Journal articles: 'Livelihood choices'

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Rahman, Sanzidur, and Shaheen Akter. "Determinants of Livelihood Choices." Journal of South Asian Development 9, no. 3 (November 28, 2014): 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174114549101.

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Stienstra and Lee. "Disabilities and Livelihoods: Rethinking a Conceptual Framework." Societies 9, no. 4 (September 26, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc9040067.

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Livelihoods, or the means to secure the necessities of life, shape how we live as individuals, families and communities, and our sense of well-being. While discussions of livelihoods have influenced academic discussions and government actions in international development over the past 25 years, few have discussed the implications of a livelihoods approach for people with disabilities in the context of global Northern societies. This paper argues that by using a livelihoods approach, we can recognize the multiple and, at times, conflicting ways that people with disabilities sustain themselves and secure the necessities of life. A livelihoods approach recognizes the agency of individuals, including those with disabilities, in the context of their relationships in households, families and communities, while also identifying the systemic barriers, inequalities and opportunities that shape livelihood choices. Using this approach, we argue, will enable a better understanding of how people with disabilities both survive and thrive, the diverse livelihood choices they make and the implications these choices have for policy decisions.

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Bista, Raghu Bir. "Binary Choices of Households about REDD Regime in Nepalese Forest." Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 3, no. 4 (July 5, 2022): 468–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems763.

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This study studies empirically whether REDD is a better alternative to community forest of Nepal. The data set of the study is primary nature in which the primary data sets were collected from the household survey in the Kafle community forest of Lamatar-6, Lalitpur District, Nepal. The study has employed descriptive statistics and probit models to analyze the data sets. The study found 45 percent households depend on the community forest for livelihood materials (firewood, leaf litter, grass, water), along with Service and Agriculture income sources. As a result of binary choice, the study in mixed familiarity with REDD finds only 44 percent of households expect that REDD will be a better livelihood alternative to the poor. Further, 63 percent of households expect livelihood from REDD. Large household respondents don’t believe that REDD will be a better alternative livelihood for the poor. Almost all households expect REDD for livelihood objectives. From estimation, household stakeholders who have good asset holdings (land and livestock) think that REDD will be not a better livelihood alternative to the poor. However, the household stakeholders who have literacy, different food sufficiency level, landholding (1>), different earnings per day, Rsex, per day earning, and age thinks that REDD will be a better alternative. Thus, the poor households expect a livelihood role from REDD in Nepal. Therefore, REDD should be more beneficial to the poor household stakeholders and their livelihoods.

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Mudzielwana, Rudzani Vhuyelwani Angel, Paramu Mafongoya, and Maxwell Mudhara. "An Analysis of Livelihood-Diversification Strategies among Farmworker Households: A Case Study of the Tshiombo Irrigation Scheme, Vhembe District, South Africa." Agriculture 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111866.

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Rural livelihood diversification has become a central policy in rural development and poverty alleviation. Farmworkers in irrigation schemes are a typical poor sub-group that has received little attention in research regarding their livelihood status and the contribution of diversification. This paper provides evidence derived from a study that was carried out to examine whether farmworkers in the study area diversify their livelihoods and identify their choices of livelihood-diversification strategies and the determinants thereof. Data were collected from 191 randomly selected farmworkers and analyzed using the binary probit model and the multinomial logistic model. Variables considered in the binary probit model—gender, number of dependents, employment type, farming experience, land leasing, and market access—influenced livelihood diversification among irrigation farmworkers in a statistically significant way. The multinomial logistic model analysis considered age, marital status, household dependents, leasing land from employer, farming experience, agricultural training, and access to markets as the statistically significant factors that influence the choice of livelihood-diversification strategies in the study area. The study concluded that rural development policies should consider leasing land to irrigation farmworkers that is adequate to reduce poverty, achieve food security, and sustain the livelihoods of farmworkers in the study area, as it boosts the generation of income.

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Li, Huiqin, Tinghong Guo, Peter Nijkamp, Xuelian Xie, and Jingjing Liu. "Farmers’ Livelihood Adaptability in Rural Tourism Destinations: An Evaluation Study of Rural Revitalization in China." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 9544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229544.

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Rural tourism is one of the important ways to achieve rural revitalization and one of the choices for farmers to improve their viability. Therefore, the socio-ecological systems (SES) analysis framework and obstacle factor analysis can provide a new perspective for the evaluation of farmers’ behavior adaptation processes. In order to test the adaptation mechanisms of farmers’ lives in rural tourism destinations, we applied this analysis framework to Ying-Tao-Gou Village in China. The study found that the livelihood adaptation strategies of local farmers can be divided into the categories of “tourism livelihood”, “part-time livelihood”, “worker livelihood”, and “farming livelihood”. The livelihood adaptation of local farmers presented a relatively balanced picture. There were significant differences in the livelihood adaptability of different types of farmers, but tourism farmers had the strongest livelihood adaptability. There were various barriers to the livelihood adaptation of different types of farmers, such as household savings and education level. Finally, to improve the adaptability of farmers’ livelihoods, amendments can be made in policy formulation, tourism development, and by the farmers themselves. This study is of great significance for the government in formulating policies to improve people’s livelihoods, to stimulate the vitality of rural development, and to accelerate the development of rural revitalization.

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Nguyen, Thuy Ngoc, Tuyen Quang Tran, and Huong Van Vu. "Unexploded ordnance contamination and household livelihood choice in rural Vietnam." Russian Journal of Economics 8, no. 3 (October 6, 2022): 276–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.79738.

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Vietnam is a country that found itself at the center of the Indochina wars and was subjected to the most intense aerial bombing in history. However, little research has been done on the effect of unexploded ordnance (UXO) contamination on household livelihoods in rural Vietnam. In this paper, we investigate the contaminating effect of unexploded ordnance on households. Livelihood choices are classified by cluster analysis techniques, and unexploded ordnance contamination is measured at the district level by the proportion of land at risk from unexploded bombs and mines. We examine the effect of UXO contamination on livelihood choices using a multinomial logit model, controlling for various important household and regional level characteristics. It was found that households in districts with greater contamination were less likely to adopt a formal wage-earning livelihood, characterized by higher income and less poverty, than they were to engage in an agricultural livelihood. This suggests that the Indochina wars have had a long-running effect, reducing the likelihood of non-farm diversification, which in turn diminishes economic well-being among rural households in Vietnam.

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Makame, Makame Omar, Layla Ali Salum, and Richard Y. M. Kangalawe. "Livelihood Assets and Activities in Two East Coast Communities of Zanzibar and Implications for Vulnerability to Climate Change and Non-Climate Risks." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2018): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n6p205.

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Climate variability related events such as drought and associated food shortages are not new along the coast of Zanzibar, but are projected to increase with the impacts of global climate change. This paper examines the ‘internal’ characteristics that make Zanzibar’s coastal communities vulnerable to these and other changes, focusing on the factors that affect adaptive capacity (i.e. household and community assets) and sensitivity (i.e. livelihood activities and diversification). The sustainable livelihood approach and framework, especially the five capitals or assets, provided a lens to examine households’ capital stocks and the factors influencing access to these, as well as the outcomes for livelihood activities. Access to different capitals and assets were found to affect the range and choices of livelihood activities available to households as well as their ability to cope and adapt to existing and new risk. Our analysis shows how households on the drier and harsher east coast of the Zanzibar islands are particularly sensitive to climate variability and change in concert with other livelihoods challenges. This is primarily due to their high dependence on natural-resource based livelihood activities, which are already facing pressures. Moreover, low levels of most livelihood capitals limit the choices households have and undermine their adaptive capacity and ability to bounce back from climate and other shocks and stressors.

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Kimengsi, Jude, Jürgen Pretzsch, Mukong Kechia, and Symphorien Ongolo. "Measuring Livelihood Diversification and Forest Conservation Choices: Insights from Rural Cameroon." Forests 10, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020081.

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While forests’ contribution to rural livelihoods has been unearthed scientifically, the patterns, determinants and forest conservation policy implications of livelihood diversification still beg for more scientific and policy edification. This paper makes a contribution in this regard, using household data (N = 200) from eight villages around the Kilum-Ijim Forest Landscape of Cameroon. The ordinary least square and the logit model are used to explore the determinants of livelihood diversification and the likelihood of forest dependence, respectively. The diversification patterns were analysed using a simple t-test, and the multinomial logit for conservation choices. We find that forest-related activities are a source of livelihood diversification for 63% of households, with non-timber forest products (NTFP) domestication (31%) and medicinal plant extraction (30%) being the most preferred. For non-forest activities, migration is the most preferred diversification strategy. Generally, households with favourable socio-economic status prefer non-forest to forest activities for livelihood diversification. The regression estimates indicate that older respondents are more likely to depend on the forest than the young, whereas males and individuals with at least some secondary education are less likely than their respective counterparts to rely on the forest. The results also suggest those who participated in training, educated household heads and older individuals are significantly more likely to choose high-valued diversification strategies. Concerning conservation activities, households with favourable socio-economic status are on average less likely to adopt NTFP domestication and more likely to adopt bee-keeping as a conservation choice. The results suggest the need for policy considerations to: (i) effectively integrate women in forest management processes, (ii) intensify trainings for conservation-friendly diversification approaches, (iii) regulate unclean energy use and (iv) encourage value chain improvement for conservation-friendly products.

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Wubayehu, Tadele Zemede. "Review of the Evidence: The Interface between Poverty, Livelihoods, Institutions, and Community Development." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 4 (July 29, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n4p104.

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This paper seeks to critically review the existing literature on the links or interfaces between poverty, livelihoods, institutions, and community development. This discussion gives a clear understanding of how poverty is created and gives a clue of how sustainable policy intervention could be developed. The study adopted the Sustainable Livelihood Approach as an overall theoretical framework that guides this discussion. The reviewed literature shows that there are strong and complex interfaces between poverty, livelihoods, institutions and community development and they influence each other in several ways. The interfaces between these concepts influence the choices and nature of livelihood strategies that people employ to pursue their livelihood outcomes. The livelihood outcomes may be positive or negative and it is determined by how these concepts are linked together. For instance, the existing empirical evidences shows that having access to livelihood assets, investment in infrastructure, presence of enabling policy and institution result in positive livelihood outcomes whereas lack of access to assets, increased vulnerabilities, low investment in infrastructures, lack of popular participation, poverty and weak policy and institution together result in adopting of failed livelihood strategies which in turn resulted in negative livelihood outcomes. Thus, to formulate policies, strategies and programs that can effectively address poverty and result in sustainable development, policy makers should consider and understand the connection between these concepts before the formulation of policy, strategies or programs. Without understand this it is difficult to formulate policies, programs, and strategies that can positively contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable development.

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Oktav Nugraha, Saka Mahardika, Agustinus Sugeng Priyanto, and Moh Yasir Alimi. "Factors of Changes in Livelihood Choices for Generation Z and Impact on Farmer’s Families." Journal of Educational Social Studies 9, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jess.v9i2.41427.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the causes and effects of changes livelihood choices for generation Z children and the impact of social changes in farmer families in Desa Karangmalang. This research used qualitative with the form of case studies. The data is collected through observation, interviews, and documents. The collected data will be analyzed using qualitative analysis, namely by describing the results of research in the form of words or sentences so that the researchers describe in depth the results of the research in accordance with the actual conditions that occurred in the field. The research targets were generation Z children and farmer families. The results showed that the factors of changes in livelihood choices was motivated by the knowledge of generation Z children about farmers, the economic value of the farming family, and the social status of the farmer families for generation Z children. These factors have influenced the social changes of generation Z children to choose livelihoods other than farmers.

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Bernier, Quinn, Parvin Sultana, Andrew Reid Bell, and Claudia Ringler. "Water management and livelihood choices in southwestern Bangladesh." Journal of Rural Studies 45 (June 2016): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.12.017.

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Igwe, Paul Agu, Nnamdi O. Madichie, and Robert Newbery. "Determinants of livelihood choices and artisanal entrepreneurship in Nigeria." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 4 (June 4, 2019): 674–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0102.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide fresh insights into rural artisanal activities in a developing world context. It highlights key determinants of the decision to engage in an artisanal business and the challenges that impact upon the growth of these activities. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a mix-method research approach to explore a rural setting where most respondents (81 per cent) combine farm and non-farm livelihood activities. Quantitatively, a multi-nominal regression is used to examine the determinants of diversified artisanal livelihoods. It modelled the differences between farming livelihoods that have not diversified, compared to those also involved in the artisanal activity or wage employment and the intensity of participation. Findings The findings show that nearly half of artisanal businesses (45.4 per cent) comprise only the owners and no employee, while 54.6 per cent employ one to three workers. Also, some artisanal ventures were more gender-specific than the gender-neutral activities. Other observations were in age (most artisans were under the age of 46 years) and vocational training (most were self-trained followed by a third receiving training only in specific areas such as technical works, building and construction and general trading apprenticeships). Research limitations/implications The study is based on a relatively small sample size of 306 business owners, which makes it difficult to generalise despite the persuasiveness of the observations made. Practical implications First, the use of econometric methods enabled the development of valid data sets (and various descriptive statistical and logit regression) to analyse determinants of the decision to engage in artisanal work, and the intensity of participation. Second, the ambiguity in categorising artisanal activities is unravelled. The study characterises the local artisanal sector and examines the intensity of participation. Without these, targeted support would remain elusive for practical and policy interventions. Originality/value Artisanal activities constitute a high proportion of small businesses in the study area – with more than half (54.2 per cent) of respondents being classified as artisans, yet it is an overlooked area of entrepreneurship. Highlighted here are both types of activities and challenges regarding better conceptualising the understanding of artisans and regarding this mostly unarticulated base of practice.

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Worowirasmi, Tiara Sartika, and Artiningsih Artiningsih. "Fisherman Livelihood Effects on Marine Conservation Area towards Sustainable Development." Indonesian Journal of Planning and Development 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijpd.3.1.44-55.

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Excessive utilization of coastal resources is threatening the livelihood of coastal dependent people. The current challenge is how to maintain and use coastal resources sustainably without reducing their potential benefits in the future. In response to coastal sustainability issues, many countries have implemented a policy to support marine protected areas. Until 2008, approximately 3.2 million hectares of marine protected areas conserved in Indonesia. One of them located in Ujungnegoro-Roban, Batang Regency of Central Java Province, Indonesia. This study aims to analyze fisherman livelihoods in Ujungnegoro-Roban, which may affect the fishermen’s conservation choices. This study employs questionnaire survey as the main data collection source, which was distributed to 60 fishermen randomly. The findings indicated some fisherman livelihood factors which have significant support for conservation activities, i.e. age, experience, income level and fisherman organization membership.

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Mao, Shuxin, Sha Qiu, Tao Li, and Mingfang Tang. "Rural Households’ Livelihood Strategy Choice and Livelihood Diversity of Main Ethnic Minorities in Chongqing, China." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 3, 2020): 8166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198166.

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Rural household livelihood research of ethnic minorities is urgent to the development of ethnic areas in China and achieve the world poverty reduction goal. To improve ethnic rural household livelihood, it is fundamental to figure out what are the types, characteristics as well as impact factors of their livelihood strategies. In the study, we explored the household livelihood strategy choices and livelihood diversity of the main ethnic minorities (Tujia and Miao) in Chongqing, as well as how livelihood capitals impact livelihood strategy through methods of clustering, livelihood diversity index and multiple logistic regression under the framework of sustainable livelihood approach. The results show that: (1) Full-time job, both full-time and part-time job, part-time agriculture, part-time job and subsidized livelihood strategy are livelihood strategies adopted by Tujia and Miao rural households in Chongqing, China. (2) The characteristics of the identified livelihood strategies are diversified and various in natural, financial, human and finance capital. (3) A number of livelihood capitals impact the way that household choose their livelihood strategies, but the livelihood capitals have no significant impact on the livelihood diversity. By detailed analysis of the characteristic of rural ethnic household livelihood strategy, especial livelihood diversity, the research enriched sustainable livelihood literature and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners in designing effective programs for regional sustainable development and ecological protection.

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Zhang, Le, Chuanqing Liao, Huan Zhang, and Xiaobo Hua. "Multilevel Modeling of Rural Livelihood Strategies from Peasant to Village Level in Henan Province, China." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10092967.

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With the rapid development of China’s economy, Chinese peasants now have a growing number of livelihood choices. Rural livelihood strategies are primarily a matter of choice, while the characteristics of the household and village may affect the decision-making process. However, until now, there has been a lack of empirical studies that have been carried out for the identification of the multi-level determinants of rural livelihood strategies. To fill this gap, this paper applies multi-level modeling approach to model rural livelihood strategies in Henan Province, China. The results show that rural livelihood strategies have insignificant between-group variability at the household level, and significant between-group variability at the village level, with the variance at the peasant level accounting for the largest proportion of the total variance. Younger peasants who are male and have a higher education level are more likely to engage in only off-farm work, while peasants with the opposite characteristics are more likely to engage in only on-farm work. Pluriactive peasants integrate the characteristics of the other two groups, and generally live closer to urban areas than the others. In order to reduce rural income inequality and sustain agricultural production, the Chinese government should design effective policies to make farming an appealing livelihood choice, particularly for the young generation.

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Fakoyede, F. D., and H. F. B. Faborode. "Gender analysis of factors influencing livelihood choice among migrants in cocoa-producing communities of Ondo State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Science and Practice 6, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasp2021.306.

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The study analysed gender specific factors influencing livelihood choice among migrants in cocoa-producing communities of Ondo State Nigeria to enhance inclusiveness and gender equity in rural economy. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted to select 220 respondents across the study area. Structured interview schedule was used to elicit information. Data were summarised with percentages, mean and standard deviation, while factor analysis was used to categorise and isolate the gender specific factors influencing migrants’ livelihood choice. Results revealed that 51.4 percent of the migrants were male and 48.6 percent were female with mean ages of 44.6 ± 13.3 and 42.0 ± 13.3 years, respectively. The mean annual income for male and female were 459,769.91 ± 409,365.69 Naira and 247,607.48 ± 207,169.69 Naira, respectively. On-farm livelihood category was the most popular choice of both male (100.0%) and female (93.5%) while more female (50.5 and 38.3%) than male (38.1 and 28.6%) engaged in off-farm and non-farm categories respectively. For the male, five crucial factors (socio-economic status, labour resource, financial accessibility, external orientation and farm holding) were isolated with a total explained variation of 74.4 percent, whereas financial resource, labour resource, socio-economic and group benefit factors were among the six factors (with explained variation of 72.1%) found to influence livelihood choice of female migrants. These findings revealed gender-based differentiation in the factor influencing the choices of male and female migrants. These factors were major determinants of livelihood choice of migrants. Therefore, focusing on gender-specific factors influencing the livelihood choice of migrants is crucial to any planned intervention to enhance cocoa production in the study area.

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Buechler, Stephanie, and América Lutz-Ley. "Livelihoods with multiple stressors: Gendered youth decision-making under global change in rural Northwest Mexico." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 1096–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619878603.

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Livelihoods in rural communities have become increasingly complex due to rapidly changing socio-economic and environmental forces, with differing impacts on and responses by female and male youth. This study contributes to feminist political ecology through an explicit focus on youth and an examination of the intersections of age and gender in educational choices, livelihood systems, and human–environment interactions. We undertake double exposures analysis to explore female and male youths’ livelihood-related decision-making in Rayón, a semi-arid rural community in Northwest Mexico, undergoing global environmental change and globalization-related shifts in agriculture, climate, water, and socio-economic conditions. Global environmental change exacerbates an already fragile, local ecological context. A focus on gender issues among youth in three age categories (14–15, 16–19, and youth in their 20s) with respect to their decision-making concerning the future is critical to gaining a better understanding of the roles women and men will play in linked agricultural and non-agricultural, rural to urban livelihood systems. Agricultural employment increasingly includes global agribusiness where local youth compete with people from other areas. Access to employment, education, as well as water and land resources varied by gender, age, and social class, and played significant roles in livelihood diversification and migration decisions and outcomes. Mothers’ access to government assistance for their natural resource-based livelihoods positively impacted daughters’ opportunities. Educational curricula failed to link environmental change with local livelihoods and to prepare students for urban careers. This study offers insights related to female and male youths’ needs associated with environmental education, technology access, job training, and child and sibling care in order for them to more successfully confront the future across village, town, and city spaces.

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Tang, Hong, Jian Liu, Xiaowen Dai, Yun Zhang, Wendai He, Qi Yin, Feng Huang, Ruiping Ran, and Yunqiang Liu. "Household Groups’ Land Use Decisions Investigation Based on Perspective of Livelihood Heterogeneity in Sichuan Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 9485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159485.

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Land use decision-making is a vital livelihood strategy associated with the rational collocation of livelihood asset endowments by rural households. Based on the perspective of livelihood heterogeneity, this paper collected the data from 540 farm households in 27 villages in three Sichuan Province counties to identify the land use decision-making characteristics of the household groups. A land use decision-making framework (LUDF) based on the sustainable livelihood framework (SLF) was established and dynamic and dual indicators were developed to divide the sample into six household groups. The household livelihood capital, livelihood strategies, and livelihood diversity were then analyzed at the regional and household group level, and the land use decisions of these household groups were explored, from which the following was found. (1) Overall livelihood capital in the study area was low, and except for human assets, there were few other assets, with households in the survey areas being more inclined to engage in non-farming livelihood activities; however, households in Nanjiang and Qionglai had greater livelihood activities choices than Luxian. (2) The LL-type household was the chief household group; the household group distribution in Qionglai was well-proportioned but uneven in Nanjiang and Luxian; and the HL-type, ML-type, and LL-type household livelihood strategy choices were polarized. (3) Most households were involved in land self-cultivation, followed by land transfer-in, land transfer-out, and land abandonment households. Specifically, there were more households that cultivated fragmented landholdings than specialized households with large-scale landholdings, the land transfer rate was relatively low, the transfer-in land area was far greater than the transfer-out land areas, and a small number of households that had abandoned their land were still involved in agricultural production. (4) There were obvious discordant human–land relationships and inefficient land uses in the study area. Based on these findings, relevant policy recommendations are given to improve farm household livelihood capital, optimize livelihood strategies, and assist in land use decision-making.

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Yego, Purity, Robert Mbeche, Josiah Ateka, and Eucabeth Majiwa. "Forest-based livelihood choices and their determinants in Western Kenya." Forest Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2020.1870577.

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Radeny, Maren, David Nkedianye, Patricia Kristjanson, and Mario Herrero. "Livelihood Choices and Returns Among Pastoralists: Evidence from Southern Kenya." Nomadic Peoples 11, no. 2 (October 21, 2007): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/np.2007.110203.

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Abraham, Ernest, and Adrienne Martin. "Understanding households’ livelihood choices, wealth, and poverty in Accra, Ghana." Development in Practice 26, no. 3 (April 2, 2016): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2016.1150417.

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Sinha, Ashish Aman, Hari Charan Behera, Ajit Kumar Behura, Amiya Kumar Sahoo, and Utpal Kumar De. "Livelihood Assets and Income Generating Activities: A Comparative Analysis in the Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Areas of Jharkhand." Indian Journal of Human Development 15, no. 3 (December 2021): 443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09737030211064929.

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The main objective of the article is to identify different types of livelihood assets, income generating activities (IGAs) and choices of these activities by households across social groups in the Fifth and non-Fifth Scheduled areas of Jharkhand in eastern India. It is based on a primary survey of 785 households randomly selected across caste and Scheduled Tribe groups in Giridih and Latehar districts of Jharkhand. K-means clustering is applied for determination of latent class activity clusters and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) model used for understanding the importance of livelihood assets in determining livelihood activity cluster (LC) for income generation. Further, discriminant analysis is applied to obtain probability of choice of individual households in determining livelihood generating activity. The analysis shows that forest-based activity remains a better livelihood support system in the Fifth Scheduled areas, which is less significant and further diminishing in the non-Fifth Scheduled areas. Rural households engaged in a diverse set of IGAs to obtain additional income to reduce risk and maintain a balanced consumption. Occupational transition is marked by the decline of agriculture and increasing reliance on daily-wage activities as the primary source of income. Other traditional livelihood activities such as animal husbandry and the collection of forest produce have less scope for income in the absence of institutional support.

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Hosu, Yiseyon Sunday, S. Ndhleve, HM Kabiti, and SFG Yusuf. "Learning from the grassroots: The case for the consideration of community-based agrarian and food security reforms in South Africa." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 9 (October 29, 2021): 18711–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.104.19770.

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Studies of projected agro-climatic variability on the productivity of small-holding farming livelihoods have been evaluated by indirect methods using simulation models on country or regional basis but few have been done at the community level. This study explores direct observation of the impact of soil and climate factors on crop and livestock livelihood systems in the three major agro-ecological zones of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It also analyzed their influence on small farmers’ choices of agrarian livelihood activities and the lessons learned for the suitability of agro-ecologically integrated agriculture as part of agrarian and food security reforms needed among small farming households in rural communities of South Africa. The impact of soil and rainfall on the crop and livestock livelihood choices of small-holders in the three major agro-ecological zones were explored. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 223 small-holding farming households during the harvesting period of rain-fed farming season. Data on household livelihood activities were processed in monetary terms and subjected to gross margin and cost/benefit analysis. Geographic information system (GIS) mapping and statistical analysis were used to determine the association of small-holder maize revenue with agro-climatic variation. The results indicated that crop-based activities performed better in the Grassland zone, while livestock activities performed better in the Savanna zone. Small farms in the Karoo can only productively engage in livestock production. The results also showed that farming activities that combined more vegetable crops yielded greater profits than other field crops. Furthermore, the results indicate that the mixed cropping method remains one of the strategies for breaking-even and risk-bearing effort used by the small-holder farmers considering its cost-sharing benefits. Geographical information system (GIS) mapping further indicates that small-holders’ farming activity was not only affected by soil-climatic factors but by their management skills as well. We recommend agro-ecologically adapted policies and incentives for agriculture-based livelihood activities and intensified mixing of cropping systems among the small-holder farming households in the study area.

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Choirunnisa, Luthfi Alif Dinar, Yunastiti Purwaningsih, and Dwi Prasetyani. "Adaptation of Coastal Fishermen in Pacitan Regency Due to Climate Change Through the Sustainable Livelihood Framework Approach." International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research 06, no. 07 (2022): 206–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51505/ijebmr.2022.6714.

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The phenomenon of climate change is one of the events that affect the coastal communities of Pacitan Regency, especially their livelihoods as fishermen. The purpose of this study is to analyze the adaptation activities of fishermen due to climate change that affects fishermen's household income using a sustainable livelihood approach. Determination of respondents through purposive sampling technique, where the total sample is 104 fishermen. This study uses a survey method in the field with fishermen based on several questions through questionnaires submitted to coastal fishermen in the District of Pacitan Regency. Factor analysis and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The results showed that simultaneously the variables of fishermen's adaptation choices, government adaptation choices, education level, age and experience as fishermen, fishermen's distance to the sea, location of mangrove areas, savings, asset ownership, credit, participation in fisherman group organizations, and ownership of tools. Simultaneous capture has a significant effect on the total income of fishermen. Partially, the variable of fisherman adaptation choice, education level, age, the distance of fishermen when fishing, location of mangrove area, savings, asset ownership, credit, and ownership of fishing gear have a significant and positive effect on the total income level of coastal fishermen in Pacitan Regency, while the experience variable as fishermen have a negative and significant effect on the total income level of coastal fishermen in Pacitan Regency.

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Ao, Yibin, Ling Tan, Qiqi Feng, Liyao Tan, Hongfu Li, Yan Wang, Tong Wang, and Yunfeng Chen. "Livelihood Capital Effects on Famers’ Strategy Choices in Flood-Prone Areas—A Study in Rural China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 7535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127535.

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The global climate change has resulted in huge flood damages, which seriously hinders the sustainable development of rural economy and society and causes famers’ livelihood problems. In flood-prone areas, it is imperative to actively study short and long-term strategies and solve farmers’ livelihood problems accordingly. Following the sustainable development analysis framework proposed by the Department for International Development (DFID), this study collects empirical data of 360 rural households in six sample villages in the Jialing River Basin of Sichuan Province, China through a village-to-household field questionnaire and applies the Multinominal Logit Model (MNL) to explore the influence of farmer households’ capital on livelihood strategy choice. Research results show that: (1) In human capital category, the education level of the household head has a significant positive impact on the livelihood strategies of farmers’ families; (2) In physical capital category, farmer households with larger space have more funds to choose among flood adaptation strategies; (3) In natural capital category, house location and the sale of family property for cash have the greatest negative impact on farmers’ livelihood strategies; (4) Rural households with more credit opportunities in financial capital are more willing to obtain emergency relief funds; (5) Farmers’ families helped by the village for a long time will probably not choose to move to avoid floods, but are more likely to choose buying flood insurance. This study provides an empirical reference for effective short and long term prevention and mitigation strategies design and application in rural in flood-prone areas.

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Knorringa, Peter, and Nguyen Thi Minh Huong. "Policy choices for Vietnam's craft villages: Value chain or livelihood approach?" Enterprise Development and Microfinance 22, no. 3 (September 2011): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2011.022.

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Walelign, Solomon Zena, Martin Reinhardt Nielsen, and Jette Bredahl Jacobsen. "Roads and livelihood activity choices in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania." PLOS ONE 14, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): e0213089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213089.

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Harihar, Abishek, Diogo Veríssimo, and Douglas C. MacMillan. "Beyond compensation: Integrating local communities’ livelihood choices in large carnivore conservation." Global Environmental Change 33 (July 2015): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.05.004.

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Gilberthorpe, Emma, Dorice Agol, and Thomas Gegg. "‘Sustainable Mining’? Corporate Social Responsibility, Migration and Livelihood Choices in Zambia." Journal of Development Studies 52, no. 11 (June 27, 2016): 1517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1189534.

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Yang, Lun, Moucheng Liu, and Qingwen Min. "Natural Disasters, Public Policies, Family Characteristics, or Livelihood Assets? The Driving Factors of Farmers’ Livelihood Strategy Choices in a Nature Reserve." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 5423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195423.

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Based on the summarization of previous studies, this paper constructed an analytical model on the driving factors on the choice of farmers’ livelihood strategies in nature reserves, covering the aspects of natural disasters, public policies, family characteristics, and livelihood assets, and this paper took Zhagana Village in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as an example to conduct an empirical study. The empirical results show that non-agricultural production strategies, especially a tourism-oriented strategy, are currently the primary livelihood preference for households in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the process of livelihood strategy selection, households are influenced by exogenous factors like public policies and natural disasters, as well as by endogenous factors like family characteristics and livelihood assets. Among these factors, the soil erosion as well as the tourism development policy would be the restrictive factors when choosing an agricultural production strategy, or the incentive factors if a non-agricultural production strategy were to be chosen. Meanwhile, anti-poverty development policy, location characteristic, and economic characteristic are the incentive factors for households who want to choose an agricultural production strategy, or the restrictive factors if they would like to select a non-agricultural production strategy.

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Jatto, K. A., A. S. Adeoye, O. F. Akanni, A. A. Ogunbela, A. R. Falana, O. G. Ogunwale, and F. F. Ojo-Fakuade. "Livelihood diversification choices of forest dwellers in Onigambari Forest Reserve, Oyo State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 18, no. 2 (October 14, 2022): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v18i2.9.

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The study assessed the livelihood diversification choices of forest dwellers in Onigambari Forest Reserve, Oyo State, Nigeria. A multi-staged sampling technique was used to select ninety-five (95) respondents while data was collected using structured questionnaires. The data generated from the survey were analysed using descriptive statistics and a multinomial logistic regression model. The descriptive result revealed that a slight majority (52.63%) of the households were headed by males and that the average age of the respondents stood at 54.4 years with 86.32% of them having a formal education. Farming is the predominant occupation in the study area with the majority (54.74%) of the household engaged in a combination of farm and non-farm activities, 30.53% of them engaged in only non-farm activities. The factors influencing the choice of non-farm strategy are: having at least secondary education (p<0.01) which was positive and significant while the gender of household head (p<0.01) was negative and significant. Concerning the choice of the combination of farm and non-farm strategy as a livelihood option, marital status (p<0.01) and having at least secondary education (p<0.05) were positive and significant while age of household head (p<0.01) was negative and significant. The study, therefore, recommended the promotion and intensification of technical and financial capacity of the dwellers to undertake conservation-friendly diversification approaches as an alternative strategy to minimize forest exploitation and dependence.

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ZHANG, Ruiying, Jianchao XI, and Nan ZHANG. "The Comparative Study on Peasant Sustainable Livelihood Models in Rural Tourism Areas — A Case from Jixian, Tianjin." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 03, no. 02 (June 2015): 1550014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748115500141.

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The differences exist among rural areas of different tourism types in the aspects of peasant livelihood capital, livelihood strategy, and livelihood outcome. This paper conducts the comparative studies on peasant sustainable livelihood on two representatives, Maojiayu village and Changzhou village in Jixian (a county in Tianjin), based on the fieldwork and participatory country evaluating methods. The study finds that: (1) in rural areas of different tourism types, where their natural background, history of development, resources endowment, and regional policy are different, their tourism livelihood capital is various. The comparison finds huge differences in natural capital, material capital, and financial capital, but tiny difference in human resources capital and social capital for Maojiayu village and Changzhou village. (2) For the comparison of livelihood strategy and livelihood outcome, Maojiayu village mainly focus on the tourism-program-driven livelihood, while Changzhou village's livelihood is driven by tourism facilities and natural environment. The transformation and upgrading of tourism accommodation can significantly promote the tourism livelihood outcome; meanwhile, the introducing of new tourism programs can also bring the same effect. (3) The peasants in Maojiayu village and Changzhou village feel more comfortable, confident, and healthier by realizing the integration and localization of living and employment, as well as solving the issues of Three Rural Issues, for example left-behind children and empty-nest elderly in rural areas. If the local government can help to further improve the livelihood capital and extent tourism industry chain in the rural tourism areas, the peasants will have more livelihood strategy choices to promote the rural tourism industry.

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Meekaew, Nattapon, and Dusadee Ayuwat. "Capital utilization for livelihoods among rural fishing migrant households in the origin area." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.10 (April 2, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.10.10962.

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This research paper aims to analyze the capital utilized for livelihoods among the fishing migrant households in the origin area. A qualitative methodological approach, specifically a phenomenological approach was applied in the study, with in-depth interview and participatory observation employed as research tools. Twenty fishing migrant households, located in Bah sub-district, Surin province were selected as the target of the study; the data collection period was during January to June 2017. The research results explored the variety of capital that the fishing migrant households utilized for their livelihoods. The households created their livelihood strategies based on the capital they possessed. The five categories of capital that were identified as resources for creating livelihood strategies included 1) financial capital, which the households used to make life choices in the form of savings and land accumulation, 2) human capital, which was in the form of knowledge and experience applied in their careers in order to sustain the household life. 3) Social capital, which was used to solve household problems, for instance, tracking household members who were missing during fishing work, or participating in community activity, and 4) natural capital and physical capital, which were used as a mechanism in striving to make a living, for instance, collecting wild food items, or using natural materials to construct a house.

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Tran, Tuyen Quang, Quang Vu, Dung Thuy Thi Nguyen, and Huyen Thi Nguyen. "Landholdings, livelihood choices and household income in the Red River Delta, Vietnam." Development Studies Research 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1996254.

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McCarthy, John F., and Krystof Obidzinski. "Framing the food poverty question: Policy choices and livelihood consequences in Indonesia." Journal of Rural Studies 54 (August 2017): 344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.004.

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Bryceson, Deborah Fahy, and Jesper Bosse Jønsson. "Gold Digging Careers in Rural East Africa: Small-Scale Miners’ Livelihood Choices." World Development 38, no. 3 (March 2010): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.09.003.

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Bukar, Yagana, Abubakar K. Monguno, and Abubakar T. AbdulRahman. "Environmental Change and Livelihood Activities in Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands of Yobe State, North East Nigeria." Journal of Geography and Geology 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v13n1p1.

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The Hadejia-Nguru wetlands is an extensive area of flood plains located in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of north east Nigeria. The population rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods. In recent years, climatic vagaries, increasing populations and unregulated livelihood activities have significantly affected water and other resources availability and communities are faced with constant struggle of survival under a declining resource base. This study assessed the adverse effects of environmental change on resource users and how this inﬂuences their livelihood options. Understanding the perceptions, knowledge and practices of local resource users and what shapes their livelihood options is an area of critical importance that is currently under-researched in the area. This paper argues that to effectively influence policy and practice that support sustainable use of natural resources, it is important to not only understand resource user's knowledge and choices about their changing environment but how they utilize this knowledge in their actions and the overall impact on the environment. Mixed methods consisting of semi-structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) based on two Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools (Village Timeline and Contextual Change) were utilized to solicit primary data. Environmental change in the area is accelerated by human activities and people have developed several local mechanisms of adapting to change. These adaptive measures could further be explored for developing policies and programs aimed at tackling the challenges of environmental change and resource decline.

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Silvianingsih, Y. A., K. Hairiah, D. Suprayogo, and M. van Noordwijk. "Agroforests, swiddening and livelihoods between restored peat domes and river: effects of the 2015 fire ban in Central Kalimantan (Indonesia)." International Forestry Review 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 382–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820830405645.

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If 150 years of continued use counts as a sustainability indicator, the river-bank agroforests in the peat landscapes of Central Kalimantan suggest solutions for current challenges. The 2015 fire season in Indonesian peatlands triggered a fire ban and peatland restoration response, prioritizing canal blocking and rewetting. However, sustainable livelihood options remain elusive. We report local ecological knowledge of soils and vegetation applied in land use choices in swiddens and agroforests in five Dayak Ngaju villages in Jabiren Raya and Kahayan Hilir subdistrict (Pulang Pisau, C. Kalimantan, Indonesia) on the banks of the Kahayan river and discuss impacts of fire-ban policies. Plots accessible from the river with no or shallow peat were traditionally preferred for swiddening, with various indicator plants and soil characteristics underpinning the choices. Without swiddening farmers depend on off-farm jobs and agroforests for income. More policy attention for non-peat riparian-zone agroforestry as part of peat landscape livelihood systems is warranted.

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Slater, Matthew J., Faith A. Napigkit, and Selina M. Stead. "Resource perception, livelihood choices and fishery exit in a Coastal Resource Management area." Ocean & Coastal Management 71 (January 2013): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.11.003.

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Phuc, Nguyen Quang, A. C. M. (Guus) van Westen, and Annelies Zoomers. "Land Loss with Compensation: What Are the Determinants of Income Among Households in Central Vietnam?" Environment and Urbanization ASIA 12, no. 1 (March 2021): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425321990383.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of household income following the loss of land owing to urban expansion in central Vietnam. Using data mainly from household surveys in the peri-urban areas of Hue city, the regression model indicates that demographic factors and livelihood strategy choices have important impacts on household income; financial compensation and support packages do not appear to be strong determinants of household income after the loss of land. This implies a failure of the current compensation programmes in the process of compulsory land acquisition, because the government believes that compensation packages make important contributions to livelihood reconstruction. This study suggests that investing in education and skill training for household members affected by land loss as well as assistance in converting compensation money into an adequate livelihood should be taken into consideration.

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Kaza, Stephanie. "Western Buddhist Motivations for Vegetarianism." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 9, no. 3 (2005): 385–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853505774841650.

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AbstractBuddhist motivations for abstaining from meat-eating draw from a wide range of traditions. Theravada themes emphasize non-harming, Right Livelihood, and detachment; Mahayana themes highlight interdependence, Buddha-nature, and compassion; Tibetan themes consider rebirth implications for human-animal relationships. These and other contemporary themes overlap with traditional western arguments promoting vegetarianism based on animal welfare, personal and environmental health, world hunger, and ethical development. This paper surveys these themes, then discusses two studies based on survey data that indicate that western Buddhists and Buddhist centers have a wide variety of practices regarding meat-eating. The first survey reports on institutional food choice practices at western Buddhist centers. The second study reports on individual food practices among western Buddhists, with data on food choices and rationales for these choices. In both surveys, Buddhist principles interact with western arguments, leading to diverse decisions about what to eat. As interest in Buddhism grows in the west, Buddhist moral concerns regarding food could influence western food choices in a significant way.

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Swamy, G. A., and K. Visweswara Rao. "The Fragile Livelihoods of the Murias in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh." Social Change 48, no. 4 (December 2018): 528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085718801412.

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Muria is an indigenous tribal community, living in southern Chhattisgarh. Due to an undeclared war between the Maoists and Salwa Judum they were forced to abandon their villages in a much-distressed condition, causing their socioeconomic conditions to be severely affected. The Murias moved out from their native location and settled in the forested areas in the adjacent districts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states. In these areas where they settled, the Murias did not have any rights over the resources such as land, forest and so on. The Murias being Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) had to cope with several challenges to earn the income to meet the basic needs of their families in the absence of livelihood choices. The current research article aims to articulate the challenges confronted by the Murias in the process of rebuilding their livelihoods.

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Peng, Wenjia, Hua Zheng, Brian Robinson, Cong Li, and Fengchun Wang. "Household Livelihood Strategy Choices, Impact Factors, and Environmental Consequences in Miyun Reservoir Watershed, China." Sustainability 9, no. 2 (January 25, 2017): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9020175.

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Anik, Asif Reza, Ram Ranjan, and Thiagu Ranganathan. "Estimating the Impact of Salinity Stress on Livelihood Choices and Incomes in Rural Bangladesh." Journal of International Development 30, no. 8 (March 25, 2018): 1414–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3364.

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Rao, Nitya. "Enhancing Women's Mobility in a Forest Economy: Transport and Gender Relations in the Santal Parganas, Jharkhand." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 8, no. 2 (September 2001): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152150100800208.

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This paper, based on a study of three villages in Dumka district, Jharkhand, attempts to under line some of the linkages between transport provisioning, livelihoods and changes in the socioeconomic and environmental context of the transport components of the roles and responsibilities of women and men. Transport needs are largely local in nature-to the fields, forests and mar kets. Distance and time factors seem to play an important role both in determining livelihood choices and the gender division of labour within the household. The state provisioning, however, has primarily related to the construction of roads and setting up of bus routes catering to the major markets rather than local needs. The paper advocates a combination of non-transport interventions for providing basic services in the village itself, along with innovative transport and organisational interventions to ease the transport burdens on the local tribal population, particularly women.

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Kashem, Shakil Bin. "Housing practices and livelihood challenges in the hazard-prone contested spaces of rural Bangladesh." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 10, no. 5 (November 11, 2019): 420–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-04-2019-0019.

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Purpose Disaster-resistant housing practices are widely promoted in developing countries as an integral component of climate adaptation efforts, particularly in rural hazard-prone areas. However, how the prevailing housing practices are intertwined with rural livelihoods and how the external initiatives to promote disaster-resistant housing practices materialize in a contested marginalized space are key questions with social vulnerability implications that seldom receive adequate attention. This paper aims to explore these questions through case studies of two hazard-prone rural areas in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach The two study areas were selected considering the variation of risk patterns: one located in cyclone hazard-prone southern District of Noakhali and the other located in a flood hazard-prone area of Rajbari District. Existing housing practices in these two communities, their adoption of disaster-resistant housing options and their overall livelihood challenges were explored through questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions and transect walks. Findings As this study shows, safe housing practices are tertiary concerns for people living in those contested spaces after meeting livelihood challenges. Further, in the absence of formal land tenure, adaptation efforts that introduce disaster-resistant housing practices may fail to be effective. Practical implications The findings of this study demonstrate the need for a reorientation in the present approaches of climate adaptation (particularly, in case of housing practice) to make them more responsive to the adaptation challenges of socially vulnerable populations. Originality/value Most of the prior studies on disaster and rural housing have focused on the post-disaster housing recovery, but there is yet to have enough study that looked at households’ current housing strategies and, in particular, how land tenure and livelihood challenges influence their choices. This study fills this research gap and also provides evidence in support of considering the risk priority of marginalized vulnerable population while responding to the broader concerns of climate change.

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Ozioko, Remigius I., Blessing C. Nwigwe, Anthonia N. Asadu, Miracle I. Nwafor, Onyinyechi I. Nnadi, Chukwuemeka C. Onyia, Innocent A. Enwelu, and Felix O. Oluwasegun. "Food security situations among female headed households in Enugu East Senatorial Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i4.11.

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The study examined food security situation of female-headed households in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study identified livelihood activities of respondents, ascertained the food security situation, examined constraints to food security, and examined coping strategies of respondents. Multi-stage sampling procedure, snow ball and simple random techniques were used to select 72 female-headed households. Data were analyzed using mean score and factor analysis. Results showed that respondents livelihood activities included crop production (77.8%), processing and sale of palm produce (43.1%) and processing of farm produce (38.9%). Household food security situations included food secure to moderately food-insecure. Major constraints to food security of the respondents were poverty ( x̄ =2.52), lack of education and skill ( x̄ =2.50), poor rural infrastructure ( x̄ =2.50) and poor nutrition education ( x̄ =2.54). Coping strategies included restriction of food consumption of adults ( x̄ =2.21) reducing food consumption per day ( x̄ =2.00) and staying hungry ( x̄ =2.04). The study concludes that the households in the area were grossly food insecure as they spent more of their meager earning only on food. There was poor nutrition education and lack of productive skills. Poverty was found to be a major cause of food insecurity in the area as it robs people the option of fine choices. Hence, government and other development agencies should provide policies and efforts that assist Female headed households in capacity building like providing them with productive resources which will expand their scope of livelihood choices. Keywords: Food security, female headed household, food situation, poverty

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Ismanto, Manggala. "From One Project to Another: Unintended Consequences and People’s Expectation of Climate Mitigation Project in Central Kalimantan." Jurnal Humaniora 34, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.74537.

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This paper discusses the dynamics of environmental interventions supported by aid projects and community responses as the subject of intervention. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I looked into how connections between local and global entities occurred, between the local villagers in Central Kalimantan and the climate mitigation project of REDD +. Both of these entities met when the global discourse on climate change started to gain ground. This paper discusses how environmental interventions lead to different expectations and unintended consequences. I see community responses as choices and decisions which were historically constructed. These choices, expectations, and decisions are related to people’s experience with previous intervention agents and local livelihood dynamics. This local-global interaction has yielded unintended outcomes and led to different expectations for a REDD+’s demonstration activities project. When these two entities - local people and KFCP (Kalimantan Forest Climate Partnership) - meet in the global agenda to mitigate climate change, friction emerges due to a variety of interests in the village. My findings demonstrate how a reforestation program could lead to a socio-economic inequality. Land conflicts are likely to occur because of alternative livelihood programs which introduced rubber seeds.

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Gebissa, Bacha, and Wandu Geremew. "Determinants of Food Insecurity and the Choice of Livelihood Strategies: The Case of Abay Chomen District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia." Scientific World Journal 2022 (August 9, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1316409.

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Most of the sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia were affected by the food insecurity issue. This study aimed to analyze the drivers of food insecurity, the choice of livelihood strategies, and factors that impact the choices of food security strategies in response to food insecurity in Abay Chomen District of Ethiopia’s Oromia region, Ethiopia. The result of this study is based on primary data and obtained from 150 randomly chosen sample households and secondary data generated from various sources. As for the technique of data analysis, this study employed descriptive statistics for the food insecurity index, as well as a binary logistic model and a multinomial logit model for the choice of household livelihood techniques. The findings of the survey showed that 51.3% of the households were found to be food-insecure and 48.7% food-safe in the study area. Furthermore, the result indicated that the average calorie consumption of the households surveyed was 2008.54 kcal for each adult equivalent per day, which is below the lowest calorie necessity of 2200 kcal. The estimated logistic model outcome on the drivers of household food insecurity confirmed the oldness of the household leader, larger family holder, and off-farm income affects negatively, while the gender of the household leader, the size of the built-up area, the number of livestock holdings (except oxen), the number of oxen owned, access to credit, the participation in the sale of cattle, and others affect positively. In addition, the multinomial logit model result indicates that the educational status of the household leader, the size of livestock farming, the number of oxen possessed, access to credit, remoteness to the market, and monthly agricultural earning are the main drivers of the choice of livelihood strategies of concern for the food insecurity of households. As a result, this research attempted to produce a result of analysis with a defined scope, although many questions remain unsolved. Future studies should concentrate on presenting fundamental data on the factors that affect food security status and livelihood strategy, the social, political, natural, and environmental aspects, the descriptive information on the shopping habits of people who experience food insecurity, and the key aspects that increase the vulnerability of the rural poor to food insecurity.

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Gauli, Prakriti, Suraj Bhatta, Satish Kumar Singh, Kshitiz Shrestha, Bimala Nidal, and Kishor Atreya. "Farming in the mountains of Nepal: crops, soil fertility, livelihoods and farm-forest linkages." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 7, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2022.0703021.

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In national plans, policies, and earlier development programs, livelihoods of mountain people in the Nepal Himalayas were overlooked, rendering them more susceptible to climatic risk and disaster. The management of marginal mountain agricultural land is crucial for food security, improved living conditions, and environmental protection. For enhancing livelihoods and ecological benefits, mountain agriculture is vital, however, a consolidated review on mountain farming is limited in Nepal. We used "mountain" AND "Nepal" AND "farming" OR "agriculture" in the literature's title published between 1978 and 2021 on Google Scholar and did an in-depth review of papers on the four thematic areas: mountain crops, soil fertility, livelihoods, and farm-forestry linkages. We observed a variety of nutrient-rich mountain crops with a market potential as niche products, low and deteriorating soil fertility of agricultural lands, a weakening of the farm-forest links, and an increase in the diversity of mountain livelihood choices. Small landholdings, labor outmigration mainly men, feminization of mountain farming, and food insecurity are the greatest challenges to the growth of agriculture in mountainous regions. There are, however, ample opportunities to make mountain regions green through agroforestry and community forests, to improve livelihoods by introducing niche value chains for products, to explore payment for ecosystem services through downstream-upstream linkages, and to recognize their traditional knowledge and practices through citizen science research and development.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Livelihood choices'

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