Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Littoraux – Protection'
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Benouhoud, Abdelouahed. "Aménagement et protection du littoral atlantique marocain axe Casablanca-Rabat /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376028827.
Full textBriand, Olivier. "L'utilisation des geotextiles dans les ouvrages de protection des littoraux." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112387.
Full textLALAUT, YVES. "Fonctionnement et efficacite des ouvrages statiques de protection des littoraux sableux." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112177.
Full textChevillot-Miot, Elie. "La résilience des territoires littoraux face au risque de submersion marine : application sur les territoires de la Charente-Maritime et de la Somme." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2031/document.
Full textFrom a vulnerability study, the thesis proposes to experiment and comparethe resiliency of two territories exposed to marine flooding, the Charente-Maritime and the Somme. Resiliency refers to the capacity to anticipate, reactand recover from a disturbing event. The aim consists in developing theconcept of resiliency. Then, the factors and mechanisms of resiliency arestudied, with territorial actors (actors on the ground, professional andinstitutional organizations) who play a role in the dynamics of the territory. Weseek to delineate spatial resiliency (beyond the impacted territory?) andtemporal resiliency (before, during and after a disaster?). The method isbased on interviews allowing to highlight the capacities and capabilities of resiliency (semantic exercise), and the temporal limits through a graphicr epresentation named “resiliogram”. The second exercise is based on the identification of spatial resiliency, with mental maps which bring to light the representation and the knowledge of areas exposed to marine flooding. Fromthe linking of these diverse modes of data collection, a Global Resiliency Index (GRI) is created and allows the creation of different resiliency profiles.Ultimately, this work helps the territorial actors to better anticipate a potentialdisaster and helps the institutional organizations to adapt their management,their speech to the realities of the ground
Benouhoud, Abdelouahed. "Aménagement et protection du littoral atlantique marocain axe Casablanca-Rabat." Montpellier 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON30019.
Full textThe concentrated development of the casablanca-rabat coast has begun in 1912 when the protectorate of morocco was established. This concentration which presented various characteristics (half-urban, industrial, and so on. . . ), gave birth to an abusive and contradictory utilization of a limited and sensitive space : the coast. With the independence, this kind of territorial organization was kept and became even more important giving rise to serious problems as far as the rational and balanced utilization of the coast space in this zone was concerned. Presently, along the casablanca-rabat coastal axis, the waters of the shore are getting very pollued, and the sites very spoilt. Urban zones are increasing beyong measure and there is a too high industrial and commercial concentration. It is now necessary to protect this coast and to try to make a balance between the care of parcelling and the protection fo life. It is very urgent to save the coast and to organize its occupancy and its utilizations
Rousso, Anny. "La protection des espaces naturels du littoral Languedoc-Roussillon." Montpellier 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON10027.
Full textThe "vocation for tourism" of the languedoc-roussillon coastal area, has been put into practise by means of space parcelling out, which foresaw staggered metropolitan and natural areas. The excessive urbanization process, however, not only did result in the spoiling of the natural sites, but also, in their growing scarcity. Then, the administrative authorities objectives aimed at implementing specific policy to protect these areas. The means used to enforce this policy, however in large number proved barely efficient. The space planning through "zoning" would restrict or even prohibite any urban growth. While the natural sites protection does not come down to a prohibition system only. Acquiring the geopardized areas may have appeared as a solution, but buying out and withdrowing a peace of land from urbanization is not enough to protect it permanently. It also needs managing. Only would management permanently ensure the protection of natural space
Ide, Mayssoun. "Aménagement et protection des littoraux méditerranéens : Marseille (France) et Lattaquié (Syrie), étude comparée." Paris 8, 2013. http://octaviana.fr/document/188223673#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textSince the beginning of the 70's, the coastal zone became the subject of a specific policy based on protecting the environment, limiting the urbanization and artificialization of coasts, taking into consideration the issues of this geographical entity. The Mediterranean littoral zones have been coveted for a long time and are undergoing dangerous littoralization, which requires more conservative measures than other zones. To deal with this situation, some governments of Mediterranean countries adopted tools and specific policy for the planning and/or the preservation of littoral zones. France adopted in 1986 a coastal law. Inspiring from the French experience, Spain enacted the coastal law in 1988. Other countries took the same strategy (e. G. Turkey in 1990 and Algeria in 2002). Morroco and Greece belong to a group that adapted a coastal draft law. Most Mediterranean countries have sectored regulations to manage their coastal areas, actually Syria belongs to this group. In this context, by comparative study between two coastal harbor cities (Marseille and Latakia), this thesis aims to understand how this portion of land is planned and preserved, in a country with specific legal frames for littoral zones (France) and another one (Syria) possessing some sectored regulations for coastal zones. It also raises the question of the role of local and regional authorities, as well as the actors involved in the planning and management of coastal areas
Joveniaux, Aurélie. "Les enjeux géopolitiques de l'action du Conservatoire du littoral : la politique de protection des espaces naturels littoraux français : réalités et perspectives." Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080076.
Full textSince 1975, the « Conservatoire du littoral » (Coastal Conservation Authority) has been tasked with leading land acquisition policy to preserve and valorize French natural coastlines through cooperation and in partnership with local communities. This state agency has been able to transform an apparent weakness (the inability to act on its own) into strength. Through the analysis of the elaboration of its new intervention strategy for 2015-2050 and six case studies, this dissertation studies the direction taken by this institution over forty years and its perspectives for further actions. The Conservatoire du littoral is an increasingly influential player in the dynamics of coastal territory planning. This work particularly highlights how the institution has become the mainstay in a multi-actor strategy to preserve natural coastal spaces and sustainably manage coastlines. Though in many ways stronger than before, the Conservatoire du littoral is nevertheless facing several issues to which it has to adapt. Its legitimacy rests in its ability to ensure the preservation and the promotion of a growing patrimony in a context of budgetary constraints shared with site managers. In order to pursue its missions and face the contemporary challenges of integrated management of coastal areas and adaptation to climate change, the institution has to develop a « good » territorial multi-scale approach for its actions
Mulki, Gusti Zulkifli. "Gestion des marais maritimes sur la côte Ouest de Kalimantan, Indonésie." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES1017.
Full textGranier, Jean-Paul. "Aménagement et protection des espaces naturels : le littoral et la montagne." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100042.
Full textSavin-Le, Roy Carole. "La gestion des propriétés publiques naturelles du littoral." Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES5002.
Full textLaunched at first on the Mediterranean coast, the policy of acquisition of the most fragile spaces of the coast took its scale with creation of the "Conservatoire de l'espace littoral et des rivages lacustres" and the development of a right of preemption in the sensitive natural spaces. The public appropriation became, so, an essential modality of a policy of conservation of the seaside. The management of these spaces, which is the foundation of their acquisition, imposes however the definition to an adapted legal status. In the debate between public appropriation and servitude, the existence of a positive action of management is indeed, a decisive argument in favour of the public appropriation of the natural spaces. Agreed as all the means insuring the conservation and the renewal of sites, the management of the natural public properties of the coast also integrates, as possible, the organization of the opening of sites. These concerns and their conciliation find an answer adapted within the framework of the "domanialité publique". It is advisable however, in the absence of legislative precision on this question, to clarify the modalities of an annexation of spaces concerned in the "domaine public" as well as the applicable state-owned regime
Safari, Iman. "Analyse de la performance hydraulique d'un nouveau type de bloc artificiel utilisé pour la protection côtière." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2057.
Full textAmong the whole various parts composing a rubble mound breakwater, armour layer represents the key component of the structure stability. It is composed either of quarry stones or of artificial concrete armour units when the design wave conditions require heavy armour elements that careers may not able to provide. The development of the concrete armour unit performance has been the subject of numerous studies. The main concern was to propose optimizations leading to a better hydraulic stability thereby allowing low consumption of concrete and thus significant savings. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a new artificial armor unit for rubble mound breakwaters. Work will contribute to develop methods for optimizing shapes of the armour units. The lesson collected at the end of the thesis will produce new forms more performing than those available today on the market. Based on hydraulic model tests, the results demonstrate the large hydraulic stability, in spite of overtopping remaining to be improved. In this study, other experimental tests were performed to investigate the velocity field close to the armor layer and also the wave -induced loadings acting on one instrumented block. A new formula is proposed concerning velocity longitudinal in relation to run-up. It is shown that the influence of the wave characteristics (breaking wave, impact) is a decisive parameter for the hydrodynamic coefficients
Mba, Nze Jean de dieu. "Les ports de plaisance : entre protection de l'environnement et rentabilité." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE0006.
Full textThe profitability of the development and exploitation of marinas is seldom studied in Administrative Law. Yet, public authorities and private investors are looking for profits when developping marinas. Anyhow, the specificity of the littoral, a rare and coveted place, demands a high protection of this area, which is detrimental to a development mainly based on the profitability of touristic infrastructures. Besides, the constant will to maximaze the profit of public property is a common goal public authorities and private investors want to reach. That's why, Admistrative Law tends to be similar to private law under the influence of the rules of competition and European Community Law. This thesis shows that public authorities and private investors should respect the rules of the protection of the environment as well as the rules of competition when developing marinas
Ansaud, Nathalie. "La prise en compte de la protection de l'environnement par le droit portuaire." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0039.
Full textIn a context of globalization of exchanges, seaports constitute an essential place of transition for the consummate goods and a centre of nautical leisure activities as reguards pleasure ports. Their activities, in a constant evolution, required considerable efforts of adaptation. The development of environmental laws, considering national, european and international ones, brought new challenges in search of the economic efficiency of seaports, requiring to define new policies of respectful managements of wildelife which surrounds them. Stakes then, will be to ensure their economic development while protecting of the public oder through the environmental protection, without provoking however a distortion of the economic competition. The present study will prove that seaports have a strong interest to enhance the notions of integrated management and will show the existing tools which ports are able to use and will propose new tracks, to aim at considering environmental protection within the framework of the harbour activities
Coquet, Marie. "La perception du risque de submersion marine par les habitants de communes littorales françaises : les cas de Barneville-Carteret, Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, Châtelaillon-Plage et Sainte-Anne (Guadeloupe)." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT2023/document.
Full textIn the French national context of re-assessing coastal risk management, it seems necessary to study the pe rception of coastal flood risk by inhabitants in order to improve the understanding of their judgments and attitudes towards preventive policies. Based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines the contributions of social and environmental psychology to the geography of risks, we propose an analysis of the perception of coastal flood risk of the inhabitants of four French coastal communities exposed to this risk (Barneville-Carteret, Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, Châtelaillon- Plage and Sainte-Anne in Guadeloupe). A survey, which combines questionnaires and sketch maps, was conducted among 318 inhabitants. The survey data was processed by bivariate and multivariate statistical methods. The sketch maps were digitized in a GIS and geoprocessed. We highligh t a tendency of participants to underestimate the risk exposure of their homes and the extent of the exposed areas at the municipal level. We propose to explain this trend by factors related to risk knowledge, risk experience, home location, residential and socio-demographic profile
Clus-Auby, Christine. "La gestion de l'érosion du littoral dunaire aquitain." Bordeaux 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR30013.
Full textDufresne, Carine. "Les risques de disparition d'écosystèmes littoraux en Méditerranée : analyse prospective dans les Alpes-Maritimes et en Ligurie : thèse." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE2026.
Full textThe human activities are intense on the Mediterranean coast and oblige the ecosystems to maintain a favourable stability for their development. The man proposes a partial or total conservation of their specificities but some threats persist. The analysis of the disappearance risks, with the prospective approach of the scenarios, is interesting to do for the ecosystems of Posidonia and of Caulerpa in Alpes-Maritimes and Ligurie. This method detects the principal components in the evolution of the ecosystems and the essential components for the proposition of the future strategies
Doze, Élodie. "L'appréhension juridique du risque inhérent aux espaces naturels littoraux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1024/document.
Full textIn a context of risks socialization, the owners and the administrators of natural spaces are confronted to a paradox bringing into conflict the increasing demand of security in natural sites, and the necessity to assure the preservation of those same sites. Coastal zone are particularly faced with this problem : in fact, this kind of territories are characterized by some remarkable natural spaces and landscapes, which are both crowed by tourists and outdoor sports enthusiasts, and landlocked by the urbanization. Today, the wilderness management of natural spaces generates risks and responsibilities which become muddled between the littoral actors. Coastal zones are also exposed to erosion and marine submersion, which illustrate the paradoxical situation of the wish to live in exceptional spaces without undergoing the natural dynamics of the coastal line. In front of the weakness of defense strategies, the idea of an acceptance of the natural movement of the coast line by anticipation or spatial reorganization of territories to protect the persons threatened by erosion or submersion, gained ground in the last thirty years. These news adaptation strategies lead up to reconsider the coastal zones management, but also the hinterland spatial planning. Thus, if the actors of the natural spaces management face with the compensation claims of natural risks victims today, they will collide with requests of protection or relocation of the people threatened by the coastal risks tomorrow. How to answer to these stakes and constraints ? This thesis supports the postulate that the key lies in a better legal apprehension of the notion of risks inherent in natural spaces
Cohen, Olivier. "Approche méthodologique à l'étude des littoraux en Méditerranée française : exemples sur la Côte d'Azur." Littoral, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DUNK0004.
Full textNice beach, on the French Riviera, is a 4. 6 km-long gravel barrier that formed from bi-directional spit extensions during the closing stages of the Post-Glacial Marine Transgression from coarse sediment brought down by the coastal rivers, especially the Var. Since 1976, the city council of Nice has implemented a beach nourishment project in a bid to counter chronic erosion since the 1950’s, following the rapid socio-economic and tourist growth that has brought fame and prosperity to this Riviera. This nourishment scheme is assorted with a program of systematic monitoring of beach width along 50 transects covering the whole length of 4. 6 km of beach. Measurements of beach width are carried out three times a year. Both the nourishment and the beach width data have been used in the present study to elucidate patterns of beach behavior over the period 1976-1994. The statistical analysis of this data base allows for a very fine-tuned description of the dynamic behavior of the beach. It shows that the nourishment scheme has fulfilled its role, that of balancing the negative beach sediment budget. However, this overall situation masks a number of marked spatial disparities, with erosional sectors sharply alternating with accretion zones. The analysis also shows that sediment movements are predominantly shore-normal. Longshore movements are considerably constrained as a result of twenty groynes and the additional impediment to sediment transport due to the micro-canyons that practically impinge on the beach. Added to this is the relative inertia of the coarse-grained sediment stock , especially given the modal low wave-energy regime. The estimation of the theoretical residual volumes of sediment for each transect at the end of the study period have enabled a precise definition of the zones that have been most massively recharged. Not surprisingly, these zones correspond to erosional sectors. The statistical analysis of the relative importance of the main factors that explain the dynamic behavior of the beach clearly highlights the preponderant role of nourishment and nearshore slope. Apart from the utility of a statistical approach to better elucidate the patterns of beach erosion in spite of relatively important nourishment, the study also criticizes the policy of beach nourishment as practiced by the city authorities of Nice, with a view to improving its performance
Goeldner-Gianella, Lydie. "Endiguer ou ne pas endiguer sur les côtes allemandes de la mer des Wadden." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010502.
Full textWas it necessary to carry on reclaiming large parts of tidal flats and salt marshes on the German coasts of the Wadden sea, whereas more and more facts have gone against to this thousand-year-old tradition ? This question has remained unsettled in Schleswig-Holstein, where in the later part of the twentieth century the reclamations were more important than on all the neighbouring coasts. A study of the polders during that period shows that their main aim is no longer to gain agricultural land, although agriculture still prevails on other economic uses, but to protect the coast from the sea. In the eighties, reclamations slowed down, because the scientific progress realized in the Wadden ecosystems made people aware of their "ecological value" and of the harmful impacts of embankments. This led to a great protest, the periods and results of which are analysed synoptically. The study of the protagonists' speeches - that is the ecologists and the planners - emphasizes the distinctive argument used by the land for the reclamation policy, i. E. The double line of sea defence. Besides this protest, economical, political and legislative factors, all bringing forward the same point, have finally led to the end of the reclamations in the nineties. Moreover, the planners have attempted to reopen some polders. They prefer also to heighten the existing dikes against a possible sea level rise. This proves their final adhesion to the end of coastal diking, even for coastal defence purposes. The evolution of the reclamation policy has followed the same direction on the other coasts of the wadden sea, but more precociously. The idea of reopening polders is henceforth generalized, even if its materializing remains hypothetical. This last stage in the management of Wadden coasts represents a new research field in geographic studies
Rambinintsaotra, Saholy Harinirina. "Vers la gestion intégrée des zônes côtières à Madagascar." Limoges, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIMO0512.
Full textThe coastal zones occupy a very important place in the human's life. They represent, like forests and the agricultural areas, the systems that maintained life on earth. The coastal zones biodiversity contain very weak ecosystems, which mostly suffer from human pressures. Facing this wealth, the different pressures on the coastal territories and the many legal texts that organize this space, the concept of integrated coastal zones management is recommanded by the international instruments. It is mainly the 17th Chapter of the Action plan 21, adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) organized in Rio in june 1992 which is the basis of this system. The interest of these global and integrated solutions causes a big capacity of adaptation concerning all the different concepts that are led. The main question is to know if the Malagasy legal setting is able to face the changes required by this concept of global management. In relation to the different conflicts that exist on the coastal space, many opportunities offered by the integration of the modern and the traditional right appear, in order to implement the integrated coastal zones management' approach in the country
Klein, Judith. "Protéger le littoral dans les départements français d'outre-mer." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040250.
Full textCazes-Duvat, Virginie. "Les littoraux des îles Seychelles (Mahé, Praslin, La Digue, Desroches) : de l'étude des processus dynamiques à la gestion des côtes sédimentaires." La Réunion, 1998. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/98_10_Cazes-Duvat.pdf.
Full textThis is a study of the coastal dynamics of four islands of the Seychelles archipelago, both mountainous (Mahe, Praslin, La Digue, granitic group) and coralline (Desroches, amirantes group). The aim of the first part of this work is to improve the understanding of the coastal processes including the impact of man. History of coasts and management are often referred to because they help understanding the present situation. On another hand, this study is practical; it was made at the scale of coastal sites so as to propose management tools. The cultural and political facts are taken into account at national and supranational levels. A method of beach rating and an assessment of the sensibility of coastal sites are proposed in order to contribute to the policy of sustainable development of the republic of Seychelles. They must be used for preventive and integrated coastal management and they can be applied to the coasts of other tropical islands
Cacqueray, Mathilde de. "La planification des espaces maritimes en France métropolitaine : un enjeu majeur pour la mise en œuvre de la Gestion Intégrée de la Mer et du Littoral." Brest, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656090.
Full textOver the centuries society has modified its representation of marine space, moving from the concept of «empty oceans» to that of «saturated seas ». Indeed, in addition to « traditional» established activities (commercial fishing, navigation etc,) have been superimposed the intensification of certain practices (extraction of marine aggregates, leisure navigation etc. ) and also new activities which, until now, have been purely terrestrial or coastal but which are destined for development in the open sea (marine renewable energy, offshore aquaculture etc. ). In the face of these new developments, the necessity of conserving the marine environment has also encouraged the multiplication of marine protected areas (marine nature parks, Natura 2000 sites, etc. ). There is thus an increase in the demand for maritime space which the actual availability of space cannot respond to, outside of integrated management enabling the cohabitation between ail the various maritime activities. But the particularities of maritime space call for a specific approach. Nowadays, lntegrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a procedure which is recognized at an international level in response to these issues. But its applications are still too often limited to an experimental stage and the feedback on experiments show that they are limited to coastal land or to confine maritime spaces. It is in this context that Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) would seem to be useful, enabling the extension of the principles of ICZM towards the sea. After studying the implications of MSP, in particular thanks to the analysis of existing experiences at an international level, this thesis focuses on an evaluation of the position of France in relation to MSP in the context of the elaboration of its strategy of Integrated Management of the Sea and Coastline (IMSC). The theoretical aspects of MSP are compared to the conditions on the ground at different levels and, in particular, to those of the maritime basin of Lorient. This approach enables the identification of key elements and issues related to the application of MSP in the context of metropolitan France
Monfort, Amélie. "Réception sociale des modes de gestion du risque de submersion marine : une approche d’évaluation de la simulation participative appliquée aux littoraux français métropolitains." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS014.
Full textIn France, coastal risk management is a central topic in discussions regarding the adaptation of coastal areas to climate change. Since the 2010s, this has been based on the promotion of alternative measures to hard defense, through soft solutions and the managed retreat of goods and activities. However, the implementation of these measures remains challenging for local stakeholders due to socio-technical and institutional factors. The originality of this thesis lies in examining the conditions of “social reception” of alternative measures, through a participatory simulation (PS) during which participants experiment with various strategies for managing the risk of coastal flooding. The PS is based on territorial archetypes and deployed in partnership with field organizations. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, game and “reality” frameworks, and a territorial approach to design, this study provides an exploratory analysis of how the PS influences the social reception dynamics among local risk managers in different metropolitan areas. We study the various ways in which the PS can be used by partners to implement or enhance local policies on coastal flooding and to explore the conditions offered for debate and reflexive experimentation according to the territorial anchoring of the PS. We examine the factors that influence the reception of measures, notably related to temporal scales and the weight of geographical configurations. Finally, we investigate the individual effects of the PS on representations of complexity, management strategies and the identification of adaptation levers
Lanot, Jean-Michel. "La naturbanisation, concept et processus d'aménagement : gérer la fréquentation touristique des espaces naturels protégés." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU1003.
Full textNaturbanization is a new word which is close to oxymoron. Yet the town and country plannings flourishing on the edge of protected territories seem to show that the two words are not so contradictory. That is why we will set out to prove that town and country plannings, relating back to specific social practices and representations and to some extend an idea of nature, are developping around natural areas
Tenaud-Caille, Sylvie. "Le littoral de Loire-Atlantique et de Vendée et sa géographie du danger." Nantes, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NANT3027.
Full textThe morphology of the regional littoral, characterized by long dune massifs is at the origin of a geography of danger which has developped in space and time according to societies and their own transformation. The history of the coast since the 18th century, that characterizes this geography of danger has been peculiar to the natural surroundings, but is also the one of the human being living there and using it. An ecogeographical study permits to get on to whole environment, as much in its ecological facts as its economical reality. Moreover, history brings out some successive dangers and changes in the aspect of environment. It is to answer to one danger linked with wind that the first grip of inankind over nature took place through a napoleonian decree impelling the sowing of sandy massifs. From that moment this did not ceare, leading to the sea danger at first, when men settled on the shore dune, then to microbial danger as soon as the conquert of the coast space became real thanks to the development of tourism. This succession lets show a changing of scale in time, since being originally macroscopic, danger has been turning microscopic and as far as space is concerned because the retro-littoral and the shore line have been affected by macroscopic dangers, and the pre-littoral has been affected by the microscopic danger. Thus the water cycle follows the sedimentary cycle and makes go from the sensitive setting to the risk spread. The history of cindynics reveals an evolution in space and time and brings to light 2 distinct ways to apprehend the environment introducing cultural values : - perception used by political power and recognized by technical inventeveness. – aperception which allows to make a pattern of the phenomenoms at the origin of a geography of danger and a better understanding of it in its time and space scale
Rabenkogo, Nicaise. "Le littoral du Nkomi (Gabon) : contribution géographique à la conservation des milieux naturels." Montpellier 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON30022.
Full textNatural spaces of Nkomi littoral in the South-West of Gabon are good conserved for most of them. The elevation of ocean level caused by climate crisis, petroleum and forest exploitation constitute many risks of coasting erosion, forest recession, stretching of flooded zones, poverty aggravation and so on. New rules of appointment of this country would allow a best local and regional development and the best protection of natural spaces. In this context, the study proposes to identify littoral off-shore bar and Nkomi deltas like natural reserves and to give up the gestion of those new protected areas to country people for villager’s tourism promotion
Andreu-Boussut, Vincent. "L'aménageur, le touriste et la nature sur le littoral de l’Aude (France) : modèles de gestion, pratiques touristiques et enjeux environnementaux." Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00264255.
Full textOver the last decade, the Aude coast went through profound changes, symbolised by the creation of the Parc Naturel Régional de la Narbonnaise by Decree of December 18th 2003. How and why this emblematic area of coastal tourism, decided at the highest governmental levels in France, went through such a radical questioning of its management methods ? Central to the re-foundation of Aude coastal management, nature, and protected areas in particular, appeared to be one of the possible keys to tourist rejuvenation and land use re-planning of this Mediterranean mass tourist destination. From this standpoint, this research attempts to shed light on the contemporary stakes, the stages and the limits of the Aude “experience”. Our analysis consists of three main parts, each of them shedding a different light on our subject. The first part sets out the several stages of the touristification of a littoral consisting of a mosaic of singular natural ecosystems. In order to put in perspective the changes in land-use coastal planning policies, the analysis focuses on two points: the rehabilitation of the pioneers who have “invented” the first seaside resorts at the end of the 19th century and the rereading of the heritage of the Mission Racine in the planning of a “Neo-Languedoc” devoted to mass tourism from the 1960’s onwards. The second part analyses the genesis of a central actor, the Parc Naturel Régional de la Narbonnaise, which reflects the emergence of a new model of management of the Aude coast. The study of renewed planning practices reveals the quasi-systematic resort to the paradigms of environment, heritage and identity and the integration of tourist stakes in the territorial development. This recomposition of the action system and its intervention strategies already seems to reflect an attempt, still hesitating and incomplete, at integrated coastal management. By studying the management of protected areas and their social uses, the third part deals with (the question of) the production of a tourist nature that contributes to the recomposition of short-lived holiday territories. In spite of the positive views held by some managers relying on the standard arguments of eco-tourism development, several case studies reveal in fact an inadequate and unsuitable management of protected areas and show that the preservation of natural heritage is not always guaranteed
Saffache, Pascal. "Le littoral martiniquais : milieux, dynamiques et gestion des risques." Antilles-Guyane, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AGUY0035.
Full textThe evolution of Martinique's coastline is a source of worriness. Indeed, from 1955 to 1996, more than 90 kms of coast have receded of about 20 meters in average. At the bottom of bays and culs-de-sac, hundreds of thousands tons of sediments have piled up, thus encouraging the rising of depths and the necrosis of corals. The phenomena have continually grown ; until then, none had studied the various components of the coastline and their modes of functioning. Martinique's coastline is made up of four distinct physical entities : sandy and muddy coves, rivers and cliffs mouths. These four entities result from the same influences : earth, sea and submarine influences. The erosion of the septentrional coastline shows two characteristics. First, geological, bathymetric and hydrodynamic elements combine to erode the coast. Second, man's influence just amplifies those mentioned above. The modes of fattening of culs-de-sac are simpler, for they result from the erosive process of slopes basins completed by the fixing influence of plants growing on salt grounds and more usually by the geographic confinement. In spite of the disturbances created by these dynamics, there exists no regional policy of coast conservation. We propose to remedy it by modelling the coastline, by estimating the cost of coast damages and by systematically studying the environment before any regional development
Juigner, Martin. "La géomatique au service de l'observation du trait de côte : contribution à l'étude des aléas côtiers sur les littoraux dunaires de la région Pays de la Loire (France)." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2023/document.
Full textFollowing last decade series of morphogenic storms, an acute awareness emerged on the role of coastal dunes against physical hazards. Some dune ridges may act as natural defense systems, and therefore must be monitored closely. Along the coastal zone, where strong human and non-human stakes coexist, the evaluation of the dune protection capability is crucial. This PhD proposes an answer to the lack of operational tool to propose fine diagnoses. Spatial analysis methods, which are commonly used in coastal studies, have constraints; the objective here is thus to develop and to apply a reproducible geomatic process to assess (i) the susceptibility of coastal dunes and (ii) the exposure of non-human stakes regarding coastal erosion and marine flooding. The integration and aggregation of synthetic indicators within 25*400 m observation units (or boxes) along the coast enables realizing multiscalar diagnoses of coastal dunes. To better characterize the at-risk territories, the urban sections of the coast with historical shoreline recession are identified, as well as dune systems presenting a weak protection capability against flooding. Resolutely operational, this automated process is a strong contribution to the objectives of improving knowledge and making decision support of the regional coastline observatories
Vu, Minh Tuan. "Une approche numérique pour la conception d'ouvrages de protection côtière au tombolo oriental de la presqu'île de Giens." Thesis, Toulon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUL0004/document.
Full textThe double tombolo of Giens, located in the town of Hyères, South East of France, is a unique and rare geomorphological formation in the world, which links Giens Island to the continent. It was mainly formed due to the wave diffraction and refraction by the islands. It consists of two parts: the western branch (Almanarre beach) directly facing the Gulf of Giens and the eastern branch lying on the western coast of Hyères bay. These parts are distinctly separated by the salt pond of Pesquiers. The eastern part of Giens tombolo extends over more than ten kilometers from the mouth of Gapeau river in the north to La Badine beach in the south. The beaches along the eastern tombolo, especially Ceinturon and Bona beaches are subject to beach erosion and beach narrowing due to both natural causes and human interference, but anthropogenic interventions are still dominant. In order to mitigate or prevent coastal erosion, various coastal structures have been used along the eastern Giens tombolo. They can only solve local erosion in some cases, but may also trigger some undesirable effects as well as disadvantages. Even the shore-normal structures that interfere with longshore sediment transport, not only result in the deficit of sediment and erosion in the downstream drift, but also blot out surrounding landscape of the beaches.The main objectives of this study was to better understand the physical processes underlying the morphodynamics, and also anticipate future evolution of the eastern Giens tombolo in response to different actions and interventions taking place along the coast. Thereof, the submerged breakwater (SBW) was proposed to not only protect the Ceinturon and Bona beaches and stabilize the shoreline in the long term, but also maintain beach amenity or aesthetics. DHI’s MIKE 21 and LITPACK numerical models are used in order to achieve these above-mentioned objectives. Additionally, the historical and future medium-term shoreline evolution along the eastern Giens tombolo is also evaluated and predicted by using the combination of remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) techniques coupled with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) along with linear regression method. These numerical models were satisfactorily tested available historical data, as they could reproduce the observed hydrodynamics and coastal evolution. Especially, a novel approach suggested to simulate the presence of Posidonia seagrass and various types of seabed is presented in this work. The numerical results interpret the role as well as impact of wind change, seasonal variation, extreme events, Posidonia seagrass, sea level rise, and beach nourishment on the morphological evolution of the eastern Giens tombolo. Moreover, the results obtained strongly demonstrate that the SBWs play a very important in protecting Ceinturon and Bona beaches to a certain degree, viz. effectively reducing the nearshore wave heights, current speed and sediment transport as well as counteracting the retreat of the shoreline under the wave conditions apart from the semi-centennial and centennial storms
Chadenas, Céline. "L'Homme et l'oiseau sur les littoraux d'Europe occidentale. Appropriation de l'espace et enjeux territoriaux : vers une gestion durable ?" Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00202487.
Full textDesgre-Audouit, Christelle. "L' étude de la fréquentation et de ses impacts sur le littoral languedocien." Montpellier 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON30078.
Full textAn important and varied population frequents the Languedoc-Roussillon coast. Indeed following a French determined politics of development to increase tourism (Mission Racine, 1963 - 1982) this coast has become the fourth most important tourist region of the country. To this seasonal human pressure another one has appeared for about ten years: the one of the permanent population who increases a lot with the newcomers. Tourists, nearby and local population (who embed the newcomers) have different perceptions and practices of the coast areas. From these different perceptions and practices, several “Territorialisation” processes appear. To reduce the conflicts and the environment damages due to sometimes inadequate organized human frequentation, it is necessary to act while enhancing the cultural identities linked to the coast some of them are in complete evolution. In this context, politics and administrators show strongly their wishes to find a balance between a demographic increase and inheritance protection. Indeed, a thought and tools have been developed to achieve this aim. To understand and eventually to analyze a territory frequentation we must answer to six key questions: How many people? Who are they? Where do they come from? What are their practices? Why do they come here and not somewhere else? What are the impacts due to the frequentation? The understanding and the analysis of the territorial dynamics (mutations, the way the areas are appropriated, the practices) for the frequentation and its impacts on the sensitive natural areas of the coast rely on the combination of the results of the frequentation studies, perception enquiries and the observation data of the Earth. Through an experimental research on the both well distinguished territories, Leucate and “palavasiens” lagoons, we will show developed indicators, as well as the used method to try to define some carrying capacity thresholds
Foury, Nazim Fouad. "L'effectivité des instruments de protection et d'aménagement du littoral méditerranéen : cas de l'Algérie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0220.
Full textThe Algerian coastline is characterized by rich natural resources which offer important economic potential. Nonetheless, this part of the country finds itself victim of its own success and have to face a multitude of problems, especially the over-exploitation of its resources which have been amplified by a massive urbanization that is accelerated more and more, but also by pollution and a deterioration of the coastal areas. Moreover, and to best answer the numerous incoherencies that result from these multiple problems that hit the Algerian coastline, the state has to take necessary measures to find a right balance between the use of this space and its preservation. The thorough analysis of the institutional and legal framework put in place by the Algerian public authorities, proves the existence of a real inadequacy in terms of coastal governance, as well as incomplete judicial texts with regards to coastal preservation and development. The primary challenge of the government is to redress these shortcomings, by putting in place an integrated and global management policy of the coast that will allow a balanced and sustained development of this space
Sinane, Kamardine Mohamed. "Les littoraux des Comores, dynamique d'un système anthropisé : le cas de l'île d'Anjouan." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0027/document.
Full textIn the context of climate change and sea level rising, the activities of coastal communities can increase the vulnerability of the seashore to coastal erosion particularly in small developing islands as Anjouan in the Comoros archipelago where the human density on the coast is quite heavy. This thesis focuses on sandy beaches, studied as a system. The monitoring of topographic profiles of beaches and landscaped geoindicators show that a large part of the sandy coast of Anjouan is very degraded and eroded. The erosion is mainly localized to areas of high human pressure, including beaches subjected to the extraction of sediments . Combined with natural hazards, the erosion due to human activities generates serious damages for the economy, society and environment of Anjouan, including the degradation of ecosystem services on which the government could draw to initiate the development of the island . To reduce the vulnerability of the coastline to erosion, walls are built with the financial support of international and regional bodies, but they are inefficient and the risk of coastal degradation is even greater. For beach users, causes erosion are to be found in the work of the man and not in nature. Minimizing this risk requires socio-economic measures to reduce anthropogenic degradations. This study shows that a policy of ICZM in Anjouan in the Comoros and elsewhere will only be effective if those responsible for its implementation take into account local realities and perceptions of coastal users
Safari, Iman. "Analyse de la performance hydraulique d'un nouveau type de bloc artificiel utilise pour la protection côtière." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00705242.
Full textMusereau, Jonathan. "Approche de la gestion des cordons littoraux : mise au point et application d’un indice d’érosion (Zone des Pertuis Charentais, France)." Rennes 2, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00422116/fr/.
Full textMany coastal morphodynamics studies assume that environments are natural and that natural equilibriums are sometimes modified by human interventions, and are therefore studied as such. In this Ph D. , a different approach is developed, namely the description of behaviours of “artificial” coastal features forced by actual climatic conditions. In “la Zone des Pertuis Charentais”, three sites, where past interactions between natural and anthropogenic processes resulted on a historical seaward progression of the coastline, were selected: the lagoon of La Belle-Henriette, the coastal dune of Saint-Trojan and the beach of Marennes. On these sites, present environmental evolution induces strong erosion, notably during storms events. Local coastal managers call out to the relevancy of methods used for the prediction of such hazards, because of their practical limitations. To answer this social demand, a simple formulated storm index, locally tuned and freely implemented, was developed. The method has been tested using an archive dataset (from 1999 to 2009) and proved to be successful for predicting erosion events (numerous cases in the recent years)
Nicolas, Laurence. "Beauduc, l'utopie des gratte-plage : Conflits d'appropriation de l'espace littoral camarguais." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX10042.
Full textBonis, Anne. "L'implantation des installations énergétiques à l'épreuve du droit : l'exemple des énergies marines renouvelables en mer." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS003S.
Full textThe first renewable marine energy projects were first presented during the so called Eole program in 1996, and then during a call for bids on offshore wind-power in 2004. Despite these initiatives and a second call for bids in 2011, only a few prototypes are being tested at the beginning of 2013. This study aims to determine if the French legislation is adapted to this emerging new activity of renewable marine energy installation implementation. The results of three-year research show that several advances have contributed to defining a legal framework favorable to the implementation of renewable marine energy production installation; yet, their legal regime has not been finalized. Nevertheless, a comparison with maritime and coastal legislations reveals solutions are worth considering and possible. As a result, an intervention from legislative or parliamentary authorities seems necessary to simplify the implementation of projects and to limit the risks of legal disputes
Le, Fur Yann. "La patrimonialisation des grands sites : évolution des doctrines et transformation des espaces : exemple des promontoires littoraux emblématiques bretons." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869354.
Full textPerherin, Céline. "La concertation lors de la cartographie des aléas littoraux dans les Plans de Prévention des Risques : enjeu majeur de prévention." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0114/document.
Full textThe development of Coastal risks prevention plans, identified as priorities after Xynthia storm in 2010, has revealed divisive debates, between the state services and territorial authorities, about coastal flooding or coastline recession mapping. This PhD research deals with the understanding of coastal hazards mapping. It analyses the factors which influence this process based on what do the maps represent for each stakeholder.The research results highlight that hazards studies sparsely come from territorial knowledge and are often approached from a complex expert angle. Thus, new knowledge is hardly managed by local stakeholders. Significant debates about technical aspects and the process of regulatory zoning conception lead to the fact that hazards mapping crystallizes the PPRL debates. Actually, these debates often hide different conceptions of prevention policy and opposing interests of stakeholders acting at different spatial and temporal scales. The few opened discussions purposed by state services during reference hazards mapping and zoning conception lead to a low territorialization of the PPRL and make their integration in local policies of coastal risks prevention and of land use planning difficult.Thus, this PhD highlights the crucial role of dialogue and of an input by the territory, in order to start an active appropriation of hazards knowledge and to enable the PPRL integration within the territorial public policy
Marais, Caroline. "Formation de concrétions calcomagnésiennes par polarisation cathodique associée à la biocalcification et à l’utilisation de matériaux recyclés pour la protection côtière." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS020.
Full textThe objective of this study is to develop a low environmental impact solution for the consolidation of partially submerged coastal areas. This solution, the formation of a limestone concretion based on seawater electolysis, relies on two main aspects: firstly, the efficient use of local resources through the valorization of inert construction waste (recycled aggregates (RA)); and secondly, the biomineralization process involving the hydration of CO2 by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) found in marine bacteria sampled from the Port of La Rochelle. Three major axes were studied to optimize the precipitation of a binder within the limeston concretion composed of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 (the calcareous deposit): the effect of RA dissolution in seawater, the application of cathodic polarization via seawater flow, and the study of CaCO3 bio-precipitation by CO2 capture (the role of CA) by marine strains. Seawater flow allowed the formation of a 200 cm3 agglomerate in 60 days at -500µA/cm², resulting in a growth rate of 3 cm3/day. A 10% increase in compactness was observed when the grid was buried (within the RA) either submerged or emerged. Seawater flow and the presence of RA favored the precipitation of CaCO3, particularly in the form of calcite, leading to an Mg(OH)2/CaCO3 ratio less than or equal to 1, whether under continuous or cyclic polarization. The excessive release of calcium and sulfate ions into solution due to the dissolution of the cementitious matrix within the RA could explain the increase in CaCO3. All strains bio-precipitated CaCO3 in their optimal medium and in the presence of natural seawater. Their production drastically decreased at 3% CO2 (atmospheric CO2 = 0.4%) and in the presence of leachate from recycled aggregates. At 3% CO2, the pH of the medium increased in the presence of the strains, which could indicate the activity of CA
Caillosse, Pierre. "La paroisse de Soulac de la fin du XVIe au milieu du XIXe siècle : les transformations d’un territoire littoral entre la Gironde et l’Atlantique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROF002/document.
Full textSituated at the pointe du Medoc region, the parish of Soulac (modern day communes of Soulac-sur-Mer and Verdon-sur-Mer) is according to a medieval expression “at the end of the lands”. Squeezed between the Atlantic to the west, and the Gironde estuary to the east, the area includes a long coastline (14km of ocean coastline and 11km of estuary banks) which exposes it to phenomenon of natural origin linked to these maritime and fluvial-maritime movements. Since the end of the sixteenth century, the sand accumulated along the length of the coastline in the forms of dunes and carried by the wind onto habitations and cultures, causing the abandonment of the Soulac church and the early initial village in the mid eighteenth century. Simultaneously, the coastline was strongly attacked by erosion that spread in the middle of the Age of Enlightenment. To the east, the flat salt marshes were getting wider, reducing half their surface in less than a century. Finally, the low-lying areas of the parish are exposed to marine submersions, despite beginning with little frequency. This micro space, of 50km2, encompasses a good observation point in order to study the transformations of coastal land and the adaptations of populations to these changes. Taking support from important documentary resources (textual archives and cartographic maps) and continuous in the time (from the end of the 16th century to the middle of the 19th century), the analysis combines traditional historic methods with the possibilities offered by the contemporary computer tools, such as GIS (geolocation, extraction of qualitative data and quantitative old maps). The spatiotemporal analysis allows for the geohistoric reconstruction of the Soulac landscape over a long period, reflecting the natural dynamics, the important transformations and the responses from the inhabitants. The inhabitants, firstly made powerless by the authorities and had given up on themselves, have adapted to the changes by adopting many strategies throughout the course of the 18th century. From the simple control of the sand, using boundaries that dry up the soft, dirty marshes, they are trying to respond to the constraints forced upon them by their environment. However, the actions of the government at the beginning of the nineteenth century which allow for the success of the preventative actions and the start of a new era. The dunes fixed by pine trees and the erosion, stopped by the construction of structures, has given birth to the current landscape at the point of Medoc. More than a simple parish monograph, this case study allows us to ask questions about our environment and the affect that the interactions of cultivation and people have. Reconstructing over a long period of time the transformations offers a better understanding of the risks and the phases of construction of a geographical area offering a historical reviews which allows for a better understanding recent events
Charlier-Kerbiguet, Muriel. "Vague d'experts en mer d'Iroise : logiques d'action, communauté de métier, mobilisation et production scientifiques des acteurs de l'environnement." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004VERS022S.
Full textBy the observation of the sociological analysis of a process of construction of a protected marine space, research presented here make it possible to objectify the logics of action developed by the scientific community mobilized by the project. The scientific actors take part indeed in working of the territory for several reasons. After having recalled the historic bonds binding the scientific community and the nature conservancy in Brittany, we define the scientific actors implied in as well "as experts-militants of the natural environment". We regard the device of construction of the national park of Iroise as the place where institutional logics of action and territorial logics of action meet. We insist on the role of the scientific actors, through the groupings which they constitute, but especially via the intermediate objects that they produce. From the historical reconstitution of the process and social identification of the implied scientists, we deduce several forms of expertises, comparison with various stakes related to the investment
Rousso, Anny. "La Protection des espaces naturels du littoral Languedoc-Roussillon." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376008802.
Full textBranco, Hélène. "Les relations entre le droit de l'urbanisme et le droit de l'environnement sur le littoral méditerranéen." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00907654.
Full textGodet, Laurent. "L’évaluation des besoins de conservation d’un patrimoine naturel littoral marin : l’exemple des estrans meubles de l’archipel de Chausey." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0004.
Full textThe intention of conserving the marine littoral biodiversity appeared following the awareness of its high vulnerability. In the current context of the sixth extinction, conservation biologists mainly focus on rich, rare, and vulnerable elements. But is it not a fight against the “tip of iceberg” of the biodiversity crisis? Do the common marine littoral habitats not represent a conservation stake as well? To answer this question, we explore the conservation needs of the soft-bottom benthic intertidal habitats of the Chausey archipelago (Normand-Breton Gulf). The highlighting of 180 years of naturalist testimonies, marvellous reference state of the natural heritage of the site and its perception along two centuries, as well as the development and the application of a new method allowing to map, monitor and describe accurately each benthic habitat, reveal the extreme complexity of this archipelago which includes almost all the soft-bottom benthic intertidal habitats of the north-western Europe. Of these habitats, few benefit from conservation measures. However, through the example of the Lanice conchilega beds, we underline the high conservation need of an ordinary habitat, which is a priori non-vulnerable and almost impossible to conserve because of its huge distribution. In Chausey, this habitat represents an important conservation need both from a biological and a socioeconomic point of view. In addition, it is threatened by shellfish farming which negatively impacts its associated benthic macrofaunal assemblage and its attractive nature for shorebirds. The conservation needs of each habitat are then evaluated through stakes (what is affected if a habitat disappears), hazards (extinction risk) and conservation possibilities, through an interdisciplinary approach combining ecology, geography, and history. The combination of these criteria highlights a diversity of conservation needs which can be generalized to a wide range of other marine littoral habitats of the temperate coasts
Baron-Yellès, Nacima. "Espaces protégés et tourisme de nature sur le littoral atlantique français : stratégies et enjeux." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA01A001.
Full textLe, Pennec Noëlla. "Les affaires maritimes et la protection de l'espace maritime et littoral." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT4004.
Full textThe environmental protection of the marine environment has a development without any precedent. The role of each speaker on this medium, State, local authorities, associations, users, must tend towards implementation the coherent of this policy of control of pollution. Administration historically attentive to the maritime world, the maritime Businesses must move today to answer the new environmental concerns. Its role should not be limited any more to the management of the sailors, but must take part in the fight against all littoral and maritime pollution. Its action must fall under a primarily preventive step. Alas, still too often, this administration must face urgencies and manage crises to fight against accidental pollution. Maritime administration in its denomination, the administration of the "Affaires Maritimes" is far from being invested from a monopoly in th domain of the marine environmental protection. If it has a certain legitimacy of action in the fight at sea or the simple arbitration of the conflicts of use, it remains competed with in the implementation of the means of a management durable, ordinary, littoral space. The study of the operation and the action of this administration will make it possible to draw up a general balance of the national and international measures of protection of littoral and maritime space and to show which are the difficulties of their implementation. This analysis also will make it possible to put forward the problems involved in the administrative structure. Indeed, the source of the Jack of coherence of the actions of the administrative services have been bursting by competences at sea between various national and local administrations