Journal articles: 'Little defect'

1

Zhang, Wei, Zhen Yu Ma, Wen Ge Zhang, Qing Ling Lu, and Xiao Bing Nie. "Correlation Analysis of Software Defects Density and Metrics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2225.

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It is very useful for improving software quality if we can find which software metrics are more correlative with software defects or defects density. Based on 33 actual software projects, we analyzed 44 software metrics from application level, file level, class level and function level, and do correlation analysis with the number of software defects and defect density, the results show that software metrics have little correlation with the number of software defects, but are correlative with defect density. Through correlation analysis, we selected five metrics that have larger correlation with defect density, these metrics can be used for improving software quality and predicting software defects density.

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Parashar, Amit, Indranil Deb Roy, and Arpit Gupta. "Partly deepithelialised palatal graft for the treatment of deep-wide palatal recession defect: simplified protocol with 18-month follow-up." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 11 (November 2020): e236954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-236954.

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Advances in periodontal plastic surgical procedures have led to achieve predictable root coverage outcomes for the recession defects. However, little has been reported and emphasised over management of palatal recession defects. The root coverage surgical procedures used for coverage of palatal recession defect are technically challenging in terms of accessibility and graft coverage. The purpose of this report is to describe a surgical technique used to manage deep-wide palatal recession defect. The technique uses partly deepithelialised palatal graft that is designed to approximately fit the defect site. This is employed for prolonged protection of the underlying healing process. This case report is unique in terms of treatment of deep (9.0 mm), wide (6.0 mm) palatal recession defect and its long-term follow-up for 18 months.

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Huang, Yuan Ming, Qing Lan Ma, Bao Gai Zhai, and Yun Gao Cai. "Effect of Double Defects on Transmission Spectra of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.725.

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Considered the model of the one-dimensional photonic crystals (1-D PCs) with double defects, the refractive indexes (n2’, n3’ and n2’’, n3’’) of the double defects were 2.0, 4.0 and 4.0, 2.0 respectively. With parameter n2=1.5, n3=2.5, by theoretical calculations with characteristic matrix method, the results shown that for a certain number (14 was taken) of layers of the 1-D PCs, when the double defects abutted, there was a defect band gap in the stop band gap, while when the double defects separated, there occurred two defect band gaps in the stop band gap; besides, with the separation of the two defects, the transmittance of the double defect band gaps decreased gradually. In addition, in this progress, the frequency range of the stop band gap has a little increase from 0.092 to 0.095.

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Buchwald, Walter R., Robert E. Peale, Perry C. Grant, Julie V. Logan, Preston T. Webster, and Christian P. Morath. "The Sliding-Aperture Transform and Its Applicability to Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 5317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115317.

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A mathematical method is presented for the extraction of defect parameters from the multiexponential decays generated during deep-level transient spectroscopy experiments. Such transient phenomenon results from the ionization of charge trapped in defects located in the depletion width of a semiconductor diode. From digitized transients acquired at fixed temperatures, this method produces a rate–domain spectral signature associated with all defects in the semiconductor. For signal-to-noise ratio of 1000, defect levels with carrier emission rates differing by as little as 1.5 times may be distinguished.

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Zhang, Wei, Zhen Yu Ma, Qing Ling Lu, Xiao Bing Nie, and Juan Liu. "Research on Software Defect Prediction Method Based on Machine Learning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 2182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.2182.

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This paper analyzed 44 metrics of application level, file level, class level and function level, and do correlation analysis with the number of software defects and defect density, the results show that software metrics have little correlation with the number of software defect, but are correlative with defect density. Through correlation analysis, we selected five metrics that have larger correlation with defect density. On the basis of feature selection, we predicted defect density with 16 machine learning models for 33 actual software projects. The results show that the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (SRCC) between the predicting defect density and the actual defect density based on SVR model is 0.6727, higher than other 15 machine learning models, the model that has the second absolute value of SRCC is IBk model, the SRCC only is-0.3557, the results show that the method based on SVR has the highest prediction accuracy.

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Guo, Yong Liang, Shu Long Xiao, and Li Juan Xu. "Numerical Simulation of Process of Cavity Filling and Solidifying in TiAl Alloy Investment Casting." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 1489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.1489.

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In this paper, numerical simulation software of AnyCasting was adopted for simulate processes of titanium aluminum alloys filling and solidifying. Pour temperature, pressure head and rotate speed had an important effect on casting quality. The former parameters as factors orthogonal experiment L7 (33) was carried out and the experimental scheme was optimized. The results showed that as the pour temperature rising the filling time had no change, solidifying time had a large increase and casting defect tendency tended to little. Filling time and solidifying time decreased with the pressure head rising and casting defect tendency changed from little to large. The effect of rotating speed on filling time was as that of pressure head, solidifying time had little change and casting defects tendency of casting changed from little to great. With the optimized parameters of casting temperature of 1650°C, pressure head of 0.2m and rotating speed of 200r/min the investment cast filling and solidifying simulations was made out. The results showed that in the optimized simulation the liquid metal filled mold from the top down, filling course was smooth and complete and temperature field was even. Through analyses of casting defects the optimized scheme proved to be logical.

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Jiang, Yin Fang, Zhen Ning Guo, Yong Qi Yan, and Qin Huang. "Study on Inside and Outside Circumferential Defects of Pipes and Ultrasonic Guided Wave." Advanced Materials Research 460 (February 2012): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.460.411.

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The difference between inside circumferential defects and outside circumferential defects was proved using the theory of reflection waves, the course of propagation and reflection from inside circumferential defects and outside circumferential defects in steel pipes was simulated with L(0,2) mode by the numerical simulation program ANSYS, and the curves of the reflection waves were obtained. The investigation indicated that the relationship between reflection coefficient of each kind of circumferential defects and the circumference of the defects was linear; in additional, it was found that the reflection coefficient of outside circumferential defects was a little higher than the reflection coefficient of inside circumferential defects; the difference between inside and outside circumferential defect became more obvious as the thickness of the defect increases. So the results provide a basis for detecting and distinguishing circumferential defects of pipes.

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Curtis, Melanie, and Lionel Standing. "THE DECISION TO ABORT: NO SEX-ROLE BIAS, AND LITTLE ENTHUSIASM." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 20, no. 4 (January 1, 1992): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1992.20.4.237.

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The hypothetical decision to abort a genetically defective fetus was studied as a function of the subject's gender, the gender of the fetus, and the nature of the fetal impairment (physical versus mental defect). A questionnaire technique was employed, with a sample of students (N = 181) who were asked to imagine that they faced this decision themselves. No evidence was found for sex-role bias with regard to the gender of the fetus, or its interaction with type of defect. The only significant factor found was that females were more opposed to aborting than males. Both males and females expressed a wide range of attitudes, but showed anti-abortion views overall.

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Borovina Josko, João Marcelo, and João Eduardo Ferreira. "Visualization properties for data quality visual assessment: An exploratory case study." Information Visualization 16, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473871616629516.

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Data quality assessment outcomes are essential to ensure useful analytical processes results. Relevant computational approaches provide assessment support, especially to data defects that present more precise rules. However, data defects that are more dependent of data context knowledge challenge the data quality assessment since the process involves human supervision. Visualization systems belong to a class of supervised tools that can make visible data defect structures. Despite their considerable design knowledge encodings, there is little support design to visual quality assessment of data defects. Therefore, this work reports a case study that has explored which and how visualization properties facilitate visual detection of data defect. Its outcomes offer a first set of implications to design visualization system to permit data quality visual assessment.

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Park, Jinha, Jin Soo Kim, Sung Hoon Koh, Dong Chul Lee, Si Young Roh, Kyung Jin Lee, and Min Ki Hong. "Fingertip Reconstruction with Subcutaneous Island Flap and Composite Graft: A Case Report." Archives of Hand and Microsurgery 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12790/ahm.20.0047.

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Reconstruction of amputated fingertips is extremely challenging when the amputee is very small and severely crushed. Moreover, there are not many options if distal phalanx is exposed due to defects of soft tissue. We report a case of successful fingertip reconstruction in a 10-month-old girl using a subcutaneous island flap with a composite graft. Her fingertip of the right little finger was amputated stuck by the air purifier. Some soft tissue was lost from the stump and the bone was exposed. There was a very small amputee, and soft tissue was extremely little inside. Replantation was not possible because of the soft tissue defect. The composite graft was inadequate due to the exposure of distal phalanx and defect of soft tissue. Soft tissue island ﬂap based terminal branch of the digital artery was transposed to cover the distal phalanx. After then, the amputee was grafted over the flap. After debridement, most of the soft tissue survived and 0.2×0.2 cm of skin defect was found, which was healed through secondary intention.

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Wang, Li. "Mechanical Performance and Spatial Stability under Live Load and Wind on Tied-Arch Bridge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 1238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.1238.

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Finite element model of the background tied-arch bridge was established and analyzed. Meanwhile, mechanical performance and stability of it under several kinds of simulate structural defects and damages were studied. Some typical damage and influence factors were presented in the beginning. Then, based on the finite element model, the distribution of suspender force corresponding to the simulated defects and failure was calculated respectively. At last, the first class stability safety factor under the combination load was calculated as well as the second class nonlinear stability safety factor under structural arch rib defect. Results of above calculation imply that, suspender forces gained a stronger sensitivity to vertical defect than to transverse defect. While, short suspenders were believed to be more sensitive to lineation defect than long ones according to calculation results. Additionally, secondary inner force of short suspenders was much more intensive than in long ones. The result also tells that lateral wind did bad to stability. Lift wind, contrarily, made a little positive contribution to structures in-plane stability. Simulated structural defects were supposed to aggravate the second class stability safety factor under geometric nonlinear condition.

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Rosário, Adriano Murilo, and Marcio Ferreira Hupalo. "Characterization of surface fish-eye casting defect." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 1 (March 2013): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000100013.

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Fish-eye defects are usually observed in the surface of ductile iron casting. Their formation mechanism is not fully understood and very little has been published concerning the subject. This paper investigates the sleeve material effect on fish-eye defect formation in ductile cast irons. Unburnt exothermic and insulating sleeves with different fluorine concentrations have been crushed and mixed in with green sand. These mixtures have been used as facing sands for the casting molds. The morphological and chemical characterization of the fish-eye defects have been performed by light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Experimental results suggest that surface fish-eye defects on ductile cast irons are caused by the buildup of fluorine-containing sleeve materials in the molding sand.

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Saito, Hidetomo, Eiji Itoi, Hiroyuki Sugaya, Hiroshi Minagawa, Nobuyuki Yamamoto, and Yilihamu Tuoheti. "Location of the Glenoid Defect in Shoulders with Recurrent Anterior Dislocation." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 6 (June 2005): 889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504271521.

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Background In patients with recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder, it is well known that the glenoid rim is often deficient (8%-95%). However, little is known regarding the precise location of the bony defect of the glenoid. Hypothesis The bony defect is anterior rather than anteroinferior to the glenoid Study Design Cohort study (symptom prevalence); Level of evidence, 2. Methods The authors studied 3-dimensional images of the glenoid reconstructed from computed tomography to determine the location of the glenoid defect in 123 shoulders of 123 patients with recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder. They measured the location, extent, and orientation of the defect based on the clock face of the glenoid. Results The defects were located between 12:08 and 6:32, with the range between 2:30 and 4:20 being the most frequent. The extent of the glenoid defect was 106.7°± 27.1° (mean ± standard deviation). The mean orientation of the defect was pointing toward 3:01 on the clock face of the glenoid, at a mean angle of 90.5°± 10.4° from the 12-o'clock direction. Conclusion The glenoid defect is located almost anterior to the glenoid.

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Liu, Wenzhe, Jiehua Zhang, Zhuo Su, Zhongzhu Zhou, and Li Liu. "Binary Neural Network for Automated Visual Surface Defect Detection." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 16, 2021): 6868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206868.

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As is well-known, defects precisely affect the lives and functions of the machines in which they occur, and even cause potentially catastrophic casualties. Therefore, quality assessment before mounting is an indispensable requirement for factories. Apart from the recognition accuracy, current networks suffer from excessive computing complexity, making it of great difficulty to deploy in the manufacturing process. To address these issues, this paper introduces binary networks into the area of surface defect detection for the first time, for the reason that binary networks prohibitively constrain weight and activation to +1 and −1. The proposed Bi-ShuffleNet and U-BiNet utilize binary convolution layers and activations in low bitwidth, in order to reach comparable performances while incurring much less computational cost. Extensive experiments are conducted on real-life NEU and Magnetic Tile datasets, revealing the least OPs required and little accuracy decline. When classifying the defects, Bi-ShuffleNet yields comparable results to counterpart networks, with at least 2× inference complexity reduction. Defect segmentation results indicate similar observations. Some network design rules in defect detection and binary networks are also summarized in this paper.

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Rocha, Flaviana Soares, Lara Maria Alencar Ramos, Jonas Dantas Batista, Darceny Zanetta-Barbosa, Eloísa Amália Vieira Ferro, and Paula Dechichi. "Bovine Anorganic Bone Graft Associated with Platelet-Rich Plasma: Histologic Analysis in Rabbit Calvaria." Journal of Oral Implantology 37, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-09-00091.1.

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Autogenous bone tissue has regeneration potential; however, this capacity may not be sufficient in larger bone defects. The aim of this study is to histologically evaluate anorganic bovine bone grafts (GenOx Inorg) with or without platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Two bone lesions were created in calvaria of 12 rabbits. The 24 surgical lesions were separated into 3 groups: coagulous, anorganic, and anorganic with PRP. At the 4-week time point, the animals were euthanized and the grafted area removed, fixed in formalin 10% with phosphate buffered saline, 0.1 M, and embedded in paraffin. The histologic parameters analyzed were new bone filling the defect area, presence of giant cells and particles of the graft, and new bone formation associated with the particles. In the coagulous group, defects were filled with fibrous tissue that attached the periosteum and little bone neoformation in the periphery. In anorganic groups with or without PRP, little new bone formation in the periphery of the defect was observed; however, in the center of some defects there was new bone. Moderate presence of giant cells and little new bone formation was associated with the innumerous graft particles. Histologic results revealed no statistically significant differences among the defects new bone fill between the studied groups (P = .64). There was no significant difference in the number of giant cells (P = .60), graft particles (P = .46), and new bone formation around graft particles (P = .26), whether PRP was added or not. Anorganic bone, isolated or mixed with PRP, was biocompatible and osteoconductive, while maintaining bone volume.

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Lau, Patrick J., Hernan Flores-Rozas, and Richard D. Kolodner. "Isolation and Characterization of New Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (POL30) Mutator Mutants That Are Defective in DNA Mismatch Repair." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, no. 19 (October 1, 2002): 6669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.19.6669-6680.2002.

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ABSTRACT A number of studies have suggested a role for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in DNA mismatch repair (MMR). However, the majority of mutations in the POL30 gene encoding PCNA that cause MMR defects also cause replication and other repair defects that contribute to the increased mutation rate caused by these mutations. Here, 20 new pol30 mutants were identified and screened for MMR and other defects, resulting in the identification of two mutations, pol30-201 and pol30-204, that appear to cause MMR defects but little if any other defects. The pol30-204 mutation altered an amino acid (C81R) in the monomer-monomer interface region and resulted in a partial general MMR defect and a defect in MSH2-MSH6 binding in vitro. The pol30-201 mutation altered an amino acid (C22Y) located on the surface of the PCNA trimer that slides over the DNA but did not cause a defect in MSH2-MSH6 binding in vitro. The pol30-201 mutation caused an intermediate mutator phenotype. However, the pol30-201 mutation caused almost a complete defect in the repair of AC and GT mispairs and only a small defect in the repair of a “+T” insertion, an effect similar to that caused by an msh6Δ mutation, indicating that pol30-201 primarily effects MSH6-dependent MMR. The chromosomal double mutant msh3-FF>AA msh6-FF>AA eliminating the conserved FF residues of the PCNA interacting motif of these proteins caused a small (<10%) defect in MMR but showed synergistic interactions with mutations in POL30, indicating that the FF>AA substitution may not eliminate PCNA interactions in vivo. These results indicate that the interaction between PCNA and MMR proteins is more complex than was previously appreciated.

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Capote Mastrapa, Gil, and Fernando Lazaro Freire. "Plasma-Treated CVD Graphene Gas Sensor Performance in Environmental Condition: The Role of Defects on Sensitivity." Journal of Sensors 2019 (November 4, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5492583.

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In this work, a low-cost resistive gas sensor based on graphene grown by CVD was fabricated and its sensitivity was studied in terms of defect density. CVD graphene was transferred using Polyurethane as sacrifice layer with low contamination and defect-free results. An atmospheric plasma etching system was used to homogeneously induce defects on the sensor’s active area, as investigated through Raman spectroscopy. Device sensing properties were significantly enhanced for greater defect density for both NH3 and NO2. The modified sensors were submitted to different concentrations of both target gas to assess detection limits and overall behavior. It was revealed that defective CVD graphene devices possess sensitivity up to ppm range with linear dependence in the range of values measured. The fabricated sensors presented little to no signal degradation after months of atmospheric exposure.

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FUKUI, A., A. KIDO, Y. INADA, Y. MII, and S. TAMAI. "Closed Rupture of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus Tendon of the Little Finger Caused by Calcification of the Triangular-Fibrocartilage." Journal of Hand Surgery 21, no. 3 (June 1996): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(05)80207-4.

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A case of rupture of flexor digitorum profundus tendon of the little finger caused by calcification of the triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) is reported. At operation, a round defect of the TFC and rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon (FDP) of the little finger were observed. The defect of TFC was repaired using the palmaris tendon and FDP of the little finger was woven into FDP of the ring finger. Eleven months after operation, the patient had almost full flexion and extension of the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints.

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Fu, Y. D., X. Y. Dai, H. D. Zhang, and K. G. Shang. "Assessment of the global stability of three-limbed steel tube latticed column using finite element modelling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2045, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2045/1/012021.

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Abstract In order to study the stability performance of the three-limbed steel tube latticed column, the finite element numerical analysis method based on the structural stability theory is adopted. Firstly, the linear analysis of the three-limbed steel tube latticed column without diagonal lacing bar is carried out, and the calculation method of elastic buckling load considering the influence of shear deformation is obtained. Then, the elastic buckling analysis and elastoplastic buckling analysis three-limbed steel tube latticed column with diagonal lacing bar are carried out. The elastic buckling load and elastoplastic buckling load of three-limbed steel tube latticed column with diagonal lacing bar are studied when only the global initial geometric defects, only the member initial geometric defects, and both kinds of defects are considered at the same time. The results show that the direct finite element analysis method can be used to calculate the elastic buckling load of three-limbed steel tube latticed column with diagonal lacing bar, and the error is 6.67%. In the elastic analysis of three-limbed steel tube latticed column with diagonal lacing bar, the column global stability mainly depends on the global initial geometric defects, and the member initial geometric defect is negligible. And when two kinds of defects are applied at the same time, the structural buckling load is reduced by less than 0.20% compared to the global initial geometric defects. In the elastoplastic analysis, the column global stability is determined by both the global initial geometric defect and the member initial geometric defect. When both defects are applied at the same time, the structural buckling load decreases by less than 0.65% compared to the global initial geometric defect only, and 7.60% compared to the member initial geometric defects only. It can be concluded that there is little difference in the overall stability bearing capacity between the two kinds of defects.

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Prappacher, Nico, Markus Bullmann, Gunther Bohn, Frank Deinzer, and Andreas Linke. "Defect Detection on Rolling Element Surface Scans Using Neural Image Segmentation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 3290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093290.

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The surface inspection of steel parts like rolling elements for roller bearings is an essential component of the quality assurance process in their production. Existing inspection systems require high maintenance cost and allow little flexibility. In this paper, we propose the use of a rapidly retrainable convolutional neural network. Our approach reduces the development and maintenance cost compared to a manually programmed classification system for steel surface defect detection. One of the main disadvantages of neural network approaches is their high demand for labeled training data. To bypass this, we propose the use of simulated defects. In the production of rolling elements, real defects are a rarity. Collecting a balanced dataset thus costs a lot of time and resources. Simulating defects reduces the time required for data collection. It also allows us to automatically label the dataset. This further eases the data collection process compared to existing approaches. Combined, this allows us to train our system faster and cheaper than existing systems. We will show that our system can be retrained in a matter of minutes, minimizing production downtime, while still allowing high accuracy in defect detection.

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Jin, Hong Ying. "Design of Intelligent Search Engine with Multiple Agents." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 1937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.1937.

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Because traditional search engine has lots of defect such as return too much information or search result has little use, it is necessary to study on intelligent search engine. Base on the analysis of general search engine defects, this paper presents an intelligent search engine with multiple agent. Then, the structure and search process was discussed in detail. At last, the superiority of the new scheme was analyzed compared with the general search engine.

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Shieh, Sheu-Jane, M. C. Zimmerman, and N. A. Langrana. "The Application of Scanning Acoustic Microscopy in a Bone Remodeling Study." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 117, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2794183.

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Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) was used in the evaluation of bone remodeling around a cylindrical unicortical defect. SAM is a technique for the nondestructive evaluation of materials, and has only recently been employed as an orthopaedic research tool. The utility of SAM was demonstrated by using it to measure an elastic property known as acoustic impedance. Specifically, the acoustic impedance of bone formed by remodeling around a cylindrical defect was measured. The defects were filled with either a low modulus “void” or rigid inclusion to create various states of stress in the bone in the vicinity of the defect. After six months of implantation of the inclusions in the sheep metatarsal, new bone formation on periosteal and endosteal surfaces about the defect region was observed. These regions of new bone were less stiff and had 18.0 ± 6.5% lower acoustic impedance than the pre-existing bone in the intracortical region of the metatarsal. There was no difference in the degree of new bone formation about void and rigid inclusions. Both underwent significant adaptational changes in response to the elevated stress about the defect. These changes affected the basic structure of the bone cross-section at the level of the defect and effectively reduced the stress levels about the defect. By using SAM to measure acoustic impedance, it was seen that little internal remodeling occurred in the intracortical region. Hence, the primary mechanism of strain-induced bone remodeling observed in this experimental model was surface remodeling.

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Fan, Guang Hui, De Xun Zhao, Jiao He, and Ying Kai Liu. "Transmission Properties in 2D Phononic Crystal Thin Plate with Linear Defect." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1383.

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The band gap of 2D perfect phononic crystal thin plate was investigated by plane-wave expansion (PWE), which is consist of copper embedded in the organic glass with a square arrangement. The band gap of straight linear defect, branching linear defect, and symmetrical linear defect are calculated by supercell plane wave method respectively. It is found that the bandwidth of defect structure will become narrow. Especially there is little band gap appearing for straight linear defect. As the filling fraction varied, the band gap width and the band gap number changed.

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Ma, Ding Bang. "The Quantification Research of Engine Body Defect that Tested by Ultrasonic Phased Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.73.

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After a long run, the places of body cooperate with valve very easy to produce fatigue cracks. This cracks if not detected, extremely easy to have the accident. As the most commonly used testing equipment, ultrasonic nondestructive testing is often used to detect the engine body. However, most of the existing ultrasonic nondestructive testing equipment is used to detect whether there is a defect, there is little research the specific size of defects. According to the principle of ultrasonic emission, theoretical calculation and combined with test block, get the body phased array detection method.

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Azimi, A., F. Shahriari, F. Ashrafizadeh, M. R. Toroghinezhad, and J. Jamshidi. "The Influence of Major Defects on the Properties of Continuous Galvanized Steel Sheet." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.661.

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Production of defect-free galvanized steel sheet is considered a major concern for automotive and other critical applications; nevertheless, the occurrence of some defects in the coated sheets is unavoidable. In order to alleviate the problem, we need to know the extent to which the properties of a galvanized sheet are influenced by the presence of a given defect. In this investigation, specimens including any of the two major defects of continuously galvanized steel sheets were selected from a large number of coated samples. The defects, including furnace roll pimples and bare spots, were microstructurally characterized and their influence on corrosion behaviour and mechanical properties of the steel sheet was evaluated. Corrosion resistance was examined via standard salt spray test and Tafel polarization. Tensile test was employed as a measure of mechanical properties of the defective galvanized sheets. The results indicated that the presence of defects had little influence on the tensile properties of the samples, but considerably reduced their corrosion resistance. Based on the results of salt spray tests, pimples reduced corrosion resistance of galvanized sheets 23 % (50 hours) on average and bare spot defects caused reduction in corrosion resistance up to 39%.

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Jiang, Qingsheng, Dapeng Tan, Yanbiao Li, Shiming Ji, Chaopeng Cai, and Qiming Zheng. "Object Detection and Classification of Metal Polishing Shaft Surface Defects Based on Convolutional Neural Network Deep Learning." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010087.

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Defective shafts need to be classified because some defective shafts can be reworked to avoid replacement costs. Therefore, the detection and classification of shaft surface defects has important engineering application value. However, in the factory, shaft surface defect inspection and classification are done manually, with low efficiency and reliability. In this paper, a deep learning method based on convolutional neural network feature extraction is used to realize the object detection and classification of metal shaft surface defects. Through image segmentation, the system methods setting of a Fast-R-CNN object detection framework and parameter optimization settings are implemented to realize the classification of 16,384 × 4096 large image little objects. The experiment proves that the method can be applied in practical production and can also be extended to other fields of large image micro-fine defects with a high light surface. In addition, this paper proposes a method to increase the proportion of positive samples by multiple settings of IOU values and discusses the limitations of the system for defect detection.

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Berman, Daniel, Kelly Rogers, Justin Griffin, and Kevin Bonner. "Gender Disparity between Absolute versus Relative Size of Condylar Chondral Defects: An MRI Analysis." Journal of Knee Surgery 32, no. 05 (May 4, 2018): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1646932.

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AbstractSurgical repair of articular cartilage defects in the knee currently utilizes surgical algorithms based on absolute defect size. These algorithms, which have not been validated, are currently utilized not only by surgeons but also by insurance carriers for justification of reimbursement policy. However, current algorithms do not account for morphological differences between individual patients and defect size relative to condylar dimension. We hypothesized that a significant difference in relative defect size compared with condylar dimension may exist between individuals. A 3T magnetic resonance imaging from 220 skeletally mature patients, 110 males and 110 females, were analyzed. Exclusion criteria included degenerative arthritis, anatomical defects, poor image quality, and genetic abnormalities such as dwarfism. Utilizing a radiological curved measurement probe, the femoral condylar articular width was obtained for both the medial and lateral condyles. The mean condylar width from a reproducible anatomic location representing the maximal condylar dimension was measured. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-sample t-test. The lateral condyle articular cartilage width (mm) for males and females was 31.62 ± 3.54 and 26.53 ± 3.70, respectively (p < 0.0001). The medical condyle articular cartilage width was 27.26 ± 4.42 and 23.05 ± 4.11 (p < 0.00001). There was a width variation up to 22.66 mm between male patients and 22.10 mm between female patients. Differences up to 28.26 mm were found between males and females. A condylar defect measuring 10 mm represents as little as 24.29% of a condyle in some males versus as much as 77.46% in smaller females. Existing surgical algorithms for condylar chondral defects apply absolute size to patients regardless of individual condylar variations. Our study suggests the relative sizes of the defect vary significantly from male to female patients as well as within the same gender. Future studies may investigate clinical outcomes utilizing surgical algorithms that take into account these differences.

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Durmuş, E., I. Celik, A. Ozturk, Y. Ozkan, and MF Aydin. "Evaluation of the Potential Beneficial Effects of Ostrich Eggshell Combined with Eggshell Membranes in Healing of Cranial Defects in Rabbits." Journal of International Medical Research 31, no. 3 (June 2003): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147323000303100309.

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Potential beneficial effects of outer and inner ostrich eggshell membranes alone and in combination with the shell powder on bone regeneration in cranial defects of 18 rabbits were investigated using radiological, clinical and histological methods. Three 6 mm wide, half-thickness defects were made in the calvarial bones of each rabbit. One defect remained empty as a control; prepared eggshell membranes were extended across the other two defects; and prepared eggshell powder was inserted inside the membrane in one case. Either alone or in combination with eggshell powder, the outer and inner ostrich eggshell membranes produced little adjunctive effect under the conditions and duration of this experiment.

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Turner, Stephen W., Tim Hornung, and Stewart Hunter. "Closure of ventricular septal defects: a study of factors influencing spontaneous and surgical closure." Cardiology in the Young 12, no. 4 (July 2002): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100012968.

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AbstractIntroduction: Aspects of the management of ventricular septal defects which remain uncertain include the role of screening, and the need for closure of defects that remain patent. Aim: To ascertain the natural history of clinically significant ventricular septal defects, and to examine uncertainties in strategies of management. Methods: We studied prospectively a regional cohort of children born with isolated ventricular septal defects, noting age at presentation; sex; morphology and size of the defect; age at closure, if it occurred, and the means of closure. Results: We identified 290 children with isolated ventricular septal defects, of whom 147 (51%) were male. The mean follow up period was 65 months, with five cases being lost to follow up. Surgical closure was required in 41 (14%) cases, and 155 (54%) defects closed spontaneously. Spontaneous closure occurred in 123 (68%) out of 180 cases with completely muscular borders, and in 31 (29%) of the 107 patients with perimembranous defects. There were two cases with associated aortic regurgitation and no cases of endocarditis. Size and morphology of the defect were significant predictors of spontaneous and surgical closure. In addition, young age at diagnosis was a significant predictor of spontaneous closure. Conclusions: The size and morphology of a ventricular septal defect are important determinants of spontaneous closure and to the need for surgical intervention. Early age at presentation, in contrast, is not predictive of the need for surgical intervention. In early childhood, there appears to be very little risk of endocarditis or aortic valvar prolapse. Neither screening of populations to identify ventricular septal defects, nor surgical closure of asymptomatic defects in childhood, are supported by our findings.

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Ismail, Zul-Atfi. "Lesson learned in maintaining the precast concrete buildings." Journal of Facilities Management 18, no. 3 (July 27, 2020): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-04-2020-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify existing weaknesses in precast concrete building maintenance and how to overcome it. The contemporary practice of conventional methods in the pre-cast concrete (PC) building maintenance entails many issues such as PC component aesthetic and structural defects, no integration between maintenance systems and lack the intelligent capabilities of linking defect diagnosis operations in maintenance due to poor service delivery and defect repetition. A key problem impeding the widespread adoption of emerging technologies is the lack of competent contractor supporting the effectiveness of implemented information and communication technology than conventional methods and the returns on investment. Design/methodology/approach The shortcomings of conventional methods are assessed from the perspective of PC buildings. Several data were collected through a case study of eight PC buildings from high-rise and complex buildings. Findings The conventional methods had significantly little emphasis on defect diagnosis tools. It had also increased the inadequate strategic decision making to analyse information in improving the maintenance project outcomes for PC building. Originality/value Building information modelling tools is suggested from findings and lessons learned as a good practice to reduce the repetition of defects on the design specification used and construction practiced.

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Clark, R. G., and I. C. A. F. Robinson. "Effects of a fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor in normal and 'Little' mice." Journal of Endocrinology 106, no. 1 (July 1985): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1060001.

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ABSTRACT The 'Little' mouse is characterized by a body growth rate 60% of normal due to a defect in the synthesis and storage of GH in the anterior pituitary gland. We have now investigated the effects of GH releasing factor (GRF) in these mice and in normal animals. The pituitary GH content in Little mice was only 4% of that in normal C57: +/+ mice, and was not affected by twice daily i.p. injections of human (h) GRF1-29NH2 (0·2−2 μg) for 14 days. This treatment also had no effect on body growth. In anaesthetized normal mice, single i.v. injections of 0·1 or 2 μg hGRF1-29NH2 released large amounts of GH into the plasma, whereas this peptide was ineffective in Little mice, whether or not they had been pretreated with GRF. Therefore, although pituitaries of Little mice contain significant amounts of GH, this pool is not releasable by GRF. This suggests that the dwarfism in Little mice may be partly due to a pituitary defect in GRF receptors or their stimulus-secretion coupling, rather than a deficiency in hypothalamic GRF. J. Endocr. (1985) 106, 1–5

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Endalifer, Melese Linger, and Gedefaw Diress. "Epidemiology and determinant factors of neural tube defect: Narrative review." Surgical Neurology International 11 (April 25, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_84_2020.

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Background: The epidemiology of neural tube defect (NTD) is face ignorance from the global community. However, the problem is complex and it is a cause for child mortality and morbidity. We provide the latest insights with respect to determinant factors of NTD. Methods: Google Scholar and PubMed were systematically searched to identify potential research articles concerning the epidemiology and its determinant factors of NTD. Results: The epidemiology of Neural tube defects increased in some countries. The epidemiology and determinant factors were varies across countries,geographical regions and socioeconomic status of the populations. In general, the determinant factors of NTD were summarized as behavioral, nutrition-related, environmental, medical illness, and health service-related factors. Conclusion: Birth defect is fatal which affects the new generation; specifically, NTD is the problem of middle- and low-income countries. It is a direct cause for neonatal and perinatal mortality rate globally. Even if little factors identified, yet conducting experimental and clinical trial researches are a better approach to slow down the progress.

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Coenen, Michiel J. J., Melissa Cremers, Duncan den Boer, Fieke J. van den Bruele, Tony Khoury, Maxine Sintic, Maxwell J. Crossley, et al. "Little exchange at the liquid/solid interface: defect-mediated equilibration of physisorbed porphyrin monolayers." Chemical Communications 47, no. 34 (2011): 9666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cc12569a.

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Muntifering, Brittany, Jianmin Qu, and Khalid Hattar. "MINIMAL VARIATION OF DEFECT STRUCTURE DUE TO THE ORDER OF ROOM TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN ISOTOPE IMPLANTATION AND SELF-ION IRRADIATION IN NICKEL." MRS Advances 1, no. 42 (2016): 2887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.396.

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ABSTRACTThe formation and stability of radiation-induced defects in structural materials in reactor environments significantly effects their integrity and performance. Hydrogen, which may be present in significant quantities in future reactors, may play an important role in defect evolution. To characterize the effect of hydrogen on cascade damage evolution, in-situ TEM self-ion irradiation and deuterium implantation was performed, both sequentially and concurrently, on nickel. This paper presents preliminary results characterizing dislocation loop formation and evolution during room temperature deuterium implantation and self-ion irradiation and the consequence of the sequence of irradiation. Hydrogen isotope implantation at room temperature appears to have little or no effect on the final dislocation loop structures that result from self-ion irradiation, regardless of the sequence of irradiation. Tilting experiments emphasize the importance of precise two-beam conditions for characterizing defect size and structure.

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Song, Shi Quan, Hua Dong Xu, and Li Hai Wang. "The Application of Modal Analysis in Hole-Defect in Lumber." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 1776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.1776.

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Larch lumbers were tested by using modal analysis technology and Frequency response functions (FRF) were derived. Modal parameters, including first 4 intrinsic frequency and first 3 modal shape, were distinguished by single modal method. Research shows that the intrinsic frequency of hole-defect lumbers is little lower than standard lumbers’ and the change rate of frequency is becoming larger gradually with the diameter of hole-defect. However, it can not judge the position of the hole-defect by the change rate of frequency. The modal shape of the node near the hole-defect always jumps abruptly, so it can estimate the particular position of hole-defect in the lumber. The variation of modal shape is becoming larger gradually with the diameter of hole-defect. It can make qualitative and quantitative estimate to the hole-defect in the lumber by considering intrinsic frequency and modal shape together.

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Li, Zheng Long, Lin Chen, Zhi Hong Li, Guo Shuai Yan, and Wei Li. "Experiment and Simulation Analysis of the Pressure Carrying Capacity of X80 Pipe with Metal Loss Defect on the Girth Weld." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.813.

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In order to study the pressure carrying capacity of X80 pipe with metal loss defect on the girth weld the water-pressure blasting test of the pipe with metal loss defect was analyzed by experiment and finite element simulation. Based on this, the sensitivity analysis of the factors affecting the pressure carrying of the pipeline, such as the circular size, the axial size, and the depth of the metal loss defect, was carried out. The research results show that the circular size of the metal loss defect on the girth weld had little impact to the pressure carrying capacity of the pipe while it reduced with the increasing of the axial size and the depth of the metal loss defect.

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Zhang, Yong Li, Xiao Peng Hu, and Xin Zhang. "Effect of Initial Geometry Defects and Crane Runway Partiality on Security of Single Layer Steel Structural Workshop." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2327.

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External components loss injuries caused by various defects of steel material performance, design, production and construction, and adverse factors such as overloading, repeated load, high-temperature, corrosive media or mismanagement, direct impact on security of steel structure in the course of subsequent use. Based on the investigation of single layer steel structure industry workshop, from two aspects of nature and quantify, the effect of initial geometry defect on bear of axle pressure component and crane runway partiality on bear of crane beam system is analyzed, which is the basis of regularity uses、consolidating and monitors of the building. The result shows that through the computation of axle pressure component with initial geometry defect or crane runway partiality, the component's bearing capacity reduces many and the effect of security is big, and when the initial geometry defect or crane runway partiality surpasses the standard stipulation the certain proportion, bearing capacity will continue to reduce, the structure will be more unsafe. The effect of crane runway partiality on the crane beam web plate upper extreme edge's intensity and web plate horizontal stiffening rib's intensity is little.

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Ma, Xiao Fei, Xue Mei Sun, Rui Wang, and Shuai Li. "The Effect of 555-777 Defect on Mechanical Properties of Graphene Nanoribbon." Materials Science Forum 1032 (May 2021): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1032.67.

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In this study, the effects of 555-777 defect on Young’s modulus, fracture strength and fracture strain of armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) and zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) were investigated by using Molecular Dynamics simulations under uniaxial tension. The simulation results show that 555-777 defect significantly reduces the fracture strength and fracture strain of AGNRs and ZGNRs, but has little effect on Young's modulus. The influence of 555-777 defect on the mechanical properties of AGNRs is greater than that of ZGNRs. This study provides a better understanding of mechanical properties of graphene nanoribbons.

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Peng, Chengxiao, Yuanxu Wang, Zhenxiang Cheng, Guangbiao Zhang, Chao Wang, and Gui Yang. "Tuning magnetism by biaxial strain in native ZnO." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 25 (2015): 16536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp00364d.

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Li, Mei Ling, Zhi Jun Yang, Xiu Xin Zhang, Ji Wen Chen, and Hai Zhou Wang. "Analysis of the Welding Materials by OPA Technique." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4099.

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Original position statistic distribution analysis (OPA) technique is a new kind of analysis method that can be used to detect the segregation, porosity and non-metal inclusion of iron and steel material. In the present paper, the technique has been applied to analyze two middle and low alloy welding plate samples. One sample is normal and there is no any defect in its welding seam, whereas the other sample has one obvious little defect in its welding seam. For each sample, both the welding seam and the mother material were scanned and analyzed, and the continuous content distribution of each element in scan area was thus accurately obtained. From the content distribution map, the weld shape and the transition zone were directly observed. By using the content curve from mother material to the welding seam, the content change range and its change gradient were calculated. These two parameters were suggested to evaluate the quality of the welding seam and the welding technology. For the sample with the little defect, in its defect region the contents of C and S presented higher, whereas the contents of metal elements such as Ni, Cr, Mn, Mo, Al presented lower. This result gave the reason why its mechanics property was relatively bad. It was suggested that the defect completely resulted from another kind of material.

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Derry, Margaret. "White Collies, Beauty or Genetic Defect." Society & Animals 28, no. 5-6 (February 20, 2018): 472–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341487.

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Abstract This article explores the relationship between standards of beauty and genetic knowledge in regulations for the breeding of nonhuman animals. Collie breeding and views concerning the coat color white, in North America and Britain between 1870 and the present, illustrate how advances in dog coat genetics did little to alter perceptions concerning beauty and/or quality held in the different countries. Today, North American Collie breeders consider white coats to be desirable. Modern British breeders see these coats as unacceptable. Breed standards that support practices have not changed to reflect a better understanding of genetics. An assessment of how attitudes to white Collies arose, and why these views differed between North America and Britain, illustrates how entrenched cultural perceptions concerning beauty/quality can be in the face of information that undermines their validity. The story introduces a larger topic: how can change be introduced in light of the complicated beauty/science axis?

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Wu, Jun, and Zhangcan Huang. "A stable cellular automaton model for composite materials with defects." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 7 (September 10, 2018): 1320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-03-2018-0087.

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Purpose As the internal defects (pore defect) of materials formed during the preparation of the composite material have important effects on wear process, the model has been improved to simulate it. Design/methodology/approach Materials with defects were simulated by an improved cellular automaton model which show changes in three-dimensional topography, temperature of surface and coefficient of friction (COF) during wear process. Findings It is found that defects increase temperature of material surface. Besides, the materials with little defects have a smaller COF than base materials, as the large block defects make the COF larger than base materials. Originality/value Except for effects of defects were simulated in model, how to initialize the surface temperature status that many reports do not take into account can be preferred. And the model is convenient to simulate complex composite materials by setting different properties of cells.

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Bauer, Elton, Vasco Peixoto de Freitas, Niubis Mustelier, Eva Barreira, and Sara Stingl de Freitas. "Infrared thermography – evaluation of the results reproducibility." Structural Survey 33, no. 1 (April 13, 2015): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-05-2014-0021.

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Purpose – Infrared thermography is increasingly being used to diagnose pathologies in buildings, such as façade defects. The purpose of this paper is to assess the results reproducibility and the equipment influence on the measurements. To do so, it was defined as case study the assessment of rendering delamination. Design/methodology/approach – Two infrared cameras of different makers were used to detect the presence of defects deliberately created in specimens. The tests were done in the laboratory with a heat source. The defects were detected through a temperature gradient between the zones with and without defect. Findings – With this thermographic imaging, it was possible to identify the defects in the specimen both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results were found to be reproducible in the three cycles performed. The influence of the equipment on the results was of little significance for the quantitative assessment criterion “temperature difference between zones with and without defect”, but for the criterion “absolute surface temperature”, the difference in the results yielded by the two cameras was around 1.8°C. Originality/value – The results suggest that there is reproducibility of the measurements, considering both the qualitative and quantitative approach, when assessing delamination, irrespective of the maker of the equipment used. The influence of the equipment on the results depends on the quantitative assessment criterion used.

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Shin, Hyeyoung, and Eun-Soo Park. "Analysis of Incomplete Filling Defect for Injection-Molded Air Cleaner Cover Using Moldflow Simulation." Journal of Polymers 2013 (July 7, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/720209.

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A large-sized cover part for air cleaner was injection molded with ABS resin, and its incomplete filling defect was analyzed using commercial Moldflow software. To investigate the effect of processing temperature on incomplete filling defect, tensile properties, weight loss, and phase separation behavior of ABS resin were evaluated. The tensile properties of dumbbell samples were not changed up to 250°C and decreased significantly thereafter. SEM micrographs indicated no significant changes in the status of polybutadiene rubber phase below 250°C. These different test results indicated that ABS resin little affected the thermal decomposition in processing temperature range. The Moldflow simulation was performed using measured thickness of molded cover and actual mold design with the defects. As expected, the cover part showed unbalanced filling and incomplete sections. To improve these defects, two possible cases of hot runner system have been simulated. When applying modified 5-gate system, the maximum injection pressure was decreased approximately 5.5% more than that of actual gate system. In case of 6-gate system, the maximum injection pressure reduced by 23%, and the injection pressure required to fill is well within the range of the molding equipment. The maximum clamping force of 6-gate system was also significantly reduced than that of actual and 5-gate system.

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Haga, Toshio, Ryusuke Onishi, Hisaki Watari, and Shinichi Nishida. "Prevention of Solidification of Al-40%Sn-1%Cu in Melt Pool on the Roll Casting Using Unequal Diameter Twin Roll Caster." Defect and Diffusion Forum 382 (January 2018): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.382.160.

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Among the problems encountered when roll casting Al-405Sn-1%Cu, which is an aluminum alloy used for sliding plate bearings in large maritime diesel engines, are solidified chips embedded in the strip and scratch marks on the lower roll contact surface. In this study, three different improvement methods aimed at eliminating these particular defects—vibrating the side plates and back dam plate, adding a vibrating plate, and varying the casting conditions—are examined. Vibrating the side plates and dam plate was found to be effective for preventing these defects, while adding another vibrating plate was comparatively less effective. As for casting conditions, it was also determined that the occurrence of these defects could be reduced by increasing the roll speed, and that the molten metal casting temperature had little or no influence on defect formation.

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Fukuoka, Masatoshi, Shinichiro Takayama, and Atuhito Seki. "CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF THE FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS TENDON OF THE LITTLE FINGER." Hand Surgery 19, no. 02 (January 2014): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810414720216.

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The cases of two patients, a four-year-old boy and an eight-year-old boy, who had been incapable of active flexion of the little finger since birth, are presented. They were capable of active flexion of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint, but not of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints. They were diagnosed with a defect of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon of the little finger and underwent surgery. In both cases, the FDP tendon turned into fibrous tissue proximal to the palm and lost continuity on this side. Reconstruction was performed by making an end-to-side anastomosis of the residual proximal end of the FDP tendon to the FDP tendon of the ring finger in the palmar region. Although one patient required repeated surgery due to post-operative tendon adhesion, good outcomes were achieved, with both patients becoming capable of active flexion.

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Smith, Andrew J., Anita A. C. Reed, Nellie Y. Loh, Rajesh V. Thakker, and Jonathan D. Lippiat. "Characterization of Dent's disease mutations of CLC-5 reveals a correlation between functional and cell biological consequences and protein structure." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 296, no. 2 (February 2009): F390—F397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90526.2008.

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Mutations of the human CLCN5 gene, which encodes the CLC-5 Cl−/H+ exchanger, lead to Dent's disease. Mutations result in functional defects that range from moderate reductions to complete loss of whole cell currents, although the severity of the functional defect rarely correlates with the severity of the disease. To further elucidate the basis of CLC-5 mutations causing Dent's disease, we examined the functional and cell biological consequences of seven previously reported missense mutants, utilizing electrophysiological and cell biological techniques. This revealed three classes of Dent's disease-causing CLC-5 mutations. Class 1 mutations lead to endoplasmic reticulum retention and degradation of CLC-5. Class 2 mutations appear to have little effect on subcellular distribution of CLC-5 but cause defective function resulting in severe defects in endosomal acidification. Class 3 mutations lead to alterations in the endosomal distribution of CLC-5 but are otherwise able to support endosomal acidification. Molecular modeling demonstrates a structural basis that may underlie the nature of the defect resulting from each mutation with each class occupying discrete regions of the protein quaternary structure. Thus these results demonstrate that the cell biological consequences of CLC-5 mutations are heterogeneous and can be classified into three major groups and that a correlation between the nature of the defect and the location of the mutation in the structure may be drawn. This model may prove to be useful as a tool to aid in the diagnosis and future therapeutic intervention of the disease.

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Germani, Ross M., Richard Vivero, Islam R. Herzallah, and Roy R. Casiano. "Endoscopic Reconstruction of Large Anterior Skull Base Defects using Acellular Dermal Allograft." American Journal of Rhinology 21, no. 5 (September 2007): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3080.

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Background Endoscopic repair of small- to medium-sized anterior skull base (ASB) defects using bone, cartilage, fascia, fibrin glue, lipolized dura, and, more recently, acellular dermal allograft have all been described with equal efficacy. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with the use of acellular dermis as the sole graft material in endoscopic reconstruction of large ASB defects. Methods A retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent endoscopic repair of ASB defects at the University of Miami between the years of 2001 and 2006 was conducted. Fifty-six patients were identified who met these criteria. All repairs were performed by a transnasal, endoscopic approach. Outcome measures included success of graft take and incidence of major and minor complications. Dural defect size was defined as small (<0.4 cm), intermediate (0.4–2.0 cm), and large (>2.0 cm). Results AlloDerm (AlloDerm. LifeCell Corp. Woodlands, TX) was used as the primary graft material in 30/55 (55%) cases; 16/55 (29%) of the repaired defects were classified as large. Graft success was 97% in the AlloDerm group and 92% in the non-AlloDerm group. The incidence of major and minor complications in the AlloDerm group was 0 and 3.3%, respectively. In the non-AlloDerm group, the incidence of major and minor complications was 4 and 12%, respectively. There were no statistical differences in the complication rates based on the type of repair or defect size. Conclusion Alloderm can be used successfully to repair ASB defects, including large defects that are >2 cm in size with little or no morbidity.

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Joshua, J., and V. Chakraborthy. "Wound coverage of plantar metatarsal ulcers in leprosy using a toe web flap." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 38, no. 02 (July 2005): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699119.

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ABSTRACTPlantar metatarsal ulcers and sinuses are frequently seen problems in anaesthetic feet in leprosy. They may occur singly or as multiple sinuses. Many flaps have been described in the management of small defects of the forefoot. During the course of four years, from March 2000 to February 2004, a total of 708 plantar metatarsal ulcers in anaesthetic feet due to leprosy were seen. 280 surgeries were performed on 257 cases. Most of these were debridement and or excision of the metatarsophalangeal joints through a dorsal incision. Thirteen cases were dealt with by a toe web flap, using the plantar metatarsal artery as the source of supply to the flap. Nine were to cover defects under the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint. Three were to cover defects under the second and third metatarsophalangeal joints and one involved coverage of a defect under the 5th metatarsophalangeal joint. In all cases except the last, the big toe contributed the flap. In the last case the fourth toe was the donor. In all cases the flaps survived and did well. The secondary defects were covered with split thickness skin graft. Wound dehiscence was seen in one case and recurrence of a sinus, was seen in one case. Hyperkeratosis of the secondary defect was seen in three cases. Follow up ranged from 3 years to six months. We found this flap to be durable and safe with little chance of recurrence when used to cover plantar metatarsal ulcers.

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Chen, Jianping, Weili Shi, Yongmei Chen, Quanling Yang, Mengkui Wang, Bin Liu, Zhen Tang, Ming Jiang, De Fang, and Chuanxi Xiong. "Eco-friendly exfoliation of graphite into pristine graphene with little defect by a facile physical treatment." Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 7 (February 15, 2016): 073105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4942192.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Little defect'

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