Journal articles on the topic 'Little flavons'
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Valdameri, Glaucio, Juliana C. N. Kenski, Vivian R. Moure, Marina Trombetta-Lima, Glaucia R. Martinez, Mari C. Sogayar, Sheila M. B. Winnischofer, and Maria E. M. Rocha. "Flavone Induces Cell Death in Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 10 (October 2014): 1934578X1400901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400901013.
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Flavones have received considerable attention because of their antiproliferative properties and selective effects on cancer cells, making them good candidates for use in cancer therapy. In contrast to other flavones, little is known about the effects of the flavone core structure (2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4one) on cancer cells. Here, we report that flavone induces cell death in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Furthermore, annexin-V+/PI- and SubG1 populations of HepG2 cells increased after flavone treatment. Exposure of HepG2 to flavone did not result in either cytochrome c release into the cytosol or changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Treatment of HepG2 cells with flavone for 24 h reduced the accumulation of intracellular ROS, which correlated with upregulation of Gred, CuZnSOD and MnSOD mRNA levels. Taken together, our results provided useful insights into the mechanism of cell death caused by flavones, in order to evaluate their future application in hepatocarcinoma therapy.
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Nyman, Amy L., Kymberle L. Sterling, Ban A. Majeed, Dina M. Jones, and Michael P. Eriksen. "Flavors and Risk: Perceptions of Flavors in Little Cigars and Cigarillos Among U.S. Adults, 2015." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 20, no. 9 (June 28, 2017): 1055–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx153.
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Cunningham, Colin S., Mollie E. Miller, Wallace B. Pickworth, Esther Salazar, and Chad J. Reissig. "Abuse Liability of Cigarettes and Little Cigars in Adult Smokers." Tobacco Regulatory Science 5, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.5.6.6.
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Objectives: Little cigars resemble cigarettes but are not subject to the US Food and Drug Administration's flavor restrictions on cigarettes. This within-subject laboratory study assessed the abuse liability of cigarettes and little cigars of varying flavors. Methods: Forty-eight adult cigarette smokers who also smoke little cigars or cigarillos completed 4 sessions that differed by tobacco product smoked: usual brand cigarette, unflavored, cherry, and menthol little cigars. Expired breath CO (COex), plasma nicotine, physiological measures, smoking topography, and subjective measures were assessed during and after each session. Results: Compared to usual brand cigarettes, little cigars were associated with smaller reductions in craving and lower subjective appeal. Minor changes in COex were observed despite less tobacco smoked in some of the little cigar sessions. Cherry flavored little cigars had the highest COex boost and subjective appeal relative to unflavored and menthol flavored little cigars. Conclusions: Generally, little cigars were rated as less appealing than cigarettes. However, cherry flavored little cigars had higher subjective appeal and produced a different smoking topography compared to the unflavored and menthol flavored little cigars. These data suggest some tobacco flavors may lead to an increased abuse liability and toxicant exposure relative to others.
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Donner, I. H. "Intellectual property protection for multimedia applications. 1. So many flavors, so little time." Computer 28, no. 7 (July 1995): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.391064.
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Rowell, Temperance R., Steven L. Reeber, Shernita L. Lee, Rachel A. Harris, Rachel C. Nethery, Amy H. Herring, Gary L. Glish, and Robert Tarran. "Flavored e-cigarette liquids reduce proliferation and viability in the CALU3 airway epithelial cell line." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 313, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): L52—L66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00392.2016.
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E-cigarettes are generally thought of as a safer smoking alternative to traditional cigarettes. However, little is known about the effects of e-cigarette liquids (e-liquids) on the lung. Since over 7,000 unique flavors have been identified for purchase in the United States, our goal was to conduct a screen that would test whether different flavored e-liquids exhibited different toxicant profiles. We tested the effects of 13 different flavored e-liquids [with nicotine and propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin (PG/VG) serving as controls] on a lung epithelial cell line (CALU3). Using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay as an indicator of cell proliferation/viability, we demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease of MTT metabolism by all flavors tested. However, a group of four flavors consistently showed significantly greater toxicity compared with the PG/VG control, indicating the potential for some flavors to elicit more harmful effects than others. We also tested the aerosolized “vapor” from select e-liquids on cells and found similar dose-dependent trends, suggesting that direct e-liquid exposures are a justifiable first-pass screening approach for determining relative e-liquid toxicity. We then identified individual chemical constituents for all 13 flavors using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These data revealed that beyond nicotine and PG/VG, the 13 flavored e-liquids have diverse chemical constituents. Since all of the flavors exhibited some degree of toxicity and a diverse array of chemical constituents with little inhalation toxicity available, we conclude that flavored e-liquids should be extensively tested on a case-by-case basis to determine the potential for toxicity in the lung and elsewhere.
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Gravely, Shannon, K. Michael Cummings, David Hammond, Eric Lindblom, Danielle M. Smith, Nadia Martin, Ruth Loewen, et al. "The Association of E-cigarette Flavors With Satisfaction, Enjoyment, and Trying to Quit or Stay Abstinent From Smoking Among Regular Adult Vapers From Canada and the United States: Findings From the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 1831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa095.
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Abstract Aims This study examined whether nontobacco flavors are more commonly used by vapers (e-cigarette users) compared with tobacco flavor, described which flavors are most popular, and tested whether flavors are associated with: vaping satisfaction relative to smoking, level of enjoyment with vaping, reasons for using e-cigarettes, and making an attempt to quit smoking by smokers. Methods This cross-sectional study included 1603 adults from Canada and the United States who vaped at least weekly, and were either current smokers (concurrent users) or former smokers (exclusive vapers). Respondents were categorized into one of seven flavors they used most in the last month: tobacco, tobacco–menthol, unflavored, or one of the nontobacco flavors: menthol/mint, fruit, candy, or “other” (eg, coffee). Results Vapers use a wide range of flavors, with 63.1% using a nontobacco flavor. The most common flavor categories were fruit (29.4%) and tobacco (28.7%), followed by mint/menthol (14.4%) and candy (13.5%). Vapers using candy (41.0%, p < .0001) or fruit flavors (26.0%, p = .01) found vaping more satisfying (compared with smoking) than vapers using tobacco flavor (15.5%) and rated vaping as very/extremely enjoyable (fruit: 50.9%; candy: 60.9%) than those using tobacco flavor (39.4%). Among concurrent users, those using fruit (74.6%, p = .04) or candy flavors (81.1%, p = .003) were more likely than tobacco flavor users (63.5%) to vape in order to quit smoking. Flavor category was not associated with the likelihood of a quit attempt (p = .46). Among exclusive vapers, tobacco and nontobacco flavors were popular; however, those using tobacco (99.0%) were more likely than those using candy (72.8%, p = .002) or unflavored (42.5%, p = .005) to vape in order to stay quit. Conclusions A majority of regular vapers in Canada and the US use nontobacco flavors. Greater satisfaction and enjoyment with vaping are higher among fruit and candy flavor users. While it does not appear that certain flavors are associated with a greater propensity to attempt to quit smoking among concurrent users, nontobacco flavors are popular among former smokers who are exclusively vaping. Future research should determine the likely impact of flavor bans on those who are vaping to quit smoking or to stay quit. Implications Recent concerns about the attractiveness of e-cigarette flavors among youth have resulted in flavor restrictions in some jurisdictions of the United States and Canada. However, little is known about the possible consequences for current and former smokers if they no longer have access to their preferred flavors. This study shows that a variety of nontobacco flavors, especially fruit, are popular among adult vapers, particularly among those who have quit smoking and are now exclusively vaping. Limiting access to flavors may therefore reduce the appeal of e-cigarettes among adults who are trying to quit smoking or stay quit.
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Shang, Ce, James Nonnemaker, Kymberle Sterling, Jessica Sobolewski, and Scott R. Weaver. "Impact of Little Cigars and Cigarillos Packaging Features on Product Preference." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 30, 2021): 11443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111443.
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Background: We conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) among young adult cigarette smokers in the period July–August 2018 to examine their preference for cigarillos in response to various packaging-related attributes, including flavor, flavor description, quality descriptors, pack size, and prices. Methods: A convenience sample of 566 US young adult cigarette smokers aged 18–34, among whom 296 were current little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) smokers, were recruited using Facebook ads and invited to participate in an online (Qualtrics) tobacco survey containing DCE and tobacco use questions. In the experiment, participants chose among two cigarillo products or “neither” (opt-out). Results: We analyzed preferences for LCCs using multinomial, nested, random parameter logit models. Results showed that young adult cigarette smokers preferred grape over menthol, tobacco/regular, and wine flavors; “color only” and “color and text” flavor depictions over text only; “smooth” and “sweet” quality descriptors over “satisfying”; and larger pack sizes and lower prices. Conclusions: Regulating packaging-related features will impact LCC choices among US young adult smokers. FDA regulation over these packaging-related features may impact LCC use among young adult smokers.
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Wang, Xu, Yoonsang Kim, Mateusz Borowiecki, Michael A. Tynan, Sherry Emery, and Brian A. King. "Trends in Cigar Sales and Prices, by Product and Flavor Type—the United States, 2016–2020." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 24, no. 4 (November 18, 2021): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab238.
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Abstract Introduction Cigar smoking has increased in recent decades as the cigar product landscape has diversified. This study assessed trends in US cigar sales during 2016–2020. Aims and Methods Unit sales and average unit price for cigars were assessed during January 3, 2016–June 13, 2020, overall and by product and flavor type, for the 48 contiguous US states and D.C. Assessed cigar types were large cigars, little cigars, and cigarillos; assessed flavor types were tobacco/unflavored, candy/sweets, fruit, menthol, alcohol, coffee, other flavors, and no flavor stated. A joinpoint regression model was used to assess the magnitude and significance of sales trends. Results During January 3, 2016–June 13, 2020, unit sales of cigarillos increased (average monthly percentage change [AMPC] = 0.7%, p < .001), while unit sales of large cigars (AMPC = −0.8%, p < .001) and little cigars decreased (AMPC = −0.2%, p < .001). The average price of cigarillos gradually decreased since mid-August 2017 (AMPC = −0.1%, p < .001), and the average price of little cigars decreased from mid-June 2016 to mid-June 2019 (AMPC = −0.3%, p < .001). In contrast, the average price of large cigars increased during the entire study period (AMPC = 0.6%, p < .001). Irrespective of cigar type, tobacco-flavored/unflavored products were the most commonly sold cigars during the assessed period; however, sales of other flavors varied by cigar type. Conclusions Cigar sales and price vary by type over time in the United States, including sales of cigarillos (94.2% of unit sales) increasing as their prices have decreased in recent years. Public health strategies are warranted to address the full scope of cigar types being used in the United States. Implications Surveillance of cigar sales data, including product characteristics, can provide a timely complement to self-reported survey data of cigar use. This study assessed trends in US cigar sales during 2016–2020, including by product and flavor type. The findings indicate that sales of cigarillos, which comprise most cigar sales in the United States during the assessed period, increased as their prices decreased. Sales of certain flavors, such as candy/sweet cigarillos and coffee large cigars, increased significantly. These findings reinforce the importance of evidence-based strategies, including increasing price and restricting flavors, to reduce the affordability and consumption of cigars in the United States.
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Lawyer, Gina R., Monica Jackson, Melanie Prinz, Thomas Lamb, Qixin Wang, Thivanka Muthumalage, and Irfan Rahman. "Classification of flavors in cigarillos and little cigars and their variable cellular and acellular oxidative and cytotoxic responses." PLOS ONE 14, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): e0226066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226066.
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Rivera-Rideau, Petra, and Jericko Torres-Leschnik. "The Colors and Flavors of My Puerto Rico." Journal of Popular Music Studies 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2019.311009.
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Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee’s song “Despacito” shattered numerous records to become one of the most successful Spanish-language songs in U.S. pop music history. Declared 2017’s “Song of the Summer,” the “Despacito” remix featuring Justin Bieber prompted discussions about the racial dynamics of crossover for Latin music and Latina/o artists. However, little attention was paid to the ways that “Despacito”’s success in the Latin music market demonstrated similar racial dynamics within Latin music, especially in the song’s engagement with reggaeton, a genre originally associated with Black and working-class communities. This paper examines the racial politics that surround “Despacito”’s success in both the Latin mainstream and the U.S. mainstream. We argue that “Despacito” reinforces stereotypes of blackness in the Latin mainstream in ways that facilitate reggaeton’s crossover. In turn, Fonsi himself becomes attributed with similar stereotypes, especially around hypersexuality, that represent him as a tropical Latina/o racialized other in the United States. Through close readings of media coverage of “Despacito” alongside the song’s music video, we argue that it is critical to look at “Despacito”’s success in both the Latin mainstream and the U.S. mainstream in order to examine the complex and contradictory process of crossing over.
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An, Uijeong, Xiaofen Du, and Wanyi Wang. "Consumer Expectation of Flavored Water Function, Sensory Quality, and Sugar Reduction, and the Impact of Demographic Variables and Woman Consumer Segment." Foods 11, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11101434.
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This study aimed to investigate consumer expectation of flavored water and potential consumer segments. The results showed flavored water was ranked the fourth most popular drink, after plain water, tea, and coffee, by 901 participants. Consumers highly expected functional flavored water with refreshing (87.4% selection), thirst-quenching (73.7%), and tasty (65.7%) qualities, containing vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, and providing energy. Expected flavored water sensory qualities included temperature (62.4%), flavor (52.4%), and sweet taste (47.4%); lemon, berry, and lime flavors were most preferred, while bitterness, irritation, astringency, and sourness were least preferred. Pure sugar and honey were rated highest as the sweeteners for flavored water. Likewise, consumers were mostly concerned with taste followed by calories. Single demographic variables (age, reported health condition, drinking frequency, educational level) significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) flavored water function, sensory quality, and sugar reduction expectations. Females had higher expectation of flavored water’s refreshing and antioxidant functions. Cluster analysis revealed two consumer segments. The younger, low-education, self-reportedly less healthy cluster (mainly college students) expected various functions and flavors such as low temperature, cooling taste, diverse flavors, and sweet taste (and disliked bitterness). The older, educated, employed, self-reportedly healthy cluster had lower expectations of flavored water functions, were less sensitive to bitterness, and preferred no sweetness or little sweetness. These findings provide informative data to establish marketing and sales strategies for promoting flavored water.
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Johnson, Paris M., Logan Kilburn, Kadri Koppel, and Charles G. Aldrich. "PSXI-21 Validation of a Method to Determine Dogs’ Preference for Flavors." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.503.
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Abstract There is little information regarding dogs’ preference for a given flavor, especially in water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the method of using a consumption test to determine the dogs’ ability to discriminate water-based flavors. There were three phases of the study to validate the model using water as a flavor carrier. First was to measure position bias, second to evaluate for preference for specific elemental flavors, and third to evaluate the dogs’ ability to district by dose. To eliminate confounding variables; salt (salty), dextrose (sweet), citric acid (sour) and MSG (umami) were mixed with tap water to create colorless and odorless test solutions (salt 0.5%, dextrose 4%, citric acid 0.1%, MSG 0.035%), with tap water as the control. For evaluating dose sensitivity, salt waters at increasing levels of concentration (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) were evaluated. In this study, twelve adult Beagle dogs (average age one year) were individually housed. Using a randomized block design, ceramic bowls, labeled A-E, were placed along the back wall of each pen and filled with 400g of the control or test solutions. Bowl position was randomized daily, to account for any position bias; and water disappearance was measured for five days. Data were analyzed using a mixed model (SAS version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment as a fixed effect and the dog and day as random effects. Of the elemental flavors, sweet was most preferred (average 250.05g/day) with sour and salty (average 96.45g/day and 85.77g /day) least preferred (p <0.05). Regarding dose distinction, a linear decrease (p<0.05) in water disappearance was observed as salt concentration increased. These results suggest that dogs do have the ability to distinct between flavors. It also suggests that dogs do have the ability to discriminate between different doses.
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Liu, Ling, Kang Li, Xiujuan Zhou, and Chuanying Fang. "Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals the Role of Strigolactones in Wounding-Induced Rice Metabolic Re-Programming." Metabolites 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090789.
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Plants have evolved mechanisms to adapt to wounding, a threat occurring separately or concomitantly with other stresses. During the last decades, many efforts have been made to elucidate the wounding signaling transduction. However, we know little about the metabolic re-programming under wounding, let alone whether and how strigolactones (SLs) participate in this progress. Here, we reported a metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of SLs synthetic and signal mutants in rice before and after wounding. A series of metabolites differentially responded to wounding in the SLs mutants and wild-type rice, among which flavones were enriched. Besides, the SLs mutants accumulated more jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonyl isoleucine (JA-lle) than the wild-type rice after wounding, suggesting an interplay of SLs and JAs during responding to wounding. Further transcriptome data showed that cell wall, ethylene, and flavones pathways might be affected by wounding and SLs. In addition, we identified candidate genes regulated by SLs and responding to wounding. In conclusion, our work provides new insights into wounding-induced metabolic re-programming and the SLs’ function.
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Pollay, Richard W. "Filters, Flavors … Flim-Flam, Too! on “Health Information” and Policy Implications in Cigarette Advertising." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 8, no. 1 (January 1989): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391568900800103.
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Cigarette advertising has often used health appeals, but has rarely been informative about health effects. Many historical examples and Canadian data suggest that the Ringold and Calfee [1989] data on “health information” must be very cautiously interpreted. To be carefully considered are their conservative definition of “health,” liberal definition of “information,” exclusive focus on words, disregard of claim emphasis or repetition in an ad, and coding procedures. The deregulation their conclusion suggests holds little promise for producing cigarette advertising with greater informativeness and consumers with better information.
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Rostron, Brian L., Joanne T. Chang, Cindy M. Chang, Rebecca A. Jackson, and Bridget K. Ambrose. "ENDS Flavor Preference by Menthol Cigarette Smoking Status among US Adults, 2018–2019." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010240.
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E-cigarette flavor preference may differ among smokers using e-cigarettes, but little information is available on preferences by menthol cigarette status. Using nationally representative data for US adults from the 2018–2019 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, we analyzed e-cigarette flavor preference by menthol cigarette status and e-cigarette device type for dual-cigarette and e-cigarette users and e-cigarette users who had recently quit smoking by trying to switch to e-cigarettes (“switchers”). Approximately half (52.2%) of dual users of menthol cigarettes and e-cigarettes reported using menthol/mint-flavored e-cigarettes as did 41.4% of “switchers” who had smoked menthol cigarettes; exclusive menthol/mint flavor use was 13.1% for dual users and 21.3% for “switchers.” A similar proportion (45.1%) of dual users who smoked nonmenthol cigarettes used tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes, but only 26.7% of “switchers” who had smoked nonmenthol cigarettes used tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes. Approximately 60% of dual users and “switchers” used fruit/other flavors, regardless of menthol cigarette use. By device type, 63.9% of dual users of cartridge-based e-cigarettes and menthol cigarettes used menthol/mint-flavored e-cigarettes. Approximately 75% of dual users and 85% of “switchers” who used tank or mod systems used fruit/other flavors. Menthol cigarette smokers may be particularly likely to use menthol/mint e-cigarettes, and a majority of dual users and “switchers” used fruit/other flavors. These results can inform policy measures concerning flavored electronic nicotine delivery system products.
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Soneji, Samir S., Kristin E. Knutzen, and Andrea C. Villanti. "Use of Flavored E-Cigarettes Among Adolescents, Young Adults, and Older Adults: Findings From the Population Assessment for Tobacco and Health Study." Public Health Reports 134, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919830967.
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Objectives: The use of flavored electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is common among e-cigarette users, but little is known about the potential harms of flavorings, the extent to which the concurrent use of multiple flavor types occurs, and the correlates of flavor type use. The objective of this study was to assess the types of e-cigarette flavors used by adolescent (aged 12-17), young adult (aged 18-24), and older adult (aged ≥25) e-cigarette users. Methods: We assessed the prevalence of flavored e-cigarette use within the past month by flavor types and concurrent use of multiple flavor types among past-month e-cigarette users sampled during Wave 2 (2014-2015) of the Population Assessment for Tobacco and Health Study among 414 adolescents, 961 young adults, and 1711 older adults. We used weighted logistic regression models for the use of fruit-, candy-, mint/menthol–, tobacco-, or other-flavored e-cigarettes and concurrent use of multiple flavor types. Covariates included demographic characteristics, e-cigarette use frequency, cigarette smoking status, current use of other tobacco products, and reasons for e-cigarette use. Results: The leading e-cigarette flavor types among adolescents were fruit, candy, and other flavors; among young adults were fruit, candy, and mint/menthol; and among older adults were tobacco or other flavors, fruit, and mint/menthol. Compared with older adults, adolescents and young adults were more likely to use fruit-flavored e-cigarettes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.56-4.38; and aOR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.77-3.01, respectively) and candy-flavored e-cigarettes (aOR = 3.81; 95% CI, 2.74-5.28; and aOR = 2.95; 95% CI, 2.29-3.80, respectively) and concurrently use multiple flavor types (aOR = 4.58; 95% CI, 3.39-6.17; and aOR = 2.28; 95% CI, 1.78-2.91, respectively). Conclusions: Regulation of sweet e-cigarette flavors (eg, fruit and candy) may help reduce the use of e-cigarettes among young persons without substantially burdening adult e-cigarette users.
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Romero, Irene, Maria Vazquez-Hernandez, Isaac Maestro-Gaitan, Maria Isabel Escribano, Carmen Merodio, and Maria Teresa Sanchez-Ballesta. "Table Grapes during Postharvest Storage: A Review of the Mechanisms Implicated in the Beneficial Effects of Treatments Applied for Quality Retention." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 9320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239320.
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Table grape is a fruit with increasing interest due to its attributes and nutritional compounds. During recent years, new cultivars such as those without seeds and with new flavors have reached countries around the world. For this reason, postharvest treatments that retain fruit quality need to be improved. However, little is known to date about the biochemical and molecular mechanisms related with observed quality improvements. This review aims to examine existing literature on the different mechanisms. Special attention will be placed on molecular mechanisms which activate and regulate the different postharvest treatments applied in order to improve table grape quality.
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Aly, Soher El-Sayed, and Nevien A. Abo-Sereih. "Application of Yeast as a Bioreactor for the Production of Microbial Flavors." International Journal of Halal Research 2, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijhr.2.1.40-49.2020.
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Thymol (5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol) is a phenolic compound that is used to inhibit oral bacteria. Because little is known regarding the effects of this compound on ruminal microorganisms and it is a halal aroma, the objective of this study was to use yeast as a bioreactor to produce thymol as a halal flavor. Isolation and molecular identification were done by using 5.8S ITS. The results indicated that the strain which we isolated is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This strain is very important in halal functional food, it produces zinc and selenium. The transformation of Thymus vulgaris L.DNA to S. cerevisiae is considered a major technique for the production of active components that can be used as food preservatives against fungal growth and their mycotoxin occurred in food production so that the aim of the current study was to use S. cerevisiae for the production of thymol through the transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with genetic material of Thymus vulgaris and evaluation of the new transformant able to produce antioxidant products.
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Chew, Rob, Michael Wenger, Jamie Guillory, James Nonnemaker, and Annice Kim. "Identifying Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Brands and Flavors on Instagram: Natural Language Processing Analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): e30257. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/30257.
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Background Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) brands, such as JUUL, used social media as a key component of their marketing strategy, which led to massive sales growth from 2015 to 2018. During this time, ENDS use rapidly increased among youths and young adults, with flavored products being particularly popular among these groups. Objective The aim of our study is to develop a named entity recognition (NER) model to identify potential emerging vaping brands and flavors from Instagram post text. NER is a natural language processing task for identifying specific types of words (entities) in text based on the characteristics of the entity and surrounding words. Methods NER models were trained on a labeled data set of 2272 Instagram posts coded for ENDS brands and flavors. We compared three types of NER models—conditional random fields, a residual convolutional neural network, and a fine-tuned distilled bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (FTDB) network—to identify brands and flavors in Instagram posts with key model outcomes of precision, recall, and F1 scores. We used data from Nielsen scanner sales and Wikipedia to create benchmark dictionaries to determine whether brands from established ENDS brand and flavor lists were mentioned in the Instagram posts in our sample. To prevent overfitting, we performed 5-fold cross-validation and reported the mean and SD of the model validation metrics across the folds. Results For brands, the residual convolutional neural network exhibited the highest mean precision (0.797, SD 0.084), and the FTDB exhibited the highest mean recall (0.869, SD 0.103). For flavors, the FTDB exhibited both the highest mean precision (0.860, SD 0.055) and recall (0.801, SD 0.091). All NER models outperformed the benchmark brand and flavor dictionary look-ups on mean precision, recall, and F1. Comparing between the benchmark brand lists, the larger Wikipedia list outperformed the Nielsen list in both precision and recall. Conclusions Our findings suggest that NER models correctly identified ENDS brands and flavors in Instagram posts at rates competitive with, or better than, others in the published literature. Brands identified during manual annotation showed little overlap with those in Nielsen scanner data, suggesting that NER models may capture emerging brands with limited sales and distribution. NER models address the challenges of manual brand identification and can be used to support future infodemiology and infoveillance studies. Brands identified on social media should be cross-validated with Nielsen and other data sources to differentiate emerging brands that have become established from those with limited sales and distribution.
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So, Chau, On Yuen, Wai Pang, Xiangmeng Chen, Zicong Chen, and Fuk Kwong. "Synthesis of Flavone Derivatives through Versatile Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Tosyloxy- and Mesyloxyflavones." Synlett 30, no. 06 (March 4, 2019): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611742.
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Tosyloxy- and mesyloxyflavones derived from abundant and biologically important hydroxyflavones were used to synthesize a series of functionalized flavones through versatile palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. A Pd(OAc)2/2-[2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)phenyl]-1-methyl-1H-indole system effectively catalyzed the reactions of a broad range of tosyloxy- and mesyloxyflavones as electrophilic coupling partners with various nucleophiles to give the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. Catalyst loadings of as little as 0.1 mol% Pd were successfully used. Importantly, we demonstrated that this protocol provided a significantly improved efficiency in the synthesis of a potential chromen-4-one-based analogue of a potent inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase.
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Shamblen, Stephen R., Melissa H. Abadi, Kirsten T. Thompson, Grisel García-Ramírez, and Bonnie O. Richard. "Changes in the Patterns and Characteristics of Youth ENDS Use over Time." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 8120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138120.
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Research on youth use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has explored the correlates of initiation and use; however, little is known about the factors that predict continued youth use of ENDS. We used an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) burst design to explore both daily variability within adolescents over a two-week observation period and variability over time two years later (2018 and 2020). The contribution of device characteristics, motivations for use, contextual factors, and community factors to daily use occasions were explored. Youth participants (n = 35) at the start of the study were past two-week nicotine vapers, 14 to 17 years old, who resided within 100 miles of Louisville, KY, and reported past two-week ENDS use. Close to a quarter of participants ceased all tobacco use two years later, suggesting that some youth, despite prior regular vaping habits, may have only been experimenting with ENDS. The regular continued use of ENDS was predicted by trying to quit using cigarettes, appealing flavors, and being in locations where cigarette use was prohibited. Except for flavors, these factors did not affect ENDS use in year one. These findings suggest that tobacco policy might target ENDS use by prohibiting all tobacco use, including ENDS, in locations where smoking is already banned.
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Wu, Jiaxi, Alyssa F. Harlow, Derry Wijaya, Micah Berman, Emelia J. Benjamin, Ziming Xuan, Traci Hong, and Jessica L. Fetterman. "The Impact of Influencers on Cigar Promotions: A Content Analysis of Large Cigar and Swisher Sweets Videos on TikTok." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 7064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127064.
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Little is known about the content, promotions, and individuals in cigar-related videos on TikTok. TikTok videos with large cigar and Swisher Sweets-related hashtags between July 2016 and September 2020 were analyzed. Follower count was used to identify influencers. We compared content characteristics and demographics of featured individuals between cigar types, and by influencer status. We also examined the association between content characteristics and video engagement. Compared to large cigar videos, Swisher Sweets videos were more likely to feature arts and crafts with cigar packages, cannabis use, and flavored products. In addition, Swisher Sweets videos were also more likely to feature females, Black individuals, and younger individuals. Both Swisher Sweets and large cigar influencers posted more videos of cigar purchasing behaviors than non-influencers, which was associated with more video views. None of the videos disclosed sponsorship with #ad or #sponsored. Videos containing the use of cigar packages for arts and crafts, and flavored products highlight the importance of colorful packaging and flavors in the appeal of Swisher Sweets cigars, lending support for plain packaging requirements and the prohibition of flavors in cigar products to decrease the appeal of cigars. The presence and broad reach of cigar promotions on TikTok requires stricter enforcement of anti-tobacco promotion policies.
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Ganjewala, Deepak, and Rajesh Luthra. "Essential Oil Biosynthesis and Regulation in the Genus Cymbopogon." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 1 (January 2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500137.
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Essential oils distilled from Cymbopogon species are of immense commercial value as flavors and fragrances in the perfumery, cosmetics, soaps, and detergents and in pharmaceutical industries. Two major constituents of the essential oil, geraniol and citral, due to their specific rose and lemon like aromas are widely used as flavors, fragrances and cosmetics. Citral is also used for the synthesis of vitamin A and ionones (for example, β-ionone, methyl ionone). Moreover, Cymbopogon essential oils and constituents possess many useful biological activities including cytotoxic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant. Despite the immense commercial and biological significance of the Cymbopogon essential oils, little is known about their biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms. So far it is known that essential oils are biosynthesized via the classical acetate-MVA route and existence of a newly discovered MEP pathway in Cymbopogon remains as a topic for investigation. The aim of the present review is to discuss the biosynthesis and regulation of essential oils in the genus Cymbopogon with given emphasis to two elite members, lemongrass (C. flexuosus Nees ex Steud) and palmarosa (C. martinii Roxb.). This article highlights the work done so far towards understanding of essential oil biosynthesis and regulation in the genus Cymbopogon. Also, based on our experiences with Cymbopogon species, we would like to propose C. flexuosus as a model system for the study of essential oil metabolism beyond the much studied plant family Lamiaceae.
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Wu, Qian, Luming Li, Peng Xiang, Ting Zhang, Lianxin Peng, Liang Zou, and Qiang Li. "Phages in Fermented Foods: Interactions and Applications." Fermentation 9, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9030201.
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Phage ecology has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Fermented foods have rich and diverse microbial communities, which are not only the creators of the unique flavors in food, but also good hosts for bacteriophages. However, at present, much is known about the bacterial and fungal communities and their functions in fermented foods, but little is known about the bacteriophages that inhabit the bacteria. This article reviews recent findings on phage diversity in fermented foods, highlighting how these organisms influence and relate to the dynamics of microbial communities in fermented foods. The application of bacteriophages in fermented food is also discussed, which will help to better control the food fermentation process in the future and promote its further development by the food industry.
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BLAKE, M. R., B. C. WEIMER, D. J. MCMAHON, and P. A. SAVELLO. "Sensory and Microbial Quality of Milk Processed for Extended Shelf Life by Direct Steam Injection†." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.9.1007.
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Heat treatments of milk between 100 and 145°C produce a new type of product with a shelf life of 15 to 30 days at 7°C, which is termed extended shelf life (ESL) milk. Little information is available on the safety and sensory qualities of this product. Extended shelf life milk is being processed commercially to expand the distribution area of fluid milk products. After arrival at market, this product still has the shelf life of a pasteurized product. In this study milk was processed by direct steam injection at temperatures between 100 and 140°C for 4 or 12 s. Holding time did not significantly affect the sensory quality of the milk. A trained taste panel found cooked flavor and other off flavors varied significantly with increasing processing temperature and storage time. There were no significant differences noted in cooked or off flavors between 132 and 140°C. Psychrotrophic Bacillus species were isolated from milk processed at and below 132°C, while no organisms were isolated from milk processed at temperatures at or above 134°C. Consumer preference panels indicated consumers preferred milk processed at 134°C for 4 s to ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) processed milk, although there was a slight preference for high-temperature short-time processed (HTST) milk compared to milk processed at 134°C for 4 s. Higher temperatures had a less destructive effect on lipase activity, while storage time did not significantly affect lipase activity.
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Porte, Leticia F., Silvana M. O. Santin, Lucas U. R. Chiavelli, Cleuza C. Silva, Terezinha J. Faria, Ricardo T. Faria, João E. Carvalho, and Armando M. Pomini. "Bioguided Identification of Antifungal and Antiproliferative Compounds from the Brazilian Orchid Miltonia flavescens Lindl." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 69, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2014): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znc.2012-0192.
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The Orchidaceae family is appreciated worldwide for the beauty of its flowers, and hundreds of species of this family occur in Brazil. Yet little is known about the potential of orchids for therapeutic application. We have investigated bioactive compounds produced by the South Brazilian orchid Miltonia flavescens Lindl. Bioguided studies with the fungus Cladosporium herbarum allowed the identification of hydrocinnamic acid as the active antifungal compound. In addition, the chloroform fraction exhibited an interesting activity against human cancer cells, and 5,7-dihydroxy-6,4'- dimethoxyflavone isolated from this fraction was found to be active against seven human cancer cell lines, including NCI/ADR-RES ovary sarcoma, with an IC50 value of 2.6 mg/mL. This is the first report on the cytostatic activity of this flavone against human ovary sarcoma.
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Tura, Ali, and Margarita Corzo. "Introduction to this special section: Reservoir characterization Part I." Leading Edge 39, no. 2 (February 2020): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39020082.1.
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In 1980, Aki and Richards published linearized formulations of the Zoeppritz equations from 1919. From then on, many flavors and variations of the P-P reflection mode so-called amplitude variation with offset (AVO) equations have been published and used. Assuming the earth is isotropic, these equations are used day in and day out in the industry for reservoir characterization and to find oil and gas in the subsurface. Some publications have shown that using the P-P and P-S reflections in a joint inversion can increase the accuracy of the inverted parameters. Technically, however, there has been little divergence from the linearized Zoeppritz equations until lately when full-waveform inversion started to gain traction, initially for velocity model estimation and imaging and more recently applied to reservoir characterization.
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Dybała, Jolanta, Krzysztof Jagusiak, and Michał Pawlak. "Titus Flavius Clemens’ Stance on Wine as Expressed in Paedagogus." Studia Ceranea 9 (December 30, 2019): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.09.11.
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Titus Flavius Clemens was a philosopher and Christian theologian from the period of the 2nd–3th century. The aim of this paper is to present his view on the subject of wine and his recommendations on wine consumption as described in his work entitled Paedagogus. In this work Titus Flavius Clemens focuses primarily on the moral side of drinking wine. He is a great supporter of the ancient principle of moderation, or the golden mean (μεσότης). We also find its traces in his recommendations regarding the drinking of wine. First of all, he does not require Christians to be abstinent. Although he considers water as the best natural beverage to satisfy thirst, he does not make them reject God’s wine. The only condition he sets, however, is to maintain moderation in drinking it. He recommends diluting wine with water, as the peaceful Greeks always did, unlike the war-loving barbarians who were more prone to drunkenness. On the other hand, Titus Flavius Clemens warns the reader against excessive dilution of wine, so that it does not turn out to be pure water. He severely criticizes drunkenness, picturesquely presenting the behavior of drunks, both men and women. Wine in moderation has, in his opinion, its advantages – social, familial and individual. It makes a person better disposed to himself or herself, kinder to friends and more gentle to family members. Wine, when consumed in moderation, may also have medicinal properties. Clemens is well aware of this fact and in his work he cites several medical opinions on the subject. Unfortunately, in Paedagogus we find little information about wine as a food product / as an everyday bevarage. The input on the subject is limited to the list of exclusive, imported wines. What is worth noting, Titus Flavius Clemens appears to be a sommelier in this way.
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Al-Yousef, Hanan M., Ali S. Alqahtani, Wafaa H. B. Hassan, Afraa Alzoubi, and Sahar Abdelaziz. "Chemical Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant, Pancreatic Lipase, and Alpha-Amylase Inhibition Assays of the Aqueous Extract of Elettaria cardamomum L. Fruits." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (May 28, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5583001.
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Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of Elettaria cardamomum L. were mostly focused on its essential oil and organic crude extracts with little attention on its aqueous extracts. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile, in vitro antiobesity, and antidiabetic activities of the aqueous extract of Elettaria cardamomum L. family Zingiberaceae. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis is used for the aqueous extract characterization in both ionization modes. The analysis revealed the tentative identification of forty-seven compounds based on their MS/MS fragmentation pattern and comparison with the reported data. The identified compounds include eight flavones, thirteen phenolic and nonphenolic acids, one coumarin, and nineteen anthocyanins. Moreover, the in vitro antiobesity and antidiabetic activities were also studied. The results showed that E. cardamomum L. aqueous extract inhibits pancreatic lipase and α-amylase enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner, as 1 mg/mL extract was able to inhibit pancreatic lipase and α-amylase by 62.25% ± 0.58 (IC50 = 288.75 ± 1.3 µg/mL) and 70.42% ± 1.5 (IC50 = 220.5 ± 1.3 µg/mL), respectively. Conclusively, the current study indicated that the investigated biological activities of Elettaria cardamomum aqueous extract were attributed to the existence of biologically active metabolites such as flavones, phenolic and nonphenolic acids, coumarins, and anthocyanins. Moreover, it proposed that the aqueous cardamom extract can be used as a natural potential source in different pharmaceutical preparations to protect against variable chronic disorders, especially obesity and diabetes. Deeper in vivo investigations, isolation, purification, and structural elucidation of the major active metabolites from cardamom are recommended.
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Kong, Amanda Y., Tara L. Queen, Shelley D. Golden, and Kurt M. Ribisl. "Neighborhood Disparities in the Availability, Advertising, Promotion, and Youth Appeal of Little Cigars and Cigarillos, United States, 2015." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 12 (January 9, 2020): 2170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa005.
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Abstract Introduction Between 2012 and 2016, sales of cigars increased by 29% in the United States. In small local studies, greater little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) availability and marketing has been documented in neighborhoods with a greater proportion of Hispanic or Latino and black residents, and near schools. This national study of cigarette retailers assesses whether LCC availability and marketing at the point of sale is associated with neighborhood racial, ethnic, income, and percent youth demographics. Methods In 2015, we collected LCC availability and marketing data through retailer audits of a nationally representative sample of 2128 cigarette retailers. Using 2011–2015 American Community Survey census tract estimates, we modeled associations of neighborhood demographics (in quartiles) with availability of LCC-flavored products, and presence of exterior advertisements, youth marketing, and promotions. Results Nearly 90% of retailers sold LCCs, 83.0% sold flavored LCCs, and 30.9% had youth marketing. Controlling for retailer type and other neighborhood characteristics, neighborhoods with the highest proportion of black residents had significantly higher odds of flavored LCC availability (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.52, 3.30); exterior advertisements (AOR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.94, 4.16); price promotions (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.07–2.45), and youth appeal (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.08–2.08) compared to the lowest. Disparities in flavored LCC availability, exterior advertising, and youth appeal were also present for lower income neighborhoods. Conclusion Neighborhoods with a greater proportion of black or lower income residents have greater flavored LCCs availability and LCC marketing. Without stronger LCC regulation, residents of these neighborhoods may be at a greater risk of LCC use. Implications LCCs are harmful combustible tobacco products that are less regulated than cigarettes (eg, lower taxation, cheaper outlay due to small package sizes, availability of flavors), which makes them an affordable and appealing product to youth. This study documents greater availability, advertising, and marketing of LCCs in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of black or lower-income residents, potentially putting these populations at a greater risk of using or switching to these products in the face of increasing cigarette regulations. These findings underscore the need for local, state, and federal LCC regulatory action.
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Bingman, Matthew T., Claire E. Stellick, Jordanne P. Pelkey, Jared M. Scott, and Callie A. Cole. "Monitoring Cider Aroma Development throughout the Fermentation Process by Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis." Beverages 6, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages6020040.
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a crucial role in cider quality. Many variables involved in the fermentation process contribute to cider fragrance, but their relative impact on the finished odor remains ambiguous, because there is little consensus on the most efficient method for cider volatile analysis. Herein, we have optimized and applied a headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GC-MS) method for the chemical analysis of cider VOCs. We determined that the 30 min exposure of a divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber at 40 °C yielded detection of the widest variety of VOCs at an extraction efficiency >49% higher than comparable fibers. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we utilized this method to profile cider aroma development throughout the fermentation process for the first time. The results yielded a very practical outcome for cider makers: a pre-screening method for determining cider quality through the detection of off-flavors early in the fermentation process. The aroma profile was found to be well established 72 h after fermentation commenced, with major esters varying by 18.6% ± 4.1% thereafter and higher alcohols varying by just 12.3% ± 2.6%. Lastly, we analyzed four mature ciders that were identically prepared, save for the yeast strain. Twenty-seven key VOCs were identified, off-flavors (4-ethylphenol and 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol) were detected, and odorants were quantified at desirable concentrations when compared to perception thresholds. VOCs varied considerably following fermentation with four novel strains of S. cerevisiae, evidencing the central importance of yeast strain to the finished cider aroma.
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Toronjo-Urquiza, Luis, David James, Tibor Nagy, and Robert Falconer. "Screening Naturally Occurring Phenolic Antioxidants for Their Suitability as Additives to CHO Cell Culture Media Used to Produce Monoclonal Antibodies." Antioxidants 8, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060159.
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This study identified several antioxidants that could be used in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)cell culture media and benefit monoclonal antibody production. The flavan-3-ols, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and gallocatechin gallate all had no detrimental effect on cell viability at the concentrations tested, and they reduced the final viable cell count with a resulting rise in the cell specific productivity. The flavone, luteolin behave similarly to the flavan-3-ols. Resveratrol at 50 μM concentration resulted in the most pronounced reduction in viable cell density with minimal decrease in IgG synthesis and the largest increase in cell specific productivity. Low concentrations of α-tocopherol (35 μM) reduced viable cell density and raised cell specific productivity, but at higher concentration it had little additional effect. As high concentrations of α-tocopherol are not toxic to CHO cells, its addition as an anti-oxidant has great potential. Kaempferol up to 50 μM, curcumin up to 20 μM and piceid up to 100 μM showed little effect on growth or IgG synthesis and could be useful as antioxidants. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester was toxic to CHO cell and of no interest. Seven of the phenolic compounds tested are potential cell cycle inhibitors as well as having intrinsic antioxidant properties.
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Pokorný, J., A. Farouk Mansour, F. Pudil, and V. Janda. "Effect of defatted soybean flour on the flavour of extruded mixtures with wheat flour." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 20, No. 6 (November 19, 2011): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3535-cjfs.
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Mixtures of wheat semolina, 5% glucose and 0–30% defatted soybean flour were used for the preparation of extruded samples using a pilot plant single screw extruder, maximum temperature being 140°C. The browning reactions were only moderate, the intensities of the trichromatic a* coordinate increased, and some changes were observed in chroma and the odour difference ΔE*. The sensory acceptability improved by increasing the content of soybean flour, the odour intensity increased, and some changes were observed in the sensory profile. Volatile substances were isolated using a SPME procedure, and the volatiles were separated using a Fisons GLC 8000 apparatus equipped with a mass spectrometer. Among the flavour active volatiles, pyrazines were the most prominent class of compounds, especially methyl and ethyl substituted derivatives. Pyrrole and furan substituted pyrazines were found only in small amounts because of the low extrusion temperature. Other furan and pyrrole derivatives had a lesser effect on flavour because of their relatively low amounts. Aldehydes, fatty acids, ketones, and other aliphatic derivatives contributed only a little to the resulting flavour. Compared to the mixtures of semolina and glucose only, the additions of defatted soybean flour moderately increased the number of substituted pyrazines detected in the extruded mixtures but increased substantially the pyrazine fraction in the total peak area. Among furan derivatives, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2-furanmethanol and 5-methyl-2-furyl alcohol belonged to the most prominent derivatives. Among other compounds, acetic acid, butyrolactone and maltol should be mentioned.
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Chen, Si, Jun Lin, Huihui Liu, Zhihong Gong, Xiaxia Wang, Meihong Li, Asaph Aharoni, Zhenbiao Yang, and Xiaomin Yu. "Insights into Tissue-specific Specialized Metabolism in Tieguanyin Tea Cultivar by Untargeted Metabolomics." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 21, 2018): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071817.
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Tea plants produce extremely diverse and abundant specialized metabolites, the types and levels of which are developmentally and environmentally regulated. However, little is known about how developmental cues affect the synthesis of many of these molecules. In this study, we conducted a comparative profiling of specialized metabolites from six different tissues in a premium oolong tea cultivar, Tieguanyin, which is gaining worldwide popularity due to its uniquely rich flavors and health benefits. UPLC-QTOF MS combined with multivariate analyses tentatively identified 68 metabolites belonging to 11 metabolite classes, which exhibited sharp variations among tissues. Several metabolite classes, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and hydroxycinnamic acid amides were detected predominantly in certain plant tissues. In particular, tricoumaroyl spermidine and dicoumaroyl putrescine were discovered as unique tea flower metabolites. This study offers novel insights into tissue-specific specialized metabolism in Tieguanyin, which provides a good reference point to explore gene-metabolite relationships in this cultivar.
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Takito, Jiro, Junko Kimura, Koji Kajima, Nobuyuki Uozumi, Makoto Watanabe, Akihito Yokosuka, Yoshihiro Mimaki, Masanori Nakamura, and Yasushi Ohizumi. "Nerve growth factor enhances the CRE-dependent transcriptional activity activated by nobiletin in PC12 cells." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 94, no. 7 (July 2016): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2015-0394.
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Prevention and treatment of Alzheimer disease are urgent problems for elderly people in developed countries. We previously reported that nobiletin, a poly-methoxylated flavone from the citrus peel, improved the symptoms in various types of animal models of memory loss and activated the cAMP responsive element (CRE)-dependent transcription in PC12 cells. Nobiletin activated the cAMP/PKA/MEK/Erk/MAPK signaling pathway without using the TrkA signaling activated by nerve growth factor (NGF). Here, we examined the effect of combination of nobiletin and NGF on the CRE-dependent transcription in PC12 cells. Although NGF alone had little effect on the CRE-dependent transcription, NGF markedly enhanced the CRE-dependent transcription induced by nobiletin. The NGF-induced enhancement was neutralized by a TrkA antagonist, K252a. This effect of NGF was effective on the early signaling event elicited by nobiletin. These results suggested that there was crosstalk between NGF and nobiletin signaling in activating the CRE-dependent transcription in PC12 cells.
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Amiri, Maryam, Juan Li, and Souradip Roy. "Meal Planning for Alzheimer's Disease Using an Ontology-Assisted Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Approach." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijehmc.316133.
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As healthy diets and nutrition are crucial for people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), caregivers of patients with AD need to provide a balanced diet with the correct nutrients to boost the health and well-being of patients. However, this is challenging as they are likely to suffer from aging-related problems (such as teeth or gum problems) that make eating more uncomfortable; the planners, who are usually patients' family members, generally face high pressure, a busy schedule, and little experience. To help unprofessional caregivers of AD plan meals with the right nutrition and flavors, in this paper, the authors propose a meal planning mechanism that uses a multiple criteria decision-making approach to integrate various factors that affect a caregiver's choice of meals for AD patients. Ontology-based knowledge has been used to model personal preferences and characteristics and customize general diet recommendations. Case studies have demonstrated the feasibility and usability of the proposed approach.
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Fukalova Fukalova, Tamara, María Dolores García Martínez, and María Dolores Raigón. "Five undervalued edible species inherent to autumn-winter season: nutritional composition, bioactive constituents and volatiles profile." PeerJ 9 (November 23, 2021): e12488. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12488.
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Background Wild edible herbs have historically been used as local nutritional and medicinal sources. These plants grow spontaneously, depending on the season. They adapt well to different edaphoclimatic conditions, generating a diversity constituent beneficial to health. They impart compounds needed in the human diet in regard to macro and micronutrients. When consumed raw, they keep their properties intact and provide health benefits. Five undervalued edible plants: Stellaria media (L.) Vill, Tropaeolum majus L., Sonchus oleraceus L., Chenopodium album L. and Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC are characteristic of the autumn-winter season in the Valencian coastal region and could have new sustainable agro-ecological potential for the local commercial sector. However, little information is available from the nutritional quality and bioactive composition viewpoint for these species. Concurrently, the volatiles compounds profiles describing the characteristic flavors are unknown. Methods Nutritional characteristics, bioactive compounds, and other chemical components of the fresh leaves were analyzed. In addition, the volatiles composite profile was performed. The analyzed species come from the soil reservoir; their wild growth is adjusted to the autumn season. The proximate analysis was carried out by Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods. Total antioxidants were measured as 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrzyl hydrate (DPPH) and total polyphenols content via the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure. Volatiles profile was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The vegetative part analyzed was the tender leaves with edible potential. Results A high variability has been obtained in the composition of the species studied. The proximate analysis found a considerable content of fiber (1.22–5.4 g·100 g−1), potassium (157.7–1,250.6 mg·100 g−1), iron (0.6–2.0 mg·100 g−1), and a low caloric value (16.1–43.02 kcal·mg·100 g−1). In bioactive compounds analysis, a high level of antioxidants was highlighted (1,604.3–4,874.6 μmol·100 g−1), followed by chlorophylls. Volatiles profile revealed that the species were rich in benzenoids (33.8–89.9%) as the majority family. The pyrazines class was characteristic only in D. erucoides L. Discussion Fresh edible leaves of the undervalued plants show considerable nutritional potential and a high bioactive components level, which highlight the antioxidant capacity. Leaves of C. album L. stand out due to their higher concentration of nutritional compounds, while D. erucoides L. is noted for its higher antioxidant capacity. Aromatic descriptor of pyrazines detected in the leaves of D. erucoides L. is associated with the slightly spicy flavors that characterize this species. Results suggest that studied species could be of great relevance in introducing these five edible herbs as a source of new grown material, postulating them as healthy food ingredients with attractive flavors for the gourmet cuisine industry.
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Zhu, Gui-Song, Ling-Yi Tang, Dong-Ling Lv, and Meng Jiang. "Total Flavones ofAbelmoschus manihotExhibits Pro-Angiogenic Activity by Activating the VEGF-A/VEGFR2-PI3K/Akt Signaling Axis." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 46, no. 03 (January 2018): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x18500295.
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Angiogenesis is a process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) binds to VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) and thus activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway play a central role in angiogenesis. Total flavones of Abelmoschus manihot (TFA), the major active component of the traditional Chinese herb Abelmoschus manihot, display novel pro-angiogenic activity. However, little information concerning its underlying mechanism is available. Here we investigate the pro-angiogenesis of TFA with the aim of understanding its mechanism of action. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model were used to evaluate pro-angiogenesis of TFA using cell viability, wounding healing, transwell invasion, tube formation, RT-qPCR and Western blot methods. LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, was used to interfere with PI3K/Akt pathway signal for assessing the underlying mechanism. Results in vitro indicated TFA obviously promoted HUVECs proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation. Furthermore, TFA markedly augmented PI3K and Akt phosphorylation and up-regulated VEGF-A and VEGFR2 expression in HUVECs. However, pre-treatment with LY294002 not only markedly attenuated TFA-induced cells proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation, but also significantly abolished TFA-induced VEGF-A and VEGFR2 over-expression as well as PI3K and Akt phosphorylation. Experiments in CAM model showed TFA significantly promoted the formation of branched blood vessels and was dramatically suppressed by LY294002. Taken together, TFA promoted angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo which, however, were counteracted by LY294002, suggesting at least in part, TFA exhibits pro-angiogenic activity by activating the VEGF-A/VEGFR2-PI3K/Akt signaling axis.
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Bobkier, Robert, and Piotr Herman. "Sicarii by Flavius Josephus. Premodern terrorists or the founding myth of modern Israel?" Res Politicae 13 (2021): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/rp.2021.13.08.
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Contemporary international terrorism differs a little from the acts of violence that took place in ancient history. The first known example of the use of political terrorism was Sicarii, a Jewish sect operating in Palestine and Egypt in the years 66–73 CE. Virtually all information about this group comes from Flavius Josephus, a first-century Romano-Jewish historian and military leader. The term sicarii itself has a Latin etymology and means murderers or assassins. It comes from the word sica, meaning dagger. It appeared in legal Latin in 81 BCE together with the Act Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis, which was one of the first legal regulations in the field of serious organized crime. The Sicarii, however, fought in their own country with the intention of liberating it from the rule of a foreign power, Rome. To this day, it remains unresolved whether the Sicarii and Zealots belonged to the same political group that used terrorism for political purposes: killings, arson, poisoning water supplies, and even the seizure of the mountain fortress of Masada, ending in mass suicide. And the myth of the desperate courage of the defenders of Masada became the glue of the national consciousness of the citizens of the modern state of Israel.
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Bay, Carson. "Contagion of the Jews: Metaphorical and Rhetorical Uses of Sickness, Plague, and Disease in Pseudo-Hegesippus." Studies in Church History 58 (June 2022): 8–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2022.1.
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Drawing upon discourses developed in earlier Graeco-Roman and Judaeo-Christian antiquity, the little-known text De excidio Hierosolymitano, also dubbed ‘Pseudo-Hegesippus’, develops a discourse of Jewish disease within a history of Jerusalem's destruction by the Romans in 70 CE. Based upon Flavius Josephus's Greek Jewish War, this Latin Christian text of Late Antiquity thus deploys a rhetoric of Jewish contagion within its historiographical solution to the Christian theological exigency of explaining the Jews out of history. Far from being an incidental or merely aesthetic component of this work, this article shows that a discourse of Jewish sickness constitutes a central component of Pseudo-Hegesippus's conceptualization and presentation of the end of Jerusalem and the historical demise of the Jews.
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Xi, Yanmei, Tong Zhao, Ruirui Liu, Fuhang Song, Jianjun Deng, and Nasi Ai. "Assessing Sensory Attributes and Properties of Infant Formula Milk Powder Driving Consumers’ Preference." Foods 12, no. 5 (February 26, 2023): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12050997.
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Infant formula milk powder (IFMP) is an excellent substitute for breast milk. It is known that the composition of maternal food during pregnancy and lactation and exposure level to food during infancy highly influence taste development in early infancy. However, little is known about the sensory aspects of infant formula. Herein, the sensory characteristics of 14 brands of infant formula segment 1 marketed in China were evaluated, and differences in preferences for IFMPs were determined. Descriptive sensory analysis was performed by well-trained panelists to determine the sensory characteristics of evaluated IFMPs. The brands S1 and S3 had significantly lower astringency and fishy flavor compared to the other brands. Moreover, it was found that S6, S7 and S12 had lower milk flavor scores but higher butter scores. Furthermore, internal preference mapping revealed that the attributes fatty flavor, aftertaste, saltiness, astringency, fishy flavor and sourness negatively contributed to consumer preference in all three clusters. Considering that the majority of consumers prefer milk powders rich in aroma, sweet and steamed flavors, these attributes could be considered for enhancement by the food industry.
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Nakada-Freitas, Pâmela G., César Augusto Santos, Thalita Helena Magalhães, Stefani S. Bustamonte, Danielle Carla dos Santos, Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso, Talita S. Amador, Natália de BL Lanna, Estefânia M. Bardiviesso, and Hugo Cesar RM Catão. "Effect of thyme, lemongrass and rosemary essential oils on Aspergillus flavus in cauliflower seeds." Horticultura Brasileira 40, no. 1 (January 2022): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-0536-20220109.
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ABSTRACT Due to the action of essential oils of thyme, lemongrass and rosemary against microorganisms and few studies on them in seed treatment, this study is proposed with vegetable seed. Therefore, the aim was to evaluate the effect of treatments with essential oils of thyme, lemongrass and rosemary on cauliflower seeds, inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. Three essential oils were used, at concentrations 0.0; 0.4; 0.8; 1.6 and 2.0%, arranged in a 3x5 factorial scheme, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The essential oils of thyme (1.8%) and lemongrass (1.9%) had a fungistatic effect against A. flavus in cauliflower seeds. Thyme essential oil at 2.0% and lemongrass at 1.6% didn’t affect the physiological quality of seeds, being promising in the treatment of organic seeds. On the other hand, rosemary essential oil, despite not affecting germination and little affecting seed vigor, wasn’t efficient in controlling the pathogen.
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Laestadius, Linnea I., Kendall E. Penndorf, Melissa Seidl, and Young I. Cho. "Assessing the Appeal of Instagram Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid Promotions and Warnings Among Young Adults: Mixed Methods Focus Group Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 11 (November 25, 2019): e15441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15441.
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Background While marketing for electronic cigarette refill liquids (e-liquids) is widespread on Instagram, little is known about the post elements that create appeal among young adult Instagram users. Further information is needed to help shape regulatory strategies appropriate for social media. Objective This study examined young adult Instagram user perceptions of actual e-liquid marketing posts and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–mandated nicotine addiction warning statements on Instagram. Methods A series of 12 focus groups (n=69) were held with non–tobacco users, vapers, smokers, and dual users in Wisconsin between September and December 2018. Participants discussed the elements of posts that they found appealing or unappealing, in addition to completing a survey about each post and e-liquid. Focus group transcripts were analyzed by smoking status using a framework analysis approach. Results Although willingness to try e-liquids was highest among nicotine users, focus group discussions indicated that Instagram posts promoting e-liquids held appeal for individuals across smoking statuses. The primary elements that created appeal were the perceived trustworthiness of the Instagram account, attractive design and flavor visuals, and promotion of flavors and nicotine levels that met personal preferences. Post appeal was reduced by references to vaping subcultures, indicators that the post creator did not take nicotine addiction seriously, and FDA-mandated nicotine warning statements. Non–tobacco users were particularly drawn to posts featuring nicotine-free e-liquids with attractive visual designs and flavors known from foods. Conclusions Young adults consider a broad range of elements in assessing the appeal of e-liquid marketing on Instagram, with minor but notable distinctions by smoking status. Non–tobacco users are uniquely drawn to nicotine-free e-liquids and are more deterred by the FDA’s mandated nicotine addiction warning statements than those from other smoking statuses. This suggests that it may be possible to tailor policy interventions in a manner that helps to reduce novel uptake of vaping without significantly diminishing its potential harm-reduction benefits.
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Pomeranz, Jennifer L., and Jennifer L. Harris. "Children’s Fruit “Juice” Drinks and FDA Regulations: Opportunities to Increase Transparency and Support Public Health." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 6 (June 2020): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305621.
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Objectives. To compare children’s drink products that contain or purport to contain juice and evaluate labels in light of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Methods. In 2019, we analyzed federal law for drinks that contain or purport to contain juice by using LexisNexis and FDA’s Web site, identified top-selling children’s “juice” drinks in fruit punch flavors, gathered labels in store and online, and extracted data from the principal display and information panels. Results. FDA regulations permit a wide range of names, claims, and fruit vignettes on drinks that contain or purport to contain juice, reflecting the product’s flavor and not necessarily its ingredients. We identified 39 brands of children’s drinks, including 100% juice (n = 7), diluted juices (n = 11), juice drinks (n = 8), fruit-flavored drinks (n = 8), and flavored waters (n = 5), with nonuniform statements of identity; vitamin C and low-sugar claims; and fruit vignettes representing 19 fruits. Many products contained added sugar and nonnutritive sweeteners but little to no juice. Conclusions. Principal display panels rendered it difficult to differentiate among product types, identify those with added sweeteners, and distinguish healthier products. Revised labeling regulations are warranted to support public health.
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Talasila, P. Chowdary, Arthur C. Cameron, and Lee J. Taylor. "Storage and Modified-atmosphere Packaging of Chinese Chestnuts (Castanea mollissima)." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 815E—815. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.815e.
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The shelf life of chestnuts is limited by water loss. Polymeric packages have been used to prevent dehydration, although little specific information is available on the use and design of MA packaging for extending shelf life. To investigate the product response to MA conditions, a range of O2 levels were generated inside low-density polyethylene (LDPE) packages containing chestnuts. The respiration rate decreased with decreasing O2 levels below 16 kPa at 0C. A rapid increase in RQ and ethanol were noticed when the chestnuts were exposed to O2 levels below 1 kPa at 0C, indicating a shift to fermentative metabolism. In a flow-through system, the respiration rate at 0C and the Q10 were measured as 108 nmol·kg–1·s–1 and 2.5, respectively. Chestnuts were stored at –2, 0, 5, and 20C in LDPE packages for 6 months and quality was periodically evaluated. Off-flavors were noticed from chestnuts stored in O2 levels below 1 kPa at 0C on day 38. Chestnuts stored at 0C but at higher O2 levels were acceptable for 5 months. Chestnuts stored at –2C were still acceptable after 6 months of storage.
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Campisi, Agata, Rosaria Acquaviva, Giuseppina Raciti, Anna Duro, Milena Rizzo, and Natale Alfredo Santagati. "Antioxidant Activities of Solanum Nigrum L. Leaf Extracts Determined in in vitro Cellular Models." Foods 8, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8020063.
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Several medicinal foods abound in traditional medicine with antioxidant potentials that could be of importance for the management of several diseases but with little or no scientific justification to substantiate their use. Thus, the objective of this study was the assessment of the antioxidant effect of two leave extracts of Solanum nigrum L. (SN), which is a medicinal plant member of the Solanaceae family, mainly used for soup preparation in different parts of the world. Then methanolic/water (80:20) (SN1) and water (SN2) leaves extracts were prepared. The total polyphenolic content and the concentration of phenolic acids and flavones compounds were determined. In order to verify whether examined extracts were able to restore the oxidative status, modified by glutamate in primary cultures of astrocytes, the study evaluated the glutathione levels, the intracellular oxidative stress, and the cytotoxicity of SN1 and SN2 extracts. Both extracts were able to quench the radical in an in vitro free cellular system and restore the oxidative status in in vitro primary cultures of rat astroglial cells exposed to glutamate. These extracts prevented the increase in glutamate uptake and inhibited glutamate excitotoxicity, which leads to cell damage and shows a notable antioxidant property.
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Česonienė, Laima, Paulina Štreimikytė, Mindaugas Liaudanskas, Vaidotas Žvikas, Pranas Viškelis, Jonas Viškelis, and Remigijus Daubaras. "Berries and Leaves of Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.: A Source of Phenolic Compounds." Plants 11, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11020147.
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Berries of Actinidia kolomikta (A. kolomikta) are known for high ascorbic acid content, but the diversity of phenolic compounds has been little studied. The present research aimed to investigate phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in berries and leaves of twelve A. kolomikta cultivars. The UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique was used to determine differences among cultivars in the quantitative composition of individual phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH• free radical scavenging and CUPRAC methods. In the present study, 13 phenolic compounds were detected in berries, whereas leaves contained 17 phenolic compounds. Flavonols were the primary class found in both berries and leaves; other identified phenolic compounds were flavan-3-ols, flavones and, phenolic acids; and dihydrochalcone phloridzin was identified in the leaves. The amount and variety of phenolic compounds in berries and leaves and antioxidant activity were found to be cultivar-dependent. The highest total content of phenolic compounds was found in the leaves of the cultivar ‘Aromatnaja’ and in the berries of the cultivar ‘VIR-2’. Results of this study have confirmed that berries and leaves of A. kolomikta could be a valuable raw material for both food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Guo, Jiansheng, and Cheng Zhou. "Secretory Structures of Pogostemon auricularius: Morphology, Development, and Histochemistry." Symmetry 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11010013.
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Pogostemon auricularius, an aromatic plant in Lamiaceae, has wide application in pharmaceutical preparations. However, little is known about the secretory structures that contain the medicinal compounds. In this study, two kinds of glandular trichome types, including peltate glandular trichomes and short-stalked capitate trichomes, were identified in the leaves and stems by cryo-scanning electron microscope. Oil secretion from the glands contained lipids, flavones, and terpenes, and the progresses of secretion were different in the two glands types. The investigation by transmission electron microscope indicated that the endoplasmic reticulum system and plastids were involved in the biosynthesis of oils in the two glandular trichomes. The vacuoles showed a new role in the oil preparations and storage. The synthesized oil could be transported from the head cell to the sub-cuticular space by different way in the two glands. Comparative analysis of the development, distribution, histochemistry and ultrastructures of the secretory structures in Pogostemon auricularius led us to propose that the two glands may make different contribution to the collection of medicinal compounds. Furthermore, the characteristics of two glands in the secretory stage probably indicated the synthesizing site of metabolite.
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Zhan, Yongcheng, Zhu Zhang, Janet M. Okamoto, Daniel D. Zeng, and Scott J. Leischow. "Underage JUUL Use Patterns: Content Analysis of Reddit Messages." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): e13038. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13038.
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Background The popularity of JUUL (an e-cigarette brand) among youth has recently been reported in news media and academic papers, which has raised great public health concerns. Little research has been conducted on the age distribution, geographic distribution, approaches to buying JUUL, and flavor preferences pertaining to underage JUUL users. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze social media data related to demographics, methods of access, product characteristics, and use patterns of underage JUUL use. Methods We collected publicly available JUUL-related data from Reddit. We extracted and summarized the age, location, and flavor preference of subreddit UnderageJuul users. We also compared common and unique users between subreddit UnderageJuul and subreddit JUUL. The methods of purchasing JUULs were analyzed by manually examining the content of the Reddit threads. Results A total of 716 threads and 2935 comments were collected from the subreddit UnderageJuul before it was shut down. Most threads did not mention a specific age, but ages ranged from 13 years to greater than 21 years in those that did. Mango, mint, and cucumber were the most popular among the 7 flavors listed on JUUL’s official website, and 336 subreddit UnderageJuul threads mentioned 7 discreet approaches to circumvent relevant legal regulations to get JUUL products, the most common of which was purchasing JUUL from other Reddit users (n=181). Almost half of the UnderageJuul users (389/844, 46.1%) also participated in discussions on the main JUUL subreddit and sought information across multiple Reddit forums. Most (64/74, 86%) posters were from large metropolitan areas. Conclusions The subreddit UnderageJuul functioned as a forum to explore methods of obtaining JUUL and to discuss and recommend specific flavors before it was shut down. About half of those using UnderageJuul also used the more general JUUL subreddit, so a forum still exists where youths can attempt to share information on how to obtain JUUL and other products. Exploration of such social media data in real time for rapid public health surveillance could provide early warning for significant health risks before they become major public health threats.
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Moodie, Crawford, Anne Marie MacKintosh, James F. Thrasher, Ann McNeill, and Sara Hitchman. "Use of Cigarettes With Flavor-Changing Capsules Among Smokers in the United Kingdom: An Online Survey." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, no. 11 (August 24, 2018): 1547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty173.
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Abstract Introduction Cigarettes with flavor-changing capsules in the filter have experienced phenomenal global growth in the last decade. We explore sociodemographic and smoking-related factors associated with using capsule cigarettes, how frequently users burst the capsule, and reasons for using them. Methods An online survey was conducted in the United Kingdom between April and May 2016 with 6234 factory-made and/or hand-rolled cigarette smokers. This analysis focuses on 3620 factory-made cigarette smokers, aged 18 years and over, who had smoked in the past month. Results Thirteen percent smoked capsule cigarettes, with younger smokers more likely than older smokers to do so. Capsule use was significantly more common among White non-British than White British and among those planning to quit in the next 6 months than those not planning to quit. Most capsule users who crushed the capsule did so always (51%) or most of the time (18%), with more frequent crushing of capsules more common among females, younger and middle-aged participants, White British, and those with a lower score on the Heaviness of Smoking Index. The most common reasons for using capsule cigarettes were that they taste better (52%), are smoother (41%), provide a choice of flavors (32%), and the enjoyment of clicking the capsule (25%). Capsule and noncapsule smokers did not differ significantly in their perceptions of the harmfulness of their brand relative to other brands. Conclusions Our study provides an insight into how and why smokers of capsule cigarettes use these products, with the key drivers of use being taste, flavor choice, and interactivity. Implications Cigarettes with capsules in the filter that can be burst to change the flavor have experienced remarkable growth since being introduced in 2007, but little is known about how and why smokers use these products. Thirteen percent of factory-made cigarette smokers in our sample smoked a brand with a capsule in the filter, with approximately two-thirds crushing the capsule all or most of the time. Capsule use was more likely among younger participants. The main reasons for smoking capsule cigarettes were related to how they taste, having a choice of flavors, and enjoyment of clicking the capsule (interactivity).