price) on the overall economic performance of the system. The results obtained from the techno-economic assessment showed that for a farm of 250 adult cattle heads the revenues generated in an anaerobic mono-digestion process are not able to offset the initial required investment. However, the co-digestion of manure with raw or briquetted straw showed positive economic performance and positive returns (Net Present values > 0, Internal Rate of Return > 9 % and a Return of the investment in 11 years) as well as the co-digestion of manure with 30% of cheese whey which showed positive returns (Net Present values > 0, Internal Rate of Return > 11% and a Return of the investment in 9 years). For farmers willing to implement anaerobic digestion, Electricity selling price, and the price of the straw are the key parameters to determine the profitability of the system. Moreover, pre-treatments to increase the straw biogas production have been assessed and evaluated from a technic and economic perspective. Alkali and microwave-alkali straw pre-treatments showed the best results with an increase in biogas production of 156 % and 92 % compared to raw straw.