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Journal articles on the topic 'Littoraux – Protection'

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Published: 10 February 2024

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1

Hallégouët, Bernard, Jean-Claude Bodéré, and Catherine Meur-Férec. "Bilan des expériences de protection souple des littoraux meubles dans le massif armoricain." Cahiers du Centre nantais de recherche pour l'aménagement régional 41, no. 1 (1994): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/canan.1994.1593.

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2

Meur-Férec, Catherine, Bernard Hallégouët, and Jean-Claude Bodéré. "Les politiques de protection des espaces naturels littoraux en France, l'exemple de la Bretagne." Cahiers du Centre nantais de recherche pour l'aménagement régional 41, no. 1 (1994): 322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/canan.1994.1611.

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3

Déchery, Laura. "Le littoral du Latium méridional et de la Campanie septentrionale entre le ixe et le iiie s. av. J.‑C." Investir la frontière, no. 4 (June 12, 2021): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35562/frontieres.608.

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Nous traitons ici des contacts et des réseaux d’échanges dans le Latium méridional et la Campanie septentrionale entre le ixe et le iiie s. av. J.‑C. Depuis le dernier quart du xxe s., plusieurs études menées dans ces espaces littoraux ont permis de mettre en lumière le dynamisme des échanges culturels et commerciaux dans cette région de rencontre de divers peuples méditerranéens. Ainsi l’association du régime des courants et des vents de la mer tyrrhénienne avec les particularités d’un littoral marécageux permet l’installation de nombreux mouillages et abris nécessaires pour le cabotage le long de la côte. Les navires qui s’y arrêtent peuvent alors profiter de produits locaux tels que le sel ou le vin. Un réseau dense de communication mariant voies fluviales, routes et chemins terrestres permet également d’intégrer dans cette économie les ressources de l’arrière-pays, comme le bois et la poix. Les sanctuaires semblent jouer un rôle particulier dans ce système complexe d’échanges : tout d’abord en tant que marqueurs du territoire mais aussi comme lieux de rencontre et d’asile où les commerçants peuvent profiter d’une protection divine pour leurs activités et leur voyage.

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4

Meur-Férec, Catherine. "La protection et la gestion des espaces naturels littoraux en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles." Norois 160, no. 1 (1993): 573–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/noroi.1993.6513.

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5

Salmon, Camille, and Virginie K. E. Duvat. "Enjeux de l'intégration des espaces naturels littoraux dans la gestion des risques liés à la mer." La Houille Blanche, no. 2 (April 2018): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2018015.

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En se basant sur deux études de cas situées dans l'outre-mer français, cet article traite de l'intégration des espaces naturels littoraux dans la gestion des risques liés à la mer. L'étude des impacts de et de la résilience aux cyclones Oli (février 2010) à Tubuai (Polynésie française) et Bejisa (janvier 2014) à la Réunion, a mis en évidence le rôle majeur de la dégradation de la zone tampon (systèmes plages-dunes dans notre étude) dans l'augmentation de la vulnérabilité. Cinq processus de dégradation sont analysés : la contraction (diminution de la surface), la fragmentation des cellules hydro-sédimentaires par des aménagements côtiers, la fixation du trait de côte par des ouvrages de défense, le défrichement et la modification de la végétation et enfin l'extraction de matériaux coralliens sur les plages. Ces phénomènes ont pour conséquence la perturbation de la fonction d'amortissement des vagues et du vent, ce qui au final augmente l'endommagement des enjeux humains lors de la survenue d'un événement météo-marin extrême. Ces résultats ont des implications concrètes pour favoriser la résilience des territoires face aux risques liés à la mer : (1) mener une politique de protection et/ou de restauration des espaces naturels littoraux, (2) considérer la cellule hydro-sédimentaire comme l'échelle d'intervention pertinente, (3) mettre en œuvre des mesures différenciées qui prennent en compte le long terme, afin d'engager dès maintenant une politique d'adaptation au changement climatique.

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6

FERRARI, Sylvie, Anne GASSIAT, Olivier CROUZEL, and Jean-Christophe LEMESLE. "Représentations des digues de protection des marais côtiers atlantiques : regards mêlés arts et sciences." Sciences Eaux & Territoires, no. 41 (December 7, 2022): xx. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/revue-set.2022.41.7232.

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Dans un contexte d’élévation du niveau de la mer, les rapports entre les humains et les littoraux sont étudiés via la place jouée par les digues à l’aide d’une approche sensible et cognitive. La collecte des matériaux artistiques et scientifiques s’est concentrée sur trois marais côtiers de Charente-Maritime : le marais du Fier d'Ars (Île de Ré), le marais de Tasdon (Ville de La Rochelle) et le marais de Moëze-Brouage (au sud de Rochefort). La représentation des digues est au cœur de l’œuvre artistico-scientifique en permettant d’observer autrement la place que l’homme laisse à la nature dans ses aménagements. En effet, les digues illustrent notre relation au monde, saisie avec ses forces et ses faiblesses : élever des murs pour se protéger des submersions marines ou laisser revenir la nature en laissant s’effondrer les murs. Ces investigations ont été enrichies par une réflexion en termes d’éthique environnementale. Les relations à la nature et les représentations qui leur sont associées orientent les discours comme les actions, les décisions de protection ou de conservation des éléments naturels jugés sensibles, voire irremplaçables. Cette perspective conduit également à s’interroger sur les dimensions spatiale et temporelle qui façonnent les marais, qui les délimitent et qui les bordent en élevant des frontières physiques avec des digues.

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7

Dionne, Jean-Claude. "Le glaciel en Jamésie et en Hudsonie, Québec subarctique." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 32, no. 1 (January 17, 2011): 3–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1000288ar.

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Formes, sédiments et processus glaciels sont variés et largement répandus en Jamésie et en Hudsonie, dans le Québec subarctique. Les glaces flottantes exercent une action morpho-sédimentologique importante dans les trois principaux milieux de sédimentation : littoral et marin, fluviatile et estuarien, et lacustre. En milieu littoral et marin, elles affouillent les fonds meubles, prélèvent des sédiments de toutes tailles, creusent des rainures et arrachent des plaques de gazon dans les marais littoraux. Elles pertubent intensément la sédimentation dans les slikkes y creusant des dépressions superficielles et y déformant les couches, abandonnent des tonnes de cailloux partout sur le rivage et en particulier dans les slikkes et les schorres, construisent des champs, des cordons et des dallages de blocs, et même des crêtes de poussée. Sur les plages, elles édifient parfois des micro-reliefs chaotiques. En milieu fluviatile et estuarien, elles érodent le fond et les rives, construisant de belles crêtes de poussée qui atteignent jusqu’à 12 m de hauteur, abandonnent à la surface des basses terrasses une masse considérable de sédiments, creusent des rainures ou aplanissent la surface des bancs sableux, et détruisent fréquemment la végétation (arbres et arbustes) des rives. En milieu lacustre, elles édifient des crêtes de poussée atteignant 6-7 m de hauteur, déplacent des cailloux sur le fond créant ainsi des faisceaux de rainures superficielles, ou réalisent des cordons et des dallages de blocs sur le rivage. Le glaciel relique caractérise les terrains émergés qui furent jadis recouverts par les eaux de la mer de Tyrrell et du lac Ojibouai. Par ailleurs, la protection offerte par la couverture glacielle se révèle efficace, puisqu’elle stoppe durant la moitié de l’année l’action érosive des vagues et des courants.

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8

Dèbre, Célia, Florence Gourlay, and Anne-Laure Pailloux. "Dépoldérisation, réappropriation et protection des marais littoraux. Enquête sur les représentations et l’évolution des pratiques de l’Aber-en-Crozon (Finistère)." Norois, no. 263 (December 6, 2022): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/norois.12429.

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9

Hénaff, Alain. "Les aménagements des littoraux de la Région Bretagne en vue de leur défense contre l'érosion depuis 1949 (Protection of the shoreline from coastal erosion since 1949 in Britanny)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 81, no. 3 (2004): 346–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.2004.2397.

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10

Larcher, Marc. "Protection du littoral, l’ère des "tuyaux"." Cahiers du Centre nantais de recherche pour l'aménagement régional 41, no. 1 (1994): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/canan.1994.1602.

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11

Kamphuis, J. William. "Improving shore protection design." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-018.

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The construction of shore protection is expensive, but the alternative of permitting erosion is also expensive. Yet any design of shore protection is based mostly on intuitive concepts. This paper presents an overview of what is lacking in our knowledge, a possible methodology for improving shore protection design and discussions about some of the most important (and often ignored) physical parameters to be considered if shore protection is to perform its task without interfering with the littoral environment. Key words: erosion, groins, seawalls, sediment transport, shore protection.

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12

Igigabel, Marc, and Marissa Yates. "COST STUDY OF COASTAL PROTECTION." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.87.

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A better definition of the long term protection strategies against littoral hazards requires evaluating investment, management, and maintenance costs of various interventions on levees and other civil engineering structures, as well as on beaches and dunes. The cost study of coastal protections (Cerema 2018) aims at providing the assessment of the project global cost. Based on the study of a large number of projects completed in France, estimations were produced to enhance the reliability of these calculations at the scale of a site in the littoral zone or of an individual natural or artificial structure. For each structure type, the obtained results are essentially linear, surface, volume or mass costs (initial costs or annual average costs), as well as lifetime and intervention frequency. To obtain this information, the analysis mainly consisted of: â€¢ the creation of a typology which crosses Â« structure type Â» and Â« intervention type Â» which allows establishing homogeneous groups of characteristic operations; â€¢ the identification, for every group, of physical parameters influencing the associated costs, which allows the user of the manual to evaluate better the difference between the observed high and low values. This paper presents the context of the study, its methodological process, the progress of the investigations and the analyses, the obtained results, and finally the generic lessons learned.

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13

Lacoste, Jean-Philippe, and Olivier Paz. "La protection du littoral : deux acteurs en situation." Études rurales 133, no. 1 (1994): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rural.1994.3464.

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14

Février, Jean-Marc. "La protection du littoral contre les phénomènes naturels." Revue Juridique de l'Environnement 37, no. 1 (2012): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rjenv.2012.5768.

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15

Minvielle, Paul. "Urbanisation et protection du vignoble du littoral varois." Sud-Ouest européen 21, no. 1 (2006): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rgpso.2006.2912.

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Urbanización y protección del viñedo del litoral de la region del Var. El viñedo de Côtes-de-Provence se enfrenta con una fuerte urbanización desde hace algunas décadas. Cientos de hectáreas AOC se han perdido definitivamente con la construcción de urbanizaciones o de zonas artesanales o comerciales. La puesta en aplicación de la ley SRU, Solidaridad y Renovación Urbana en 2001, se ha traducido por la elaboración de los PLU, Planes Locales de Urbanismo, que sustituyen los POS. Dichos PLU parecen mucho más preocupados por preservar los espacios agrícolas y vitícolas. Sin embargo es todavía demasiado pronto para medir realmente su impacto.

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16

Kacemi, Malika. "Protection du littoral en Algérie entre gestion et législation." Droit et société 73, no. 3 (2009): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/drs.073.0687.

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17

Paskoff, Roland. "Aménagement du littoral et protection de l'environnement en France." L'information géographique 60, no. 4 (1996): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ingeo.1996.7002.

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18

Van Lang, Agathe. "La loi Littoral et la protection des espaces naturels." Revue Juridique de l'Environnement 37, no. 1 (2012): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rjenv.2012.5764.

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19

Mason, Martin A. "PERTINENT FACTORS IN THE PROTECTION OF THE GULF COAST." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v2.19.

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Protection of the U. S. shores of the Gulf of Mexico against erosion or damage by waves, currents, or other littoral forces involves unique physical and economic conditions that make this area quite different from other shore regions. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss these conditions and the factors that contribute to them.

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20

Regnault, Hervé, P. Gouery, and Catherine Kuzucuoglu. "Protection du littoral, reconstitution de paysage : simulations numériques et prévisions." Cahiers du Centre nantais de recherche pour l'aménagement régional 41, no. 1 (1994): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/canan.1994.1603.

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21

Ryzhenkov, Anatoly Ja. "The legal regime of the Caspian Sea and directions for improving Russian environmental legislation." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 23, no. 2 (May 22, 2023): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2023-23-2-200-207.

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Introduction. The article discusses the measures taken in Russia and other Caspian littoral states to protect the environment of the Caspian Sea. Theoretical analysis. The author explores measures to develop an eco-network approach to the protection of water and biological resources of the Caspian Sea, problems of biodiversity conservation, the importance of protecting the Caspian ecosystems in the strategy of transition to sustainable development, as well as environmental threats due to sea level changes. Results. The conducted research proves that environmental protection of the Caspian Sea can only be of a complex nature, which requires further development of the doctrinal and normative eco-network approach, which is now at the beginning of its formation and implementation. This approach involves taking comprehensive measures to protect the aquatic ecosystems of the Caspian Sea together with the protection of other natural resources (mainly aquatic bioresources), as well as measures to improve the ecological condition of the land (coastal) territories and water bodies adjacent to the Caspian Sea, including improving the ecological condition of the Volga. The development and implementation of such measures will make it possible to take another step towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Russia, which presuppose the balance of economic, environmental and social interests, including in local territories.

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22

Brunn, Per. "MEASURES AGAINST EROSION AT GROINS AND JETTIES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 3 (January 1, 2000): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v3.11.

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One of the difficult problems on a littoral drift coast is the erosion on the leeside of groins and jetties. This paper will deal with the problem giving special consideration to the conditions on the Danish North Sea coast where many interesting problems of littoral drift and coastal protection are found. They are discussed as an introduction to the main part of the paper which is principally concerned with leeside erosion and measures for its prevention.

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23

Le Cœur, Charles. "Protection des plages et évolution du littoral en Pays de Caux." Géographes associés 10, no. 1 (1992): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geoas.1992.1786.

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24

Antonopoulos, Charilaos G. "La protection du littoral en Grèce : aspect techniques, administratifs et financiers." Cahiers du Centre nantais de recherche pour l'aménagement régional 41, no. 1 (1994): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/canan.1994.1612.

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25

De LOPE ARIAS, J. J., G. MATEU-VICENS, and M. DEUDERO COMPANY. "Meta-analysis review of fish trophic level at marine protected areas based on stable isotopes data." Mediterranean Marine Science 17, no. 2 (April 20, 2016): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1628.

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Stable isotopes (δ15N) are used to determine trophic level in marine food webs. We assessed if Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) affect trophic level of fishes based on stable isotopes on the Western Mediterranean. A total of 22 studies including 600 observations were found and the final dataset consisted of 11 fish species and 146 observations comparing trophic level inside and outside MPAs. The database was analysed by meta-analysis and the covariate selected was the level of protection (inside vs. outside MPAs). The results indicate significant difference between trophic levels inside and outside MPAs. However, results differ from expectations since the trophic level inside was lower than outside MPAs. Three habitats were analysed (coastal lagoons, demersal and littoral) and significant differences were found among them. Trophic level was higher in demersal habitats than in coastal lagoons and littoral areas. No significant differences were found in species classified by trophic functional groups. We consider several hypotheses explaining the obtained results linked to protection level of the MPAs, time since protection and MPAs size. We debate the suitability of using the stable isotope (δ15N) as direct indicator of trophic level in evaluating MPAs effects on food webs.

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26

Markovic, Milica, and Jelena Markovic-Brankovic. "Environmental assessment of the hydraulic structures by various artificialization parameters." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 12, no. 2 (2014): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1402121m.

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The natural rivers and their flood areas are among the most complex and diverse ecosystems in the world. Traditional structural solutions in river training works are focused on basic requirements as flood protection, littoral zone protection, river bed protection, providing the space for economic development. In this study a method of anticipated assessment of certain physical impact of designed river training works is presented, perceived as global effect of river bed artificialization. The method mainly serves to compare the various possible solutions of river training works, based on the ?artificialization parameter? also named ?global impact GI?.

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27

Rolletschek, Hardy. "The impact of reed-protecting structures on littoral zones." Limnologica 29, no. 1 (January 1999): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0075-9511(99)80043-7.

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28

Tsvetkov, V. Ya, and V. V. Oznamets. "Littoral monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicle." Geodesy and Cartography 959, no. 5 (June 20, 2020): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2020-959-5-2-10.

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The authors explore the littoral as a natural phenomenon using geodetic methods. Littoral is an areal object and is closely related to coastal abrasion. The abrasion destroys the coastal zone. Preventing the destruction of the coastal zone requires monitoring the littoral, forming its model and that of littoral dynamics. Littoral and dynamo models enable developing recommendations for protecting the coastal zone. Having remote sensing data only we are unable to perform littoral monitoring efficiently. It does not ensure the accuracy and relevance of the state of the coastal zone. The monitoring task can only be solved with the use of integrated geodetic support.This support includes geodetic work and the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle for monitoring the littoral. The authors explore littoral as a natural phenomenon. A new method of obtaining spatial coordinates using images obtained from UAVs is described. The essence of the methodology is determining spatial coordinates using single images. The technology includes the use of water level sensors to define the exact height of the survey. The methodology involves the use of satellite navigation equipment to determine the coordinates of the camera at the time of shooting. Special here is that the littoral boundary is a fuzzy object calculated on the basis of statistical data. The research shows that the geodetic technologies are the basis of the integrated one. The authors providethe analysis of the situation and suggest measures for monitoring the coastline.

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29

Aguiton, Pierre. "Le pari de la Manche. La protection du littoral d'un département normand." Études Normandes 42, no. 3 (1993): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/etnor.1993.2096.

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30

Nicholls, R. J., and N. B. Webber. "Coastal erosion in the eastern half of Christchurch Bay." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.68.

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AbstractChristchurch Bay has a long history of shoreline recession and this has given rise to some major coastal engineering problems. An area of particular concern is Hurst Beach at its eastern end, where the maximum rate of recession has increased from 1.5 m a-1 (1867 to 1968) to 3.5 m a-1 (1968 to 1982). Hurst Castle itself is now subject to wave attack on part of its frontage. The littoral sediment movement was assumed to be essentially continuous around Christchurch Bay, but, in fact, a littoral drift sub-cell boundary (i.e. a partial barrier to littoral drift) is present in the vicinity of Hordle Cliff. Therefore, the increased recession of Hurst Beach is a local problem. Milford-on-Sea is situated on a thick sequence of Pleistocene Gravels, whose erosion contributed substantially to the maintenance of Hurst Castle Spit as a major physiographic feature. However, a series of coast protection works were constructed to protect Milford-on-Sea between 1936 and 1968, removing this important source of sediment.In the long term, without any further human interference, recession rates of up to 6 m a-1 will probably occur along Hurst Beach. A breach of Hurst Beach is a major concern, as it would create an island at Hurst Castle and expose the vulnerable, low-lying, northern coast of the West Solent, including the village of Keyhaven, to increased wave attack and tidal scour. Ecologically important saltmarshes would also be destroyed.Shingle renourishment is the only environmentally acceptable engineering solution. Limited renourishment has already commenced. Any cost benefit decisions must consider the wider implications of a breach in Hurst Beach, including environmental and ecological considerations.This case study demonstrates the importance of a detailed understanding of both the littoral and offshore sediment movement for the planning of coast protection.

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31

Dionne, Jean-Claude. "Observations sur l’érosion de la basse terrasse à Petite-Rivière, Charlevoix, Québec." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 50, no. 3 (November 30, 2007): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033110ar.

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RÉSUMÉ À Petite-Rivière, l'érosion littorale a réduit considérablement la largeur de la basse terrasse (terrasse Mitis) au cours des deux derniers siècles. De nos jours, les secteurs non adéquatement protégés reculent à un taux moyen annuel compris entre 40 et 90 cm. Des mesures de protection efficaces doivent être mises en oeuvre pour protéger un site exceptionnel en péril à long terme.

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32

Ławniczak-Malińska, Agnieszka. "Effect of Water Level Reduction on the Littoral Zone in Terms of Its Efficiency in Lake Protection." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 22, 2023): 5563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065563.

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Decreased water levels due to climate change cause many negative effects on lake ecosystems. The aim of this study was to (a) assess the effect of the reduction of water levels on nutrient availability in the sediment in the littoral zone; (b) evaluate the effect of changes in water level on biomass productivity and nutrient concentrations in the aboveground biomass of four emergent species: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Typha angustifolia L., Carex acutiformis L., Glyceria maxima (C. Hartm.) Holmb; and (c) assess the efficiency of the littoral zone in the reduction of nutrient pollution. The study hypothesis was that water level reduction has a positive effect on the plant biomass of high productive species. The study was carried out in the littoral zone of Tomickie Lake, situated in the western part of Poland. This lake is located in the protected area—the buffer zone of Wielkopolska National Park, and at the international level—Natura 2000. Six transects, perpendicular to the shoreline, were selected at two subzones—permanently and seasonally flooded. Analyses of nutrient concentrations in sediments and plant species were performed. The results show the higher productivity of reeds in the zone where water occurs seasonally at the site through the year, which reached 1193 g dry weight/m2. The decline of the water level may lead to the increased growth of highly productive species as emergent vegetation with a broad ecological scale in terms of nutrient concentrations and changes of water depth, i.e., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Species that prefer growth in the deeper part of the lake will be characterized by lower productivity, despite the high availability of nutrients. Changes in the availability of nutrients may cause the intensification of lake overgrowth by very productive species, which may affect biodiversity, which is particularly high in protected areas.

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33

Ivanković, Ante, Giovanni Bittante, Gordan Šubara, Edmondo Šuran, Zdenko Ivkić, Mateja Pećina, Miljenko Konjačić, Ivica Kos, Nikolina Kelava Ugarković, and Jelena Ramljak. "Genetic and Population Structure of Croatian Local Donkey Breeds." Diversity 14, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050322.

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The two native Croatian donkey breeds (Littoral-Dinaric donkey and Istrian donkey) were marginalized in the second half of the 20th century and were on the verge of biological extinction. The aim of this study was to analyze the demographic and genetic status of two donkey breeds, two decades after the start of protection by analyzing their pedigrees and genetic structure. The average generation interval was higher for the Istrian donkey (7.73) than for the Littoral-Dinaric donkey (7.27). The rate of the effective number of founders compared with the effective number of ancestors in the Littoral-Dinaric donkey (1.03; 325/316) and in the Istrian donkey (1.08; 70/65) revealed no evidence of a genetic bottleneck. The inbreeding coefficient (F) and the average relatedness coefficient (AR) was lower in the Littoral-Dinaric donkey population (0.99%; 0.13%) than in the Istrian donkey population (1.77%; 1.10%). Genetic microsatellite analysis showed relatively high genetic diversity in Littoral-Dinaric donkey and Istrian donkey breeds, expressed by mean allele number (5.92; 5.85) and expected heterozygosity (0.650; 0.653). Genetic differentiation between the Littoral-Dinaric donkey and the Istrian donkey has not significantly increased in the last two decades (FST = 0.028). Genetic analysis also showed no evidence of high inbreeding or genetic bottleneck in both breeds. A total of 11 haplotypes including 28 polymorphic sites were found in 30 samples. Analysis of mtDNA has shown that the Littoral-Dinaric donkey and Istrian donkey breeds belong to the Equus asinus africanus group. The study confirms the need to use different analytical approaches to get a regular and complete insight into the situation and trends within and between breeds, so that the existing diversity can be fully preserved.

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Kalogjera, Ante. "Pejzaž kao bitan fizičkogeografski element u prostornom planiranju." Geoadria 1, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.573.

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The whole aspect of a certain space, i.e. its landscape, is determined by basic physical geographical elements, especially by relief, waters, vegetation and depending on human being presence, intensivity of his work.The characteristic of Croatian littoral landscape are: a preponderance of white grey limestone, lack of red skeleton soils, poor vegetation consisting of light green pine and green maquis and all nuances of sky and sea azure, expressed in superabundant combinations of their variations and contrasts.Owing to the fast increasing interest in the littoral, its sublime landscapes have been seriously jeopardised, in fact, they have been disappearing slowly. Aspiration to preserve it, and an active approach to its protection might be best illustrated by the example of the space plan of Srima /locality near Šibenik/.

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Briant, Vincent de. "Collectivités territoriales et environnement (2017)." Revue Juridique de l'Environnement 43, no. 3 (2018): 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rjenv.2018.7351.

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Les stratégies nationales de protection de l’environnement définies par l’État sur la biodiversité, la forêt, l’eau, la transition énergétique ou le littoral, dans le cadre de la mandature 2012/ 2017, ont donné lieu en fin de mandat à plusieurs déclinaisons par voie réglementaire, mais aussi à plusieurs adaptations législatives rendues nécessaires par la nouvelle organisation territoriale mise en place dans la même période.

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El Hallaoui, Mouhssin. "Urbanisme et Protection de l’Environnement : L’Impact et Perspectives le Cas du Littoral Marocain." المنارة للدراسات القانونية و الإدارية, no. 11 (October 2015): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0017888.

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37

Dalrino and Elvi Roza Syofyan. "Kajian Terhadap Unjuk Kerja Bangunan Pengaman Pantai Dengan Penerapan Simulasi Numerik One Line Model." Jurnal Ilmiah Poli Rekayasa 10, no. 2 (April 14, 2015): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jipr.10.2.7.

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With the position on the west coast region of Sumatra, Padang beach facing directly to Indian Ocean that have potentially threat by the ocean waves that relatively give effect to changes in the coastline. This study was conducted to evaluating the performance of existing coastal protection structure to restrain the rate of erosion as a result of the influence of hydrodynamics process. Condition that reviewed was in form of distance shoreline as simulation results to initial reference line before. One Line Model was conducted to get shoreline change in each time step calculation. Model consists of two conditions, with the absence of coastal structures and with structure respectively. The simulation result show that potential erosion occurs at Batang Arau river mouth with no protection structure. Large erosion predicted around 59.04 meters from the shoreline position early. With coastal protection, model result obtained sedimentation of 7.33 meters coastline from its initial position. This occurs at a distance of 475 meters from the boundary domain. Modeling results also showed erosion is 18.39 meters at a distance of 250 m from the boundary domain. This is likely due to the limited modeling conditions that without reviewing of littoral transport direction that occurred in perpendicular to the coast. Result study show that the presence of a groyne in Padang coasts looks already quite effective in defense of the shoreline of the littoral transport direction, however the installation of groins seemingly did not give significant meaning in the addition of the coastline

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38

Dally, William. "OBLIQUE BREAKWATERS FOR MULTI-PURPOSE BEACH RECREATION AND SHORE PROTECTION." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.structures.65.

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Breakwaters, jetties, and groins have long been used in the littoral environment as port, navigation, shoreline stabilization and beach protection structures. Customarily however, the recreational benefits of structures such as these have been realized only incidentally. For example, jetties built solely to stabilize an inlet almost immediately attract surfers who exploit the break created by waves reflecting from the structure. This is the case at Sebastian Inlet, Florida, where the world renowned â€˜First Peakâ€™ was created when the north jetty was lengthened in the early 1970â€™s. Often when the waves elsewhere are too small to surf, one can rely on First Peak to be surfable. Also, under conditions of large, long-period swell, although the normally incident surfbreak elsewhere tends to â€˜close-outâ€™, not only is First Peak an excellent break, but sometimes a second and third surfable peak appear.

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39

Favennec, J. "Accueil touristique et protection du milieu sur le littoral aquitain (Tourists accomodation and environment protection on the shore of Aquitaine)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 72, no. 5 (1995): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.1995.1860.

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40

Bertoni, Duccio, Monica Bini, Marco Luppichini, Luigi Enrico Cipriani, Andrea Carli, and Giovanni Sarti. "Anthropogenic Impact on Beach Heterogeneity within a Littoral Cell (Northern Tuscany, Italy)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020151.

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In this paper the evolution of the Northern Tuscany littoral cell is documented through a detailed analysis of the increasing anthropogenic pressure since the beginning of the 20th century. This sector of the Tuscany coast has been experiencing strong erosion effects that resulted in the loss of large volumes of sandy beaches. The anthropogenic impact on natural processes have been intensified by the construction of two ports in the early decades of the 20th century. Competent authorities reacted by building hard protection structures that tried to fix the position of the shoreline but offset the erosion drive downdrift. Therefore, in the last 20 years a regional Plan was undertaken to gradually replace the hard defense schemes with a softer approach, which involved a massive use of sediment redistribution activities. Many nourishments have been done ever since, using both sand and gravel. All these hard and soft protection operations have been archived in a geodatabase, and visualized in maps that clearly show the progressive change from hard to soft defense. This database may improve the approach to any future analysis of the littoral cell both in terms of research and management, while providing a practical example that may be easily replicated elsewhere.

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Schmit, Laura. "La dénaturation manifeste du statut de forêt de protection par le décret du 6 avril 2018." Revue Juridique de l'Environnement 43, no. 4 (2018): 719–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rjenv.2018.7430.

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Le statut de forêt de protection de 1922 symbolise l’accomplissement d’un régime forestier spécial strict et uniquement protecteur et conservateur des massifs forestiers classés. La logique originelle du classement était liée à la protection de l’Homme par les forêts situées en montagne, le long du littoral et des fleuves, contre les aléas naturels tels que l’érosion, les avalanches et glissements de terrain. La vision du statut de forêt de protection a cependant évolué à la suite de la création, en 1976, de nouveaux motifs permettant de classer en forêts de protection des forêts dites périurbaines, modifiant ainsi sensiblement l’application de la loi relative aux forêts de protection. Cette évolution du statut a de ce fait entraîné une confusion entre les deux objets concernés par la loi que sont les forêts de montagne et les forêts périurbaines, ouvrant ainsi la voie à des transformations plus profondes du régime forestier spécial. C’est alors, par le récent décret du 6 avril 2018, que la logique économique s’est définitivement implantée au sein de ce régime, assouplissant la rigidité de ce dernier au détriment de l’efficacité de la fonction de protection de ce statut.

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42

Breton, Jean-Marie. "La protection du littoral au regard des spécificités du droit du littoral et de sa mise en oeuvre outre-mer : L’exemple de l’urbanisme touristique littoral dans les Antilles françaises." Revue Juridique de l'Environnement 37, no. 1 (2012): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rjenv.2012.5772.

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43

Picon, Bernard. "Les conflits d'usage sur le littoral camarguais : protection de la nature et pratiques sociales." Norois 133, no. 1 (1987): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/noroi.1987.7404.

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44

Antonopoulos, Dr Ing Ch G., and Prof A. J. Rogan. "Protection du littoral par brise-lames successifs. Première application en Grèce - Ile de Skyros." La Houille Blanche, no. 6 (October 1991): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/1991041.

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45

Ben Haj, Mehdi. "Sur l'évolution et la protection du littoral Nord de Sousse contre l'érosion marine - Tunisie." La Houille Blanche, no. 1 (January 2004): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb:200401004.

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46

Miossec, Alain. "Aménagement ou occupation de l’espace littoral : Forces et faiblesses de la protection de l’environnement." Cahiers du Centre nantais de recherche pour l'aménagement régional 30, no. 1 (1988): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/canan.1988.1485.

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47

Whitfield, A. "Predation on small juvenile fishes in shallow estuarine nursery areas: Reply to Baker & Sheaves (2021)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 662 (March 18, 2021): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13678.

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The key criticism by Baker & Sheaves (2021; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 662:205-208) of the Whitfield (2020; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 649:219-234) estuarine littoral predation paradigm review is that shallow water fish nursery habitats contain abundant predator assemblages which may create high predation pressure on the juvenile fish cohorts that occupy these areas. The primary arguments supporting Baker & Sheaves’ criticism arise from a series of papers published by them on piscivorous fish predation in certain tropical Australian estuaries. The counter-argument that shallow littoral areas in estuaries do indeed provide small juvenile fishes with refuge from small and large piscivorous fishes is provided by published papers from 4 different estuary types in South Africa, covering both subtropical and warm-temperate systems. Based on the overall published information, the argument for shallow (<1 m depth) estuarine waters providing major protection for newly settled juveniles appears to be weak in northern Australia but strong in South Africa. The global situation, as outlined in this response, is more supportive of low piscivorous predation in shallow nursery habitats, but further targeted research is needed before we can confirm that littoral estuarine waters are indeed a universal keystone attribute in this regard.

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PLANES, S., R. GALZIN, A. GARCIA RUBIES, R. GOÑI, J. G. HARMELIN, L. LE DIRÉACH, P. LENFANT, and A. QUETGLAS. "Effects of marine protected areas on recruitment processes with special reference to Mediterranean littoral ecosystems." Environmental Conservation 27, no. 2 (June 2000): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900000175.

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Although site-attached fish can be expected to increase in abundance in marine protected areas (MPAs), there is little known about recruitment effects. The present work reviews concepts and field evidence for enhancement of recruitment of species in MPAs, focusing geographically on the Mediterranean littoral because of its long history of intensive fishery exploitation, but drawing on evidence from studies on recruitment processes in general on MPAs both in the Mediterranean and elsewhere. We considered recruitment as the process of a fish being added to the local population. The general questions of interest are whether the increase in biomass of species protected in MPAs has an effect on recruitment in the MPAs or in neighbouring areas, and, on competition and predation effects on new recruits. A flow diagram of the effects of MPA status on recruitment is developed and employed to identify the relevant processes. The diagram incorporates three levels of factors: (1) characteristics of MPAs (location, size, habitat type, oceanography and level of protection); (2) life stages of species protected in MPAs relevant to recruitment (eggs, larvae, settlers and juveniles); and (3) fundamental processes of dispersal/movement, predation and competition. From this conceptual diagram, the following main components of the recruitment process were identified and used to structure the review: (1) relationship between the ecology of pelagic stages and the design, location and oceanographic regime of MPAs; (2) effects of protection in MPAs from fishery exploitation of nursery habitats on settlement success; and (3) effects of protection on survival of settlers and juveniles from competition and predation. We found an exceptionally low number of studies specifically addressing recruitment processes in MPAs. This was particularly the case in what concerns the relationship between larval ecology and the characteristics and oceanographic regime of MPAs. The effectiveness of MPAs in promoting recruitment mainly depends on the locations and on sizes of the MPAs in relation to the reproductive biology and larval ecology of the species concerned. The locations and sizes of MPAs in turn depend on MPA objectives, whether the purpose is to protect entire life cycles, the juveniles, or to increase egg production and larval export. The assessment of the relationship between the protection of nursery habitats and settlement success indicates that the magnitude of the effects of protection depends on whether the recruitment of the species involved is restricted to a narrowly-defined set of environmental conditions or, on the contrary, can occur in diverse environments, including areas beyond the influence of the MPAs. Thus, the locations of MPAs determine the habitats which are protected and, consequently, the species, the settlement of which will be favoured. For Mediterranean shallow-water species, the near-shore zone encompasses most of the essential nursery habitats for protection. Recruitment studies conducted in MPAs in the north-western Mediterranean have showed no differences in survival of newly-settled littoral fish between MPAs and the areas outside of them. Conversely, for older recruits, mortality was found to be higher inside MPAs, probably due to the increased abundance and size of large predators. This study highlights the almost total absence of studies addressing even the most elementary questions of recruitment in the specific context of MPAs.

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Larroque-Chounet, Liliane. "Paysages et urbanisation sur la côte sud des Landes." Sud-Ouest européen 1, no. 1 (1998): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rgpso.1998.2671.

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La Côte sud des Landes, bien que soumise à un double processus d'urbanisation, dispose d'un environnement préservé. Les grands projets de complexes touristiques, au début des années 1990, ont soulevé d'amples débats sur les choix d'aménagement et de développement opposant tourisme et environnement et posé la question de la protection des espaces dans le contexte de l'application de la loi littoral. L'environnement est devenu enjeu territorial : autour de la nature et du paysage reconnu comme patrimoine, un consensus va s 'établir localement.

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Bounouh, Abdelala. "Nouvelles approches en matière de protectionet de gestion du littoral en Tunisie." Méditerranée, no. 115 (December 1, 2010): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.5073.

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