Journal articles on the topic 'Littoral connection'
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1
Sari, Yasar, and A. M. Azmukhanova. "The Competition of Major Powers for the Caspian Energy Resources." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-131-2-56-67.
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This article analyzes the competition among major, regional as well as littoral states. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of salty water in the world without having a natural connection to the open sea or any ocean. Moreover, it possesses immense hydrocarbon reserves in the subsoil. The geopolitical location of the Caspian Region is also essential for the Silk Road connecting Europe and Central Asia. So, due to its geopolitical position, availability of vast reserves of energy is an object of acute rivalry from both regional and non-regional powers. Competitions among major powers and conflictual claims of littoral states over its resources have influences on state strategies, programs, foreign policy concepts related to the region.
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Butakka, Cristina Márcia de Menezes, Luiz Carlos Gomes, and Alice Michiyo Takeda. "Taxonomic and numeric structure of Chironomidae (Diptera) in different habitats of a Neotropical floodplain." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 104, no. 3 (September 2014): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-476620141043314322.
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We characterized the local benthic Chironomidae by analyzing the numerical density, biomass, diversity index of Shannon-Wiener and dominance of larvae in the main channel of the Ivinhema River, in a secondary channel, in five lakes connected to the main channel and in five lakes without connection. Of the 68 taxa identified, Aedokritus sp., Tanytarsus sp., Chironomus strenzkei Fittkau, 1968 and Procladius sp.1 were found in all sampling sites and were considered morphospecies with greater of greatest ecological plasticity. Chironomus strenzkei Fittkau, 1968, contributed with the greatest biomass in the central region of lakes without connection, whereas Aedokritus sp. dominated in the littoral of lakes. The greater values of diversity indices in the littoral region of channels were due to the greater water flow and to the higher food availability in these areas. The dominance indices, by contrast, were greater on the central region of these environments. The littoral region has exclusive characteristics, representing habitats that could play important controlling in the numerical density and index diversity on the ecosystem, whereas that the biomass of benthic invertebrates in the central region in some biotopes would have different spatial probably according organisms drift.
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Kapkov, Valentin Ivanovich, Elena Vasilyevna Shoshina, and Oleg Vladimirovich Stepanyan. "Intertidal community of fucoid seaweeds in the Yarnyshnaya Bay, the Barents Sea." Vestnik MGTU 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2021-24-2-149-159.
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The specific and spatial structure of benthic algal community on the littoral zone in the east area of Murman coast of the Barents Sea (69°11'78''N, 36°04'38''E) has been studied in the conditions of anthropogenic influence absence. As a material for studying indicators of fucoid community and populations of dominating species in connection with habitats own long-term seasonal observations and data of scientific expeditions of 1994-2017 have served. The species composition of littoral phytocenosis consists of 39 species including 18 brown, 9 red and 12 green seaweeds, with prevalence on number of annual and seasonal species, on a biomass - perennials. Ecological factors influence essentially on seaweed distribution in different sites of the littoral zone. The major abiotic factors are presence of firm substratum, surf and storms, ice motion. Seaweed littoral community had multi-level structure, in which the basic layer was occupied by brown seaweeds with numerous litophytes and epiphytes under beds and on thallus of dominant species. The community algal biomass in the littoral zone was from 2.8 ± 0.6 up to 17.7 ± 2.9 kg/m² and depended on the species structure, substratum for benthic seaweeds, surf and tides. The biomass and density of fucoid seaweeds varied over a wide range in different biotopes under a natural rigid press of seasonal changes of environmental factors (temperature, surfs, storms) during tides and under natural damages of littoral community in the arctic region. As a whole littoral fucoid phytocenosis of the bay could be considered as an example of adaptation of seaweeds populations to the conditions of the northern seas. The received results could be useful for estimating ecological status of coastal ecosystem, at stock assessment of commercial seaweeds and for algal aquaculture development in the Barents Sea.
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Wang, Yu Mei, Yu Jie Sun, and Han Chuan Lin. "Research on the Islands Sustainable Development Appraisement." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2206.
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This article established indicators system and Gray-connection method of Islands stainable development appraisement basing on the domestic and abroad studied results of stainable development and combining the practice of the Islands and data obtained. Which are the bases of further discussion of the stainable development patterns of Island and important principle for the decision-making,management and control of littoral stainable development.
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Kahl, J. H. "A narratological perspective on Douglas Livingstone’s A littoral zone (1991)." Literator 31, no. 3 (July 25, 2010): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v31i3.64.
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This article explores aspects of the contemporary South African poet Douglas Livingstone’s “A littoral zone” (1991) from a narratological point of view, leaning largely on Peter Hühn’s narratological concept of the event and Rachel Blau DuPlessis’ “hypothesis of poetry as segmentivity” as formulated by Brian McHale (2009:18). A discussion of two juxtaposed poems from the said volume explores how the poems’ respective anecdotes and events are segmented, then arranged and sequenced into specific narratives to highlight the speaker’s conviction of the necessity of a biological and spiritual connection with the natural environment. In the larger context of the volume there are numerous other narrative lines (in the form of poems about specific experiences the poet had) that are juxtaposed in a similar fashion. Collectively these juxtaposed narrative lines then constitute on the level of the volume as a whole the autobiographical narrative of the poet’s development as self-ironic individual. The various anecdotes also contribute to the formation and development of the theme of symbiosis, a theme that has a direct bearing on how the poet sees the gap between humankind’s current and supposed connection with nature. The main event of the volume is to be found in the reader’s mind: the realisation that bridging this gap is absolutely necessary and that it starts with the individual.
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Stolyarov, A. P., and M. V. Mardashova. "Features of the Species and Spatial Structure of Macrobenthos in the Green Cape Lagoon (Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea)." Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology, no. 2 (July 7, 2020): 228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1684-7318-2020-2-228-240.
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Features of the species and spatial structure of macrobenthic sublittoral communities in a lagoon ecosystem on the Green Cape (the White Sea) were studied. 31 invertebrate species and 3 species of sea grasses and algae (Zostera marina, Cladophora sericea, and Fucus vesiculosus) were found in the sublittoral of the surveyed lagoon. The data on the species composition, diversity and spatial structure of macrobenthos communities indicate the predominance of littoral brackish-water and marine euryhaline macrobenthos species (Hydrobia ulvae, Tubificoides benedii, Chironomus salinarius, and Macoma balthica) in the coastal region of the lagoon, marine euryhaline littoral and sublittoral species (mainly polychaetes Heteromastus filiformis, Polydora ciliata, and Capitella capitata) in the central deeper region, and marine sublittoral less euryhaline species (Pontoporeia femorata, Anonyx nugans, Nereimyra punctata, Terebellides stroemi, Astarte montagui, Micronephthys minuta, and Atylus carinatus) at the exit from the lagoon. The ecosystem of the Green Cape lagoon belongs to lagoons significantly fenced off from the sea with depleted specific fauna (many littoral species) and largely influenced by carbon load and salinity. The reduced connection of the lagoon with the sea due to the continued rise of the White Sea coast (4 mm per year in this area) will contribute to a decrease in the species diversity and the predominance of few small eurytopic invertebrate species resistant to organic load, oxygen deficiency, and desalination.
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Martínez, Anna, Xavier Martín, and Jordi Gordon. "Matrix of Architectural Solutions for the Conflict between Transport Infrastructures, Landscape and Urban Habitat along the Mediterranean Coastline: The Case of the Maresme Region in Barcelona, Spain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 9750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189750.
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Maresme is a littoral region of Barcelona (Spain) in which the railway and an important road run along the coastline with a high landscape impact. Over time, several facilities connected to these transport infrastructures have appeared, such as industries, malls, marinas or train stations. These activities profit from the easy connection but create a barrier between the inhabitants and the sea. This research follows three aspects identified in a large variety of locations along the Mediterranean coast: longitudinal mobility, transversal accessibility and landscape discontinuities. The first territorial analysis defines a series of urban problematics classified by category. Then, the most representative case studies are developed by means of urban and architectural projects. The comparative analysis of these proposals provides a catalogue of design strategies which can be combined as criteria for solving multiple conflicts detected in the region. The result of this project is a methodology based on a matrix of general guidelines to ease the solving of local conflicts in a homogeneous way for the whole territory. The final aim is to re-establish order and continuity in the Mediterranean littoral skyline, fostering sustainable mobility and recovering public space for inhabitants.
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Taddese, Fasil, Marc Schallenberg, Pavel Mikheev, Matt G. Jarvis, and Gerard P. Closs. "Ichthyofaunal assemblages in shallow littoral habitats of permanently open estuaries and intermittently closed and open lakes or lagoons in Otago, New Zealand." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 8 (2018): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17334.
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Fish assemblages of New Zealand estuaries are poorly studied, and knowledge of the effects of estuary–ocean connections on the ichthyofaunal composition of estuaries remains limited. Understanding the status of fish composition of estuaries is crucial for planning for sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems. In the present study we sampled fish using a seine net from lower reaches of six permanently open estuaries and six intermittently closed and open lakes or lagoons (ICOLLs) along the Otago coastline during winter 2016 and summer 2017. Marked differences in ichthyofaunal composition were observed in the shallow littoral habitats of permanently open estuaries and ICOLLs. Fish assemblages reflected estuary–ocean connection status of estuaries during both seasons. ICOLLs showed greater fish abundance than permanently open systems. Fish abundance was higher in summer than in winter in both estuary types. Fish species with marine–estuarine opportunist and estuarine–migrant life histories dominated permanently open estuaries. Conversely, species with a diadromous life history but known to form landlocked populations were abundant in ICOLLs. Salinity and temperature were correlated with fish abundance in both estuary types.
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Bruun, Per. "MIGRATING SAND WAVES OR SAND HUMPS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INVESTIGATIONS CARRIED OUT ON THE DANISH NORTH SEA COAST." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 5 (January 29, 2011): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v5.21.
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The transport of sediment by flowing water commands great interest in connection with the control of floods, land reclamation, and the construction of harbours and coast protection works. A distinction can be drawn between littoral drift in rivers and in the sea.
The sediment transportation in rivers has been investigated by several authors, e.g. Shields, Meyer Peter, Kalinske, and Einstein, see (16) pp„ 769-83*+. Einstein's latest theories have given reliable results in practice (9).
As pointed out by Einstein (7), there cannot be much difference, physically, between transportation of sediment in rivers and longshore drift at sea shores, apart from the littoral zone with its extremely complex conditions.
In the attempt to understand the complex problem of sea shores the practice so far has been to split them up into several reaches and investigate them separately. This work has given a number of results of practical interest in connection with littoral drift and coastal protection technology, see (2), (3), (5)» (6), (11), (13), and (16).
According to Einstein, Johnson and Chien (8) there exist two types of sediment load, one that bears a certain relationship with the discharge (bed-material load), and the other which does not (wash load). The result of flume study indicates that the transport rate of wash load, just as that of the bed-material load, can be calculated according to the Einstein bed-load function (9), if the instantaneous bed composition is known. On the other hand, the bedmaterial load is equally available'in the entire bed, but only the surface bed layer contains any significant amount of wash-load material. Any change of flow or of sediment supply may immediately change the composition of the wash-load material in the bed. The bed composition as determined from the instantaneous condition of the channel has no lasting significance so far as the wash load is concerned, and this makes the prediction of the wash-load rate from.the bed-load function impossible.
The following deals with a mode of bed-load transportation which, as far as can be seen, takes place in large "waves" or humps.
Introductorily are mentioned investigations made in the United States on migrating sand bars and sand waves in rivers, and investigations in Holland on migrating sand bars on the bottom of the sea.
The major part of the paper deal with migrating sand humps along the North Sea coast of the peninsula of Jutland, Denmark, see Fig. 3.
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Nadri, Ghulam. "Exploring the Gulf of Kachh: Regional Economy and Trade in the Eighteenth Century." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 51, no. 3 (2008): 460–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852008x317789.
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AbstractThis paper explores the economic dynamics of the Gulf of Kachh littoral in the eighteenth century. First, the region's production and trade potential is foregrounded by examining the scale and scope of its major products—cotton and textiles—and by tracking the inland and overseas commercial networks. The politico-economic crisis in Gujarat and the ensuing relocation of merchants and manufacturers combined with the rise of the Omani commercial empire served as the context for the mid-century expansion in the commerce of the Gulf of Kachh. Second, the development of the Dutch commercial interaction with this region will be analyzed from the perspective of the Dutch East India Company's trade at Surat in connection with the growing English influence in the Arabian Sea. Cette contribution explore deux principaux aspects de la vitalité économique du littoral du Golfe de Cutch au dix-huitième siècle. Premièrement, le potentiel de production et de commerce de la région est souligné en examinant l'importance et l'éventail des produits principaux échangés, notamment des cotons et des tissus, et en suivant les réseaux d'échanges terrestres et maritimes La crise socio-économique qui frappe le Gujarat au début de ce siècle et le déplacement des marchands et manufacturiers qui en découle, mais également la montée de la puissance commerciale omanaise, permettent en effet l'essor commercial du Golfe de Cutch au milieu du siècle. Deuxièmement, le développement de l'interaction commerciale entre cette région et la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales est relevé. La présence de cette compagnie au Golfe est mise en perspective avec ses activités à Surat et l'influence anglaise grandissante en mer d'Arabie.
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Anderson, Clare. "Convicts, Commodities, and Connections in British Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1789–1866." International Review of Social History 64, S27 (March 26, 2019): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000129.
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AbstractThis article explores the transportation of Indian convicts to the port cities of the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean during the period 1789 to 1866. It considers the relationship between East India Company transportation and earlier and concurrent British Crown transportation to the Americas and Australia. It is concerned in particular with the interconnection between convictism and enslavement in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds. Examining the roots of transportation in South Asia in the repressive policies of the East India Company, especially in relation to its occupation of land and expropriation of resources, it moves on to discuss aspects of convicts’ lives in Moulmein, Singapore, Mauritius, and Aden. This includes their labour regime and their relationship to other workers. It argues that Indian convict transportation was part of a carceral circuit of repression and coerced labour extraction that was intertwined with the expansion of East India Company governance and trade. The Company used transportation as a means of removing resistant subjects from their homes, and of supplying an unfree labour force to develop commodity exports and to build the infrastructure necessary for the establishment, population, and connection of littoral nodes. However, the close confinement and association of convicts during transportation rendered the punishment a vector for the development of transregional political solidarities, centred in and around the Company's port cities.
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Krachler, R. F., R. Krachler, A. Stojanovic, B. Wielander, and A. Herzig. "Effects of pH on aquatic biodegradation processes." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 1 (January 9, 2009): 491–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-491-2009.
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Abstract. To date, little is known about the pH-stimulated mineralization of organic matter in aquatic environments. In this study, we investigated biodegradation processes in alkaline waters. Study site is a large shallow soda lake in Central Europe (Neusiedler See/Ferto). The decomposition rate of plant litter was measured as a function of pH by incubating air-saturated lake-water samples in contact with Phragmites litter (leaves) from the littoral vegetation. All samples showed high decomposition rates (up to 32% mass loss within 35 days) and a characteristic two-step degradation mechanism. During the degradation process, the solid plant litter was dissolved forming humic colloids. Subsequently, the humic colloids were mineralized to CO2 in the water column. The decomposition rate was linearly related to pH. Increasing pH values accelerated significantly the leaching of humic colloids as well as the final degradation process. The observed two-step mechanism controls the wetland/lake/air carbon fluxes, since large quantities of humic colloids are currently produced in the reed belt, exported through wind-driven circulations and incorporated into the open lake foodweb. At present, the lake is rapidly shrinking due to peat deposition in the littoral zone, whereas it has been resistant to silting-up processes for thousands of years. In order to investigate the cause of this abrupt change, the chemical composition of the lake-water was measured during 1995–2007. A thorough analysis of these data revealed that major lake-water discharges through the lake's artificial outlet channel led to a decline in salinity and alkalinity. According to our estimates, the lake's original salinity and alkalinity was 70–90% higher compared to the present conditions, with the consequence of substantially lower pH values in the present lake. The observed pH dependence of reed litter biodegradation rates points to a causal connection between low pH values and accumulation of peat in the lake basin. Our results suggest that the pH stimulated remineralisation of organic matter plays a major role in maintaining the long-term integrity of saline lake/wetland systems.
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Antar, R., and L. Gargouri. "The diversity of teleost fish trematodes in the Bay of Bizerte, Tunisia (Western Mediterranean)." Helminthologia 55, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2018-0004.
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Summary A total of 39 digeneans species allocated to 28 genera in 12 families were recovered from 534 fishes belonging to 14 species in three families (Carangidae, Mullidae and Sparidae) collected in the Bay of Bizerte off the coast of Tunisia. We provide a host-parasite list of records from this locality, including 63 host-parasite combinations. The Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925 is the most diverse group with 12 species. The species richness of individual digenean genera in the Bay of Bizerte ranges from 1 – 6 species. The mean number of 2.58 species per host indicates a relatively high digenean diversity in the Bay of Bizerte, which is related to its geographical location, its connection with the neighbouring Bizerte Lagoon and the nature of the bottoms of the littoral marine areas off the northern Tunisian coasts. This diversity is significantly higher than that reported off the southern coast of Tunisia and distinctly lower than that observed for teleost hosts in the Scandola Nature Reserve off Corsica. Generally, the levels of infection in teleosts fishes from the Bay of Bizerte are lower than those from the other two localities.
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Pintarić, Mario, and Damir Tulić. "Prilog poznavanju kasnogotičke skulpture u Rijeci: prijedlog za Leonarda Thannera i nepoznata grupa Oplakivanje Krista." Ars Adriatica 8, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.2755.
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The article discusses a late Gothic statue of Pietà in the permanent collection of the Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian Littoral in Rijeka. It is a wooden statue with poorly preserved traces of polychrome painting and gilding, discovered in 1920 in the attic of the parish church of Mary’s Assumption in Rijeka. Vanda Ekl dated it to the end of the third quarter of the 15th century without specifying its circle of origin or its history. Based on a stylistic analysis, as well as a series of typological and formal analogies, the Pietà of Rijeka can now be brought into connection with the woodcarver Leonardo Thannner from Bavarian Landshut, active in Friuli during the second half of the 15th century. A crucial comparative example can be found in Thanner’s polychromatic wooden group of The Lamentation of Christ from the church of Santa Maria della Fratta in San Daniele del Friuli (1488). Rijeka Lamentation, a hitherto unknown and here for the first time published statue, can be linked with a workshop or a circle of the Friulian sculptor Giovanni Martini and approximately dated to the first quarter of the 16th century.
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Casalbore, Daniele, Romano Clementucci, Alessandro Bosman, Francesco Latino Chiocci, Eleonora Martorelli, and Domenico Ridente. "Widespread mass-wasting processes off NE Sicily (Italy): insights from morpho-bathymetric analysis." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 500, no. 1 (2020): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp500-2019-195.
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AbstractThe NE Sicilian continental margin is largely affected by canyons and related landslide scars. Two main types of submarine canyons are recognizable: the first type carves the shelf up to depths <20 m, a few hundred metres from the coast, acting as a main collector for sediments transported by hyperpycnal flows and/or littoral drift. These canyons mostly have a V-shaped cross-section and are characterized by a strong axial incision, where a network of dendritic gullies carving the canyon flanks converges. The second type of canyon occurs where the shelf is wider, hindering the direct connection between the subaerial and submarine drainage system. This setting exhibits canyon heads mostly confined to the shelf break, characterized by a weaker axial incision of the canyon and U-shaped cross-section. A total of 280 landslide scars are recognized in the study area and these are divided into three groups according to their morphology and location. A morphometric analysis of these scars is performed to investigate which parameters might be key factors in controlling instability processes and how they correlate with each other. We also try to assess the possible tsunamigenic potential associated with these landslide events by coupling the morphometric analysis with semi-empirical relationships available in the literature.
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Boomer, Ian, Francois Guichard, and Gilles Lericolais. "Late Pleistocene to Recent ostracod assemblages from the western Black Sea." Journal of Micropalaeontology 29, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0262-821x10-003.
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Abstract. During the last glacial phase the Black Sea basin was isolated from the world's oceans due to the lowering of global sea-levels. As sea-levels rose during the latest glacial and early Holocene period, the Black Sea was once again connected to the eastern Mediterranean via the Dardanelles–Marmara–Bosporus seaway. In recent years, trace element and stable isotope analyses of ostracod assemblages have yielded important details regarding the hydrological evolution of the Black Sea during these events. Despite this focus on the geochemical signatures of the ostracods, little if any attention has been paid to the taxonomic composition of the ostracod assemblages themselves and there are notably few publications on the sub-littoral fauna of this important water body. We present a summary of the most abundant ostracod taxa of the Black Sea during the late glacial to early Holocene phase (dominated by the Candonidae, Leptocytheridae and Loxoconchidae) and chart their response to the subsequent environmental changes in the early Holocene with the pre-connection, low salinity ‘lacustrine’ fauna being replaced by one with a more Mediterranean aspect. Many of these taxa are illustrated using SEM for the first time, providing an important initial step in establishing taxonomic stability within Black Sea ostracod studies and noting faunal similarities with neighbouring areas, such as the Caspian Sea.
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Neiff, Juan José, Alicia Poi de Neiff, and Marta B. Canón Verón. "The role of vegetated areas on fish assemblage of the Paraná River floodplain: effects of different hydrological conditions." Neotropical Ichthyology 7, no. 1 (March 2009): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252009000100006.
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In this paper, we analyze the changes in composition and abundance of fish assemblages in seven vegetated floodplain wetlands with different connectivity across different hydrologic conditions: after a prolonged connection of the floodplain with the main channel, during receding water, and after a prolonged isolation. We also investigated the size and abundance of large-sized migratory species found in these wetlands and the food resources exploited by the dominant fish. Fishes were captured by diurnal seining (8.0 m x 1.50 m, 5 mm mesh) along macrophyte banks. Despite the high total number of species registered (100), sample species richness varied between 7 and 31, depending on the sampling site and the sampling date. Cluster analysis indicated low similarity between sites during both the isolation and the prolonged connection. Species turnover decreased from high water (β = 40.33) to low water (β = 33.83), with the minimum value of beta diversity index obtained during the isolation of the floodplain wetlands (β = 26.83). Our results indicated that different dominant populations of fish occur in different hydrological conditions, even though high water and isolation phases occur in the same season of different years. The ordination (NMDS) indicated the importance of hydrologic conditions in structuring fish assemblages in the studied floodplain. Small-sized characids, typically associated with macrophytes, dominated the fish assemblages, whereas the younger stages of large sized migratory species were found in low abundance. The maximum standard length of the fish captured was 28 cm and for large migratory fish, standard length varied between 1.6 and 25.0 cm. The dominant fish used several food resources, but littoral macrophytes-associated organisms had a high frequency of occurrence in the three hydrologic conditions. The high species richness of fish in the small, vegetated lakes was related to the high spatial heterogeneity during different hydrological conditions. Disturbances in the hydrological pulses could reduce the biodiversity by modifying the connectivity of the floodplain with the river channel. Conservation of these vegetated wetlands requires maintenance of actual width range of connectivity that provide diverse habitat along the time.
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Lee, Christopher. "Spirit of Place: The European Fashioning of Toowoomba." Queensland Review 3, no. 1 (April 1996): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600000659.
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No other town in Queensland is so well favoured by nature for combining these rare advantages. We have the healthiness of climate, the coolness of a fine English summer, the pure and rarefied air of a moderate elevation, which dwellers along the hot and humid coast so much desire. We have beauty of scenery in picturesque variety, with a panorama of rolling Downs and far-reaching plain … ours is the first town on the elevated Downs after rising from the close and exhausting atmosphere of the ‘littoral’ country.So rhapsodised the editorial in the Toowoomba Chronicle on 14 June, 1890. From the nineteenth century the drop in temperature which greeted the traveller's ascent to the elevated tablelands of the Darling Downs was greeted as a sign of a more vitalising and health-giving climate than the sub-tropical humidity of the Brisbane coastal plain. Katie Hume in 1866 felt Toowoomba's air 'cool and English like … after the heat of Brisbane’, while the consumptive Walter Coote argued in 1887 that the Downs possessed ‘a climate as healthful and even invigorating as that of any place in the World’ (Hume 160, Coote 201). The Social-Darwinist connection between the moral character of a people and the temperature of their climate was a frequent theme of nineteenth century culture. The imperial triumphs of European civilisation were often explained by Europe's temperate climate, for the cooler the climate the more ‘civil’ the people are deemed to be (Spurr); and Europe's temperate climate was also an acknowledged cause of the reasoned moral restraint of the civilised colonial settler. Thus the celebration of Toowoomba's ‘European’ climate served to familiarise an alien Australian space as a place which would support European settlement.
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Bajorunas, L. "LITTORAL TRANSPORT IN THE GREAT LAKES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 7 (January 29, 2011): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v7.20.
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The Great Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario extend almost to the middle of the North American Continent. With their 95,000 square miles of water surface and their three navigable connections with the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, they affect the well-being of about 4.0 million people living within their vicinity in Canada and the United States. Possessing a shoreline of 6,600 miles, these waters have been called the fourth coast of the continent along with the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts. This paper analyzes one of the many problems of the Great Lakes, the littoral transport problem.
Littoral transport has been defined as the movement of material along the shore in the littoral zone by waves and currents. The material thus transported is referred to as the littoral drift. The littoral drift originates from the beach material, being picked up by the water and transported along the shore and deposited in another location. Shore erosion, littoral transport, and deposition of drift are all factors in the littoral process.
A knowledge of the littoral process is important for many engineering projects including the construction and maintenance of shoreline harbors. The harbor breakwater extending from the shore into deep water forms a littoral barrier, and by stopping the transport action causes the depositio of drift on the updrift side. If the breakwater does not entirely stop the transport, or when the storage area on the updrift side is filled, the drift will bypass the breakwater and fill the dredged navigation channel causing frequent and expensive maintenance dredging. This problem is especially important in the small harbors on the Great Lakes planned every 25 to 30 miles as refuge for fishing and pleasure boats. These harbors have a rather small capacity for littoral drift, and the costs of maintenan dredging of so many entrance channels would be almost prohibitive.
In order to provide data required for the design and economic evaluation of the small refuge harbors on the Great .Lakes, the United States Lake Survey, Corps of Engineers, conducted a study of the best method of estimating the rate of littoral transport along the shores of the Great Lakes. Although much of the data used in this paper was taken from the above study, the views and
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Vilke, Siniša, Tomislav Krljan, and Borna Debelić. "A Proposal of Measures Towards a Qualitative Enhancement of Bus Transport Services in the Primorsko-goranska County." Pomorstvo 32, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.32.1.6.
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The survey, which consisted of counting, polling and recording, has provided data on the existing volume of passenger flows in public bus stations/terminals within the Primorsko-goranska (Littoral-Mountainous) County (hereinafter: the PG County), the density rate of passengers on bus lines that operate on County connections and on bus lines connecting the PG County with other counties in Croatia. In addition to the quantitative parameters, the qualitative data were analyzed that had been obtained by polling passengers at the Rijeka bus terminal, whereupon detailed opinions of direct users of the service were elaborated with the aim of obtaining a picture of the current situation of the public bus transport in the PG County. The data collected were used in evaluating the quality of the passenger transport service provided and in determining measures to be taken in order to bring both the actual quality of transport and the satisfaction of passengers to a higher level.
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Gašparović, Slaven. "Zračni promet i turizam Primorske Hrvatske." Geoadria 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.284.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse and explain the impact of air transportation on the development of tourism in the Croatian littoral. The analysis was made by using the data collected from flight schedules and airport authorities. The data on frequency of lines and number of passengers were analysed in order to correlate the distribution of the number of passengers with the number of tourists during the year. In this case, the correlation between the number of passengers and the number of arrivals/number of overnight stays is observed. Data for the time period from 2008 till 2010 were analysed in more detail by dividing the passengers into four categories: full-service passengers, low-cost passengers, charter passengers and general aviation passengers. Major touristic markets are identified on the basis of the number of connections between European and Croatian littoral airports. The last part of the paper deals with the increasing impact of low-cost services on the development of tourism in the Croatian littoral region. This is due to the fact that low-cost carriers have accounted for a considerable part of air transport in the last few years.
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TEITELBAUM, JOSHUA. "SAUDI ARABIA, EGYPT, AND THE LONGUE DURÉE STRUGGLE FOR ISLAM'S HOLIEST PLACES." Historical Journal 61, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 1017–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1700036x.
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AbstractScholars inquiring into Saudi–Egyptian or Hijazi–Egyptian relations, or the history of modern Saudi state formation, have been tempted to concentrate on the June 1926 attack by the tribal Ikhwan on the Egyptian Maḥmal, or pilgrimage caravan, as the key to understanding these relations. But such a courte durée, sometimes known as the événementielle approach, leaves out much rich depth. In fact, when placed within the wider time frame of the longue durée of relations between Egypt and the Hijaz, which is Arabia's western littoral region and home to Islam's holiest places, its historical significance becomes more about ending Egyptian claims of primacy in the Hijaz than achieving internal Saudi state consolidation. It is the longue durée that should command attention, for the only way that Ibn Saud could refashion to his own favour the historical connections that defined Islamic legitimacy in a political form was to cut the Gordian knot between Egypt and the Hijaz. He had to break up the Red Sea littoral system, and tie the holy places instead to the Saudi heartland of Najd. At the Red Sea's expense, the Arabian Peninsula, dominated by Saudi Arabia, became the new geo-political feature of the region.
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Bollen, An, and Giuseppe Donati. "Conservation status of the littoral forest of south-eastern Madagascar: a review." Oryx 40, no. 1 (January 2006): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306000111.
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The littoral forest of the Fort Dauphin region of south-east Madagascar is expected to lose numerous endemic plant and animal species in the near future as a result of deforestation and consequent habitat changes. The disruption of plant-animal interactions is of particular concern. This review describes the conservation status of the littoral forest of Sainte Luce, Fort Dauphin, and examines the role of animal-facilitated seed dispersal in regeneration. The main threats to this habitat are described and possible management implications are discussed in relation to existing initiatives. Protection of the largest remaining forest fragments has been agreed by local communities and a draft plan for forest management is currently under evaluation. Over the next few years plantations will be created to provide local people with wood for fuel and other purposes. An important flying fox Pteropus rufus roost site needs to be included in conservation plans because of its importance for long-distance seed dispersal. Despite the presence of natural barriers, the creation of forest corridors will be crucial for connecting isolated fragments and facilitating genetic exchange between subpopulations. Increased attention needs to be given to the need to promote conservation-related income activities.
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Specht, Cezary, Oktawia Lewicka, Mariusz Specht, Paweł Dąbrowski, and Paweł Burdziakowski. "Methodology for Carrying out Measurements of the Tombolo Geomorphic Landform Using Unmanned Aerial and Surface Vehicles near Sopot Pier, Poland." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8060384.
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The human impact on the ecosystem has been particularly evident in the last century; it transforms the Earth’s surface on an unprecedented scale and brings about irreversible changes. One example is an oceanographic phenomenon known as a tombolo, i.e., a narrow belt connecting the mainland with an island lying near the shore formed as a result of sand and gravel being deposited by sea currents. The phenomenon contributes to an increase in the biogenic substance content in the littoral zone, which leads to increased cyanobacteria blooming in the summer period. Moreover, the debris accumulation in the littoral zone results in the mud formation, which makes the beach landscape less attractive. One of the main features of the tombolo phenomenon is its variability of shape, which includes the form of both the shore and the seabed adjacent to it. Therefore, to describe its size and spatio-temporal variability, it is necessary to apply methods for geodetic (the land) and hydrographic (the sea) measurements that can be carried out in different ways. The aim of the paper is to present the methodology for carrying out measurements of the tombolo oceanographic phenomenon using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV) on the example of a waterbody adjacent to the Sopot pier. It also presents the results of surveys carried out in November 2019 within this area. The study demonstrated that the integration of two measuring devices whose development began in the second decade of the 20th century, i.e., UAVs and USVs, enables accurate (even up to several centimeters) and reliable determination of the scale and variability of the phenomena occurring in the littoral zone.
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Savala, Joshua. "Ports of Transnational Labor Organizing: Anarchism along the Peruvian-Chilean Littoral, 1916–1928." Hispanic American Historical Review 99, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 501–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-7573529.
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Abstract This article centers cross-border solidarity in the post–War of the Pacific (1879–83) context in Peru and Chile. I examine the ways in which some maritime and port workers in these countries in the early twentieth century created bonds of solidarity despite the reigning nationalism of the day. The article analyzes labor struggles and the move toward industrial organizing in Mollendo, Peru; Chilean Industrial Workers of the World efforts at creating links with Peruvian workers; and police repression after a 1925 strike in Mollendo. I combine an in-depth view of local organizing with the transnational political moves and connections forged by maritime and port workers. They lived and organized in their own ports while also forming bonds with other working-class people in the shared space of the Pacific littoral. Their organizing locally and transnationally challenged the chauvinistic nationalism of the era.
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Thissen, Laurens. "New Insights in Balkan–Anatolian Connections in the Late Chalcolithic: Old Evidence from the Turkish Black Sea Littoral." Anatolian Studies 43 (December 1993): 207–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642976.
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The Northern Anatolian region under consideration here, the Bafra plain with its main site of Ikiztepe, and the Samsun area with Dündartepe, should be seen as a contact zone between Central Anatolia, the Balkans and the Eastern Aegean. Several items of material culture from Northern Anatolia can be linked with Southeast Europe, the islands off the coast of Western Turkey and Central Anatolia. These connections were established at least by the end of the fifth millennium B.C. Strong similarities in pottery and metal finds from North and Central Anatolian sites with the Cernavoda cultures in Romania indicate that close linkage did in fact continue into the third millennium B.C., thus giving proof of a long tradition. Here, only a small segment of this huge time-span, viz., the last quarter of the fourth millennium, equated with the last stretch of the Late Chalcolithic period, is my concern.
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Eden, Jr., Edwin W. "EFFECT OF LAKE WORTH AND SOUTH LAKE WORTH INLETS ON THE MOVEMENT OF LITTORAL MATERIAL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 6 (January 29, 2011): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v6.24.
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Lake Worth and South Lake Worth Inlets are artificial inlets connecting Lake Worth with the Atlantic Ocean. They are located on the east coast of Florida about 70 miles north of Miami and 300 miles south of Jacksonville. Lake Worth is a salt-water sound extending in a north-south direction, generally parallel to the ocean shore, as shown on figure 1. It is separated from the ocean by a barrier beach, 250 feet to about 3,600 feet wide and up to about 25 feet in elevation. The barrier beach is composed principally of sand, a portion of which is artificial fill over former low-lying marshy areas. There are occasional outcroppings of coquina rock on the barrier beach and in the offshore area. In this locality the offshore bottom is rather steep; the 100-fathom depth, lying closer to the shore than along other parts of the Atlantic coast, is about 5-1/2 miles offshore at Lake Worth Inlet.
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Šimunić, Nikola, and Ivan Brlić. "Senjsko parobrodarstvo i socioekonomske prilike na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće." Geoadria 19, no. 1 (June 23, 2014): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.40.
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The authors of the paper examine the historical and geographical aspects of the emergence, development and decline of Senj’s steam-shipping as the crucial element of the overall social and economic progress of Senj at the turn of the 20th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, owing to the special city autonomy and the modern road connections, the Port of Senj was one of the most important maritime trading centres of the Croatian Littoral and the entire Adriatic in general, and its residents were important participants in social, economic and political turmoil of that time. Steam-shipping development has surely provided the residents of Senj a good market position in the times of demanding economic circumstances. The work also analyses important causes of weakening of Senj's economy, which during the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia isolated the city from the dominant maritime and economic processes, thus heavily influencing the city's socioeconomic situation.
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Šimunić, Nikola, and Ivan Brlić. "Senjsko parobrodarstvo i socioekonomske prilike na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće." Geoadria 19, no. 1 (April 20, 2014): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.41.
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The authors of the paper examine the historical and geographical aspects of the emergence, development and decline of Senj’s steam-shipping as the crucial element of the overall social and economic progress of Senj at the turn of the 20th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, owing to the special city autonomy and the modern road connections, the Port of Senj was one of the most important maritime trading centres of the Croatian Littoral and the entire Adriatic in general, and its residents were important participants in social, economic and political turmoil of that time. Steam-shipping development has surely provided the residents of Senj a good market position in the times of demanding economic circumstances. The work also analyses important causes of weakening of Senj's economy, which during the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia isolated the city from the dominant maritime and economic processes, thus heavily influencing the city's socioeconomic situation.
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Tanaka, Hitoshi, Nguyen Xuan Tinh, and Vo Cong Hoang. "EVOLUTION OF NOBIRU COAST AT DECADAL TO CENTENNIAL SCALES INCLUDING THE 2011 TSUNAMI IMPACT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.sediment.16.
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Nobiru Coast, which is 2.8 km long coast located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, is a well-known coast because of high sediment deposition rate (Figure 1). The predominant littoral drift of this coast is from east to west (Takahashi and Tanaka, 2005). The sediment deposit at the western end causes significant effect on the aquaculture in Matsushima Bay which is located on the right of Miyato Island, due to closure of a channel connecting open sea and Matsushima Bay. Tanaka et al. (2006) reported the sediment deposition rate on this coast from historical maps. The tsunami, which occurred on 11 March 2011, caused different types of damage on the left and right-hand sides of the coast. Accordingly, this study would evaluate the change of shoreline on Nobiru Coast at decadal to centennial scales including the 2011 tsunami impact using aerial and satellites images.
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Overstreet, Robin M., and Richard W. Heard. "A new species of Megalophallus (Digenea: Microphallidae) from the clapper rail, other birds, and the littoral isopod Ligia baudiniana." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, S1 (August 1, 1995): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-515.
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Megalophallus reamesi n.sp. infected the clapper rail, ruddy turnstone, black-bellied plover, and the isopod Ligia baudiniana. This precociously developed digenean occurred in the mid-Florida Keys, Florida, and in Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos, British West Indies, but not in numerous other examined localities from New York to Texas. It is most similar in body size (1.0–1.6 vs 1.0–1.1 mm) and structure of its copulatory organ to M. diodontis Siddiqi and Cable, 1960, but its copulatory organ has 23–39 micropapillae rather than 12–19, the species has rudimentary intestinal ceca rather than short fully developed ones, and an isopod rather than a portunid crab serves as the second intermediate host. The encysted metacercaria, occurring in the hemocoel of the isopod, was typically encapsulated with host connective tissue incorporating several host chromatophores.
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Sicard, Mathieu, Karine Brugirard-Ricaud, Sylvie Pag�s, Anne Lanois, Noel E. Boemare, Michel Breh�lin, and Alain Givaudan. "Stages of Infection during the Tripartite Interaction between Xenorhabdus nematophila, Its Nematode Vector, and Insect Hosts." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6473-6480.2004.
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ABSTRACT Bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus are mutually associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Steinernema and are pathogenic to a broad spectrum of insects. The nematodes act as vectors, transmitting the bacteria to insect larvae, which die within a few days of infection. We characterized the early stages of bacterial infection in the insects by constructing a constitutive green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Xenorhabdus nematophila strain. We injected the GFP-labeled bacteria into insects and monitored infection. We found that the bacteria had an extracellular life cycle in the hemolymph and rapidly colonized the anterior midgut region in Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Electron microscopy showed that the bacteria occupied the extracellular matrix of connective tissues within the muscle layers of the Spodoptera midgut. We confirmed the existence of such a specific infection site in the natural route of infection by infesting Spodoptera littoralis larvae with nematodes harboring GFP-labeled Xenorhabdus. When the infective juvenile (IJ) nematodes reached the insect gut, the bacterial cells were rapidly released from the intestinal vesicle into the nematode intestine. Xenorhabdus began to escape from the anus of the nematodes when IJs were wedged in the insect intestinal wall toward the insect hemolymph. Following their release into the insect hemocoel, GFP-labeled bacteria were found only in the anterior midgut region and hemolymph of Spodoptera larvae. Comparative infection assays conducted with another insect, Locusta migratoria, also showed early bacterial colonization of connective tissues. This work shows that the extracellular matrix acts as a particular colonization site for X. nematophila within insects.
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Reis, Paula C. J., Luiz A. Martinelli, and Francisco A. R. Barbosa. "Basal carbon sources and planktonic food web in a tropical lake: an isotopic approach." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 3 (2017): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14322.
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Trophic connections among habitats may be central to food-web dynamics in lakes. Lacustrine zooplankton can rely on basal carbon (C) sources from different origins and plays an important link between these and organisms in higher trophic levels. We investigated the basal C sources supporting the planktonic food web and the trophic relationships among zooplankton size fractions in a tropical lake (Carioca) in Brazil. To do so, we measured the C and nitrogen (N) stable-isotope ratios in basal C sources originated in terrestrial, littoral, and pelagic habitats and in zooplankton size fractions, and data were analysed through Bayesian mixing models. Mesozooplankton showed seasonal variation in resource use, specifically a smaller dependence on algae in the wet than in the dry season. In the wet season, mesozooplankton relied more on the detritivore food chain eating mostly microzooplankton (mode: 95.1%), which in turn consumed mostly terrestrial C in this season (mode: 74.7%). Zooplankton size fractions also occupied different relative trophic positions between seasons. These variations seem to follow the seasonal dynamics of in-lake primary production and of terrestrial C inputs. Also, all size fractions of zooplankton, and particularly Chaoboridae larvae, showed low C staple-isotope values, suggesting the consumption of a missing C source.
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Zimmermann, Thomas. "Anatolia as a bridge from north to south? Recent research in the Hatti heartland." Anatolian Studies 57 (December 2007): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008504.
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AbstractThis paper aims to reappraise and evaluate central Anatolian connections with the Black Sea region and the Caucasus focusing mainly on the third millennium BC. In its first part, a ceremonial item, the knobbed or ‘mushroom’ macehead, in its various appearances, is discussed in order to reconstruct a possible pattern of circulation and exchange of shapes and values over a longer period of time in the regions of Anatolia, southeast Europe and the Caucasus in the third and late second to early first millennium BC. The second part is devoted to the archaeometrical study of selected metal and mineral artefacts from the Early Bronze Age necropolis of Resuloğlu, which together with the contemporary settlement and graveyard at Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe represent two typical later Early Bronze Age sites in the Anatolian heartland. The high values of tin and arsenic used for most of the smaller jewellery items are suggestive of an attempt to imitate gold and silver, and the amounts of these alloying agents suggest a secure supply from arsenic sources located along the Black Sea littoral in the north and probably tin ores to the southeast of central Anatolia. This places these ‘Hattian’ sites within a trade network that ran from the Pontic mountain ridge to the Taurus foothills.
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Wild, Eva M., Peter M. Fischer, Peter Steier, and Teresa Bürge. "14C-Dating of the Late Bronze Age City of Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus: Status Report." Radiocarbon 61, no. 5 (July 23, 2019): 1253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.75.
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ABSTRACTHala Sultan Tekke is a large Bronze Age city located on the southeastern littoral of Cyprus. The city flourished from approximately 1650 BC to 1150 BC according to the archaeological evidence. Since 2010, Swedish excavations have exposed four new city quarters (CQ1–4) with three occupational phases, the 14C dating of which is of highest importance also for other contemporaneous cultures. The finds demonstrate vast intercultural connections in the Mediterranean and even with southern Scandinavia. In 2014, roughly 500 m to the east of CQ1, one of the richest cemeteries on the island was discovered. According to the archaeological evidence, the finds from the city date mainly to the 13th and 12th centuries BC. However, many of the wealthy tombs and the offering pits from the cemetery are considerably older with the oldest finds dating to the 16th century BC. This raises the question where the city quarters belonging to the oldest finds from the cemetery are situated. The radiocarbon (14C) dates from Hala Sultan Tekke have much influence on the dating of related sites because of numerous imports from a vast area. We present here new 14C data obtained in the course of the current excavations, which add to sets of already existing data.
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Araújo, FG, ABI Santos, and RJ Albieri. "Assessing fish assemblages similarity above and below a dam in a Neotropical reservoir with partial blockage." Brazilian Journal of Biology 73, no. 4 (November 2013): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842013000400007.
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Damming rivers disrupts the water flow and changes the ichthyofauna organisation. We investigated an impoundment with permanent connection and homogeneous environmental conditions between the zones above and below the dam. Temperature was comparatively higher during wet season irrespective of zone, and both zones had higher dissolved oxygen, conductivity and transparency in the dry season. A total of 1687 individuals comprising 27 species were collected in the downriver zone, while the reservoir had 879 individuals and 23 species. Each zone had different fish assemblage composition and structure, but assemblages were not explained by the examined environmental variables (r2 = 0.08; p = 0.307). Migratory species such as Pimelodus maculatus, Pimelodus fur, Leporinus copelandii and Prochilodus lineatus were the most affected, and probably are prevented to perform upriver migrations. On the other hand, lentic adapted species such as G. brasiliensis, Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplosternum littorale successfully colonised the reservoir. Therefore we conclude that the presence of the lateral hydrological connectivity alone does not guarantee the ecological connectivity since fish assemblage similarity differed between the two zones. Fish passage facilities should be monitored and managed to evaluate and improve their functionality.
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Pushkareva, V. V. "THE CASPIAN REGION IN MODERN POLITICS: PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL COOPERATION." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 5, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2021-5-2-211-220.
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The Caspian region appears in international political terms with the USSR collapse. It includes five littoral countries - Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan, which are building cooperation with each other and with non-regional actors in the new geopolitical conditions. The formation of relations is influenced both by the common and diverse national interests of the Caspian states, and by the constant direct and indirect impact of external players: the United States, the European Union, China and Turkey. Each of them regards the Caspian region as the most important strategic space for political and economic control over Eurasia in accordance with their own interests. The interest of the world powers in strengthening their influence in the Caspian Sea is connected, firstly, with oil and gas reserves, and secondly, with the fact that the region is the center of Eurasia, where a transport transit corridor connecting Europe with various regions of Asia passes. The domestic and foreign political conditions of the Caspian region are not easy. The main problems of regional cooperation are the disunity of the region, the potential for the implementation of "color revolutions" against the background of socio-economic difficulties. The "domino effect" in development of the situation is quite real. There is no reliable mechanism to protect regional interests. The first steps to form multilateral cooperation have been taken on the basis of The Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea.
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HARUTYUNYAN, Aghavni. "MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA AS A PART OF CHINESE STRING OF PEARLS STRATEGY." Ezikov Svyat volume 18 issue 3, ezs.swu.v18i3 (2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v18i3.6.
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Launched by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013, the One Belt, One Road initiative (OBOR), which consists of land (EBSR) and sea routes (MSR), aims to connect Asia and Europe through the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia. The MSR strategy focuses on creating Chinese strongholds or “naval posts” with military or geopolitical influence along the Indian Ocean littoral, the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea, called a “String of Pearls” - similar to the “Dual Use Logistics Facility”. It is related to Beijing’s need for geostrategic security of the “choke points” and maritime [oil and trade] routes critical of its development and based on China’s need to establish an increased level of influence and advanced presence along the sea routes through the use of investment, port development, economic, political, diplomatic and military means. China hopes to contribute to strengthening regional security on the southern gateway from the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, one of the world’s biggest shipping lanes and a pivotal part of the MSR. Today the Chinese energy security policy has been militarized by creating a navy and deploying troops to protect and implement energy and infrastructure projects in the Middle East and North Africa region. It is an important hub for the two OBOR routes due to its strategic location at the intersection of land and sea roads connecting Asia, Africa and Europe, and the three most important economic maritime regions: the South China Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Mediterranean Sea.
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Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Anna, and Bella Galil. "Marine alien species as an aspect of global change." Advances in Oceanography and Limnology 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiol.2010.5300.
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The transport of organisms across oceans is an anthropogenic agent of global change that has profoundly affected the natural distribution of littoral biota and altered the makeup of biogeographic regions. The homogenization of marine biotas is a phenomenon especially affecting coastal regions and is spearheaded by a suite of opportunistic species at the expense of native species. Climate change may exacerbate the trend: sea surface temperatures, hydrodynamics, pH and carbonate cycles, already show marked fluctuations compared to the past. Alien invasive species are impacted by the change of marine climate in a variety of ways, which are we have just begun to notice, observe and interpret. A conceptual framework has yet to be conceived that links theories on biological introductions and invasions with the physical aspects of global change. Therefore predicting the scale of invasions or their impact on biodiversity is a daunting task. Integration of biological and environmental information systems, niche models, and climate projections would improve management of aquatic ecosystems under the dual threats of biotic invasions and climate change. The recorded spread of alien species and analysis of patterns of invasions may serve as the starting point for searching connections with climate change descriptors. The Mediterranean Sea is home to an exceptionally large number of alien species, resulting from its exceptional history and multiple vectors. For much of the twentieth century alien thermophilic species, which had entered the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal, have been confined to the Levantine Basin. In recent years climate driven hydrographic changes have coincided with a pronounced expansion of alien thermophilic biota to the central and western basins of the Mediterranean. We discuss some changes in emergent functions and services in Mediterranean ecosystems under the combined effect of invasive species and climate changes.
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Kim, Byoung-Seok, Andrzej Witkowski, Jong-Gyu Park, Chunlian Li, Rosa Trobajo, David G. Mann, So-Yeon Kim, Matt Ashworth, Małgorzata Bąk, and Romain Gastineau. "Taxonomy and diversity of a little-known diatom genus Simonsenia (Bacillariaceae) in the marine littoral: novel taxa from the Yellow Sea and the Gulf of Mexico." Plant Ecology and Evolution 152, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2019.1614.
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Background and aims – The diatom genus Simonsenia has been considered for some time a minor taxon, limited in its distribution to fresh and slightly brackish waters. Recently, knowledge of its diversity and geographic distribution has been enhanced with new species described from brackish-marine waters of the southern Iberian Peninsula and from inland freshwaters of South China, and here we report novel Simonsenia from fully marine waters.
Methods – New isolates of Simonsenia species were obtained from marine waters, the littoral zone of the Korean Yellow Sea coast and the Gulf of Mexico in Corpus Christi (Texas), and documented in LM, SEM and with DNA sequence data (plastid-encoded rbcL and psbC). Phylogenetic trees of raphid diatoms were constructed to assess the relationships of the new species and of the genus as a whole.
Key results and conclusions – Two novel species of Simonsenia (S. eileencoxiae and S. paucistriata) are described and a further putative taxon is characterized morphologically. The molecular phylogeny of the new Simonsenia species and previously sequenced species supports both the monophyly of the genus and its place within the Bacillariaceae. The Simonsenia clade clusters with clades composed of Cylindrotheca, Denticula and some Nitzschia spp. (including N. amphibia, N. frustulum, N. inconspicua). Hence Simonsenia is firmly positioned within the Bacillariaceae by molecular phylogenies, confirming its position within this group based on the possession of a canal raphe and its ultrastructure, and rejecting its classification within the Surirellaceae. Morphological data from the new Simonsenia species is typical for the genus, with a “simonsenioid” canal raphe type supported over the valve face with fenestral braces, alar canals connecting the canal raphe with the cell lumen, and the presence of fenestrae between the alar canals externally. Our results indicate unequivocally that the biogeography and the biodiversity of Simonsenia remain highly underestimated.
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Palma, Monique, João Alveirinho Dias, and Joana Gaspar Freitas. "It’s not only the sea: a history of human intervention in the beach-dune ecosystem of Costa da Caparica (Portugal)." Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada 21, no. 4 (December 2021): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5894/rgci-n432.
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Costa da Caparica, located south of Lisbon, has been since the 1960s the favourite beach of the population of the Portuguese capital. The bridge over the Tagus river (1966), connecting the two margins, has facilitated the access to that wide beach of sand and dunes. Due to its natural features and proximity to Lisbon, Caparica become a highly populated area, where different social and economic activities compete for the use of the available space, increasing pressure upon the local ecosystems. The situation is even more problematic, because that littoral has been deeply affected by coastal erosion from the 1950s onwards. Authorities have been dealing with the issue using groynes and artificial beach nourishments. Since 2015, the Municipality of Almada is investing in the rehabilitation of the dunes of the beach of S. João, placing fences to retain the sand and planting vegetation. This programme is particularly interesting from a coastal management history point of view, because these dunes have been the object of many interventions with different purposes, but what was done and why is not very well known. The aim of this article is therefore to present the results of a historical research about human intervention in Costa da Caparica and, particularly at S. João beach, starting in the 19th century, with the first dunes’ survey, the afforestation experiences and the construction of a drainage system. This paper offers a long-term perspective on the socio-evolution of these hybrid environments. Results and discussion show how dunes were trimmed by the works carried out and the reasons that laid beneath these. Revealing the ideas and values, the social, economic and political pressures, that across the years and within the same time period, shaped management strategies and landscapes. Keywords: Environmental History; Dunes Rehabilitation; Afforestation; Wetlands; Coastal Erosion.
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Jaskuła, Radomir, Tomasz Rewicz, Mateusz Płóciennik, and Michał Grabowski. "Pleistocene phylogeography and cryptic diversity of a tiger beetle,Calomera littoralis, in North-Eastern Mediterranean and Pontic regions inferred from mitochondrial COI gene sequences." PeerJ 4 (July 19, 2016): e2128. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2128.
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Background.Calomera littoralisis a Palearctic species, widely distributed in Europe; inhabiting predominantly its Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea coastlines.Methods.Its phylogeography on the Balkan Peninsula and on the north-western Black Sea coast was inferred using a 697 bp long portion of the mitochondrial COI gene, amplified from 169 individuals collected on 43 localities.Results.The results revealed two genetically divergent groups/lineages, the southern one inhabiting both the Balkan Peninsula and the Pontic Region and the northern one found exclusively in the Pontic Region. Species delimitation based on DNA barcoding gap suggested an interspecific level of divergence between these groups. Multivariate analysis of eight male and female morphometric traits detected no difference between the groups, implying they may represent cryptic species. The Bayesian time-calibrated reconstruction of phylogeny suggested that the lineages diverged ca. 2.3 Ma, in early Pleistocene.Discussion.The presence of the two genetically divergent groups results most likely from contemporary isolation of the Pontic basin from the Mediterranean that broke the continuous strip of coastal habitats inhabited byC. littoralis. Demographic analyses indicated that both lineages have been in demographic and spatial expansion since ca. 0.15 Ma. It coincides with the terminal stage of MIS-6, i.e., Wartanian/Saalian glaciation, and beginning of MIS-5e, i.e., Eemian interglacial, during which, due to eustatic sea level rise, a wide connection between Mediterranean and the Pontic basin was re-established. This, along with re-appearance of coastal habitats could initiate north-east expansion of the southern lineage and its secondary contact with the northern one. The isolation of the Pontic basin from the Mediterranean during the Weichselian glaciation most likely did not have any effect on their phylogeography.
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Rewicz, Tomasz, and Radomir Jaskuła. "Catch fast and kill quickly: do tiger beetles use the same strategies when hunting different types of prey?" PeerJ 6 (November 21, 2018): e5971. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5971.
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BackgroundTiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) are fast running predatory insects preying on different small insects and other terrestrial arthropods. Prey is located by sight and captured after short and fast pursuit interspersed with pause-and-look behaviour. At least some tiger beetle species can recognise the size and location of prey using memory, which probably allows them to achieve greater hunting success.Material and MethodsTwo eurytopic tiger beetle species known to occur in different types of habitat were used in the study:Cicindela hybrida hybrida, a very common central European beetle found even in artificial habitats such as sandy roads or gravel pits, andCalomera littoralis nemoralis, a species widely distributed in southern European countries and occurring on sandy sea beaches, in salt marshes, as well as on sandy banks of rivers and lakes. Both species are very similar in body size. Specimens used in the study were collected in the field and later tested in the laboratory. We checked whether tiger beetles use different hunting strategies when attacking prey of different sizes and abilities to escape as well as whether the sex of the studied species makes a difference in its hunting behaviour.ResultsThe hunting strategies of both tiger beetle species consist of the following main phases: identification, pursuit (often with stops), attack, and optional release of the prey, and then the secondary attack, abandonment of the prey, or consumption of the prey. Considerable differences were noticed in hunting behaviour depending on the type of prey, its movement ability and escape potential. Caterpillars were attacked without pursuit, in the head or directly behind the head where a concentration of nerves and main muscles responsible for walking are located. Effective attacks on beetles were executed at the connection between the thorax and the abdomen.Calomera littoralisstrongly preferred slow moving prey, whileCicindela hybridapreferred in equal measure slow moving prey and medium-sized fast moving prey. The experiment on the preferred size of prey indicated small beetles and small caterpillars as favoured byCalomera littoralis, whileCicindela hybridapreferred medium-sized fast moving prey and large caterpillars.DiscussionThe hunting behaviour ofCalomera littoralisandCicindela hybridais complicated and includes a number of phases allowing to locate, capture and kill the prey. Beetles are able to discriminate between different types of prey and apply different behavioural tactics to hunt it. As the particular strategies are used to increase hunting success, and as a result allow to accumulate energy for future activity of the predator, it can be expected that such a type of hunting behaviour is characteristic also of other tiger beetle species.
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Canuday, Jose Jowel. "Re-visioning obscure spaces." Thesis Eleven 145, no. 1 (April 2018): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513618763841.
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In popular imagery, the littorals of Sulu and Zamboanga conjure visions of pirates, terrorists, and bandits marauding its rough seas, open shores, and rugged mountains. These bleak accounts render the region nothing but a violent and peripheral southern Philippine backdoor inconspicuous to the sophisticated constituencies of the world’s metropolitan centres. Obscured from these imageries are the lasting cosmopolitan traits of openness, flexibility, and reception of local folk to trans-local cultural streams that marked Sulu and Zamboanga as a globalised space across the ages and oceans. The distinctive features of these cosmopolitan sensibilities are strikingly discernible in inter-generationally shared narratives, artefacts, and performances that were continually renewed from the days when Sulu and Zamboanga served as a borderless trading and cultural enclave nestled at the crossroads of the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. These enduring cosmopolitan sensibilities are embodied in the blending, among others, of the time-honoured dance of pangalay and the pop-musical dance genre celebrated on actual, analogue, and digitally-mediated spaces of the contemporary world. Furthermore, these embodied sensibilities are evident in song compositions that proclaim the humanistic themes of hope, peace, and prosperity to their place and the world in ways that exemplify the local people’s broader sense of connections beyond the narrow association of family, community, ethnicity, religion, and identity. This mixed bag of age-old and recent imaginaries and cultural traffic evoke a sociality that link the social spaces of the troubled but once and current globalised region to continuing acts of transcendence in history, memory, and visions of the future. In these marginalized places, we can see an unyielding tradition of cultural re-adaptation and creativity made up of myriad everyday acts that are down-to-earth, pragmatic, interstitial, and practical cosmopolitanism.
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Bennike, Ole, Peter Moe Astrup, Bent V. Odgaard, Christof Pearce, and Peter Wiberg-Larsen. "Holocene development of Brabrand Fjord, eastern Jylland, Denmark." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 70 (May 11, 2022): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2022-70-07.
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The Brabrand Sø area west of Aarhus in eastern Jylland, Denmark, was deglaciated about 18 000 to 17 000 years ago. Coring in the present-day lake area revealed Early Holocene stream deposits overlain by marine deposits. The area was transgressed by the sea at c. 8500 cal. years BP and a 12 km long, narrow fjord was formed. In the beginning, the fjord housed a species-poor marine or brackish-water fauna with molluscs Hydrobia sp. (mudsnail), Littorina littorea (winkle), Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) and Cerastoderma sp. (cockle). This phase was followed by a phase during which the fjord housed a species-rich fauna that included Ostrea edulis (European flat oyster) and Ruditapes decussatus (palourde clam). During this phase the salinity and summer water temperatures were higher than in present day Aarhus Bugt and we also see evidence for strong bottom currents. This phase was probably characterised by a fairly large tidal amplitude. Two radiocarbon ages of O. edulis shells of c. 6250 and 6700 cal. years BP indicate that such conditions peaked during the period of the Ertebølle culture. The high-salinity phase was followed by a phase with a more species-poor fauna, this phase was also characterised by a high sedimentation rate – a feature seen in other fjords in the region. We suggest that the shift could be due to a decrease in tidal amplitude. Brabrand Fjord was eventually transformed into a lake due to land uplift and closure of the connection to Aarhus Bugt due to longshore sediment transport but the timing of the transition from fjord to lake is still unknown.
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Rocha, C. F. D., M. Van Sluys, H. G. Bergallo, and M. A. S. Alves. "Endemic and threatened tetrapods in the restingas of the biodiversity corridors of Serra do Mar and of the central da Mata Atlântica in Eastern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 65, no. 1 (February 2005): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842005000100019.
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Biodiversity corridors comprise a mosaic of land uses connecting fragments of natural forest across a landscape. Two such corridors have been established along the eastern coast of Brazil: the Serra do Mar and the Central da Mata Atlântica corridors, along which most of the coastal plains are restinga areas. In this study, we analyze the present status of the endemic and endangered terrestrial vertebrates of both corridors. We sampled 10 restingas in both corridors, recording species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Some restingas harbor a relatively large number of endemic species, and two main regions of endemism can be identified along the restingas of both corridors: the coastal restingas from northern Espírito Santo State to southern Bahia State (between Linhares, ES, and Trancoso, BA), and the coastal region between the restingas of Maricá and Jurubatiba, Rio de Janeiro State. Six species of terrestrial vertebrates considered threatened with extinction are found in the restingas of Serra do Mar and Central da Mata Atlântica biodiversity corridors (Liolaemus lutzae, Formicivora littoralis, Mimus gilvus, Schistochlamys melanopis, and Trinomys eliasi). The region located between the restinga of Maricá and that of Jurubatiba is of special relevance for the conservation of vertebrate species of the restingas of the corridors because a considerable number of threatened species of terrestrial vertebrates are found there. We strongly recommend efforts to develop checklists of threatened faunas for the States of Espírito Santo and Bahia.
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Buraga, Manoj Babu, and Thibault Fournol. "Indo-French Cooperation and Engagement in Holistic Maritime Security: Possibilities and Implications in the Indian Ocean Region." Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies 03, no. 02 (2022): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47362/ejsss.2022.3209.
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The diffusion of the Indo-Pacific concept in India’s strategic vocabulary has accompanied the emergence of a broader strategic reference frame, in which the impacts of climate change on coastal areas and maritime-related environmental issues figure among the lowest common denominators of cooperation at the regional scale. In the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), unregulated fishing, natural disasters relief or marine pollution indeed became major security concerns for littoral States as well as it gave a new role for the armies in mitigating increasing environmental risks. In fact, we are seeing an expansion in India-France maritime security cooperation, with particular focus on the Indian Ocean. With its expanding economic, marine military, and strategic goals in the Indo-Pacific region, India is eager to develop connections with countries throughout the area. France is emphasising its identity as an Indo-Pacific nation and showing interest in bolstering its partnership with India. The Indian Ocean has emerged as a hot topic in recent Indo-French bilateral talks, as both nations seek to broaden their long-standing strategic partnership to the maritime domain. In February 2022, they inked a roadmap to boost their bilateral exchanges on the blue economy and forge a common vision of ocean governance on the basis of the rule of law, and cooperation on sustainable and resilient coastal and waterways infrastructure (MEA, Feb 2022).[i] In this regard, both agreed to explore the potential for collaboration in marine science research for a better understanding of the oceans, including the Indian Ocean. One such partnership is the ‘The Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative’ (IPOI), wherein France and India have taken the responsibility of being the ‘lead’ for the Marine Resources Pillar, which is one of seven identified pillars (MEA, Mar 2022).[ii] In such a context, this paper aims to explore India’s cooperation opportunities in the field of environmental security in the IOR in the context of Indo-French relations. As a preferred net security provider in the region, India has made of France one of the cornerstones of its SAGAR policy and a first-choice partner on maritime issues, as testified recently by the India-France Roadmap on Blue Economy and Ocean Governance. Based on several years of research on Indo-French relations and environmental security in the Indo-Pacific, the paper will first compare the securitization process of maritime-related environmental issues within the regional security policies of both countries and the adaptation of their navies to emerging environmental risks in the Indian Ocean. Then, it will analyse to what extent this process contributes to reshape military-to-military cooperation between the two navies/coast guard in emerging areas such as disaster relief operations, protection of maritime ecosystems or cyclone early warning. Then, it will consider the multilateral implications of this cooperation and its potential contribution to the security architecture of the Indian Ocean. [i] Ministry of External Affairs of India (February 2022). India-France Roadmap on the Blue Economy and Ocean Governance. [ii] Ministry of External Affairs of India (March 2022). Indo-French Call for an ‘Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership. Joint Declaration, Paris.
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Lewis, C. F. M. "Geoscience Medallist 1. Understanding the Holocene Closed-Basin Phases (Lowstands) of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Their Significance." Geoscience Canada 43, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2016.43.102.
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The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of five large water bodies and connecting rivers that constitute the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River. Collectively they form one of the largest reservoirs of surface freshwater on the planet with an aggregate volume of >22,000 km3. Early interpretations of the postglacial lake history implicitly assumed that the Great Lakes always overflowed their outlets. A study of Lake Winnipeg which concluded that lack of water in a dry climate had dried that lake for millennia led to re-evaluation of the Great Lakes water-level history. Using the empirical information of glacioisostatic rebound derived from 14C-dated and uptilted Great Lake paleo-shorelines, a method of computation was developed to test the paradigm of continuous lake overflow. The method evaluated site and outlet uplift independently, and lowlevel indicators such as submerged tree stumps rooted beneath the present Great Lakes were found to be lower than the lowestpossible corresponding basin outlet. Results confirmed the low-level, closed-basin hydrological status of the early Great Lakes. This status is consistent with paleoclimatic inferences of aridity during the early Holocene before establishment of the present patterns of atmospheric circulation which now bring adequate precipitation to maintain the overflowing lakes. In a sense, the early to middle Holocene phase of dry climate and low water levels is a natural experiment to illustrate the sensitivity of the Great Lakes to climate change in this era of global warming, should their climate shift to one much drier than present, or future major diversions of their waters be permitted.RÉSUMÉLes Grands Lacs Laurentiens sont une chaine de cinq grandes étendues d’eau connectées par des rivières, constituant la source du Fleuve St-Laurent. Collectivement, ils forment un des plus grands réservoirs d’eau douce de surface de la planète avec un volume total de plus de >22,000 km3. Les premièresinterprétations de l’histoire postglaciaire des lacs supposaient implicitement que les Grands Lacs débordaient à leurs exutoires. Une étude du Lac Winnipeg, qui concluait qu’un déficit en eau durant un épisode de climat aride avait desséché le lac pendant des millénaires dans le passé, a mené à la réévaluation de l’histoire du niveau de l’eau des Grands Lacs. En utilisant des données empiriques du relèvement glacio-isostatique, dérivées de littoral anciens surélevés datés au 14C, une méthode de calcul a été développée pour tester le paradigme d’unedécharge lacustre continue. La méthode a évalué le soulèvement des sites et des exutoires indépendamment, et il a été constaté que les indicateurs de bas niveau tels que des troncs d’arbres submergés, enracinés en dessous des Grands Lacs actuels, étaient en fait sous le niveau de l’exutoire correspondant le plus bas. Les résultats confirment le bas niveau et le statut de basin hydrologique fermé des Grand Lacs dans le passé. Ce statut est cohérent avec des évidences paléoclimatiques d’aridité au début de l’Holocène, avant l’établissement des modes de circulation atmosphérique actuels qui apportent des quantités de précipitation adéquates au maintien des décharges lacustres. Dans un sens, la période climatique aride du début et du milieu de l’Holocène, et les bas niveaux d’eau constituent une expérience naturelle qui illustre la sensibilité des Grands Lacs aux changements climatiques, pertinent dans le contexte actuel de réchauffement global, surtout s’il s’avérait que leur climat devienne plus aride que présentement, ou que des diversions majeures des eaux soient permises.
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Maltseva, S. Yu. "ОХРАНЯЕМЫЕ И РЕДКИЕ ВИДЫ В УРБАНОФЛОРЕ ГЕНИЧЕСКА." Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 5, no. 01 (April 8, 2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2015007.
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<p>Urbanization is one of the most characteristic features of scientific and technological progress, which is associated with the rapid growth of cities and the urban population. It leads to irreversible processes of transformation of the natural environment. It anthropogenic transformation in connection with the development of the city and the subsequent rapid urbanization deals a devastating blow to the remnants of natural fractions urbanflora, which is preserved in the vicinity of Genichesk and would threaten the survival of a number of rare species of plants that grow here only in small areas with a small number of individuals.</p> <p>The article studies the protected and rare species of plants growing in the urban environment Genichesk. The study was conducted by routing way, with the implementation of standard procedures for drying, installation and post-processing of herbarium specimens. The research resulted in found new habitats of species listed in the Red Book, such as <em>Astragalus borysthenicus</em> Klokov, <em>Crambe maritima</em> L., <em>Tulipa gesneriana </em>L., <em>Astrodaucus littoralis</em> (M. Bieb.) Drude, <em>Stipa ucrainica</em> P. Smirn., <em>Tamarix gracillis </em>Willd. Also in the article provides a brief description of 11 species of vascular plants and their sozological value.</p> <p>Saving the plants, which listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, in the city Genichesk, is a difficult task. The main limiting factors are destruction of habitat, degradation of soil cover. As a result of anthropogenic activities, cultivation, creation of pastures and destruction of natural habitats are declining habitat and abundance of rare and endemic species. Collect flowers for bouquets also reduces the number of rare species. Every year in the spring on the outskirts of the city lit dry grass, which adversely affects the early-flowering plants, including rare, such as <em>Tulipa gesneriana </em>L.<em>, </em><em>Adonis vernalis </em>L.<em>, </em><em>Convallia majalis L</em>. Despite this, a significant number of these plants not only grows urboecotope but also successfully propagates in these conditions. Results of the study show that in the city of Genichesk currently stored favourable living conditions for some protected species, including seven species of Red Book and four species are protected at the level of regional lists. But due to human activity remains a risk of extinction of rare species of Red Book and that requires further monitoring and control of the state of their abundance and distribution in the city, as well as measures to protect their habitats.</p> <p><em>Key words: rare species, Red Book, urbanflora, Genichesk.</em></p><p><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7905/bbmspu.v5i1.966"><strong>http</strong><strong>://</strong><strong>dx</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>doi</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>org</strong><strong>/10.7905/</strong><strong>bbmspu</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>v</strong><strong>5</strong><strong>i</strong><strong>1.966</strong></a><strong></strong></p>
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Bitušík, Peter, Ferdinand Šporka, and Iľja Krno. "Benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of two alpine lakes over the last century: The value of historical data for interpreting environmental changes." Biologia 65, no. 5 (January 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-010-0102-y.
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AbstractData on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages of two alpine lakes in the Tatra Mts (Slovakia) collected in 1914, 1933, 1979–1982, 1993–1997, and 2000 were collated and analysed in an attempt to define their relationship to major environmental events affecting these alpine lakes over the last century. The oldest data were considered an important background before the onset of acidification in one of the lakes in the 1950s, while the most current contain possible information on biological recovery. Results show that data from the 1910s are insufficient to characterize the macroinvertebrate fauna. Deep zone assemblages of both studied lakes have remained stable since the 1930s. Changes in the density of dominant species over time were found in the acidified lake, suggesting a connection between an increase in phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentration. The composition of the littoral assemblages in the acidified lake in the 1930s indicates that the lake was not strongly acidified at that time. A stable composition since the 1980s reflects the ongoing acid stress. Incomplete species data on the non-acidified lake did not allow us to detect possible changes in the littoral fauna related to acidification. Single findings of species indicating a recovery process need longer-term data to confirm such a trend. Results from this study suggest that historical datasets consist of valuable information that can supplement palaeolimnological analyses in the reconstruction of lake ontogeny.