Academic literature on the topic 'Littoria falla'

Abstract Where beaches and harbors have frequently been taken to signify openness and intermingling, a different coastal setting, the cliffs of Dover, overtly bespeaks opposition and closure. Demarcating the British coast at its closest point to continental Europe, the cliffs often stand for Britain’s supposedly elemental insularity. However, the chalk composing the cliffs makes them, in their own way, as malleable and permeable as a beach. I argue that poems by Matthew Arnold, W. H. Auden, and Daljit Nagra contest the cliffs’ association with an exclusive Britishness by focusing on their material composition. In these poems, the cliffs’ chalk—formed by fossilized marine microorganisms at a time when what would become Britain was at the bottom of a prehistoric sea—attests to Britain’s geohistorical contingency. Arnold, Auden, and Nagra use this chalk geology to develop a new model of British identity as contingent, permeable, and linked with the wider world. In these poems, that is, Dover’s cliffs collapse oppositions rather than enforcing them: they blur the lines between Britain and the world, past and present, organic and inorganic, human history and geological history. The literature of the Dover cliffs thus highlights the revisionary potential of this distinctive kind of littoral space.

The article focuses on the analysis of glazed ware imported into the southern regions of Russia from the Early Middle Ages to the Golden Horde period. The author studied most common types of glazed ware and their sources. In order to compare, the paper considers the groups of ware brought to the Pontic and the Volga River regions. From the 7th century in the northern Pontic region, vessels produced in Constantinople appeared. Various groups of Byzantine pottery were recorded there till the beginning of the Golden Horde period. In the Caspian region, glazed ware appeared not earlier than the middle-late 9th – early 10th century coming there from Central Asia and the Middle East. In the 11th century, there were no significant changes in the sources and number of imported products in the Pontic, while the Volga River region falls under the influence of the North-Eastern Caucasus, Transcaucasia and the Middle East (mainly Iran). In the second half – end of the 12th century, the Volga region was becoming one of the key areas points in the trade of kashi ware of Middle Eastern origin. In the 14th century, Byzantine ware first appeared there. The same period was marked with the rise in local pottery production in the Pontic and Azov littoral which contributed to the spread of these products throughout Eastern Europe.

The focus of this research was to assess the shoreline changes by comparing the satellite data from 1980 to 2020. The study area falls in the region between Kodiakarai and Nagapattinam of the east coast of India, which has frequently been distressed by storm surges and cyclones in the Bay of Bengal. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) detects and measures the erosional and accretional shoreline positions through the statistics of the Shoreline Change Envelope, Net Shoreline Movement, End Point Rate, Linear Regression Rate, and Weighted Linear Regression. The results show that the shoreline from Kodiakkarai to Nagapattinam suffered severe erosion of 17.7% in total with an average annual erosion rate of 3.4 m/year from 1980 to 2020 and the rate of erosion ranged between 0.1 m/year to 19.8 m/year. About 90.5% of the total shoreline was faced high erosion during the period between 2000 and 2010. The maximum erosion was about 1061 m from 2000 to 2010, the maximum accretion was found to be 1002 m in transects at Kodiakkarai during 2010 to 2020. After the effect of 2004 tsunami, the corresponding changes in littoral currents caused the drastic erosion and accretion in this shoreline. The DSAS prediction model shows that 19.3% of the current shoreline will erode in 2030. The maximum predicted erosion is 406 m at Kodiakkarai and the maximum predicted accretion is 148 m at Nagapattinam region. The coastal zone from Kodiakkarai to Nagapattinam needs special attention to prevent the erosion and it is recommended to build suitable coastal protection structures along the coast for sustainable development and to execute the coastal zone management for this region.

The ophiuroid fauna of the Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul territories (SPA) is reviewed. Four new species are described: Ophiolebes felli, Ophiolebes paulensis, Ophiocomina arnaudi and Amphiura remota. Recent phylogenetic results required a partial reorganisation of Ophiacanthidae and Amphiuridae genera, including the transfer of some Ophiacantha and Ophiomitrella species to a new genus Ophiosabine (O. rosea, O. anomala, O. aristata, O. cuspidata, O. densispina, O. nodosa, O. notata, O. parcita, O. pentactis, O. vivipara, O. wolfarntzi) and existing genera Ophiosemnotes (O. conferta, O. ingrata, O. corynephora, O. clavigera, O. hamata) and Ophiolebes (O. yaldwyni), Ophiacantha spectabilis to Ophiotreta in the Ophiotomidae, and some Amphioplus species to Amphiura (A, acutus, A. ctenacantha, A. cipus). The combination Ophiophycis nixastrum is restored. The SPA endemic species Ophiocten lymani and Amphiura brevispina, and the southern Australian/New Zealand species Ophiactis cuspidata and Ophiocten australis, are recognised as valid species. The North Atlantic species Ophiura ljungmani, Ophiacantha veterna, Ophiosabine cuspidata, Ophiolimna bairdi and Ophiactis nidarosiensis are recorded from the southern Indian Ocean. Shallow water specimens of Ophiura ljungmani from the Western Atlantic are re-identified as O. fallax and O. acervata. The monotypic Ophiothauma heptactis from northern Australia is synonymised with Ophiocomella sexradia and thus the genus Ophiothauma with Ophiocomella. The biogeography of the ophiuroid fauna reflects the position of the islands near the eastward-flowing currents of the South Indian Ocean gyre. The closest affinities are with faunas in the SW Indian Ocean and SE Atlantic Ocean. Despite its proximity, no species are shared with the Kerguelen Plateau to the south. The large temperature gradient across the subtropical front between Île Saint-Paul and Kerguelen appears to be a distribution limit for littoral and upper bathyal invertebrates.

Shoreline retreat has been the net dominant historical trend along the 145 km-length littoral between Arboletes and Turbo (Southern Caribbean of Colombia). For the last four decades, there were identified in this littoral shoreline retreats of about 50-100m in several places (Uveros, Damaquiel, Zapata, Turbo) and a maximun of 1.6 km in the Punta Rey-Arboletes area, where land losses were of 4.5 k m2, at exceptional rates of 40m/year. The synthesis of the available information suggest that the general “susceptibility” to erosion between Arboletes and Turbo could be related primarily to relative sea level rise, associated to tectonic movements as well as to the effects of mud diapirism and hydroisostacy. In the more critical areas (Arboletes, Turbo), the natural erosive trends were accelerated by anthropic actions, including river diversion (Turbo), beach mining, and inadequate (or total absense) practices for controlling residual and natural waters. Up to August 2000, there were invested about $ Col 10.000 billions in 155 engineering defences (groins, sea walls and rip-rap which totalize 6.2 km of total length and a volume of materials of 37.000 m3). With few exceptions, groins have not been successful and are now part of the problem, accelerating shore erosion along the adyacent sectors. In the short term, the littoral erosion between Arboletes and Turbo is caused both by marine and by subaerial factors. It is facilitated by the poor lithological strengths of cliffs and marine terraces, mainly composed of highly fractured and weathered claystones and mudstones (with stratification and weakeness planes dipping toward sea) and nonconsolidated, easily liquefacted, fine sediments; both conditions facilitate the occurrence of rocks falls, slides and mud flows that result in high figures of cliff retreat (3 to 4m), specially during the first 15 days of the summer-winter transition (april) and in high waves periods. The case of the littoral erosion between Arboletes and Turbo illustrates well how the natural erosive trends of an area can be accelerated by human interventions and the urgent need for coordinating efforts to cope with littoral land losses.

En base a la consulta de un amplio material bibliográfico se ha podido elaborar un amplio fichero informático referente a las surgencias de aguas minero-medicinales y/o termales (A.M.M.T.) de la península Ibérica. Por medio del uso de sistemas informáticos se han realizado mapas geológicos-geográficos que nos muestran la distribución de estas surgencias en función de algunos caracteres químicos y de su temperatura. La distribución de los puntos A.M.M.T. en la península Ibérica no es homogénea; podemos considerar que la concentración en áreas o regiones es uno de sus rasgos característicos. Algunas de estas acumulaciones (por ejemplo, en la región de volcanismo cuaternario de Campos de Calatrava) se da en función del carácter químico que se considere. Las aguas termales parecen tener preferencia por las regiones del borde mediterráneo donde se encuentran una gran parte de surgencias con temperaturas mayores a 20 °C. En el País Vasco se da la concentración más numerosa de surgencias A.M.M.T., aunque allí son escasos los valores de temperatura más altos de 20 °C. Para el conjunto peninsular se observa una buena coincidencia entre la distribución regional de las A.M.M.T. y la existencia de fracturas o fallas de longitud del orden de 60 km. Esta escala es la que parece actuar de control en la distribución de estas surgencias. En las fracturas o fallas de mucha mayor magnitud no se presentan fenómenos de este tipo en toda su extensión, quedan localizados en regiones puntuales o regiones con acumulaciones del orden ya mencionado. También en las regiones de la orla mediterránea es donde se observa la mayor correlación en la superposición de puntos A.M.M.T. y actividad sísmica.In base to the consultation of an ampie published datasets it has been able to process a referring file to the springs of thermal and/or mineral waters (A.M.M.T.) of the Iberian Península. By means of the use of computer systems it has realized geologicgeographic maps that show us the distribution of these spring waters in function of some chemical caracters and of its temperature. The distribution from the 1592 points A.M.M.T. in the Iberian Península is not homogenous; it's possible to consíder that the concentration in áreas or regions is one of their characteristics. Some of these accumulations (for example in the volcanic región quaternary of Fields of Calatrava) it gives in function of the chemical character that it considers. The thermal waters resemble to have preference for the regions of the edge Mediterranean where a big part of springs with major temperatures to 20 °C are found. In the Vasco Country it gives the concentration more numerous of A.M.M.T., although there are scarce valúes of temperature higher of 20 °C. To the peninsular join it is observed a good coincidence between the regional distribution from the A.M.M.T. and the existence of fractures or faults of longitud of the order of 60 km. This scale is the one that seems to act of control in the distribution of these springs. In the fractures or faults of much magnitude are not present phenomenons of this type in all its extensión, they remain located to punctual regions or regions with accumulations of the now mentioned order. Also in the regions of the mediterranean littoral is where it is observed the major correlation in the overposition of points A.M.M.T. and sismic activity.

Lake Malawi, the third largest lake in Africa, is several million years old. Lake levels have fluctuated to a considerable extent in the late Pleistocene. Although tectonism may have influenced earlier level changes, the more recent changes have been climatically controlled. Major recessions occurred in the period before 25000 years ago and 10740 ± 130 years ago, with further large falls between 1150 and 1250 A. D. and within the period 1500-1850. The 1500-1850 lake recession-refilling cycle is documented by using a variety of techniques. Sediment cores show an erosional hiatus stretching across the southern area of Lake Malawi down to water depths of at least 121 m. Diatoms sharply decline in abundance and diversity across this break, with Melosira nyassensis dominating in the post-erosion period. During the low stage, exposed littoral sands were reworked into aeolian dune-fields along windward shorelines. Oral histories reflect a group memory of this low period, which is supported by 14 C dated archaeological finds in beach ridges surrounding the lake. Dating by 210 Pb methods show that lacustrine sedimentation had resumed by about 1860. At this time, early explorers, such as Livingstone, were reporting evidence of rising lake levels. Hydrological modelling shows that the lake-level changes indicated are possible in the timespan available. Various permutations of rainfall and timescale are discussed, e. g. a drop of 110 m over 250 years would require rainfall at 50% of modern values. The changes in lake level imply longterm changes in climate; these are highly relevant in the field of drought-risk assessment. The species flock of rocky-shore dwelling Lake Malawi cichlids known as ‘Mbuna’ contains about 200 species in Malawi’s waters. Mitochondrial DNA differentiation shows that the flock as a whole is of extremely recent origin. Almost every rocky outcrop and island has a unique Mbuna fauna, with endemic colour forms and species. As many of these islands and outcrops were dry land within the last 200-300 years, the establishment of the faunas has taken place within that time. The evolution of distinct forms in such a brief timespan is discussed in relation to current ideas on allopatric speciation. The present diversity of the Malawi cichlid-species flock, and particularly the Mbuna, may be readily explained by the rapidity with which small founder populations can diverge from the parent population, as demonstrated by the present chronological evidence on changes in lake levels and by the Mbuna distribution data. The repeated recessions and refillings of the lake have provided numerous opportunities for the establishment of different founder populations and consequently different selection pressures, leading to further bouts of speciation.

<p>Since 1926, the fishes in Lake Orta, one of Italy’s deepest natural lakes, were heavily damaged by profundal hypoxia and acidification linked to oxidation of ammonia from industrial effluents and by industrial metal pollution. Of the original 28 fish species, only perch survived the lake’s contamination. Recently, the water quality of the lake has been largely restored by reductions in pollutant inputs, and a massive liming intervention. These interventions restored fish habitat, but it is unclear whether the recent fish reintroductions were successful, and the present status of the fish community is unknown. Here we reviewed the history of the Lake Orta fish assemblage. Using an extensive 2014 sampling campaign, we compared the present fish community to both its pre-pollution composition and to the assemblages of nearby un-polluted, but otherwise similar lakes, Lake Mergozzo and Lake Maggiore. While nearshore fish density now appears normal in lake Orta, the open water community remains impoverished both in numbers and in species. Epilimnetic and hypolimnetic benthic nets were dominated by perch and roach in all the three lakes, but the catch of pelagic nets differed among lakes. Perch (<em>Perca fluviatilis)</em>, rudd (<em>Scardinius erythrophthalmus)</em> and brown trout (<em>Salmo trutta</em>) dominated in Lake Orta while shad (<em>Alosa fallax lacustris</em>) and coregonids (<em>Coregonus</em> spp.) were dominant in the open waters of the other two lakes, but missing from Lake Orta. Many fully or partially migratory species, including marble trout (<em>Salmo trutta marmoratus)</em>, eel (<em>Anguilla Anguilla)</em> and barbel (<em>Barbus plebejus)</em> were also missing from Lake Orta, a consequence of their initial extirpation and blocked re-colonization routes along the River Strona. In comparison with both pre-pollution and contemporary reference data, the fish community of Lake Orta has not been rehabilitated. The recovery of the littoral community is complete, but cold water species such as burbot (<em>Lota lota), </em>Arctic charr (<em>Salvelinus alpinus)</em> and bullhead (<em>Cottus gobio)</em> are still lacking, as are the pelagic zooplanktivores European whitefish (<em>Coregonus lavaretus)</em> and shad, which dominate offshore communities in the reference lakes, as they did a century ago in Lake Orta. To propose priorities for fish community rehabilitation in Lake Orta, we categorized the conservation, ecological and fishing values of each missing fish species in the lake, and evaluated the cost and probability of success of the needed intervention for each species. This analysis indicated that rehabilitation of shad and European whitefish should receive highest priority.</p>

The issue of sustainability has greatest significance in the midst of unilateral bio-socioeconomic degradation resulting from intense and increasing societal pressures placed on the unified global ecology. In such an environment, sustainable development seeks to manage natural resources within a free market economy, aiming to meet the needs of today's population, and to protect and enhance current resource quality and abundance. In this light, techniques of integrated sustainable primary production and wastewater management are the subject matters of this applied research. There are many researchable issues which could be addressed within the subject matter. The first focus in the research scope was driven by the most severe sustainability issue facing Central Queensland (Australia) in 2000: the depletion and degradation of freshwater supplies. Central Queensland (CQ) is an arid sub-tropical region that has suffered from a marked reduction in rainfall and increase in temperature over the last 100 years, {Miles, 2004 #172}, and by the year 2000, conditions had been exacerbated by eight years of severe drought and warmer than average temperatures and resulted in widespread animal and crop failures due to freshwater shortages. Such a problem required a multi-faceted ecological, social, and economic approach. Hence, research centred on investigating the science of integrating regional water-related industries and agribusiness, and biodiverse ecosystems to achieve water and wastewater reuse applications, and associated eco-socioeconomic benefits. Specifically, this research investigates the integration of (a) electrical power station wastewater (b) barramundi culture, (c) red claw culture, (d) constructed wetlands (for water quality management and habitat creation), and (e) hydroponic flower culture. This research produced outcomes of integrated water and wastewater reuse and recycling, marketable agriproducts production (fish, crayfish, and flowers), water and wastewater reuse and conservation, wetland primary production, carbon dioxide sequestration, aquatic pollution control, and biodiversity creation and support. Successful design and management, experimental trialing and evaluation of system components and subjects, and the development of a knowledge base including static and dynamic system models, represent advances in respective research areas, and underpin the emerging discipline of integrated systems approaches to eco-socioeconomic development. Additionally, several gaps in the current body of knowledge regarding integrated systems were filled, and interactive management tools were developed. Apart from this study, the integration of technologies (as described above) has not, to this author's knowledge, been accomplished.

Research techniques of integrated sustainable primary production and wastewater management.. "The issue of sustainability has greatest significance in the midst of unilateral bio-socioeconomic degradation resulting from intense and increasing societal pressures placed on the unified global ecology. In such an environment, sustainable development seeks to manage natural resources within a free market economy, aiming to meet the needs of today's population, and to protect and enhance current resource quality and abundance. In this light, techniques of integrated sustainable primary production and wastewater management are the subject matters of this Applied research There are many researchable issues which could be addressed within the subject matter. The first focus in the research scope was driven by the most severe sustainability issue facing Central Queensland (Australia) in 2000: the depletion and degradation of freshwater supplies. Central Queensland (CQ) is an arid sub-tropical region that has suffered from a marked reduction in rainfall and increase in temperature over the last 100 years, (Miles, 2004), and by the year 2000, conditions had been exacerbated by eight years of severe drought and warmer than average temperatures and resulted in widespread animal and crop failures due to freshwater shortages. Such a problem required a multi-faceted ecological, social, and economic approach. Hence, research centred on investigating the science of integrating regional water-related industries and agribusiness, and biodiverse ecosystems to achieve water and wastewater reuse applications, and associated eco-socioeconomic benefits. Specifically, this research investigates the integration of (a) electrical power station wastewater (b) barramundi culture, (c) red claw culture, (d) constructed wetlands (for water quality management and habitat creation), and (e) hydroponic flower culture. This research produced outcomes of integrated water and wastewater reuse and recycling, marketable agriproducts production (fish, crayfish, and flowers), water and wastewater reuse and conservation, wetland primary production, carbon dioxide sequestration, aquatic pollution control, and biodiversity creation and support. Successful design and management, experimental trialing and evaluation of system components and subjects, and the development of a knowledge base including static and dynamic system models, represent advances in respective research areas, and underpin the emerging discipline of integrated systems approaches to eco-socioeconomic development. Additionally, several gaps in the current body of knowledge regarding integrated systems were filled, and interactive management tools were developed. Apart from this study, the integration of technologies (as described above) has not, to this author's knowledge, been accomplished. -- abstract

The making of the modern world was a result of the fall of empires and the emergence of nation-states. This is particularly true across the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire, a region connecting the Balkans to the Black Sea littoral, and the Middle East to the Caucasus. In approaching this poly-ethnic, multi-religious and trans-imperial hub of turmoil, the existing historiographies have either trivialized or idealized the role of rebels, revolutionaries and racketeers. Although revisionist scholarship has critically analysed political violence, imperialism and nation-state building, there is still a need to develop a comparative understanding of political actors that shaped the moments of political transition in these frontiers of empires. We accordingly propose a new genre of comparative and connected histories of rebels, revolutionaries and racketeers during what we call an “Age of Rogues.”