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Journal articles on the topic "Little Penguin"
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Klomp, N. I., C. E. Meathrel, B. C. Wienecke, and R. D. Wooller. "Surface Nesting by Little Penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 3 (August 1991): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910190.
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Klomp, NI, and RD Wooller. "Diet of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, from Penguin Island, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 5 (1988): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880633.
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Between March 1986 and March 1987, the stomach contents of 236 little penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia, were obtained using an emetic. The 1392 prey items identified included 16 fish species, one squid and one prawn, but four fishes comprised most of the birds' diet. Hyperlophus vittatus was taken throughout the year, Sardinops neopilchardus and Hyporhamphus melanochir mainly in winter and Spratelloides robustus during spring/summer. The penguins are largely opportunistic in their foraging and their diet appears to be similar to the fish species caught locally by commercial bait fishermen.
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Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Akiko Kato, Yasuhiko Naito, and Belinda L. Cannell. "Individual Diving Strategies in the Little Penguin." Waterbirds 26, no. 4 (2003): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0403:idsitl]2.0.co;2.
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Wienecke, Barbara C. "Adoption of chicks by Little Penguins Eudyptula minor on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 95, no. 2 (June 1995): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9950119.
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Goldsworthy, S. D., R. P. Gales, M. Giese, and N. Brothers. "Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). I. Estimates of mortality." Wildlife Research 27, no. 6 (2000): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99075.
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The bulk ore carrier Iron Baron ran aground on Hebe Reef at the mouth of the Tamar River in northern Tasmania, Australia, on 10 July 1995. It released an estimated 325 tonnes of bunker fuel oil. Of the wildlife species affected, the most readily detected was the little penguin (Eudyptula minor); 1894 were collected and treated for oiling. This study estimates the impact of the oil spill on populations of little penguins. At Ninth Island (approximately 40 km from Hebe Reef), one of the most affected little penguin colonies, pre-oil-spill population estimates were available. Extensive regular trapping and mark–recapture of birds at this site during the course of the oil spill provided longitudinal data on oiling rates from a known population size. Using these data, we estimate that 19.6% of birds from Ninth Island were oiled and survived to come ashore. This represents about 526 (1932–3108, 95% CL) adult birds, or up to 5566 (4197–6917) birds in total (adults and juveniles). For estimates of the impact on little penguin populations in the region, we provide three scenarios of the possible numbers of penguins oiled. After considering the biases of each risk assessment, we believe that between 10 000 and 20 000 penguins were killed as a result of the oil spill. The study indicates that, despite the relatively small amount of oil spilt by the Iron Baron, the impact on penguin populations was extensive. This study also highlights the difficulties and requirements in assessing the impact of oil spills on wildlife populations.
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Lenin, Kanagasabai. "Diminution of real power loss by novel gentoo penguin algorithm." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v9i3.pp151-156.
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<span lang="EN-US">In this paper Gentoo Penguin Algorithm (GPA) is proposed to solve optimal reactive power problem. Gentoo Penguins preliminary population possesses heat radiation and magnetizes each other by absorption coefficient. Gentoo Penguins will move towards further penguins which possesses low cost (elevated heat concentration) of absorption. Cost is defined by the heat concentration, distance. Gentoo Penguins penguin attraction value is calculated by the amount of heat prevailed between two Gentoo penguins. Gentoo Penguins heat radiation is measured as linear. Less heat is received in longer distance, in little distance, huge heat is received. Gentoo Penguin Algorithm has been tested in standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show the projected algorithm reduced the real power loss considerably.</span>
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Klomp, N. I., and R. D. Wooller. "Patterns of Arrival and Departure by Breeding Little Penguins at Penguin Island, Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 1 (March 1991): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910032.
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Chiew, Samantha J., Kym L. Butler, Sally L. Sherwen, Grahame J. Coleman, Kerry V. Fanson, and Paul H. Hemsworth. "Effects of Regulating Visitor Viewing Proximity and the Intensity of Visitor Behaviour on Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) Behaviour and Welfare." Animals 9, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060285.
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We examined the effects of regulating the viewing proximity of visitors and the intensity of visitor behaviour on behaviours indicative of fear and stress physiology of 15 zoo-housed little penguins (Eudyptula minor). A 2 × 2 factorial fully randomised design was used to examine the effects of regulating: (1) the viewing proximity of visitors to enclosure, ‘normal viewing distance’ and ’increased viewing distance’ (using a physical barrier set up 2 m away from the enclosure), and (2) the intensity of visitor behaviour, ‘unregulated visitor behaviour’ and ‘regulated visitor behaviour’ (using signage and uniformed personnel). In addition, a treatment consisting of closing the enclosure to visitors was included. Penguin behaviour, visitor numbers and visitor behaviour were recorded by CCTV video recordings and direct observations, respectively. Penguin faecal glucocorticoid metabolites were also analysed as a measure of stress physiology. We found that increased viewing distance reduced (p < 0.05) all visitor behaviours except for loud vocalisations and tactile contact with penguins. However, there were no direct effects of signage and uniformed personnel on visitor behaviour (p > 0.05). As the regulation of viewing proximity increased from a closed exhibit to an open exhibit with increased viewing distance, and then to an open exhibit with normal viewing distance, this increased the proportion of penguins huddling (p = 0.0011), vigilant (p = 0.0060) and retreating (p = 0.00013), and decreased the proportion of penguins within 1 m of the visitor viewing area (p = 0.00066), surface swimming (p = 0.00091) and preening in the water (p = 0.042). There were also limited effects of regulating visitor behaviour on penguin behaviour. No treatment effects were found on faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (p > 0.05). These results indicate that regulating visitor viewing proximity affects penguin behaviours indicative of fear and visitor behaviour. This suggests that close visitor contact can be fear-provoking for little penguins but increasing the distance between visitors and penguins can reduce fear responses of penguins by regulating both viewing proximity and visitor behaviour. However, it is unclear whether these changes in penguin behaviour are due to the increased separation between visitors and penguins and/or specific visitor behaviours associated with close viewing proximity to the enclosure, such as leaning over the enclosure or tactile contact with the pool, which are impeded when visitors are further away.
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Thomas, Daniel B., and R. Ewan Fordyce. "The heterothermic loophole exploited by penguins." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 5 (2007): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo07053.
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Penguins are generally smaller than the predicted minimum body size for marine endotherms. Anatomical observations of the little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) suggest that extant penguins actively defeat the lower size threshold using regional heterothermy. The wing arteries in the little blue penguin form a humeral plexus, a series of three parallel arteries (including the marginal artery) that stem from the axillary artery, replacing a single brachial artery. Each artery of the plexus is associated with at least two veins to form a counter current heat-retention system. The humeral plexus thus restricts heat from entering distal areas of the wing and dissipating into seawater, ultimately reducing the bulk mass required for heat production and insulation. Humeral plexi are confirmed as a synapomorphic character of the Spheniscinae, with the humeral plexus of E. minor most similar to that of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus. The humeral plexus represents a loophole in body size minima of marine endotherms and offers insight into the ecology of living penguins.
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Quealy-Gainer, Kate. "Little Penguin and the Lollipop by Tadgh Bentley." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 71, no. 2 (2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2017.0670.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Little Penguin"
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Fortescue, Martin. "Breeding biology and management of the little penguin, Eudyptula minor (Forster), 1780, on Bowen Island, Jervis Bay." Connect to this title online, 1991. http://cicada.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20041206.131223/.
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Sidhu, Leesa A. Physical Environmental & Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Analysis of recovery-recapture data for little penguins." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38738.
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This thesis analyses yearly mark-recapture-recovery information collected over a 36- year period, from 1968 to 2003, for 23 686 flipper-banded Little Penguins Eudyptula minor of Phillip Island, in south-eastern Australia. Such a long-term data set is extremely rare for any species. Few studies of any animal have been able to model age dependence for the survival, recapture and recovery probabilities simultaneously. I successfully apply such a modelling scheme and obtain biologically realistic age structures for the parameters. I also provide illustrations of erroneous results that may arise when analyses fail to consider simultaneous age dependence, or fail to detect annual variations that may mask age dependence. I obtain a low survival estimate of 17% in the first year of life, increasing to 71% in the second year, and around 80% thereafter, and declining gradually after age nine years. First-year survival increases with number of chicks fledged per pair, increases with annual average fledging weight and decreases with mean laying date. An increase in first-year survival is associated with warmer sea surface temperatures in the summer and autumn of the previous year, which agrees with biological considerations. Irrespective of this inter-year variation, birds born early in the breeding season, relative to the rest of their cohort, have greatly enhanced first-year survival, when compared to birds born late in that season. Fledglings survive better in years in which the mean fledgling weight is higher, and fledglings of above average weight have a better chance of survival than their underweight counterparts. I next analyse seven years of recapture data from a separate experiment studying the effect of banding on adult Little Penguins. In the year following marking, the i survival probability of banded birds is 6% lower than that of unbanded birds, while in subsequent years the survival is 4% lower for banded birds. Band loss is negligible. Finally, I compare the survival estimates for Phillip Island with those obtained for a six-year study in New Zealand. While first-year survival is significantly higher for New Zealand, there is a marked decline over time, coinciding with an increase in population size.
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Fortescue, Martin, and n/a. "The marine and terrestrial ecology of a northern population of the Little Penguin, Eudyptula minor, from Bowen Island, Jervis Bay." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060710.125940.
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The breeding success of the Little Penguin was significantly higher in northern
populations compared with documented southern colonies. Several southern colonies
including Phillip Island in Victoria and colonies in Tasmania, have been characterised by
poor breeding success, increasingly later commencement of breeding, and declining
populations. This study aimed to compare and contrast the ecological attributes of a
thriving northern population with other documented colonies. I collected long term data
on breeding success (1987 to 1997) of the Little Penguin on Bowen Island, and related
variability in breeding success to ocean currents and climate patterns, foraging behaviour
and diet, nesting habitat, and inter-specific and fisheries competition. The benefits of
successional changes to nesting habitat on Bowen Island since active habitat management
commenced in 1989 were examined, including the importance of burrow depth, aspect,
distance to water from the burrow, and vegetation type on breeding success of the Little
Penguin.
Morphological measurements of east coast penguins indicated a north-south
cline, similar to that described in New Zealand. The Little Penguin was larger at higher
latitudes. Whilst adults were sedentary and displayed a high degree of nest site fidelity,
juveniles dispersed widely in their first three years, but then returned to the colony,
sometimes to their natal burrow, to breed. This appears to be an adaptive mechanism,
which selects for high quality nesting habitat. The study confirmed earlier findings that
mature vegetation assemblages, namely woodland and forest, support higher breeding
success than structurally simpler grassland and herbland habitat. This may contribute to
observed differences in breeding success between northern and southern colonies,
because many of the southern colonies have degraded nesting habitat.
Most important to the diet of the Little Penguin were clupeoids, which dominated
the fish species of Jervis Bay. The substantial clupeoid resources were targeted by the
tuna fishery for bait, in the same areas and coinciding with maximum demands (chick
raising and fledging), as penguins. The potential quantity of baitfish taken from Jervis
Bay was over 10, 000 tonnes per year, which was well beyond the quantities raising
concerns in other regions, although the fishery remains unregulated. Nevertheless, the
foraging range of Bowen Island penguins was smaller than has previously been
described Little Penguins on Bowen Island had a heavy reliance on relatively shallow
waters of the Bay, within 5 km of the island. Daily foraging distances exceeding 20 km
coincided with low breeding success, sometimes below that required for population
replacement. Greater daily foraging range during the breeding season in southern
Victoria may explain in part why these populations are declining.
The principal mechanism for nutrient enrichment of Jervis Bay waters was the
East Australia Current (EAC). This is a large and powerful, warm water boundary
current of 250 km diameter and 1000 feet depth, which promoted slope water intrusion
through upwelling along the New South Wales coast during the study, particularly
during the penguin breeding season. The EAC effects northern colonies, but less so
southern colonies.
The Bowen Island colony was prone to periodic breeding failure, which was
related to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, indicated in Australia
by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). ENSO warm events, corresponding with
negative values of the SOI, depressed the EAC and caused downwelling, leading in some
seasons to increased breeding failure. There was a correlation between both fledging
success and adult mortality, and the SOI. The mean breeding success of the Bowen
Island colony, at 1.46 chicks per pair over the ten-year study, was the highest recorded
for the Little Penguin, and the population was increasing.
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Braidwood, Jasmine. "Breeding biology and threats to the blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) in South Westland, New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1556.
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The Blue Penguin (Eudyptula minor) is assumed to be declining over much of its range, largely due to introduced predators. Anecdotal evidence suggests that one of the areas of declining population is the West Coast of the South Island. The purpose of this study was to determine the reasons for the assumed decline of blue penguins in South Westland. This was done by studying breeding ecology at several blue penguin colonies to assess the importance of breeding success and adult mortality on the penguin population. Three blue penguin colonies in South Westland, at Five Mile and Three Mile beaches south of Okarito, and at the Wanganui River mouth near Harihari, were monitored throughout the 2008/09 breeding season. During each burrow visit the number of eggs and chicks were recorded as well as the date of laying, hatching or fledging. Five colonies of blue penguin were also monitored in Buller over the same breeding season in a study conducted by the West Coast Blue Penguin Trust, a community trust based on the West Coast. The results of both studies were compared to determine the effect of predator control on breeding parameters, such as breeding success. Of 137 eggs laid in South Westland, 108 chicks survived until fledging, giving an overall breeding success of 78.8%. In Buller, 64 chicks survived to fledging from 101 eggs laid, resulting in an overall breeding success of 63.4%. Breeding success was significantly higher at penguin colonies in South Westland, compared to the Buller colonies. There was no evidence that predator control had an effect on breeding success in South Westland or Buller. The mean number of chicks fledged per pair that produced eggs was 1.55 in South Westland and 1.16 in Buller. The overall proportion of occupied breeding burrows compared to the total number of suitable burrows at the South Westland sites was 73.8% (n = 103). At the Buller sites, only 60.3 % (n = 151) of the total number of burrows was occupied. Road kills are a major threat to blue penguins in Buller due to the proximity of colonies to the state highway. Fortunately, incidences of road death in South Westland are rare and due to the distance from roads, do not pose a significant threat to South Westland blue penguins. Further study of blue penguin colonies in South Westland is needed to learn more about annual variation in breeding productivity and to determine if breeding success is consistently high over an extended time period. If this is the case, then the cause of blue penguin decline on the West Coast is unlikely to be due to problems with breeding as the breeding success during this study is one of the highest recorded for blue penguins. Although there was no apparent effect of predator control on breeding productivity during this study there is evidence from other locations that predators, in particular stoats, have contributed to the decline of blue penguin populations. More research into the impact of predators on penguins over a longer period of time is needed on the West Coast before a change is made to how predators are managed.
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Waas, Joseph Rupert. "Agonistic and sexual communication in the little blue penguins, Eudyptula minor." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5827.
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The little blue penguin, Eudyptua minor, was used to examine three specific issues in animal communication.
(1) Ethologists have traditionally viewed social repertoires as being fixed and invariable. In contrast, my analysis of agonistic behaviour of little blue penguins occupying two different habitats revealed significant variation in repertoire size and form. Cave-dwellers, which had large and complex repertoires, occupied open colonies characterized by high interaction rates. Burrow-dwellers, which had small repertoires, occupied colonies in which conspecifics were isolated from one another and rarely interacted. Despite higher interaction rates, cave-dwellers attacked one another less often and used overtly aggressive behaviours with shorter durations than did burrow-dwellers. The results suggest that the size and form of repertoires may be mediated by the social and physical properties of occupied habitats. Large repertoires may reduce the proportion of encounters leading to overt aggression where interaction rates are high.
(2) Theoretical models of aggressive communication suggest that animals are unlikely to use aggressive displays to signal motivation. Using lag sequential analysis, I examined over 2000 agonistic interactions between cave-dwelling penguins. The results suggested that aggressive displays differ in how costly they are to perform (i.e. as measured by the risk of
escalation) and that high cost displays were more effective in deterring opponents than low cost displays. I argue that animals can signal motivation by taking risks during interactions, as demonstrated by their choice of display.
(3) The social facilitation of courtship behaviour is a widely assumed but rarely demonstrated process thought to be related to breeding synchrony. Using a playback experiment, I demonstrated that the acoustic components of penguin displays facilitated courtship behaviour from perceiving conspecifics. I argue that social facilitation may alter the availability of social stimuli and cluster acts of copulation, both of which may influence the timing and synchrony of breeding.
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Pelletier, Laure. "Individual and environmental drivers of the foraging behaviour in a long-lived coastal seabird." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023688.
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To study the impact of environmental changes in a coastal marine ecosystem, it is necessary to use indicator species. It is crucial to understand the foraging performances that proceed from environmental changes. The aim of my thesis was to examine the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the foraging activity of the little penguins (Eudyptula minor). The thermocline allowed birds to approach optimal behaviour. However, the thermocline is an unstable element. I did not find any effect of individual characteristics on their foraging behaviour and success. My work suggests that environmental conditions are major factors that will influence the behaviour of little penguins, allowing me to conclude that little penguins are good ecological indicators.
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Jansen, van Rensburg Monique. "Parasitism, disease and breeding ecology of little blue penguins (Eudyptula minor) on Tiritiri Matangi Island, New Zealand : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology, Massey University, Auckland." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1634.
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Appendix 4.4 removed due to copyright restrictions: Suepaul, R.B., Alley, M.R., Jansen van Rensburg, M., 2010, Salt gland adenitis associated with bacteria in blue penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Hauraki Gulf (Auckland, New Zealand). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46(1) : 46-54.According to the New Zealand Threat Classification, little blue penguin (LBP) (Eudyptula minor) populations are under ‘gradual decline’. Although long-term data are available for some mainland populations, the status of LBP on offshore islands remains largely unknown. Most studies have focussed on breeding success and foraging ecology. However, there is a paucity of data pertaining to diseases and parasites, and the potential effects of these factors on LBP health, reproductive success and survival. To date, the LBP population on Tiritiri Matangi Island, Hauraki Gulf, Auckland, New Zealand, has only been monitored periodically, despite the island being an important habitat for LBP throughout their annual cycle. The overall aim of this study was to examine the relative importance of parasites and disease in relation to key aspects of LBP life-history, including: the annual cycle; reproductive success; energetic demands, immunity; and mortality. During 2006 and 2007, the reproductive success of LBP on Tiritiri Matangi Island was investigated with respect to lay date, nest site attributes, parental quality and ectoparasite loads. A nest treatment experiment was conducted to explore flea (Parapsyllus longicornis) and tick (Ixodes eudyptidis) effects on breeding success. Overall reproductive output was low, estimated at 33.3%, with an average of 0.67 chicks fledged per pair. Lay date and body condition (BC) appeared to be the main drivers of reproductive success, with early breeders fledging significantly more chicks than late breeders. Increased BC improved reproductive success. Although late breeders exhibited higher BC scores, increased chick mortality indicated that late nests face a reproductive trade-off. Treatment did not prove effective in reducing ectoparasite loads and there was no correlation between ectoparasite abundance in the nest and reproductive success. Throughout their geographic distribution, penguins are host to a range of ectoparasites. Using Ixodes eudyptidis ticks as indicators, ectoparasite-host dynamics were investigated over the course of one year, in relation to LBP life stages, body condition (BC) and haematological parameters. To investigate the presence of vector-borne diseases, blood parasite prevalence was determined using molecular techniques and microscopy. Tick load exhibited significant seasonal variation, being highest during periods of increased host availability i.e. moult and breeding. However, these increases in abundance were not associated with body condition or decreased reproductive success of adults. Nonetheless, LBP exhibited seasonal fluctuations in haematological parameters, with decreases in white blood cell concentrations during periods of increased energy demands and high tick loads. Blood parasite prevalence was low (<1%), determined to be Plasmodium sp. infection. No other blood parasites were found. These results indicate that the lifecycle of I. eudyptidis is tightly linked with that of its LBP hosts, and that infested individuals exhibit physiological responses to tick load. LBP exhibit annual fluctuations in mortality and experience periodic mass mortalities. To examine factors associated with mortality, post-mortems were conducted on 32 LBP from the Hauraki Gulf. Additionally, 128 LBP necropsy records were obtained from the National Wildlife Database (HUIA) for the period spanning April 1993-January 2009, and the causes of mortality were reviewed. Starvation and disease accounted for the highest mortality levels, with 65% of deaths attributed to either one or both of these factors. Furthermore, there was a strong association between starvation and parasites. Parasitic disease and diseases of uncertain aetiology were the most common disease types. In all age groups, the likelihood of infectious, non-infectious and disease of unknown aetiology was significantly higher in LBP that harboured one or more parasite species. Results from this study suggest that starvation and disease, including parasites, are significant factors associated with mortality of LBP in New Zealand, as has been found in Australian LBP populations. Parasites and disease are increasingly recognised as a challenge to the conservation of wildlife, and information regarding endemism of pathogens and parasites within populations is vital for determining ecosystem health, and identifying aberrant diseases.
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Boyer, Anne-Sophie. "Microbial infection of avian eggs : a threat to all synchronously incubating species? Case study of New Zealand's little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1365.
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Microbial infection of eggs was originally investigated in terms of human health only. Recently, however, it was found that it can also cause early embryo mortality in birds, mainly through trans-shell infection prior to incubation. Trans-shell infection is highly dependent upon environmental conditions, egg temperature and egg properties such as shell quality and antimicrobial defences. Microbial infection of eggs is more likely to occur in synchronously incubating species as first laid eggs can be exposed for up to several days prior to full incubation. One example of a population that seems at particular risk of egg microbial infection is New Zealand’s little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) from Tiritiri Matangi Island. This bird lays two eggs on average three days apart, and is believed to begin full incubation only after the second egg has been laid. Both eggs are laid in particularly humid and soiled nests and contain only low levels of lysozyme, an important antimicrobial protein. The aims of this study were therefore to 1) obtain a first examination of the rates of shell and trans-shell microbial infection of chicken eggs in New Zealand and assess the effects of cleaning on those rates, 2) investigate the role of microbes in hatching failure of little blue penguin eggs and 3) investigate other factors affecting little blue penguin egg viability. This study revealed that shell infection in chicken eggs significantly increased with exposure and significantly decreased with cleaning; however, trans-shell infection was only marginally affected by exposure and cleaning. On Tiritiri Matangi Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, nest type, egg order and shell cleaning did not affect hatching success, suggesting that nest conditions and microbial infection prior to incubation were not a major cause of egg mortality in this population. Temporary abandonment during incubation, however, was very frequent in the second half of the breeding season and fatal to most eggs. These temporary abandonments seemed to be caused by resource limitations, an aspect that should be investigated in future studies.
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Shaw, Tracy Ruth. "Sexual differences in the diet of little Penguins Eudyptula minor." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27196.
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Sexual differences in the diet of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor at four geographically isolated colonies in Victoria, Australia were investigated over 12 breeding seasons, between 1985 and 2005. The weighted relative occurrence of each prey species consumed was calculated and compared at a seasonal, annual as well as locational scale, and differences in prey size were examined. Penguin body masses differed significantly between sexes and locations, with males consistently being the significantly heavier sex, whereas stomach content masses varied significantly between locations, with samples from males usually being heavier. Fish was the principal prey group in the diet of penguins at all sites, and was more dominant in the diet of males overall. Females tended to take slightly more cephalopods and crustaceans than did males. The contribution of fish to the diet varied between locations, with Rabbit Island and St Kilda penguins feeding almost exclusively on fish, while Phillip Island and Port Campbell birds consumed more cephalopods and crustaceans. Prey composition differed both annually and between breeding stages at Phillip Island, with males and females utilizing different food resources between certain years and breeding stages. Dietary resources were segregated by prey size, with males generally preying on significantly larger Anchovy Engraulis australis and Gould’s Squid Nototodarus gouldi at all sites than did females. Such local and sexual differences in diet composition and prey size suggest a considerable separation in feeding niche between the sexes. Partitioning of foraging depths and temporal prey availability may be implied as the proximate cause, and sexual dimorphism in bill and body size, as the ultimate cause behind the observed dietary variation. CopyrightDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Zoology and Entomology
unrestricted
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Chen, Han-Ning, and 陳漢寧. "The experimental creation of meta-alphabet books: A discussion on Little Penguin’s Alphabet Book." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dm82r7.
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碩士國立政治大學
數位內容碩士學位學程
107
The vast majority of the public's impressions and definitions of alphabet books have been fixed and unchanged for a long time, including “it is a tool for education,” or “it is a reading for children that only has one single word with a single illustration.” People have no ideas or expectations about it. This creation hopes to break the stereotypes of alphabet books by examining the history of alphabet books and sorting out its characteristics and classifications. The author tried to find out the most appropriate perspective of it to create a unique and amazing innovation transformation. Not only for the change of the form of alphabet books, but this creation also cares about readers’ reading experience --- the importance of entertaining. In order to achieve the above-mentioned purposes, the author studied and adopted the “metapicture theory” as the basis and method of this creation. As a method of breaking the framework and creating an impact, the concept of “meta” is often used in today's art and entertainment works. Its own characteristics of “getting out and looking from the top down” are very suitable for breaking people's accustomedness. The matter, similar to the concept of the conversion perspective, allows viewers to view from the angles that have never been discovered before, and to have the opportunity to achieve creative purposes, such as entertaining and self-examination. This effect and result are what the author hopes for and pursues. This thesis started from the creation of “meta-alphabet book.” It then reveals the researches and analysis of this creation’s form “alphabet books,” and the content “metapicture theory.” Moreover, it illustrates the author’s inspirations and reflections in the process of creation. The author hopes these can help and resonate with other students who are also creating artwork.
Books on the topic "Little Penguin"
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Benson, Patrick. Little penguin. London: Walker, 1990.
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Little penguin. New York: Philomel Books, 1991.
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ill, Boey Stephanie, ed. The little penguin. New York: Dutton Children's Books, 2002.
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ill, Boey Stephanie, ed. The little penguin. Dorking, Surrey, Great Britain: Templar, 2001.
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Stahel, Colin. Little penguin: Fairy penguins in Australia. Kensington, NSW: NSWU Press, 1987.
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Rose, Eilidh. Little penguin. [Place of publication not identified]: Top That! Publishing Ltd, 2014.
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Corderoy, Tracey. Lost little penguin. North Mankato, MN: Capstone Young Readers, 2014.
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McEwan, Chris. The little penguin. New York: Trumpet Club, 1991.
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Lewis, Carrie. Little lost penguin. Sywell: Igloo Books, 2013.
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The little penguin. London: Collins, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Little Penguin"
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Bourne, J., and N. I. Klomp. "Ecology and Management of the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor in Sydney Harbour." In Urban Wildlife, 131–37. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2004.089.
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Wilson, Kerry-Jayne, and Thomas Mattern. "Little (blue) penguin / kororā." In State of Penguins. New Zealand Penguin Initiative, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36617/sop.korora.2019-04.
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WAAS, JOSEPH R. "An Analysis of Communication during the Aggressive Interactions of Little Blue Penguins (Eudyptula minor)." In Penguin Biology, 345–76. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-057106-5.50025-5.
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DANN, PETER, and J. M. CULLEN. "Survival, Patterns of Reproduction, and Lifetime Reproductive Output in Little Blue Penguins (Eudyptula minor) on Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia." In Penguin Biology, 63–84. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-057106-5.50010-3.
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Zalasiewicz, Jan, and Mark Williams. "The Ice Returns." In The Goldilocks Planet. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593576.003.0011.
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Among the marvellous fossils retrieved from Seymour Island—a thin strip of land near the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, is a giant penguin that lived forty million years ago. Called simply ‘Nordenskiöld’s giant penguin’, after one of the great early Antarctic explorers, it is not the kind of animal you would like to meet down a dark alley late at night. Standing at nearly the height of an average man and with a long beak to match, it was much taller than the modern Emperor penguin. Nordenskiöld’s giant penguin was a portent of a cooling climate. Its bones—many of which now reside in the collections of the Natural History Museum in London—have been found within the Eocene mudrocks of Seymour Island. This island holds a special affection for palaeoclimatologists. It was here, in the late nineteenth century, that some of the first Antarctic fossils were found. These give a glimpse of what that continent was like before it became an icy wilderness. Seventy million years ago, wide Cretaceous forests, inhabited by dinosaurs, flourished in Antarctica. Even as little as fifty million years ago, the kinds of tree and shrub that thrive today in Patagonia once covered the hills and slopes of the mountainous Antarctic Peninsula. Their fossilized remains are found in the rocks of Seymour Island. In the summer months the island is warmed by the faint Antarctic sun, its surface melting like a chocolate cake at a picnic. The resulting muddy quagmire is worth persevering with. It yields the most wonderful fossils of ancient plants, among them Auracaria, the warmth-loving monkey-puzzle tree. Antarctic scientists have another, ulterior motive for visiting Seymour Island; those in the know are aware that the Argentine Base at Marambio is famous for its steaks. They are the best on the continent, and everyone hopes to get invited in. How then did Antarctica change from a continent of lush forests to a frozen wasteland? After all, this part of ancient Gondwana had already drifted over the southern polar region during the Cretaceous. Thus, Antarctica is not simply a frozen wasteland because it lies at the Pole.
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Greenland, David, and Douglas G. Goodin. "An Introduction to Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0005.
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The regularities of our planet’s climate determine a large part of the form and function of Earth’s ecosystems. The frequently nonlinear operation of the atmosphere gives rise to a rich complexity of variability superimposed on the fundamental regularities. A traditional definition of climate is “the long-term state of the atmosphere encompassing the aggregate effect of weather phenomena—the extremes as well as the mean values” (Barry and Chorley 1987). Ecosystems share some of the same properties as the climate system. At one level their operation is fairly straightforward. Ecologists, to a certain extent, understand the flows of energy and matter through these systems. A good deal of ecosystem operation over time is characterized by some degree of homeostasis. On the other hand, nonlinear change and multiple variables have placed uncertainty and surprise at the forefront of much ecological research. In both the climate and the ecosystem the only certainty often appears to be change. The task of this book is to focus on some of this change at the interface between the climate and the ecosystem and by doing so gain insights into the operation of both systems. Millennial-scale (1000-year) climate variability has driven large changes of vegetation and fauna at almost all of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites. Decadal climate variability at some sites has seen dramatic changes in fish catches and has altered tree species composition. During the first two decades of study, LTER sites have been affected by two super El Niño events and several more “normal” El Niños and La Niñas. Major droughts have affected species diversity and killed some trees. Severe storms and floods have damaged stream restoration structures. Coastal sites have measured a rise in sea level. Antarctic sites have documented the decrease of some penguin populations and a rise in other populations as a result of climatic warming over 50 or more years. Climate variability has constantly been on investigators’ minds. It is little wonder that ecologists clearly recognize climate as a driver of biotic systems. Parmesan and her coworkers describe how climate affects individual fitness, population dynamics, and the distribution and abundance of species, as well as ecosystem structure and function (Parmesan et al. 2000).
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Waas, Joseph R. "How Do Little Blue Penguins “Validate” Information Contained in Their Agonistic Displays?" In Advances in the Study of Behavior, 397–447. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3454(06)36009-3.
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Harris, Rob. "The tale of the Little Penguins and the tourists — making tourism sustainable at Phillip Island Nature Park." In Sustainable Tourism, 238–51. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-8946-5.50019-8.
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"The tale of the Little Penguins and the tourists – making tourism sustainable at Phillip Island Nature Park." In Sustainable Tourism, 256–69. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080498362-25.
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