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Journal articles on the topic 'Little Penguin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Klomp, N. I., C. E. Meathrel, B. C. Wienecke, and R. D. Wooller. "Surface Nesting by Little Penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 3 (August 1991): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910190.

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2

Klomp, NI, and RD Wooller. "Diet of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, from Penguin Island, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 5 (1988): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880633.

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Between March 1986 and March 1987, the stomach contents of 236 little penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia, were obtained using an emetic. The 1392 prey items identified included 16 fish species, one squid and one prawn, but four fishes comprised most of the birds' diet. Hyperlophus vittatus was taken throughout the year, Sardinops neopilchardus and Hyporhamphus melanochir mainly in winter and Spratelloides robustus during spring/summer. The penguins are largely opportunistic in their foraging and their diet appears to be similar to the fish species caught locally by commercial bait fishermen.

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3

Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Akiko Kato, Yasuhiko Naito, and Belinda L. Cannell. "Individual Diving Strategies in the Little Penguin." Waterbirds 26, no. 4 (2003): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0403:idsitl]2.0.co;2.

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4

Wienecke, Barbara C. "Adoption of chicks by Little Penguins Eudyptula minor on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 95, no. 2 (June 1995): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9950119.

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5

Goldsworthy, S. D., R. P. Gales, M. Giese, and N. Brothers. "Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). I. Estimates of mortality." Wildlife Research 27, no. 6 (2000): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99075.

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The bulk ore carrier Iron Baron ran aground on Hebe Reef at the mouth of the Tamar River in northern Tasmania, Australia, on 10 July 1995. It released an estimated 325 tonnes of bunker fuel oil. Of the wildlife species affected, the most readily detected was the little penguin (Eudyptula minor); 1894 were collected and treated for oiling. This study estimates the impact of the oil spill on populations of little penguins. At Ninth Island (approximately 40 km from Hebe Reef), one of the most affected little penguin colonies, pre-oil-spill population estimates were available. Extensive regular trapping and mark–recapture of birds at this site during the course of the oil spill provided longitudinal data on oiling rates from a known population size. Using these data, we estimate that 19.6% of birds from Ninth Island were oiled and survived to come ashore. This represents about 526 (1932–3108, 95% CL) adult birds, or up to 5566 (4197–6917) birds in total (adults and juveniles). For estimates of the impact on little penguin populations in the region, we provide three scenarios of the possible numbers of penguins oiled. After considering the biases of each risk assessment, we believe that between 10 000 and 20 000 penguins were killed as a result of the oil spill. The study indicates that, despite the relatively small amount of oil spilt by the Iron Baron, the impact on penguin populations was extensive. This study also highlights the difficulties and requirements in assessing the impact of oil spills on wildlife populations.

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6

Lenin, Kanagasabai. "Diminution of real power loss by novel gentoo penguin algorithm." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v9i3.pp151-156.

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<span lang="EN-US">In this paper Gentoo Penguin Algorithm (GPA) is proposed to solve optimal reactive power problem. Gentoo Penguins preliminary population possesses heat radiation and magnetizes each other by absorption coefficient. Gentoo Penguins will move towards further penguins which possesses low cost (elevated heat concentration) of absorption. Cost is defined by the heat concentration, distance. Gentoo Penguins penguin attraction value is calculated by the amount of heat prevailed between two Gentoo penguins. Gentoo Penguins heat radiation is measured as linear. Less heat is received in longer distance, in little distance, huge heat is received. Gentoo Penguin Algorithm has been tested in standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show the projected algorithm reduced the real power loss considerably.</span>

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7

Klomp, N. I., and R. D. Wooller. "Patterns of Arrival and Departure by Breeding Little Penguins at Penguin Island, Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 1 (March 1991): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910032.

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8

Chiew, Samantha J., Kym L. Butler, Sally L. Sherwen, Grahame J. Coleman, Kerry V. Fanson, and Paul H. Hemsworth. "Effects of Regulating Visitor Viewing Proximity and the Intensity of Visitor Behaviour on Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) Behaviour and Welfare." Animals 9, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060285.

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We examined the effects of regulating the viewing proximity of visitors and the intensity of visitor behaviour on behaviours indicative of fear and stress physiology of 15 zoo-housed little penguins (Eudyptula minor). A 2 × 2 factorial fully randomised design was used to examine the effects of regulating: (1) the viewing proximity of visitors to enclosure, ‘normal viewing distance’ and ’increased viewing distance’ (using a physical barrier set up 2 m away from the enclosure), and (2) the intensity of visitor behaviour, ‘unregulated visitor behaviour’ and ‘regulated visitor behaviour’ (using signage and uniformed personnel). In addition, a treatment consisting of closing the enclosure to visitors was included. Penguin behaviour, visitor numbers and visitor behaviour were recorded by CCTV video recordings and direct observations, respectively. Penguin faecal glucocorticoid metabolites were also analysed as a measure of stress physiology. We found that increased viewing distance reduced (p < 0.05) all visitor behaviours except for loud vocalisations and tactile contact with penguins. However, there were no direct effects of signage and uniformed personnel on visitor behaviour (p > 0.05). As the regulation of viewing proximity increased from a closed exhibit to an open exhibit with increased viewing distance, and then to an open exhibit with normal viewing distance, this increased the proportion of penguins huddling (p = 0.0011), vigilant (p = 0.0060) and retreating (p = 0.00013), and decreased the proportion of penguins within 1 m of the visitor viewing area (p = 0.00066), surface swimming (p = 0.00091) and preening in the water (p = 0.042). There were also limited effects of regulating visitor behaviour on penguin behaviour. No treatment effects were found on faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (p > 0.05). These results indicate that regulating visitor viewing proximity affects penguin behaviours indicative of fear and visitor behaviour. This suggests that close visitor contact can be fear-provoking for little penguins but increasing the distance between visitors and penguins can reduce fear responses of penguins by regulating both viewing proximity and visitor behaviour. However, it is unclear whether these changes in penguin behaviour are due to the increased separation between visitors and penguins and/or specific visitor behaviours associated with close viewing proximity to the enclosure, such as leaning over the enclosure or tactile contact with the pool, which are impeded when visitors are further away.

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9

Thomas, Daniel B., and R. Ewan Fordyce. "The heterothermic loophole exploited by penguins." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 5 (2007): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo07053.

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Penguins are generally smaller than the predicted minimum body size for marine endotherms. Anatomical observations of the little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) suggest that extant penguins actively defeat the lower size threshold using regional heterothermy. The wing arteries in the little blue penguin form a humeral plexus, a series of three parallel arteries (including the marginal artery) that stem from the axillary artery, replacing a single brachial artery. Each artery of the plexus is associated with at least two veins to form a counter current heat-retention system. The humeral plexus thus restricts heat from entering distal areas of the wing and dissipating into seawater, ultimately reducing the bulk mass required for heat production and insulation. Humeral plexi are confirmed as a synapomorphic character of the Spheniscinae, with the humeral plexus of E. minor most similar to that of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus. The humeral plexus represents a loophole in body size minima of marine endotherms and offers insight into the ecology of living penguins.

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10

Quealy-Gainer, Kate. "Little Penguin and the Lollipop by Tadgh Bentley." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 71, no. 2 (2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2017.0670.

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11

Boerner, Leslie, Kathleen R. Nevis, Lynn S. Hinckley, E. Scott Weber, and Salvatore Frasca. "ErysipelothrixSepticemia in a Little Blue Penguin (Eudyptula Minor)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16, no. 2 (March 2004): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870401600209.

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12

Spisak, April. "Little Dee and the Penguin by Christopher Baldwin." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 69, no. 7 (2016): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2016.0202.

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13

Warham, John. "THE NESTING OF THE LITTLE PENGUIN EUDYPTULA MINOR." Ibis 100, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1958.tb07963.x.

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14

Horne, L., J. A. Green, and P. B. Frappell. "22.P5. Geographical variability in little penguin thermoregulation." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 148 (August 2007): S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.06.266.

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15

Jafari, Vahideh, Deborah Maccapan, Giulio Careddu, Simona Sporta Caputi, Edoardo Calizza, Loreto Rossi, and Maria Letizia Costantini. "Spatial and temporal diet variability of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri) Penguin: a multi tissue stable isotope analysis." Polar Biology 44, no. 9 (August 10, 2021): 1869–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02925-1.

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AbstractThe Ross Sea, Antarctica, supports large populations of Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) and Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), two key meso-predators that occupy high trophic levels. Despite these species are largely studied, little is known about their diet outside the breeding period. In the present study, we investigated the intra-annual diet of Adélie and Emperor Penguins belonging to five colonies in the Ross Sea through the stable isotope analysis of different tissues (feathers and shell membranes), synthetized in different seasons, and guano that indicates recent diet. Penguin samples and prey (krill and fish) were collected during the Antarctic spring–summer. δ13C and δ15N of tissues and guano indicate spatio-temporal variation in the penguin diet. The krill consumption by Adélie Penguins was lowest in winter except in the northernmost colony, where it was always very high. It peaked in spring and remained prevalent in summer. The greatest krill contribution to Emperor Penguin’s diet occurred in summer. The relative krill and fish consumption by both species changed in relation to the prey availability, which is influenced by seasonal sea ice dynamics, and according to the penguin life cycle phases. The results highlight a strong trophic plasticity in the Adélie Penguin, whose dietary variability has been already recognized, and in the Emperor Penguin, which had not previously reported. Our findings can help understand how these species might react to resource variation due to climate change or anthropogenic overexploitation. Furthermore, data provides useful basis for future comparisons in the Ross Sea MPA and for planning conservation actions.

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16

AINLEY, DAVID G., GRANT BALLARD, BRIAN J. KARL, and KATIE M. DUGGER. "Leopard seal predation rates at penguin colonies of different size." Antarctic Science 17, no. 3 (August 17, 2005): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002750.

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In a study designed to elucidate the factors that might differentially affect the well being and biology of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) that breed in colonies of different size, we investigated the predation rates on penguins by leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) over a period of six years. The study colonies varied in size across the full range for this penguin species, contrasting with previous studies in which data were gathered only at very large colonies, and only in single years. The number of seals present varied directly with the amount of penguin traffic in the areas near the beach, where most predation takes place. Seals were present persistently only when penguin traffic exceeded about 250 penguins per hour. Predation rates also varied with penguin traffic in a curvilinear fashion, leveling off where traffic exceeded about 1200 penguins per hour. With respect to predation, it appears to be advantageous for Adélie penguins to nest in very small or very large colonies. At large colonies, the number of penguins moving to and from the colony ‘swamp’ the seals' predatory efforts, thus reducing the chances that an individual penguin will be taken. Small colonies are of little interest to the seals.

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17

Banks, Jonathan C., and Adrian M. Paterson. "A penguin-chewing louse (Insecta : Phthiraptera) phylogeny derived from morphology." Invertebrate Systematics 18, no. 1 (2004): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is03022.

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Penguins are parasitised by 15 species of lice in the genera Austrogoniodes and Nesiotinus and present an opportunity to analyse phylogenetic relationships of two complete genera of chewing lice parasitising a monophyletic group of hosts. Taxonomy of penguin lice has been revised several times, including the erection of the genus Cesareus to contain some of the penguin-chewing louse species. Additionally, other groups of species within Austrogoniodes have been proposed. We constructed a phylogeny for all the chewing lice parasitising penguins from 46 parsimony-informative morphological characters and found support for two groups within Austrogoniodes, but little support for the Cesareus genus. Austrogoniodes metoecus, the only Austrogoniodes species parasitising a bird other than a penguin, was basal in the phylogeny, which suggests that if A. metoecus did originate from a louse species parasitising penguins, the host-switching event was unlikely to have been recent. A�superficial comparison of louse and penguin phylogenies identified some potential instances of co-speciation. However, a full analysis of co-phylogenetic relationships between penguins and their lice awaits the publication of a better-resolved penguin phylogeny.

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18

Gales, R., B. Green, and C. Stahel. "The Energetics of Free-Living Little Penguins Eudyptula-Minor (Spheniscidae), During Molt." Australian Journal of Zoology 36, no. 2 (1988): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9880159.

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Levels of circulating triglycerides and cholesterol in moulting little penguins in Tasmania were measured before, and throughout the moult. Levels at the initiation of moult were similar to those in breeding birds but increased by 2.5 times (triglycerides) and 1.8 times (cholesterol) during the moult. Water flux rates and field metabolic rate (FMR) were measured throughout moult with tritiated and doubly labelled water. TBW ranged from 54 to 70% body weight and increased during moult. Water influx rates were significantly correlated with rate of weight change. Mean FMR of moulting little penguins was 657 kJ kg-' day-', or 1.5 times basal metabolic rate (BMR), and there was no difference between sites or sexes. The water influx rates of birds foraging immediately after moult were 11 times higher than in moulting birds. The energy required to sustain a moulting little penguin is 15% higher than that required for a resting, non-moulting penguin. Although the cost of moult is elevated above BMR, the main energetic expense is met during the pre-moult foraging period when birds must consume enough food to ensure that they lay down sufficient fat reserves to sustain the moult.

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19

Tuxbury, Kathryn A., Charles J. Innis, Tuddow Thaiwong, Annabel G. Wise, Roger Maes, Michael M. Garner, and Matti Kiupel. "Herpesvirus Encephalitis in a Little Blue Penguin (Eudyptula minor)." Veterinary Pathology 57, no. 4 (May 21, 2020): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985820926678.

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An 11-day-old little blue penguin ( Eudyptula minor) died unexpectedly. Prior to hatching, the egg experienced trauma and resultant defects were repaired. The chick hatched without complication and was clinically normal prior to death. Necropsy revealed congested lungs. Histologic examination showed moderate nonsuppurative encephalitis with focally extensive neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in neurons within necrotic foci. Herpesvirus DNA was detected in brain tissue with a generic herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing demonstrated 100% and 98% sequence homology to sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1 and penguin herpesvirus 2, respectively. In situ hybridization demonstrated large amounts of herpesvirus nucleic acid in intranuclear inclusions and neuronal nuclei. Combined histology, polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and in situ hybridization results were most consistent with herpesviral encephalitis, most likely caused by sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a herpesvirus infection causing encephalitis in a penguin and the first report of herpesvirus in this species.

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20

Colombelli-Négrel, Diane, and Rachel Smale. "Habitat explained microgeographic variation in Little Penguin agonistic calls." Auk 135, no. 1 (January 2018): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/auk-17-75.1.

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21

Schulz, Martin. "Observations of Feeding of a Little Penguin Eudyptula minor." Emu - Austral Ornithology 87, no. 3 (September 1987): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9870186.

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22

Costa, Daniel P., Peter Dann, and William Disher. "Energy requirements of free ranging little penguin, eudyptula minor." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 85, no. 1 (January 1986): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(86)90474-3.

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23

Giling, Darren, Richard D. Reina, and Zoe Hogg. "Anthropogenic influence on an urban colony of the little penguin Eudyptula minor." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 7 (2008): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08003.

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Native animals exploit resources in cities and inhabit anthropogenic structures worldwide. One example of this is the little penguin, Eudyptula minor, population nesting between boulders on the St Kilda breakwater in Melbourne. This population is attracted by safe hiding places, a lack of predators and the presence of prey. However, living close to urbanisation poses many threats to the colony, including boating, lighting, noise and human visitation. We investigated the effects of human disturbance by comparing the number of penguins and breeding sites in the publicly accessible region with those in the restricted region of the breakwater. Penguins and nest sites were not equally distributed along the breakwater, with the mean number of birds and nest sites present per 20-m section in the restricted region significantly greater (typically double) than the number in the publicly accessible region. Although the penguins show a clear preference to nest in the restricted region of the breakwater, their continued presence in the publicly accessible region when nest sites are not limiting indicates that human disturbance is not incompatible with some nesting activity. In a global context these results illustrate some of the benefits and costs to animals that use anthropogenically altered habitats and urban environments.

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24

Cannell, Belinda, Ken Pollock, Stuart Bradley, Ron Wooller, William Sherwin, and Jennifer Sinclair. "Augmenting mark–recapture with beach counts to estimate the abundance of little penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 38, no. 6 (2011): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11042.

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Context Penguin Island supports the largest colony of little penguins in Western Australia. It is subjected to a suite of anthropogenic threats because of its proximity to an increasing urban population. For effective management of the colony, it is necessary to not only have knowledge of the size of the colony, but also the population trend of the colony. Aims To demonstrate a new cost-effective method of estimating the island-wide population of penguins on Penguin Island. Methods We estimated the island-wide population by combining mark–recapture sampling over 2 years on part of the island and beach counts of penguins arriving at night around the entire island. We estimated the abundance using closed population models, allowing for sex and time effects in capture probabilities. We had four capture occasions in 2008 only, and so considered heterogeneity of capture probabilities (Mh), using the Chao heterogeneity moment estimator. The proportion of all penguins counted that arrived at the four mark–recapture sites was then used to inflate the population estimate for the whole island. Key results In all, 62% of all penguins counted used the four mark–recapture sites. In 2007, there were an estimated 2369 ± 198 penguins, and 1543 ± 82 in 2008. When capture heterogeneity was allowed for in 2008, this estimate increased to 2069 ± 172. Conclusions Fewer eggs were laid and all measures of breeding performance were lower in 2008 than in 2007. Hence, the lower population estimate is most likely to represent fewer birds attempting to breed. However, further work on population estimates is required to determine whether capture heterogeneity occurs in both good and poor breeding years. Capture rates were affected by the presence of a full moon and high tides. Implications The estimate of the population can be used as part of the basis of a long-term monitoring program needed for effective management of the penguin colony. However, such studies must be coincident with the monitoring of a suite of reproductive and foraging parameters if short-term impacts of threats are to be recognised and well managed.

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25

Chiew, Samantha J., Kym L. Butler, Sally L. Sherwen, Grahame J. Coleman, Vicky Melfi, Alicia Burns, and Paul H. Hemsworth. "Effect of Covering a Visitor Viewing Area Window on the Behaviour of Zoo-Housed Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor)." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071224.

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Studies on the effects of visitors on zoo animals have shown mixed findings and as a result, the manner in which visitors affect zoo animals remains unclear for many species, including a rarely studied taxa such as penguins. Penguins are a common zoo-housed species and have been shown to display huddling, vigilance and avoidance towards zoo visitors which can be indicative of fear. Here, we examined the effects of covering one visitor viewing area window, out of four, on little penguin (Eudyptula minor) behaviours that may be indicative of fear. Two treatments were randomly imposed on different days: (1) The main visitor viewing area window, where most visitor-penguin interactions occurred, was uncovered (‘Main window uncovered’) and (2) The main visitor viewing area window was covered (‘Main window covered’). Penguin numbers and behaviour were recorded near the main visitor viewing area window and the three other visitor viewing area windows, as well as one area not visible to visitors (‘Corner’ area). Furthermore, visitor numbers and visitor behaviour were recorded at all four visitor viewing area windows. Covering the main visitor viewing area window reduced the proportion of visitors present at this window by about 85% (p < 0.001) and reduced potentially threatening visitor behaviours at this window such as tactile contact with the window, loud vocalisations and sudden movement (p < 0.05). When the main visitor viewing area window was covered, the proportion of penguins present increased by about 25% (p < 0.05), the proportion of visible penguins preening in the water increased by about 180% (p < 0.05) and the proportion of visible penguins vigilant decreased by about 70% (p < 0.05) in the area near this main window. A preference for the Corner area was also found whereby 59% and 49% of penguins were present in this area when the main window was uncovered and covered, respectively. These results provide limited evidence that the little penguins in this exhibit showed an aversion to the area near the main visitor viewing area window when it was uncovered based on the increased avoidance and vigilance and decreased preening in the water in this area. This suggests visitors may be fear-provoking for these little penguins. However, it is unclear whether visual contact with visitors per se or other aspects of visitor contact, such as visitor-induced sounds and vibrations, were responsible for this apparent aversion when this window was uncovered.

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26

Mason, R. W., W. J. Hartley, and J. P. Dubey. "Lethal Toxoplasmosis in a Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) from Tasmania." Journal of Parasitology 77, no. 2 (April 1991): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3283109.

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27

Weerheim, Marieke S., Nicholas I. Klomp, Arend M. H. Brunsting, and Jan Komdeur. "Population size, breeding habitat and nest site distribution of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) on Montague Island, New South Wales." Wildlife Research 30, no. 2 (2003): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02115.

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The distribution of little penguin nest sites on Montague Island, New South Wales, was examined in relation to vegetation type, distance to landing sites and local footpaths. Nest site density was negatively correlated with distance to landing sites and positively correlated with distance to footpaths. The latter may be related to disturbance. Comparisons with the transect data of previous years showed a significant shift in nest distribution away from areas dominated by dense kikuyu grass. In October 2000, the little penguin population on Montague Island was estimated at 5000 breeding pairs. However, repeat surveys in November and December showed that single counts underestimate the actual size of the breeding population. This study has demonstrated the value of line transects to examine the relationship between little penguins and their breeding habitat. Transect surveys on Montague Island should continue in future years to monitor the effects of ongoing vegetation changes on nest distribution and population size.

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28

Rogers, T., G. Eldershaw, and E. Walraven. "Reproductive success of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, on Lion Lsland, New South Wales." Wildlife Research 22, no. 6 (1995): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950709.

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Little penguins, Eudyptula minor, were once common along the Sydney coastline; however, today almost all breeding penguins in the region are found on a small island in the mouth of the Hawkesbury River. During a four-year study, the reproductive success of breeding birds on Lion Island was higher and less variable than that reported from other areas. The early commencement of breeding, and the high and stable breeding success during the study suggested that the colony had access to an abundant and stable food source. In addition, success was not reduced by introduced predators and human disturbance is relatively low. However, continued monitoring will be required to gain accurate information on the long-term viability of this colony as penguin breeding success is known to fluctuate widely between years.

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29

Boersma, P. Dee, Ginger A. Rebstock, and David L. Stokes. "Why Penguin Eggshells are Thick." Auk 121, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.1.148.

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Abstract Like most other penguin species, Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) are large-bodied birds that incubate their eggs for a prolonged period on hard substrates with little nesting material—all circumstances that could lead to high rates of egg breakage. However, Magellanic Penguin eggs at Punta Tombo, Argentina are seldom broken. From 1984 to 2001, only 2.6% of 10,023 eggs in our study areas broke or cracked. Most of those were broken in unusual or catastrophic events, mainly penguin fights and rainstorms. Low breakage rates appear to be attributable to thick eggshells. Shells of Magellanic Penguin eggs averaged 0.81 mm without the egg membranes—at least 56% thicker than expected for bird eggs of similar mass. The calcium required for those thick eggshells cannot be supplied by normal food intake because females lay eggs during a fasting period. It is also unlikely that sufficient skeletal calcium can be mobilized. An alternative potential calcium source is mollusk shells. To determine whether female penguins were selectively ingesting calcium to form thick eggshells, we examined stomach contents of birds during the egg period (settlement, egg laying, and early incubation) and the post-egg period (late incubation and chick rearing). Both females and males were more likely to have mollusk shells in their stomachs during the egg period than during the post-egg period. However, females were much more likely than males to have shells in their stomachs during the egg period, whereas the proportions of males and females with mollusk shells did not differ in the post-egg period. Selective ingestion of mollusk shells by Magellanic Penguins, resulting in thick eggshells, appears to be an adaptive response that reduces egg breakage.

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30

POLITO, MICHAEL, STEVEN D. EMSLIE, and WILLIAM WALKER. "A 1000-year record of Adélie penguin diets in the southern Ross Sea." Antarctic Science 14, no. 4 (December 2002): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102002000184.

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Non-krill prey remains were recovered from ornithogenic sediments at three active Adélie penguin colonies on Ross Island, to assess long-term dietary trends in this species. Radiocarbon dates place the age of these deposits from a maximum of 947 years ago to the present. We identified 12 taxa of fish and two of squid with the Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) as the most abundant prey species represented at all sites. In addition, silverfish have decreased in importance in Adélie penguin diet over the past 600 years, perhaps in response to climate change since the onset of the Little Ice Age, though it remains much more abundant in current penguin diet in the Ross Sea than in the Antarctic Peninsula. Other prey taxa reflect the diversity of prey selection by Adélie penguins in Antarctica.

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31

Newman, G. "Studies on the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor in Victoria: an Introduction." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 5 (December 1991): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910261.

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Nicol, Stewart. "Respiratory properties of the blood of the little penguin Eudyptula minor." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 98, no. 1 (January 1991): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(91)90570-3.

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Lee, Junyeop, Ji Han Han, Min Seong Kim, Hwan Seong Lee, Sang Yun Han, Soo Jin Lee, and Han Chae. "Teaching Yin-Yang biopsychology using the animation, “Pororo the Little Penguin”." European Journal of Integrative Medicine 33 (January 2020): 101037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2019.101037.

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Kowalczyk, Nicole D., André Chiaradia, Tiana J. Preston, and Richard D. Reina. "Fine-scale dietary changes between the breeding and non-breeding diet of a resident seabird." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 4 (April 2015): 140291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140291.

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Unlike migratory seabirds with wide foraging ranges, resident seabirds forage in a relatively small range year-round and are thus particularly vulnerable to local shifts in prey availability. In order to manage their populations effectively, it is necessary to identify their key prey across and within years. Here, stomach content and stable isotope analyses were used to reconstruct the diet and isotopic niche of the little penguin ( Eudyptula minor ). Across years, the diet of penguins was dominated by anchovy ( Engraulis australis ). Within years, during winter, penguins were consistently enriched in δ 15 N and δ 13 C levels relative to pre-moult penguins. This was probably due to their increased reliance on juvenile anchovies, which dominate prey biomass in winter months. Following winter and during breeding, the δ 13 C values of penguins declined. We suggest this subtle shift was in response to the increased consumption of prey that enter the bay from offshore regions to spawn. Our findings highlight that penguins have access to both juvenile fish communities and spawning migrants across the year, enabling these seabirds to remain in close proximity to their colony. However, annual fluctuations in penguin isotopic niche suggest that the recruitment success and abundance of fish communities fluctuate dramatically between years. As such, the continued monitoring of penguin diet will be central to their ongoing management.

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Salton, Marcus, Claire Saraux, Peter Dann, and André Chiaradia. "Carry-over body mass effect from winter to breeding in a resident seabird, the little penguin." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 1 (January 2015): 140390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140390.

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Using body mass and breeding data of individual penguins collected continuously over 7 years (2002–2008), we examined carry-over effects of winter body mass on timing of laying and breeding success in a resident seabird, the little penguin ( Eudyptula minor ). The austral winter month of July consistently had the lowest rate of colony attendance, which confirmed our expectation that penguins work hard to find resources at this time between breeding seasons. Contrary to our expectation, body mass in winter (July) was equal or higher than in the period before (‘moult-recovery’) and after (‘pre-breeding’) in 5 of 7 years for males and in all 7 years for females. We provided evidence of a carry-over effect of body mass from winter to breeding; females and males with higher body mass in winter were more likely to breed early and males with higher body mass in winter were likely to breed successfully. Sex differences might relate to sex-specific breeding tasks, where females may use their winter reserves to invest in egg-laying, whereas males use their winter reserves to sustain the longer fasts ashore during courtship. Our findings suggest that resident seabirds like little penguins can also benefit from a carry-over effect of winter body mass on subsequent breeding.

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Mortimer, Louise, and Alan Lill. "Activity-related variation in blood parameters associated with oxygen transport and chronic stress in little penguins." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 4 (2007): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo07030.

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Some birds facing energy ‘bottlenecks’ display elevated oxidative metabolism and oxygen delivery to tissues and could be particularly susceptible to chronic stress. We examined whether there was evidence for such trends in little penguins (Eudyptula minor) over the period from breeding to the post-moulting stage and particularly during the onshore moult-fast. Penguin parents contribute equally to incubation, brooding and brood provisioning. A few weeks post-breeding, adults undergo a protracted, terrestrial moult-fast and then make brief visits to the colony during the post-moulting stage. Provisioning nestling(s) and moulting could theoretically be particularly energetically and nutritionally demanding. We determined for adults whether mass, a body condition index and blood parameters influencing vascular oxygen carrying capacity (hematocrit, Hct; whole blood haemoglobin, Hb) and indicating chronic stress (leukocyte count, WBC; heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, H/L) varied from August to May in a manner reflecting likely variation in energy and nutrient demand. Female mass and body condition index decreased significantly between the incubation and guard stages, before returning to incubation levels between the guard and post-guard nestling stages. Both parameters declined to their lowest levels between the post-guard and moult stages, before increasing to levels comparable with those during nestling care between the moult and post-moult stages. Blood parameters in both sexes exhibited temporal variation similar to that in female mass and body condition index, declining to their lowest levels during moult and increasing after the moult to levels comparable with those during breeding. Results indicated that the period of most intense provisioning of nestlings was associated with a decrease in blood oxygen carrying capacity, but no pronounced change in chronic stress indicators. However, the penguin’s moult-fast involved a loss of female body condition and, in both sexes, a reduction in body mass, vascular oxygen carrying capacity and possibly specific immune competence. Thus, regulation of human disturbance in accessible little penguin colonies may be particularly important during moult.

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Clarke, Judy, and Stewart Nicol. "Blood Viscosity of the Little Penguin, Eudyptula minor, and the Adélie Penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae: Effects of Temperature and Shear Rate." Physiological Zoology 66, no. 5 (September 1993): 720–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/physzool.66.5.30163820.

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38

Emslie, Steven D. "Age and taphonomy of abandoned penguin rookeries in the Antarctic Peninsula region." Polar Record 31, no. 179 (October 1995): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400027388.

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ABSTRACTInvestigations on the age and taphonomy of modern and abandoned penguin rookeries were completed in the Antarctic Peninsula region, 1992–1994. Systematic collection and identification of bones from modern rookeries of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (P. antarctica), and gentoo (P. papua) penguins indicate a bias in element preservation for humeri, furcula, femora, and tibiotarsi. More than 73% of the individuals represented by these elements are juveniles. Bones from abandoned rookeries show similar patterns that can help identify old breeding sites and the species that occupied them. Radiocarbon dates completed on 13 chinstrap and Adélie penguin bones, feathers, and eggshell fragments from five abandoned rookeries suggest that occupation of these sites occurred only during warm intervals of the Little Ice Age (AD 1500–1850). These data also provide information on the paleoecology and paleobiogeography of penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula region, which help explain modern distribution patterns and demography.

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Colombelli-Négrel, Diane, and Ikuko Tomo. "Identification of terrestrial predators at two Little Penguin colonies in South Australia." Australian Field Ornithology 34 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo34001009.

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40

Dann, Peter. "An Experimental Manipulation of Clutch Size in the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor." Emu - Austral Ornithology 88, no. 2 (June 1988): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9880101.

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GALES, R. P. "The use of otoliths as indicators of Little Penguin Eudyptula minor diet." Ibis 130, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1988.tb00999.x.

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GALES, R. P. "The use of otoliths as indicators of Little Penguin Eudyptula minor diet." Ibis 130, no. 3 (September 6, 2010): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1988.tb08816.x.

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43

Meredith, Meredith A. M., and Frank Y. T. Sin. "Morphometrical analysis of four populations of the Little Blue Penguin,Eudyptula minor." Journal of Natural History 22, no. 3 (June 1988): 801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938800770521.

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Meredith, Meredith A. M., and Frank Y. T. Sin. "Genetic variation of four populations of the Little Blue Penguin, Eudyptula minor." Heredity 60, no. 1 (February 1988): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1988.11.

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45

Finger, Annett, Jennifer L. Lavers, Peter Dann, Nicole D. Kowalczyk, Carol Scarpaci, Dayanthi Nugegoda, and John D. Orbell. "Metals and metalloids in Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) prey, blood and faeces." Environmental Pollution 223 (April 2017): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.059.

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46

Nicol, S. C., W. Melrose, and C. D. Stahel. "Haematology and metabolism of the blood of the little penguin, Eudyptula minor." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 89, no. 3 (January 1988): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(88)91044-4.

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47

Collin, Shaun P., and H. Barry Collin. "Functional morphology of the cornea of the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor (Aves)." Journal of Anatomy 239, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 732–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.13438.

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48

Knight, C., and T. Rogers. "Factors influencing fledgling production in little penguins (Eudyptula minor)." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03071.

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An eight-year study was conducted on the breeding biology of the little penguin population at Lion Island. Forwards-selection Poisson regressions were used to determine whether variables such as year, date of lay, years since banding of each parent (indicator of age) and habitat influenced the fledgling numbers and average fledgling weight for adult pairs. 'Date of lay' provided the most significant model of fledgling numbers, while 'habitat' and 'year' as single-variable models also significantly influenced fledgling numbers. 'Date of lay' provided the most significant model of average fledgling weight. Future monitoring of the Lion Island colony therefore should focus on monitoring egg laying at the start of the breeding season, and maintaining high-quality nesting habitat.

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FRENCH, REBECCA K., CHRIS G. MULLER, B. LOUISE CHILVERS, and PHIL F. BATTLEY. "Behavioural consequences of human disturbance on subantarctic Yellow-eyed Penguins Megadyptes antipodes." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270918000096.

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SummaryHuman disturbance can have behavioural, physiological and population-level consequences on wildlife. Unregulated tourism is having a negative effect on the endangered Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes on mainland New Zealand. Subantarctic Yellow-eyed Penguins are exposed to tourism on Enderby Island in the Auckland Islands group, 450 km south of New Zealand. Restrictions and guidelines for tourism are in place on Enderby Island, but there has been little study on the efficacy of these. We quantified behavioural responses of the Yellow-eyed Penguin on Enderby Island to human presence by documenting movement patterns and behaviour of penguins in the presence and absence of humans, through both controlled approaches and monitoring penguin behaviour in the presence of tourists. We used these data to model the effective approach distances for reducing disturbance. Human presence caused a significant drop in the probability of a successful transit to or from their nest, and significantly increased the time penguins spent alert and decreased the time spent preening. Modelling showed the distance from a human to a penguin is a significant predictor of the likelihood of a bird displaying disturbance behaviour, with the current minimum approach guideline of 5 m not sufficient for preventing disturbance. Our results indicate that the minimum approach guideline needs to be revised if the probability of disturbance is to be reduced. Modelling the appropriateness of minimum approach guidelines by predicting the probability of disturbance is a useful technique that could be applied to other species and systems. Worldwide, management guidelines need to be scientifically evaluated to ensure efficacy and cater for the more sensitive species affected.

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Cerfonteyn, Mia, and Peter G. Ryan. "Have burrowing petrels recovered on Marion Island two decades after cats were eradicated? Evidence from sub-Antarctic skua prey remains." Antarctic Science 28, no. 1 (October 5, 2015): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102015000474.

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AbstractIn the 1980s, penguins dominated the prey remains of sub-Antarctic skuas Stercorarius antarcticus breeding on Marion Island, whereas on neighbouring Prince Edward Island burrowing petrels made up >95% of prey remains in nest middens. This difference resulted at least in part from the impact of introduced cats Felis catus on Marion Island’s burrowing petrel populations. Cats were introduced to Marion Island in 1949, and prior to their eradication in 1991, they killed an estimated 450 000 petrels each year, greatly reducing the densities of petrels breeding on the island. A repeat survey of skua prey remains showed that penguins still dominated the prey of breeding sub-Antarctic skuas on Marion Island in the summer of 2010–11, two decades after cats were eradicated from the island. The proportion of penguin remains decreased slightly compared to 1987–88, but this might be expected given the decreases in penguin numbers on Marion Island over this period. Regurgitated pellets confirmed the dominance of penguin prey on Marion Island. Taken together with the decrease in skua numbers on Marion Island over the last two decades, our results suggest that there has been little recovery in the population of at least summer-breeding burrowing petrels since cats were eradicated.

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