Journal articles: 'Little blue penguin – Australia'

1

Morgan, I. R., H. A. Westbury, and J. Campbell. "VIRAL INFECTIONS OF LITTLE BLUE PENGUINS (EUDYPTULA MINOR) ALONG THE SOUTHERN COAST OF AUSTRALIA." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 21, no. 3 (July 1985): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-21.3.193.

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Boerner, Leslie, Kathleen R. Nevis, Lynn S. Hinckley, E. Scott Weber, and Salvatore Frasca. "ErysipelothrixSepticemia in a Little Blue Penguin (Eudyptula Minor)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16, no. 2 (March 2004): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870401600209.

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Tuxbury, Kathryn A., Charles J. Innis, Tuddow Thaiwong, Annabel G. Wise, Roger Maes, Michael M. Garner, and Matti Kiupel. "Herpesvirus Encephalitis in a Little Blue Penguin (Eudyptula minor)." Veterinary Pathology 57, no. 4 (May 21, 2020): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985820926678.

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An 11-day-old little blue penguin ( Eudyptula minor) died unexpectedly. Prior to hatching, the egg experienced trauma and resultant defects were repaired. The chick hatched without complication and was clinically normal prior to death. Necropsy revealed congested lungs. Histologic examination showed moderate nonsuppurative encephalitis with focally extensive neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in neurons within necrotic foci. Herpesvirus DNA was detected in brain tissue with a generic herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing demonstrated 100% and 98% sequence homology to sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1 and penguin herpesvirus 2, respectively. In situ hybridization demonstrated large amounts of herpesvirus nucleic acid in intranuclear inclusions and neuronal nuclei. Combined histology, polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and in situ hybridization results were most consistent with herpesviral encephalitis, most likely caused by sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a herpesvirus infection causing encephalitis in a penguin and the first report of herpesvirus in this species.

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Klomp, N. I., C. E. Meathrel, B. C. Wienecke, and R. D. Wooller. "Surface Nesting by Little Penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 3 (August 1991): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910190.

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Thomas, Daniel B., and R. Ewan Fordyce. "The heterothermic loophole exploited by penguins." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 5 (2007): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo07053.

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Penguins are generally smaller than the predicted minimum body size for marine endotherms. Anatomical observations of the little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) suggest that extant penguins actively defeat the lower size threshold using regional heterothermy. The wing arteries in the little blue penguin form a humeral plexus, a series of three parallel arteries (including the marginal artery) that stem from the axillary artery, replacing a single brachial artery. Each artery of the plexus is associated with at least two veins to form a counter current heat-retention system. The humeral plexus thus restricts heat from entering distal areas of the wing and dissipating into seawater, ultimately reducing the bulk mass required for heat production and insulation. Humeral plexi are confirmed as a synapomorphic character of the Spheniscinae, with the humeral plexus of E. minor most similar to that of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus. The humeral plexus represents a loophole in body size minima of marine endotherms and offers insight into the ecology of living penguins.

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Klomp, NI, and RD Wooller. "Diet of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, from Penguin Island, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 5 (1988): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880633.

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Between March 1986 and March 1987, the stomach contents of 236 little penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia, were obtained using an emetic. The 1392 prey items identified included 16 fish species, one squid and one prawn, but four fishes comprised most of the birds' diet. Hyperlophus vittatus was taken throughout the year, Sardinops neopilchardus and Hyporhamphus melanochir mainly in winter and Spratelloides robustus during spring/summer. The penguins are largely opportunistic in their foraging and their diet appears to be similar to the fish species caught locally by commercial bait fishermen.

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Meredith, Meredith A. M., and Frank Y. T. Sin. "Morphometrical analysis of four populations of the Little Blue Penguin,Eudyptula minor." Journal of Natural History 22, no. 3 (June 1988): 801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938800770521.

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Meredith, Meredith A. M., and Frank Y. T. Sin. "Genetic variation of four populations of the Little Blue Penguin, Eudyptula minor." Heredity 60, no. 1 (February 1988): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1988.11.

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Colombelli-Négrel, Diane, and Ikuko Tomo. "Identification of terrestrial predators at two Little Penguin colonies in South Australia." Australian Field Ornithology 34 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo34001009.

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Campbell, Kym, Andrea Paparini, Adriana Botero Gomez, Belinda Cannell, and Nahiid Stephens. "Fatal toxoplasmosis in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Penguin Island, Western Australia." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 17 (April 2022): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.02.006.

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11

Wienecke, Barbara C. "Adoption of chicks by Little Penguins Eudyptula minor on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 95, no. 2 (June 1995): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9950119.

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12

Choong, B., G. Allinson, S. Salzman, and R. Overeem. "Trace Metal Concentrations in the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) from Southern Victoria, Australia." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 78, no. 1 (March 21, 2007): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9015-z.

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13

Hadden, Peter W., Dane A. Gerneke, Charles N. J. Mcghee, and Jie Zhang. "Micro‐computed tomography orbital anatomy of the little blue or fairy penguin, Eudyptula minor." Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 48, no. 1 (September 11, 2019): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ceo.13620.

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14

Klomp, N. I., and R. D. Wooller. "Patterns of Arrival and Departure by Breeding Little Penguins at Penguin Island, Western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 1 (March 1991): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910032.

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15

Goldsworthy, S. D., R. P. Gales, M. Giese, and N. Brothers. "Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). I. Estimates of mortality." Wildlife Research 27, no. 6 (2000): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99075.

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The bulk ore carrier Iron Baron ran aground on Hebe Reef at the mouth of the Tamar River in northern Tasmania, Australia, on 10 July 1995. It released an estimated 325 tonnes of bunker fuel oil. Of the wildlife species affected, the most readily detected was the little penguin (Eudyptula minor); 1894 were collected and treated for oiling. This study estimates the impact of the oil spill on populations of little penguins. At Ninth Island (approximately 40 km from Hebe Reef), one of the most affected little penguin colonies, pre-oil-spill population estimates were available. Extensive regular trapping and mark–recapture of birds at this site during the course of the oil spill provided longitudinal data on oiling rates from a known population size. Using these data, we estimate that 19.6% of birds from Ninth Island were oiled and survived to come ashore. This represents about 526 (1932–3108, 95% CL) adult birds, or up to 5566 (4197–6917) birds in total (adults and juveniles). For estimates of the impact on little penguin populations in the region, we provide three scenarios of the possible numbers of penguins oiled. After considering the biases of each risk assessment, we believe that between 10 000 and 20 000 penguins were killed as a result of the oil spill. The study indicates that, despite the relatively small amount of oil spilt by the Iron Baron, the impact on penguin populations was extensive. This study also highlights the difficulties and requirements in assessing the impact of oil spills on wildlife populations.

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16

Cannell, Belinda, Ken Pollock, Stuart Bradley, Ron Wooller, William Sherwin, and Jennifer Sinclair. "Augmenting mark–recapture with beach counts to estimate the abundance of little penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 38, no. 6 (2011): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11042.

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Context Penguin Island supports the largest colony of little penguins in Western Australia. It is subjected to a suite of anthropogenic threats because of its proximity to an increasing urban population. For effective management of the colony, it is necessary to not only have knowledge of the size of the colony, but also the population trend of the colony. Aims To demonstrate a new cost-effective method of estimating the island-wide population of penguins on Penguin Island. Methods We estimated the island-wide population by combining mark–recapture sampling over 2 years on part of the island and beach counts of penguins arriving at night around the entire island. We estimated the abundance using closed population models, allowing for sex and time effects in capture probabilities. We had four capture occasions in 2008 only, and so considered heterogeneity of capture probabilities (Mh), using the Chao heterogeneity moment estimator. The proportion of all penguins counted that arrived at the four mark–recapture sites was then used to inflate the population estimate for the whole island. Key results In all, 62% of all penguins counted used the four mark–recapture sites. In 2007, there were an estimated 2369 ± 198 penguins, and 1543 ± 82 in 2008. When capture heterogeneity was allowed for in 2008, this estimate increased to 2069 ± 172. Conclusions Fewer eggs were laid and all measures of breeding performance were lower in 2008 than in 2007. Hence, the lower population estimate is most likely to represent fewer birds attempting to breed. However, further work on population estimates is required to determine whether capture heterogeneity occurs in both good and poor breeding years. Capture rates were affected by the presence of a full moon and high tides. Implications The estimate of the population can be used as part of the basis of a long-term monitoring program needed for effective management of the penguin colony. However, such studies must be coincident with the monitoring of a suite of reproductive and foraging parameters if short-term impacts of threats are to be recognised and well managed.

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17

ROGERS, T., and C. KNIGHT. "Burrow and mate fidelity in the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor at Lion Island, New South Wales, Australia." Ibis 148, no. 4 (August 24, 2006): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00587.x.

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18

Colombelli-Négrel, Diane. "Low survival rather than breeding success explains little penguin population decline on Granite Island." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 11 (2015): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14098.

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Over the past decade, populations of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) have been seriously declining across South Australia for reasons still not fully understood. In the present study, I investigated breeding performance and return rates of little penguins on Granite Island for 17 years in relation to patterns of population decline. I focussed on the impacts of human disturbance, breeding site, abandonment and predation on breeding success. The average breeding success was 1.05±0.12 fledglings per pair; and breeding success increased since 1990, despite population decline. Breeding site was the main factor affecting breeding success. I found no effect of predation or abandonment on breeding success, but there was a negative effect of predation on the number of dead chicks found. In addition, I found a negative effect of human disturbance. Despite the observed increase in breeding success, return rates were extremely low for both adults (16.3%) and fledglings (2.3%). Population modelling confirmed the observed population decline on Granite Island, with subadult survival being the most critical variable affecting population growth. The present study thus highlighted the need for further studies into factors affecting survival of adults and subadults.

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19

Rogers, RW. "Blue-green algae in southern Australian rangeland soils." Rangeland Journal 11, no. 2 (1989): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9890067.

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Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) are imponant to the ecology of arid rangelands as sources of nitrogen and as soil stabilizers, yet have been the subject of little comment or investigation in Australia. To provide information on their distribution soil samples were collected from 136 locations in rangeland areas of southem Australia and cultured to permit the identification of the blue-green algae present. Blue-green algae were found in 134 of the samples. The species represented include several apparently capable of nitrogen fixation, and all produce a gelatinous sheath which can bind soil panicles to produce soil-surface crusts. It is likely that lichens and blue-green algae are important for the ecology of arid rangelands now, and if climatic change destroys the lichens which are very heat sensitive when wet, blue- greens may become even more significant in soil conservation and the maintenance of pasture productivity. Both lichens and blue-green algae merit inclusion in assessments of range condition.

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20

Grosser, Stefanie, and Jonathan M. Waters. "Development and characterisation of 20 novel microsatellite markers for the little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) using next-generation sequencing." Conservation Genetics Resources 7, no. 1 (August 29, 2014): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-014-0313-6.

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21

Hoskins, AJ, P. Dann, Y. Ropert-Coudert, A. Kato, A. Chiaradia, DP Costa, and JPY Arnould. "Foraging behaviour and habitat selection of the little penguin Eudyptula minor during early chick rearing in Bass Strait, Australia." Marine Ecology Progress Series 366 (August 29, 2008): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07507.

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22

Mickelson, M. J., P. Dann, and J. M. Cullen. "Sea Temperature in Bass Strait and Breeding Success of the Little Penguin Eudyptula minorai Phillip Island, South-eastern Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 5 (December 1991): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910355.

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23

Thornett, Elizabeth, Bertram Ostendorf, and David A. Taggart. "Interspecies co-use of southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) burrows." Australian Mammalogy 39, no. 2 (2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15052.

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Burrows can provide refuge for both burrowing and non-burrowing species within harsh environments through protection from climatic extremes, water loss and predation. In Australia, however, despite having a rich diversity of burrowing mammals, little is known about the use of burrows by non-burrowing species. This study aimed to identify the extent of co-use of southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) burrows on Wedge Island off the coast of South Australia. Burrow use was monitored using 34 motion-activated cameras placed outside wombat burrows between March and September 2015. Eleven species were found to use burrows, with six commensal species observed using burrows on numerous occasions. These included two mammal species (black-footed rock-wallaby, Petrogale lateralis pearsoni; brush-tailed bettong, Bettongia penicillata), three reptile species (peninsula dragon, Ctenophorus fionni; southern sand-skink, Liopholis multiscutata; White’s skink, Liopholis whitii), and one avian species (little penguin, Eudyptula minor). The most common species observed using burrows was the black-footed rock-wallaby, which was recorded using burrows 1795 times. Observations of wombats using burrows were made 1674 times. The prevalent use of burrows on Wedge Island by species other than wombats is an observation with potentially important and broad ecological, conservation, and management implications across Australia’s arid and semiarid zones.

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Mironov, S. V., and H. C. Proctor. "The Probable Association of Feather Mites of the Genus Ingrassia (Analgoidea: Xolalgidae) with the Blue Penguin Eudyptula minor (Aves: Sphenisciformes) in Australia." Journal of Parasitology 94, no. 6 (December 2008): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-1579.1.

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Stampe, Karina, Ole Næsbye Larsen, and Stephanie S. Godfrey. "Ecto- and endoparasites of the King's skink (Egernia kingii) on Penguin Island." Parasitology 147, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 1094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000839.

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AbstractWildlife species are often host to a diversity of parasites, but our knowledge of their diversity and ecology is extremely limited, especially for reptiles. Little is known about the host-parasite ecology of the Australian lizard, the King's skink (Egernia kingii). In spring of 2015, we carried out a field-based study of a population of King's skinks on Penguin Island (Western Australia). We documented five species of parasites, including two ectoparasitic mites (an undescribed laelapid mite and Mesolaelaps australiensis), an undescribed coccidia species, and two nematode species (Pharyngodon tiliquae and Capillaria sp.). The laelapid mite was the most abundant parasite, infesting 46.9% of the 113 captured lizards. This mite species increased in prevalence and abundance over the course of the study. Infection patterns of both mites varied with lizard life-stage; sub-adults were more commonly infested with laelapid mites than adults or juveniles, and sub-adults and adults were infested by more laelapid mites than juveniles. By contrast, adults had a higher prevalence of M. australiensis than juveniles or sub-adults. Among the gastrointestinal parasites, P. tiliquae was relatively common among the sampled lizards (35.3%). These results give new important information about reptiles as parasite hosts and what factors influence infection patterns.

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Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Akiko Kato, and André Chiaradia. "Impact of small-scale environmental perturbations on local marine food resources: a case study of a predator, the little penguin." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1676 (September 3, 2009): 4105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1399.

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Although the impact of environmental changes on the demographic parameters of top predators is well established, the mechanisms by which populations are affected remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a reduction in the thermal stratification of coastal water masses between 2005 and 2006 was associated with reduced foraging and breeding success of little penguins Eudyptula minor , major bio-indicators of the Bass Strait ecosystem in southern Australia. The foraging patterns of the penguins suggest that their prey disperse widely in poorly stratified waters, leading to reduced foraging efficiency and poor breeding success. Mixed water regimes resulting from storms are currently unusual during the breeding period of these birds, but are expected to become more frequent due to climate change.

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Nakagawa, Shinichi, Joseph Waas, and Masamine Miyazaki. "Heart rate changes reveal that little blue penguin chicks ( Eudyptula minor ) can use vocal signatures to discriminate familiar from unfamiliar chicks." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2001): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650100355.

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Ewers Lewis, Carolyn J., Mary A. Young, Daniel Ierodiaconou, Jeffrey A. Baldock, Bruce Hawke, Jonathan Sanderman, Paul E. Carnell, and Peter I. Macreadie. "Drivers and modelling of blue carbon stock variability in sediments of southeastern Australia." Biogeosciences 17, no. 7 (April 16, 2020): 2041–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2041-2020.

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Abstract. Tidal marshes, mangrove forests, and seagrass meadows are important global carbon (C) sinks, commonly referred to as coastal “blue carbon”. However, these ecosystems are rapidly declining with little understanding of what drives the magnitude and variability of C associated with them, making strategic and effective management of blue C stocks challenging. In this study, our aims were threefold: (1) identify ecological, geomorphological, and anthropogenic variables associated with 30 cm deep sediment C stock variability in blue C ecosystems in southeastern Australia, (2) create a predictive model of 30 cm deep sediment blue C stocks in southeastern Australia, and (3) map regional 30 cm deep sediment blue C stock magnitude and variability. We had the unique opportunity to use a high-spatial-density C stock dataset of sediments to 30 cm deep from 96 blue C ecosystems across the state of Victoria, Australia, integrated with spatially explicit environmental data to reach these aims. We used an information theoretic approach to create, average, validate, and select the best averaged general linear mixed effects model for predicting C stocks across the state. Ecological drivers (i.e. ecosystem type or ecological vegetation class) best explained variability in C stocks, relative to geomorphological and anthropogenic drivers. Of the geomorphological variables, distance to coast, distance to freshwater, and slope best explained C stock variability. Anthropogenic variables were of least importance. Our model explained 46 % of the variability in 30 cm deep sediment C stocks, and we estimated over 2.31 million Mg C stored in the top 30 cm of sediments in coastal blue C ecosystems in Victoria, 88 % of which was contained within four major coastal areas due to the extent of blue C ecosystems (∼87 % of total blue C ecosystem area). Regionally, these data can inform conservation management, paired with assessment of other ecosystem services, by enabling identification of hotspots for protection and key locations for restoration efforts. We recommend these methods be tested for applicability to other regions of the globe for identifying drivers of sediment C stock variability and producing predictive C stock models at scales relevant for resource management.

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Milton, DA, and JB Shaklee. "Biochemical genetics and population structure of blue grenadier, Macruronus novaezelandiae (Hector) (Pisces : Merluccidae), from Australian waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 6 (1987): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870727.

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Spatial and temporal variation in allele frequencies at 10 polymorphic loci were investigated in blue grenadier from Australian waters. Little geographic differentiation was found among three major regions. Nearly all of the detectable variation (>99%) was found within samples, while variation between samples taken at the same locality accounted for most of the remaining variation (0.8%). Blue grenadier were polymorphic at 22% of the 46 loci initially screened (P0.99= 0.22). Overall mean heterozygosity was 0.068�0.018. This value is considerably higher than has previously been reported for this species. Almost 700 fish were aged and typed for genetic variation. Fourteen age-classes (0+: 2-14+ years old) were compared. Little genetic difference was observed among age-classes within regions, or in the overall sample. A significant difference was found between sexes at the Est-l locus; this was due to an increase in males homozygous for the Est-l104 allele in the eastern Tasmanian sample taken during August 1984. The same sample displayed a significant shift in allele frequency at the Sod locus. This sample was taken during the spawning season of blue grenadier on the west coast of Tasmania and may provide circumstantial evidence of differential spawning migration by fish with particular genotypes from eastern Tasmania to the west coast. Comparisons of samples from Australian waters with a sample of fish from New Zealand showed significant heterogeneity at 6 of the 11 loci polymorphic in the two areas. The observed differentiation indicates that blue grenadier from New Zealand are genetically isolated from those of Australia. However, the apparent genetic homogeneity observed among the Australian samples suggests that, in the absence of indications to the contrary, blue grenadier stocks throughout south-eastern Australia can be treated for management purposes as part of a single, interbreeding unit.

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McIntosh, Rebecca R., Brad Page, and Simon D. Goldsworthy. "Dietary analysis of regurgitates and stomach samples from free-living Australian sea lions." Wildlife Research 33, no. 8 (2006): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06025.

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Dietary remains recovered from Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) digestive tracts and regurgitate samples from Seal Bay (Kangaroo Island, South Australia) were used to identify prey species consumed. Four of eight digestive tracts collected (50%) contained prey items located only in the stomach. On the basis of biomass reconstruction of cephalopod prey remains, octopus contributed 40% of the biomass in the samples, giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama) contributed 30% and ommastrephid squids contributed 14% biomass. The remains of several fish species were found in the samples: leatherjacket (Monocanthidae), flathead (Platycephalus sp.), swallowtail (Centroberyx lineatus), common bullseye (Pempheris multiradiata), southern school whiting (Sillago flindersi) and yellowtail mackerel (Trachurus novaezelandiae). Southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) and swimming crab (Ovalipes australiensis) carapace fragments, little penguin (Eudyptula minor) feathers and bones and shark egg cases (oviparous species and Scyliorhinidae sp.) were also identified.

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Chiaradia, André, Manuela G. Forero, Keith A. Hobson, and J. Mike Cullen. "Changes in diet and trophic position of a top predator 10 years after a mass mortality of a key prey." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 8 (June 29, 2010): 1710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq067.

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Abstract Chiaradia, A., Forero, M. G., Hobson, K. A., and Cullen, J. M. 2010. Changes in diet and trophic position of a top predator 10 years after a mass mortality of a key prey. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1710–1720. After the disappearance of primary prey, seabirds exhibit gradually decreased breeding performance, and eventually the population size drops. Results are presented of an investigation into the diet of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) at Phillip Island, Australia, during a period when their key prey, pilchard (Sardinops sagax), declined dramatically. Data from stomach flushing (1982–2006) were used, supported by stable isotope (δ15N, δ13C) analyses of blood samples (2003, 2004, and 2006). The effect of the pilchard mortality on penguin diet was immediate, the birds shifting to a diet almost devoid of pilchard, and this was followed by 2 years of low breeding success, with considerably fewer penguins coming ashore. During periods when pilchard was not part of the diet, penguins consumed prey of a higher trophic level, e.g. higher values of δ15N. Variability in penguin blood δ15N coincided with years of low prey diversity. The disappearance of pilchard resulted in a decrease in prey diversity and led penguins to “fish up” the foodweb, possibly because of the simplified trophic structure. After 1998, however, breeding success re-attained average levels and the numbers of penguins coming ashore increased, probably because of increased abundance of prey other than pilchard after a 3-year period of food scarcity. Although little penguins apparently compensated over time, a less-flexible diet could make them ultimately vulnerable to further changes in their foodweb.

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Kuller, Martijn, David J. Reid, and Veljko Prodanovic. "Are we planning blue-green infrastructure opportunistically or strategically? Insights from Sydney, Australia." Blue-Green Systems 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2021.023.

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Abstract Strategic placement of water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) is essential in optimising its performance and maximising co-benefits. However, little is known about the current placement and interconnectedness between WSUD assets and the performance of current planning strategies. We evaluated the placement of existing WSUDs in a highly urbanised catchment in Sydney, Australia. We used a three-step process: (1) compiling a comprehensive spatial asset database, (2) performing spatial correlation analysis between asset locations and biophysical, urban form and socioeconomic variables and (3) using a novel approach to facilitate holistic understanding through analysing asset locations compared with the outcome of the spatial suitability analysis tool (SSANTO). WSUD coverage was generally low, with clustering in some municipalities. Placement was constrained by physical variables, such as slope, limited space and varying land uses. However, placement was not detectably influenced by most socioeconomic variables. SSANTO's suitability score at asset locations was only slightly higher than average, suggesting that the placement of existing WSUD was opportunistic, rather than strategically planned. Further development and implementation of tools able to account for spatial constraints will help guide future WSUD placement as a component of green urban stormwater management.

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Cannell, Belinda L., Lynda E. Chambers, Ron D. Wooller, and J. Stuart Bradley. "Poorer breeding by little penguins near Perth, Western Australia is correlated with above average sea surface temperatures and a stronger Leeuwin Current." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 10 (2012): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12139.

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Using 20 years of data (1986 to 2008), we examined relationships between oceanographic variables (Fremantle sea level (FSL) – a proxy for the strength of the Leeuwin Current – and sea surface temperature (SST)) and five measures of little penguin, Eudyptula minor, breeding performance near Perth, Western Australia: namely (1) the laying date, (2) the number of chicks produced per pair, (3) the proportion of eggs that hatched, (4) the overall breeding success, defined as the proportion of total eggs laid that resulted in successful fledglings and (5) chick mass at fledging. The next three years of data (2009 to 2011) were used to test the performance of our statistical predictive models. FSL provided more accurate predictions of timing of laying, whereas SST provided more accurate predictions of breeding success. A later end to laying was associated with a high FSL during the summer (December to February) before breeding. Higher SSTs in the pre-breeding period from April to May corresponded to reduced breeding success, with lower fledgling success, fewer chicks per pair and generally a lower mean mass of chicks at fledging. The models predict that future oceanographic warming is expected to reduce the breeding success of this colony of little penguins.

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Fensham, RJ. "Native Grasslands of the Central Highlands, Queensland, Australia. Floristics, Regional Context and Conservation." Rangeland Journal 21, no. 1 (1999): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9990082.

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A floristic classification of grassland and related woodland vegetation from the Central Highlands of Queensland suggests four broad types: Mountain coolibah (Eucalyptus orgadophila) woodland on basalt, Mitchell grassland (dominated by Astrebla lappacea) on alluvia and two closely related groups dominated by Dichanthium sericeum, Blue grassland on basalt and Blue grassland on sediment. An analysis including floristic data from grassland and woodland on vertosols from throughout southern, central and western Queensland revealed that the Blue grasslands of the Central Highlands are highly dissimilar from other grasslands in Queensland. Mountain coolibah woodland on basalt is represented within four reserves, but the other more arable grassland types are either not represented or only barely represented within the reserve system. The most immediate threatening process to these communities is conversion to crops and this process is exacerbated by the difficulties of managing the grasslands as native pasture. Large areas of grasslands are degraded, having been converted from dominance by native perennial grasses to the unpalatable, annual, exotic herb Partheniunz hysterophorus. Once this shift has occurred a long period with little or no production benefits is required to recover a sward of native perennial grasses and the cropping alternative becomes particularly favourable. The long-term security of the native grasslands of the Central Highlands will require an enhanced reserve system and incentives designed to retain appropriately managed native pasture. Key words: grassland, grazing, reserves, woodland. Queensland, exotics, Parthenium

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Waas, Joseph R. "Intraspecific Variation in Social Repertoires: Evidence From Cave- and Burrow-Dwelling Little Blue Penguins." Behaviour 115, no. 1-2 (1990): 63–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00293.

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Abstract1. Breeding habitat variation in little blue penguin agonistic behaviour is correlated with environmental heterogeneity. 2. Cave-dwellers nested in tight colonial aggregations and had no physical barriers between nest sites. Burrow-dwellers nested as solitary pairs or in loose aggregations and were physically isolated from one another. 3. Cave-dwellers had significantly higher agonistic interaction rates than burrow-dwellers. 4. Cave-dwellers used a total of 22 distinct agonistic behaviours with 54 variations. Burrow-dwellers used a total of 13 agonistic behaviours with 29 variations. Variations on base behaviour were primarily the result of differences in vocal accompaniment. 5. Both cave- and burrow-dwellers used growl, low bray, medium bray, full bray, aggressive bark and aggressive yell vocalizations during agonistic behaviour. Only burrow-dwellers used a hiss vocalization. 6. Despite variation between cave- and burrow-dweller repertoires, many agonistic behaviours were very similar in form (posture, duration, movement, presence or absence of vocal components) and/or context (distance from the opponent when performing the behaviour, proportion of interactions involving the behaviour). 7. Repertoires from both habitats could be divided into three discrete categories: defensive behaviour, offensive behaviour, and overt aggression. For each habitat, the defensive behaviour category could be divided into stationary and distance increasing behaviour; the offensive behaviour category could be divided into stationary, distance reducing, and contact behaviour; and the overt aggression category could be divided into distance reducing and contact behaviour. 8. Cave-dwellers used twice as many defensive behaviours, twice as many offensive behaviours, and the same number of overtly aggressive behaviours as burrow-dwellers. 9. In both habitats, defensive behaviour was used most when the opponent was nearby ( < 1 m to 1-2 m), whereas stationary offensive behaviour was performed most when opponents were further away (2-3 m to > 3 m). Distance reducing behaviour (both offensive and overt) was performed most at middle interaction distances (1-2 m to 2-3 m) in both habitats. 10. Males were involved in a higher proportion of agonistic interactions than females in both habitats. 11. Burrow-dwellers used the overt behaviour Attack significantly more than cave-dwellers and also used the most dangerous fighting method more commonly than cave-dwellers. Burrow-dwellers also bit and fought significantly longer than cave-dwellers. 12. An egg transfer experiment (i.e. between cave and burrow colonies) indicated that chicks may not be genetically bound to the use of a habitat-specific repertoire of agonistic behaviours. 13. Four possible mechanisms are suggested for the origin of variation between habitats: (1) genetic influences; (2) phenotypic modulation; (3) experience; and (4) circumstantial influences. 14. Plastic agonistic behaviour may allow immediate and potentially adaptive phenotypic change in response to environmental heterogeneity. The large cave repertoire may reduce the chances of any one interaction ending with overt aggression. The smaller burrow-dweller repertoire may be sufficient to defend the physically enclosed burrow nest sites.

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Young, Mary A., Peter I. Macreadie, Clare Duncan, Paul E. Carnell, Emily Nicholson, Oscar Serrano, Carlos M. Duarte, Glenn Shiell, Jeff Baldock, and Daniel Ierodiaconou. "Optimal soil carbon sampling designs to achieve cost-effectiveness: a case study in blue carbon ecosystems." Biology Letters 14, no. 9 (September 2018): 20180416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0416.

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Researchers are increasingly studying carbon (C) storage by natural ecosystems for climate mitigation, including coastal ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems. Unfortunately, little guidance on how to achieve robust, cost-effective estimates of blue C stocks to inform inventories exists. We use existing data (492 cores) to develop recommendations on the sampling effort required to achieve robust estimates of blue C. Using a broad-scale, spatially explicit dataset from Victoria, Australia, we applied multiple spatial methods to provide guidelines for reducing variability in estimates of soil C stocks over large areas. With a separate dataset collected across Australia, we evaluated how many samples are needed to capture variability within soil cores and the best methods for extrapolating C to 1 m soil depth. We found that 40 core samples are optimal for capturing C variance across 1000's of kilometres but higher density sampling is required across finer scales (100–200 km). Accounting for environmental variation can further decrease required sampling. The within core analyses showed that nine samples within a core capture the majority of the variability and log-linear equations can accurately extrapolate C. These recommendations can help develop standardized methods for sampling programmes to quantify soil C stocks at national scales.

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Afán, Isabel, André Chiaradia, Manuela G. Forero, Peter Dann, and Francisco Ramírez. "A novel spatio-temporal scale based on ocean currents unravels environmental drivers of reproductive timing in a marine predator." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1810 (July 7, 2015): 20150721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0721.

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Life-history strategies have evolved in response to predictable patterns of environmental features. In practice, linking life-history strategies and changes in environmental conditions requires comparable space–time scales between both processes, a difficult match in most marine system studies. We propose a novel spatio-temporal and dynamic scale to explore marine productivity patterns probably driving reproductive timing in the inshore little penguin ( Eudyptula minor ), based on monthly data on ocean circulation in the Southern Ocean, Australia. In contrast to what occurred when considering any other fixed scales, little penguin's highly variable laying date always occurred within the annual peak of ocean productivity that emerged from our newly defined dynamic scale. Additionally, local sea surface temperature seems to have triggered the onset of reproduction, acting as an environmental cue informing on marine productivity patterns at our dynamic scale. Chlorophyll- a patterns extracted from this scale revealed that environment factors in marine ecosystems affecting breeding decisions are related to a much wider region than foraging areas that are commonly used in current studies investigating the link between animals' life history and their environment. We suggest that marine productivity patterns may be more predictable than previously thought when environmental and biological data are examined at appropriate scales.

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Atchison, Jennifer. "Green and Blue Infrastructure in Darwin; Carbon Economies and the Social and Cultural Dimensions of Valuing Urban Mangroves in Australia." Urban Science 3, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030086.

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Darwin’s mangrove ecosystems, some of the most extensive and biodiverse in the world, are part of the urban fabric in the tropical north of Australia but they are also clearly at risk from the current scale and pace of development. Climate motivated market-based responses, the so-called ‘new-carbon economies’, are one prominent approach to thinking differently about the value of living infrastructure and how it might provide for and improve liveability. In the Australian context, there are recent efforts to promote mangrove ecosystems as blue infrastructure, specifically as blue carbon, but also little recognition or valuation of them as green or urban infrastructure. Drawing on observational and qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews, this study examines how key stakeholders in Darwin frame and understand mangroves in relation to the urban, and how they are anticipating and responding to governance efforts to frame mangroves and pay for their carbon sequestration and storage services as blue carbon. The push for large infrastructure development and an expanding urban footprint, present serious challenges for mangrove protection, and the study evidences both denial and complacency in this regard. However, although the concept of blue carbon is already taking effect in some circles, it was not viewed as straightforward or as appropriate by all study participants and may very well work in practice to exclude groups within the community. Both clear governance problems, as well as unrecognized and vernacular community connections to mangroves in Darwin, indicate that there are ongoing conceptual and empirical challenges to be considered in recognizing and valuing mangroves as part of urban life.

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Dann, Peter, F. I. Norman, J. M. Cullen, F. J. Neira, and A. Chiaradia. "Mortality and breeding failure of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, in Victoria, 1995 - 96, following a widespread mortality of pilchard, Sardinops sagax." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 4 (2000): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99114.

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In May 1995, numbers of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, coming ashore declined at Phillip Island and St Kilda concurrently with deaths of many penguins in western Victoria and a massive mortality of one of their food species (pilchard) throughout southern Australia. Among 1926 dead penguins reported were 131 banded birdsrecovered from Phillip Island (86% adults and 14% first-year birds), 26 from Rabbit Island and six from St Kilda. The number of banded penguins found dead per number of adult Phillip Island birds at risk was 2.3% in 1995 compared with an annual mean of 0.7% for 1970–93. Of 29 corpses autopsied, at least 26 died of starvation associated with mild–severe gastro-intestinal parasitism. Following the pilchard mortality, egg-laying by penguins in the subsequent breeding season (1995–96) was ~2 weeks later than the long-term mean and 0.3 chicks were fledged per pair compared with the long-term mean of 1.0. Unlike previous years, few penguins were recorded in Port Phillip Bay in September–October 1995, a period when pilchard schools were infrequently seen. It is concluded that the increase in penguin mortality in northern Bass Strait and the significant reduction in breeding success were associated with the widespread pilchard mortality.

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Warren, Andrew, and Chris Gibson. "Blue-Collar Creativity: Reframing Custom-Car Culture in the Imperilled Industrial City." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43, no. 11 (November 2011): 2705–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a44122.

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This paper hitches a ride with young car enthusiasts to explore how their vehicles catalyse a unique form of vernacular creativity, in a seemingly imperilled industrial city setting. While television and print media regularly demonise young drivers for street racing and ‘hoon’ behaviour, this paper purposely adopts a different perspective, on circuits of production and qualitative aspects of the urban custom-car design scene that constitute forms of vernacular creativity. Beyond moral panics little is known about movements, networks, and linkages between custom cars, young enthusiasts, and urban spaces from which their activities emerge. Utilising responsive, in-depth ethnographic methods in Wollongong, Australia, this paper interprets custom-car design as vernacular creativity, valued by young people and located across unassuming and unheralded urban spaces. The possibility that custom-car designers possess skills that are assets for ‘blue-collar’ industrial cities is contrasted against a backdrop of wider discourses depicting such cities as economically vulnerable, as ‘victims' of restructuring—and even ‘uncreative’. Insights relevant to future research on the politics of planning, creative industries, and class identities are also discussed.

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Bourg, Natacha, Amandine Schaeffer, Paulina Cetina-Heredia, Jasmin C. Lawes, and Daniel Lee. "Driving the blue fleet: Temporal variability and drivers behind bluebottle (Physalia physalis) beachings off Sydney, Australia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): e0265593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265593.

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Physalia physalis, the bluebottle in Australia, are colonial siphonophores that live at the surface of the ocean, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters. P. physalis are sometimes present in large swarms, and with tentacles capable of intense stings, they can negatively impact public health and commercial fisheries. P. physalis, which does not swim, is advected by ocean currents and winds acting on its gas-filled sail. While previous studies have attempted to model the drift of P. physalis, little is known about its sources, distribution, and the timing of its arrival to shore. In this study, we present a dataset with four years of daily P. physalis beachings and stings reports at three locations off Sydney’s coast in Australia. We investigate the spatial and temporal variability of P. physalis presence (beachings and stings) in relation to different environmental parameters. This dataset shows a clear seasonal pattern where more P. physalis beachings occur in the Austral summer and less in winter. Cold ocean temperatures do not hinder the presence of P. physalis and the temperature seasonal cycle and that observed in P. physalis presence/absence time-series are out of phase by 3-4 months. We identify wind direction as the major driver of the temporal variability of P. physalis arrival to the shore, both at daily and seasonal time-scales. The differences observed between sites of the occurrence of beaching events is consistent with the geomorphology of the coastline which influences the frequency and direction of favorable wind conditions. We also show that rip currents, a physical mechanism occurring at the scale of the beach, can be a predictor of beaching events. This study is a first step towards understanding the dynamics of P. physalis transport and ultimately being able to predict its arrival to the coast and mitigating the number of people who experience painful stings and require medical help.

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Robinson, Suzanne, Helen Dickinson, and Learne Durrington. "Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue? Reviewing the evidence on commissioning and health services." Australian Journal of Primary Health 22, no. 1 (2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py15037.

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The concept of commissioning is starting to gain traction in the Australian health system. Primary Care Networks began operations in July 2015 with a remit around commissioning health services. Despite the centrality of this concept, we know relatively little about commissioning in Australia. Other systems have experimented with it for some time, and this paper reviews the evidence and lessons inherent within the international literature. The study defines commissioning, and explores experiences of others who have adopted commissioning approaches and the evidence concerning the outcomes of these experiments. Commissioning is a difficult topic in many senses and its application to a complex area such as health reform can make it even more challenging. Ultimately, this evidence suggests that commissioning is more than simply a technical or operational process, but one that is value-based and relational. This is not to downplay the technical aspects, which in many jurisdictions have resulted in explicit and evidenced-based approaches to planning and priority setting. However, if new commissioning organisations, such as Primary Health Networks, are to have an impact, they need to balance the operational and relational elements of commissioning.

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Love, Edwin. "The Little Blue Book of Marketing: Build a Killer Plan in Less Than a Day20101Paul Kurnit and Steve Lance. The Little Blue Book of Marketing: Build a Killer Plan in Less Than a Day. New York, NY: Portfolio (Penguin) 2009. 288 pp. $21.95 Edited by Geoffrey P. Lantos." Journal of Product & Brand Management 19, no. 7 (November 2, 2010): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610421011086946.

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Al-Naji, Ali, Yiting Tao, Ian Smith, and Javaan Chahl. "A Pilot Study for Estimating the Cardiopulmonary Signals of Diverse Exotic Animals Using a Digital Camera." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 5445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245445.

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Monitoring the cardiopulmonary signal of animals is a challenge for veterinarians in conditions when contact with a conscious animal is inconvenient, difficult, damaging, distressing or dangerous to personnel or the animal subject. In this pilot study, we demonstrate a computer vision-based system and use examples of exotic, untamed species to demonstrate this means to extract the cardiopulmonary signal. Subject animals included the following species: Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), African lions (Panthera leo), Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), alpaca (Vicugna pacos), little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor), Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) and Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas). The study was done without need for restriction, fixation, contact or disruption of the daily routine of the subjects. The pilot system extracts the signal from the abdominal-thoracic region, where cardiopulmonary activity is most likely to be visible using image sequences captured by a digital camera. The results show motion on the body surface of the subjects that is characteristic of cardiopulmonary activity and is likely to be useful to estimate physiological parameters (pulse rate and breathing rate) of animals without any physical contact. The results of the study suggest that a fully controlled study against conventional physiological monitoring equipment is ethically warranted, which may lead to a novel approach to non-contact physiological monitoring and remotely sensed health assessment of animals. The method shows promise for applications in veterinary practice, conservation and game management, animal welfare and zoological and behavioral studies.

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Taylor, Iain R., and Emma L. Roe. "Feeding ecology of little terns Sterna albifrons sinensis in south-eastern Australia and the effects of pilchard mass mortality on breeding success and population size." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 8 (2004): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03203.

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Little terns Sterna albifrons sinensis breeding on Rigby Island, Gippsland Lakes in south-east Australia fed their chicks entirely on juvenile fish of the families Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Pomatomidae and Carangidae, including pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus, southern anchovy Engraulis australis and blue sprat Spratelloides robustus. The entrance channel to the Lakes was an important feeding site. Numbers feeding there increased on the flood tide and decreased on the ebb tide. Their dive rates followed the same pattern, suggesting they depended on shoals of juvenile fish entering the estuary during high tide. The number feeding varied from day to day, and dive rates were positively correlated with numbers, suggesting that the abundance of juvenile fish entering the channel also varied from day to day. There was no evidence that breeding success or number of breeding pairs were adversely affected by the 1995 mass mortalities of pilchard in the area. However, breeding success was reduced significantly in 1999 and 2000 following the 1998/1999 pilchard mortality. The 1995 mortality affected mainly larger size classes of pilchard, whereas the 1998/1999 mortality also affected younger age classes. This difference may explain why little terns seemed only to be adversely affected by the second mortality event.

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46

Lin Sutherland, F., and Robert R. Coenraads. "An unusual ruby-sapphire-sapphirine-spinel assemblage from the Tertiary Barrington volcanic province, New South Wales, Australia." Mineralogical Magazine 60, no. 401 (August 1996): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.401.08.

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AbstractRuby-sapphire-sapphirine-spinel forms small, corroded, crystalline aggregates in corundum bearing alluvials shed from the Tertiary Barrington basalt shield volcano. Sapphirine is near a 7:9:3 (MgO-Al2O3-SiO2) composition and, together with the corundum, shows reaction rims of pleonaste spinel. Spinel in the aggregates has a compositional range Sp 68–73 Hc 27–29 Cm 0–3. The aggregates give new insights into the ruby-sapphire source rocks. Potential origins include metamorphic recrystallization of aluminous material (below 1460°C) or high temperature-high pressure crystallization reactions related to lamprophyric or basaltic magmas (up to 1300°C and 20 kbar). Sapphirine-spinel thermometry suggests final crystallization temperatures for the aggregates around 780 to 940°C and reaction with host magmas at over 1000°C.The Barrington gemfield includes two distinct corundum suites. One, typical in eastern Australia, is dominated by blue-green, well-crystallized, growth-zoned sapphire, commonly containing rutile silk and Ferich spinel inclusions (Hc 51–73, Mt 18–35, Mf 6–8, Usp 2–6). The other, an unusual suite, is dominated by ruby and pastel coloured sapphires, with little crystal shape or growth zonation and restricted mineral inclusions, mostly chromian pleonaste and pleonaste. The ruby-sapphire-sapphirine-spinel aggregates provoke new thoughts on the origin of rubies and sapphires and their indicator minerals in eastern Australian and southeastern Asian volcanic gemfields.

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Gower, Jane M. C., Ary A. Hoffmann, and Andrew R. Weeks. "Effectiveness of spring spraying targeting diapause egg production for controlling redlegged earth mites and other pests in pasture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 8 (2008): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07048.

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Earth mites are a complex of related species introduced into Australia in the early part of last century that cause economic damage to crops, especially canola, and to pastures. A general method of chemical control aimed at interrupting the life cycle at the most effective stage, by spraying in the spring before the mites enter diapause, has recently been adopted for controlling earth mites, particularly the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker). Here we use paired-paddock treatments and field enclosures to test the effectiveness of this method on pest populations of H. destructor as well as on other pests over two seasons at multiple pasture sites in Victoria. Halotydeus destructor numbers at the start of the winter growing season were suppressed by up to 85%, but this control level was not sustained. The numbers of H. destructor and other pests were similar to or higher than those in the unsprayed areas by spring. Spring spraying is, therefore, a useful means of suppressing H. destructor in early autumn, but its effects disappear relatively quickly over time in Victoria. This strategy also has little impact on the control of the blue oat mite Penthaleus major (Duges) and other phytophagous invertebrate pests.

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McKirdy, S. J., and R. A. C. Jones. "Further studies on the incidence of virus infection in white clover pastures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96040.

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Leaf samples of white clover were collected from 19 irrigated white clover (Trifolium repens) pastures in the south-west of Western Australia and tested for virus infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) was found in 16 pastures at infection levels of up to 23% and white clover mosaic virus (WCMV) in 10 at levels up to 83%. None of the white clover pastures with a high incidence of WCMV had been resown with white clover within the last 10 years, whereas those resown within the last 5 years had little or no infection. As previously reported in tests on different white clover pastures in the same irrigation area, widespread infection with alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and occasional infection with subterranean clover red leaf virus (SCRLV) was also found. Two or more viruses were found within 16 of the pastures with at least 3 having all 4 viruses. AMV and WCMV were detected in flatweed (Hypochaeris glabra) and AMV was detected in clustered dock (Rumex conglomeratus), both commonly occurring weeds in the pastures. In tests on the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) component of 18 white clover pastures, infection with barley yellow dwarf virus was found in 14 at levels up to 5%. In addition, 11 of the pastures contained a virus which reacted with potyvirus-specific monoclonal antibodies, presumably ryegrass mosaic virus (RyMV), which was detected at levels up to 34%. Live aphids were trapped at 8 different times during 1995 in one pasture that was infected with WCMV, CYVV, AMV, and SCRLV. Blue-green aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) and oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) were the only species caught, both reaching peak populations in midwinter, but only the latter was found in summer. No virus transmission was detected when the aphids caught were fed individually on subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) indicator plants. It is concluded that WCMV poses a threat to the productivity of white clover within irrigated pastures, especially when present in mixed infection with AMV. CYVV is also commonly found but normally not at high enough incidences to pose a serious threat. RyMV may pose a threat to the productivity of the perennial ryegrass component within white clover-based pastures.

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Wechter, W. P., A. P. Keinath, J. P. Smith, M. W. Farnham, C. T. Bull, and D. A. Schofield. "First Report of Bacterial Leaf Blight on Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea) Caused by Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis in Mississippi." Plant Disease 98, no. 8 (August 2014): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-13-0966-pdn.

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In 2010, a brassica leafy greens grower in Sunflower County, MS, observed scattered outbreaks of a leaf blight on mustard greens (Brassica juncea) in a 180-ha field. A severe outbreak of leaf blight occurred on mustard greens and turnip greens (B. rapa) in the same field in 2011 with more than 80 ha affected. The affected field, established in 2010, had no prior history of being cropped to brassica leafy greens. Symptoms appeared on the 6-week-old transplants as brown to tan necrotic spots with faint chlorotic borders and associated water-soaking. Lesions varied from 4 mm to 3 cm in diameter and often coalesced to cover >90% of older leaves. Whole plants of the mustard greens cv. Florida Broadleaf were collected in 2011 from the symptomatic field. Leaves were surface-disinfested with 0.5% NaOCl for 5 min, rinsed twice in sterilized distilled water [(sd)H2O], macerated in sdH2O, then streaked onto nutrient agar (NA), pseudomonas agar F (PAF), and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Little or no bacterial growth was observed on PDA, while on NA and PAF the majority of bacterial growth appeared to be a single colony type. All strains collected (25 total, one per plant) were gram-negative and fluoresced blue-green under UV light after 48 h at 28°C on PAF. All 25 strains were identified as belonging to Pseudomonas group 1a using Lelliot's determinative assay (2). Ten of the 25 strains were tested for pathogenicity on Florida Broadleaf, and turnip greens cv. Alamo. Bacteria were grown on PAF for 48 h, and a bacterial suspension was prepared and adjusted to an optical density of 0.1 at 600 nm. Three-week-old plants (three plants per cultivar) were sprayed with the appropriate bacterial suspension to runoff, placed at 100% relative humidity for 48 h, and then put in a growth chamber at 28°C with a 16-h diurnal light cycle for 14 days. Additionally, three plants each of Florida Broadleaf and Alamo were either sprayed with H2O or inoculated with Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis (Pca) pathotype strain BS91 (1). All 10 strains, as well as the Pca pathotype strain, were pathogenic on both cultivars and caused symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Symptoms were not observed on H2O-sprayed plants. Comparative rep-PCR analysis using the BOXA1R primer showed the 10 strains had identical DNA-banding profiles and were identical to that of Pca BS91 (5). Five strains tested using a Pca-specific, ‘light-tagged’ reporter bacteriophage gave a strong positive reaction, while a negative control strain, P. syringae pv. maculicola, gave no signal (3). From these tests, the isolated bacteria were determined to be Pca. Bacteria re-isolated on PAF from the inoculated Florida Broadleaf plants had identical rep-PCR profiles with those of the strains used for inoculations. Over the past 10 years, Pca has been found in numerous states in the United States, as well as in Europe, Australia, and Japan (4). As brassica leafy greens production expands to new fields and new states, leaf blight caused by Pca appears to become a problem rapidly. Since resistant cultivars and highly effective bactericides are lacking, growers are extremely concerned about the rapid spread of this disease into existing and new brassica leafy greens regions. References: (1) N. A. Cintas et al. Plant Dis. 86:992, 2002. (2) R. Lelliott. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1066. (3) D. Schofield et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:3592, 2012. (4) F. Takahashi et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 79:260, 2013. (5) J. Versalovic et al. Methods Mol. Cell Biol 5:25, 1994.

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Presswell, B., and J. Bennett. "Galactosomum otepotiense n. sp. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) infecting four different species of fish-eating birds in New Zealand: genetically identical but morphologically variable." Journal of Helminthology 94 (September 10, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x19000828.

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Abstract Trematodes of the genus Galactosomum are cosmopolitan parasites that infect the intestines of fish-eating birds and mammals. Adults of named Galactosomum species have not been recorded from bird hosts in New Zealand, despite their cercarial stage being known from various studies of the first intermediate host, Zeacumantus subcarinatus. Here we describe a new species of Galactosomum infecting four different piscivorous birds in New Zealand: Caspian terns, red-billed and black-backed gulls and little blue penguins. Specimens from each of these hosts are genetically identical in the genes sequenced, but show considerable morphological variability. Galactosomum otepotiense n. sp. is distinguished from most other members of the ‘bearupi-group’ in having a single circle of spines on the ventral sucker, and spines, as opposed to scales, over most of the body. It is most similar to G. bearupi and G. angelae, both from Caspian terns in Australia, but differs in the relative sizes of the reproductive organs and in the possession of a very long forebody. Molecular data confirm that G. otepotiense is not conspecific with G. bearupi, but 28S and ITS2 phylogenies show its close relationship to G. bearupi and other Australian species. We use the cox1 sequence to confirm identity with the larval stage infecting Z. subcarinatus, as previously described in the literature. We discuss briefly the relationships between Australian and New Zealand Galactosomum spp. and their hosts, variability between genetically identical specimens found in different hosts and their potential for harm to mariculture economy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Little blue penguin – Australia'

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