Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Litigation and arbitration'

Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2006.
"A dissertation paper undertaken in partial fulfillment of the Master of arts in arbitration and dispute resolution." Title from title screen (viewed on Sept. 20, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.

Concept of arbitration has been prevalent, historically, in the Middle East since the early days of Islam. The arbitral process has been problematic in the UAE however, it has not been until recently that the UAE has recognized the importance of arbitration as a powerful dispute resolution alternative and revised its legislation to accommodate the proceedings of domestic and international arbitration. In the past, foreign investors have been reluctant to select the UAE seat for their arbitration proceedings. There has been a perception that, as a general rule, the practice of international commercial arbitration in the Middle East is still in its infancy. The UAE is now demonstrating to the international community that it has the necessary infrastructure and laws in place to successfully count itself as one of the key arbitration players, alongside London, Paris and Hong Kong. This has been the result of the UAE updating their laws, reforming dispute resolution practice and procedures and through the establishment of key regional arbitration centres. The UAE's accession to the New York Convention was also seen as a significant step in demonstrating the UAE's commitment to foreign investors and the international community. Under Federal Decree No. 43 of 2006, the UAE managed to accede to the New York Convention. The UAE's accession is considered as a mile stone towards provision for a more straightforward arbitral process and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in other Convention states. As a recent development, the UAE has evidenced the joint venture between the Dubai International Financial Centre ('the DIFC') and the London Court of International Arbitration ('the LCIA'), in February 2009, to create the DIFC-LCIA Arbitration Centre ('the DIFC~LCIA'). The DIFC-LCIA operates alongside the longer-established Dubai International Arbitration Centre ('the DlAC'). Both offer their own procedural rules and regulations for the amicable settlement of disputes through arbitration. The Courts role is vital in an arbitral proceeding in any jurisdiction. Although arbitration is believed as a court-free, independent forum for dispute resolution; the court plays fundamental role to ensure that the arbitral proceeding is taking place in a moderate and independent decorum. The UAE Court's role towards the International commercial arbitration has been very problematic and the courts historically used to intervene in the arbitral proceeding over tiny issues. The new UAE arbitration laws has changed the situation and curtailed the courts powers to interfere the arbitral proceeding. At present, the arbitration in the UAE is more independent and straightforward. The proposed UAE arbitration law has much more similarities with the Model Law UNCITRAL and meets the International standards. A lot of work still has to be done in order to make the arbitration more independent, straightforward and friendly in the UAB. The Court's role is vital and is required to be more supportive then it is at present in the arbitral process.

This thesis examines procedural litigation problems arising when two parties have a conflict involving the same patent or design, with an impact in several jurisdictions, taking as a case study the litigation procedures of Apple and Samsung. The thesis asks whether this type of dispute is best resolved through a single procedure. If so, what would be the circumstances surrounding such procedure in terms of jurisdiction, applicable law, preliminary injunctions and enforcement of the decisions? It first identifies the problems related to the type of dispute when taking parallel actions in different National Courts. Then it examines the European litigation procedure of patents and designs and assesses how this system addresses the inconsistency of the national litigation regime. It argues that in relation to patents, the Unitary Patent Court (UPC) has the potential to solve some of the problems identified in the thesis and that a similar unitary system should be extended to disputes involving designs. However, in the absence of an effective international court system outside the EU for global disputes, it suggests that a single arbitration procedure is still needed. The thesis identifies the main legal barriers to an arbitration procedure as being: bringing the parties to arbitrate, the arbitrability of the dispute, the identification of applicable law and the need for preliminary injunctions. It is concluded that: the agreement to arbitrate should be facilitated by the authorities so that it is appealing to the parties; the arbitrability can be resolved by limiting the effect of the judgment to the parties; a flexible approach can be adopted to applicable law through the application by the arbitrator of ‘choice of law’ rules; and, even when a preliminary injunction is needed, the parties may recur to arbitration. The thesis concludes that the primary benefit of a single arbitration procedure would be the creation of a single award enforceable at international level.

Magister Legum - LLM
Alternative dispute resolution refers to forms of dispute resolution, other than traditional and formal court based litigation. A notable benefit of alternative dispute resolution is that different processes are available for resolving a particular dispute in the most effective and efficient manner possible. Alternative dispute resolution includes but is not limited to arbitration, mediation, negotiation, conciliation and facilitation. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, lists human dignity, equality and the advancement of human rights and freedoms as the founding values of the Republic of South Africa. In terms of section 9(1) of the Constitution everyone is regarded as equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law in South Africa. Often it is however argued that traditional court based litigation hinders the full enjoyment of these rights by individuals. Consequently, alternative dispute resolution is attractive as an alternative to court based litigation as it is regarded as less expensive, more time effective and results in less conflict when it comes to resolving disputes in the most accessible, effective and efficient manner possible, in both developed and developing countries. The study will first focus on the pitfalls to traditional court based litigation in South Africa. The relevant legislation and processes which provide for alternative dispute resolution processes in South Africa, with specific focus on alternative dispute resolution in labour disputes, will be considered. Consideration will be given to the provision of alternative dispute resolution as contained in the Constitution, the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, the Rules for the Conduct of Proceedings before the CCMA of 2003 and the Arbitration Act 42 of 1965. The study will thereafter proceed to consider the use of alternative dispute resolution in labour disputes in Brazil, Russia, India and China, who, together with South Africa, are collectively referred to as BRICS. These five nations are considered the world’s leading emerging economies, with similar economic capabilities and demographics.

In this article, the author introduces us to the institution of third party funding and its future application in arbitration litigation. Third party funding allows the litigant’s costs can be funded. Moreover, he points out the problems that the third party financing has, and the implementation of rules to deal with this situation. Finally, there is a tendency to expand the duty of disclosure of the parties whether a third party is funding them.
En este artículo, el autor nos introduce a la institución del third party funding y su futura aplicación en los litigios arbitrales. El third party funding permite que los costos del litigante puedan ser financiados. Asimismo, señala los problemas que presenta el tercero financista, y la implementación de normas para afrontar esa situación. Finalmente, hay una tendencia de ampliar el deber de revelación de las partes sobre si se está siendo financiado por un tercero.

Includes bibliographical references.
The main aspect of the paper is the investigation of the enforcement of law of foreign (and domestic) judgments as well as arbitral awards in People´s Republic of China (PRC). The focus lies on international civil litigation and arbitration. For this purpose it is essential to elaborate on the judicial structures and its impact on the enforcement of laws in the PRC. The court system as well as its size and performance, the prosecution system, the lawyer system, the jurisdiction and the arbitration system will be briefly discussed. Thereafter, the study focuses on the recognition and enforcement of civil judgements and arbitral awards in the PRC. The organization of the enforcement and its procedure, laws and regulations in general will be addressed before the enforcement of civil judgements and arbitral awards will be investigated in detail. The investigation of the enforcement of judgments in the people’s courts of China is separated in the enforcement of domestic judgments and foreign judgments. While examining the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards it is important to consider the different categories of awards. In the following the challenges and obstacles facing the Chinese judicial system will be determined. The legal education, the lack of professionalism, local protectionism and the lack of judicial independence are just some of them. The progress China has made in the last decades will also be mentioned. Especially the judicial reforms from 1999 to 2014 and the efforts made to improve the enforcement of law. In addition the practical side will be determined, therefore, important or recent cases will be considered. The goal of the paper is to give an overview of the current social and economic environment of law enforcement and the measures which should be taken to improve the law enforcement in the PRC. Due to the lack of official statistics in regard of law enforcement in the PRC, the study is based on collected information from different sources.

In 2014 Russia took control over Crimea, and significant numbers of Ukrainian investors pursued investment claims against Russia regarding investments in Crimea made prior to the annexation.Thus, a fundamental concern is the applicability of the Ukraine-Russia BIT to such investments.The BIT empowers Ukrainian investors to initiate arbitration for compensation if Russia expropriates any Ukrainian investments on its territory. In order for the investors’ capital in Crimea to qualify as “investments” under the BIT, the tribunals had to determine whether Crimea constituted a part of the Russian “territory”. Even though Crimea was de facto controlled byRussia, de jure the Russian sovereignty over it had been questioned. As of time of the Thesis at least 10 cases were initiated and in seven of which decisions on responsibility and compensation were made. Investors are now enforcing the decisions in different jurisdictions facing jurisdictional challenges from Russia`s side. In 2019, Russia changed the strategy deciding to actively participate in the cases, which may play a decisive role on further developments of the disputes. The paper will examine whether investment tribunals in the Crimean cases have authority to hear them and the award to stand during set-aside/enforcement proceedings from the perspective of different enforcing jurisdictions, as well various litigation tactics and strategies presented by Russia.

Il a été longuement discuté de savoir si le système d'arbitrage est applicable pour régler les litiges administratifs qui concernent certains contrats administratifs ou d’autres sans rapport avec le contrat administratif. Dans cette thèse, les trois questions spécifiques sont analysées tour à tour : (1) Est-il possible pour un arbitre ou un tribunal arbitral de trancher des questions relevant du droit administratif? (2) Y a-t-il, ou devrait-il y avoir, des limitations à l'autorité des arbitres et des tribunaux arbitraux? (3) Enfin, après la délivrance d'une sentence arbitrale, quel rôle devrait jouer l'État dans la phase de contrôle judiciaire? La première question concerne l'arbitrabilité et a été discutée dans la première partie (FIRST PART: ARBITRABILITY). La deuxième question a été discutée dans la deuxième partie (SECOND PART: PARTICULAR QUESTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS IN ARBITRATION PROCEDURE). Enfin, sur la dernière question a fait l’objet d’une troisième partie (THIRD PART: JUDICIAL REVIEW AND EXECUTION OF ARBITRATION AWARD). Dans cette thèse, nous avons comparé les systèmes de quatre pays (Canada, Chine, France, Taïwan). En conclusion, nous pouvons donc conclure que l’évolution de la conception du contrat administratif implique de nombreux aspects, y compris les aspects juridiques, économiques, politiques et même culturels. Le développement de la fonction de contentieux administratif, comme ‘’subjectivement orienté" ou "objectivement orienté" aura une incidence sur l'acceptation de l'arbitrage en matière administrative. Dans l'ensemble, l'arbitrage sera plus acceptable dans les systèmes dont la fonction est plus ‘’subjectivement orientée" que dans ceux dont la fonction est "objectivement orientée"
While arbitration has traditionally been considered as a means to resolve private disputes, its role in disputes involving administrative contracts is a crucial question in administrative law. In brief, the three specific questions are (1) Can arbitrators or arbitral tribunals decide issues involving administrative law? and (2) Is there, or should there be, any limitation on the authority of arbitrators or arbitral tribunals? (3) Moreover, after the issue of an arbitration award, what role should the State play in the judicial review phase? The first question, the issue of arbitrability, is discussed in part 1 (FIRST PART: ARBITRABILITY). The second question will be discussed in part2 (SECOND PART: PARTICULAR QUESTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS IN ARBITRATION PROCEDURE). Finally, on the question of what happens after the arbitration award, we will discuss judicial review in part 3 (THIRD PART: JUDICIAL REVIEW AND EXECUTION OF ARBITRATION AWARD). We compare legal systems between the four countries: in France, in Canada, in China and in Taiwan. We believe that an administrative contract, at least in its function and conception, is gradually becoming different from a private contract. Innovation with respect to administrative contracts will also reflect the concentration and function of the administrative litigation systems in each country. In addition, the “objective” or “subjective” function of administrative litigation will also affect the degree of arbitrability, as well as arbitration procedures. Taken together, arbitration will be more acceptable in systems whose function is more “subjectively oriented” than in those whose function is “objectively oriented". Finally, “the arbitration of administrative matters” traditionally has been an important question in administrative and arbitration law. In the future, we will continue to see it shine in the doctrine and jurisprudence of both the administrative and arbitration law fields

L'idée de cette thèse sur le droit international des investissements concernant les entreprises d'État trouve son origine dans l'impressionnant développement économique de ces dix dernières années. D'une part, ce dernier donne une pertinence considérable à ce thème compte tenu de son actualité. D'autre part, il existe un intérêt considérable pour les problèmes juridiques laissés en suspens par ces entités. Cette thèse commence par un chapitre préliminaire dans lequel la forme juridique de ces institutions est analysée, à la fois avec une évaluation empirique et du point de vue du droit national et international applicable à ces sujets. L'analyse empirique approfondie qui n'a pas encore été réalisée dans les recueils de contributions examinés s'est révélée fondamentale, car certaines des questions juridiques concernant les entreprises d'État ne pourraient vraiment pas être abordées sans une telle approche. Le corps plus juridique de la thèse, consacré uniquement à l'analyse juridique, est composé de trois parties et présente deux principaux pôles d'intérêt : le premier est lié à la compréhension des implications juridiques de ces entités et le second, plus large, vise à comprendre le traitement qui a été réservé à ces organes dans les différends examinés. Ce traitement peut nous renseigner au niveau systémique sur le droit international des investissements, qui a également nécessité une comparaison ciblée avec l'arbitrage commercial et avec le droit commercial international
The idea of a thesis on state enterprises in international investment law finds its roots in their impressive economic development during the last decade, which, on one hand, gives considerable relevance to this theme given its inherent actuality and, on the other hand, there is a considerable interest in the juridical problems that these entities leave open. The thesis consists of a preliminary chapter, were the legal form of these institutions has been analyzed, from both an empirical assessment and the standpoint of national and international law applicable to these subjects. The empirical, in-depth analysis, not yet reached in the collections of examined contributions, turned up as fundamental, because some of the legal issues concerning state enterprises cannot really be tackled without such an approach. The more juridical body of the thesis, devoted only to legal analysis is composed of three parts and has two main poles of interest: the first linked to the understanding of the legal implications of these entities and a second, and, wider one, aimed at understanding what the treatment of these bodies, occurred in the dispute cases examined, can tell us at a systemic level about international investment law, which has required also a targeted comparison with commercial arbitration and international trade law

Cette thèse est une étude comparative entre la loi française et la loi égyptienne ; elle porte sur le cadre juridique du cyber arbitrage dans le commerce international, ces termes signifiant la dématérialisation des procédures de l’arbitrage lequel représente un moyen alternatif pour régler les litiges commerciaux. La question est de savoir dans quelle mesure les règles de l'arbitrage traditionnel sont aptes à régir l'arbitrage dématérialisé et s’il faut créer pour ce dernier des règles juridiques spécifiques. La réponse à cette problématique s’articule autour de la possibilité pour toutes les règles de la législation d’adopter les nouvelles technologies. Notons que l’arbitrage dématérialisé est soumis à la même règle traditionnelle régie par la théorie générale des contrats, selon le principe de la volonté des parties, mais cet arbitrage se déroule hors la présence de ces dernières car par le biais de moyens électroniques. La procédure arbitrale aura lieu à distance, cependant, si au plan technique l'arbitrage en ligne se pratique aisément, il n’en va pas de même au plan juridique. En d’autres termes, l'arbitrage classique comprend pléthore de conditions impératives tant sur le fonds que sur la forme, conditions que l'arbitrage en ligne, en vertu de sa nature, ne réussit pas à satisfaire en totalité. Les deux lois comparées sont globalement convergentes et concordent avec les principes internationaux. Après une longue période de franche hostilité on note, dans les années quatre-vingts de la part des pays arabes, des changements dans leur attitude à l’égard de l’arbitrage commercial international. Toutefois, la loi française dépasse la loi égyptienne en matière électronique
This thesis is a comparative study between French law and Egyptian law; it concerns The legal framework for cyber arbitration in international trade, these terms mean paperless arbitration procedures which represents an alternative way to resolve trade disputes. The question is to what extent the rules of traditional arbitration are able to govern dematerialized arbitration and whether to create it for specific legal rules. The answer to this problem is based on the ability of all the rules of law to adopt new technologies. Note that the dematerialized arbitration is subject to the same traditional rule governed by the general theory of contract, on the basis of the will of the parties, but the arbitration shall be conducted without the presence of the latter because through electronic means. The arbitration proceedings will be held remotely, however, if technically online arbitration easily practice it does not hold true in legal terms. In other words, the classic arbitration includes plethora of mandatory conditions on both the funds and the form, terms as online arbitration, pursuant to its nature, does not satisfy in full. Both laws are compared globally convergent and consistent with international principles. After a long period of open hostility there are, in the eighty years from Arab countries, changes in their attitude to international commercial arbitration. However, French law exceeds the Egyptian law on electronic material

Ce travail a tenté de dresser une cartographie de l'utilisation par le juge de l'OMC et l'arbitre de l'investissement de l'argument juridique fondé sur le droit non écrit. Le discours juridictionnel est considéré dans une perspective métathéorique et le droit non écrit a été étudié en tant que structure discursive au sens foucaldien du terme. En prenant comme point de départ la thèse de Martti Koskennicmi, il est soutenu que le discours juridictionnel fondé sur le droit non écrit est caractérisé par des oppositions binaires, propres au droit international libéral. Aussi ce discours oscille-t-il entre deux pôles : celui de l'apologie et celui de l'utopie. Ce balancement est résumé, dans ce travail, par l'emploi de deux concepts qui représentent les deux extrémités du spectre : la banalisation et la systématisation. Dans une logique de banalisation, le juge ancre son espace normatif dans le droit international général pour y ancrer sa légitimité. La banalisation de son espace normatif particulier reflète la volonté du juge de s'aligner sur les structures de pouvoir du droit international général. Il a été démontré, dans cette optique, que le juge de l'OMC, tout comme l'arbitre d'investissement, a banalisé à dessein la nature de son espace normatif ainsi que sa fonction juridictionnelle. Un deuxième registre linguistique employé par le juge est celui de la systématisation. Dans ce contexte, le juge utilise moins le droit non écrit pour ancrer son espace normatif dans le droit international général que pour construire une certaine unité interne au régime. Le langage de systématisation a pour effet ultime de renforcer la logique néolibérale sur laquelle le régime est bâti
The thesis has attempted to sketch a cartography of the way the WTO judge and the investment arbitrator use the judicial argument based on unwritten Law. The general approach consisted in studying the judicial discourse from a metatheoretical perspective: unwritten law is studied as a discursive structure in the Foucauldian sense of the term. Taking Martti Koskenniemi's thesis as a starting point, it is maintained that the judicial discourse based on unwritten law is grounded on binary oppositions. It oscillates between two poles : the pole of apology and the pole of utopia. This oscillation is explained using two concepts, constituting the extremities of the spectrum: banalization and systematization. In the perspective of banalization, the judge grounds its normative space in general international law. Using this approach, the WTO judge and the investment arbitrator have banalized both the nature of their normative spaces and their own judicial function. The judge also uses the linguistic register of systematization. ln this context, unwritten law is used to construct the internal unity of the regime. The effect of the language of systematization is to generate a movement between consolidation of the unity of the regime and strengthening the embedded neoliberal bias thereof

L’essor de la finance islamique moderne va poser logiquement la question de la résolution des litiges. En effet, le recours à la justice étatique aboutit à des impacts négatifs sur la réalisation des objectifs de la finance islamique et sur le développement de ce secteur d’activité. Dans cette optique, l’application de la législation nationale par le juge étatique aboutit à la requalification des contrats de financement islamique en des contrats de financement conventionnel. En outre, ce recours au juge étatique conduit à la neutralisation de la Charia en tant que droit applicable. Tout cela conduit à la dénaturation de la finance islamique. Cette dénaturation est une source de contradictions. On sait bien que les institutions financières islamiques reposent sur une obligation fondamentale, selon laquelle toutes les opérations financières effectuées doivent être conformes à la Charia. De plus, les personnes ayant recours à la finance islamique visent principalement à exercer des activités financières en toute conformité avec leurs principes religieux et éthiques issus de la législation islamique. L’étude a également montré que les modes amiables de règlement des litiges contribuent à prendre en considération la particularité de la finance islamique. Cependant, cette prise en compte reste insuffisante. En effet, ces modes ne présentent pas un mécanisme complet, homogène et cohérent de règlement des litiges relatifs à la finance islamique. Leur contribution à la construction d’un système juridique propre à la finance islamique est très limitée. De ce fait, ils ne peuvent pas participer efficacement à la promotion de l’industrie financière islamique. De plus, ils souffrent d’un défaut majeur au niveau de la force de la solution proposée : l’efficacité de cette solution dépend en principe de la bonne volonté des parties. Face à ce dysfonctionnement de la justice étatique et des modes amiables, la solution a été recherchée du côté de l'arbitrage. En effet, l’arbitrage connaît une expansion spectaculaire dans le monde actuel au point de devenir le mode normal de règlement des litiges. Cet essor exceptionnel de l’arbitrage se constate notamment dans la vie économique et financière. A l’heure actuelle, cette vie est devenue inconcevable sans l’arbitrage. En matière de finance islamique, l’arbitrage en tant que mécanisme reposant sur la liberté et la volonté apparaît comme la meilleure voie permettant la prise en considération de la spécificité de cette activité, l’application de la Charia dans le domaine de la résolution des litiges. C’est pourquoi, ce mode alternatif de règlement des litiges s’adapte parfaitement aux exigences des litiges relatifs à la finance islamique et pourrait contribuer à la promotion de ce secteur d’activité. Grâce aux avantages qu’il offre aux opérateurs de la finance islamique, l’arbitrage s’affirme comme la justice naturelle des litiges relatifs à la finance islamique. Pour renforcer le rôle de l’arbitrage dans le domaine de la finance islamique, un projet de réforme a été présenté. Ce projet vise à moderniser l’arbitrage dans toutes ses étapes. Dans cette optique, l’accent a été mis sur la convention d’arbitrage, le statut de l’arbitre, le droit applicable et la sentence arbitrale. Tout cela a été achevé par l’élaboration d’un projet de charte éthique de l’arbitrage en matière de finance islamique. Une fois modernisé et renouvelé, l’arbitrage peut devenir un pilier essentiel de l’industrie financière islamique, en participant efficacement à la promotion de cette activité. Avec une justice équitable, pratique, efficace, conforme à la Charia et adaptée, la finance islamique se trouve renforcée et consolidée
AbstractThe rise of modern Islamic finance will logically raise the issue of dispute resolution. Indeed, recourse to state justice leads to negative impacts on the achievement of the objectives of Islamic finance and on the development of this sector of activity. In this context, the application of national legislation by the state judge results in the reclassification of Islamic financing contracts into conventional financing contracts. In addition, this recourse to the State Judge leads to the neutralization of Shariah as an applicable law. All this leads to the denaturation of Islamic finance. This denaturing is a source of contradictions. It is well known that Islamic financial institutions are based on a fundamental obligation that all financial transactions must conform to Sharia law. In addition, people who use Islamic finance primarily aim to conduct financial activities in accordance with their religious and ethical principles derived from Islamic legislation. The study also showed that amicable dispute resolution modes help to take into account the peculiarity of Islamic finance. However, this consideration remains insufficient. Indeed, these modes do not present a complete, homogeneous and coherent mechanism for resolving disputes relating to Islamic finance. Their contribution to the construction of a legal system specific to Islamic finance is very limited. As a result, they can not participate effectively in promoting the Islamic financial industry. In addition, they suffer from a major flaw in the strength of the proposed solution: the effectiveness of this solution depends in principle on the good will of the parties. Faced with this dysfunction of state justice and amicable modes, the solution was sought on the side of arbitration. Indeed, arbitration is expanding dramatically in today's world to the point of becoming the normal mode of dispute resolution. This exceptional growth of arbitration can be seen in particular in economic and financial life. At present, this life has become inconceivable without arbitration. In the area of Islamic finance, arbitration as a mechanism based on freedom and will appears as the best way to take into account the specificity of this activity, the application of Shari'a in the field of the resolution of litigation. For this reason, this alternative dispute resolution method is perfectly suited to the demands of Islamic finance litigation and could contribute to the promotion of this sector of activity. Thanks to the advantages it offers to operators of Islamic finance, arbitration is asserting itself as the natural justice of disputes relating to Islamic finance. To strengthen the role of arbitration in the field of Islamic finance, a reform project was presented. This project aims to modernize arbitration in all its stages. From this perspective, the focus was on the arbitration agreement, the status of the arbitrator, the applicable law and the arbitration award. All this has been completed by the elaboration of a draft ethical charter of arbitration on Islamic finance. Once modernized and renewed, arbitration can become an essential pillar of the Islamic financial industry, effectively participating in the promotion of this activity. With fair, practical, effective, Sharia-compliant and responsive justice, Islamic finance is strengthened and consolidated

Benché ampiamente studiata con riferimento al contenzioso interno, la res judicata ha ricevuto minore attenzione nella sua “dimensione internazionale”. Il presente lavoro si propone di esplorare i profili incerti degli effetti di giudicato delle “decisioni non domestiche”, intese come decisioni non provenienti dalle corti del foro, e in particolare delle sentenze straniere e dei lodi arbitrali internazionali. Nel tentativo di superare almeno parte delle incertezze e dei problemi della prassi attuale, in relazione alle sentenze straniere si sostiene che i relativi effetti di giudicato vengano determinati sulla base della teoria dell’estensione assoluta degli effetti, la quale assicura certezza giuridica transnazionale ed è consona alla moderna evoluzione liberale delle norme sul riconoscimento. Quanto ai lodi arbitrali, si propone che le istituzioni arbitrali adottino, nei propri regolamenti, ampie regole preclusive che riflettano la natura e gli obiettivi del procedimento arbitrale. Le soluzioni proposte condividono l’idea che gli effetti di giudicato di una “decisione non domestica” dovrebbero essere determinati in linea di principio dal “sistema” a cui la decisione appartiene, sebbene l’adozione di un approccio unitario risulti problematica quando questioni di giudicato sorgono tra corti statali e tribunali arbitrali in maniera da compromettere l’autonomia dell’arbitrato internazionale.
Although extensively studied in domestic litigation, res judicata has received less attention in its “international dimension”. This work seeks to navigate the uncharted waters of the res judicata effects of “non-domestic decisions”, understood as decisions that are not rendered by the courts of the forum, and in particular of foreign judgments and international arbitral awards. In an attempt to overcome at least part of the uncertainties and problems of the current practice, as regards foreign judgments it is proposed that their res judicata effects be determined based on the theory of the absolute extension of effects, which ensures cross-border legal certainty and accords with the modern liberal evolution of recognition rules. As regards arbitral awards, it is suggested that arbitral institutions adopt, in their regulations, broad preclusive rules that reflect the nature and objectives of the arbitral process. The proposed solutions share the idea that the res judicata effects of a “non-domestic decision” should be in principle determined according to the “system” to which the decision belongs, although the adoption of a unitary approach is challenged when res judicata issues arise between state courts and arbitral tribunals so to jeopardize the autonomy of international arbitration.

Au carrefour des domaines juridiques du droit de la concurrence et du droit de l’arbitrage se situe la liberté contractuelle. Elle est garantie par les règles du droit de la concurrence et en même temps la raison d'être de l’arbitrage. La liberté contractuelle est également à la base d'un conflit qui se présente dans les deux domaines : Le conflit entre la liberté individuelle et les intérêts régulateurs de l’État. Omniprésent dans le droit de la concurrence, ce conflit se manifeste dans le droit de l'arbitrage chaque fois que le droit d'arbitrage rencontre une loi étatique de caractère impératif. Il est particulièrement pertinent lorsque la juridiction de l'État est impliquée dans le cadre d'une procédure d'exécution d'une sentence arbitrale ou d'un recours en annulation. Dans ce cas, s'ajoute également le conflit entre l'arbitrage et le système judiciaire étatique. Étant donné que ces deux systèmes sont jugés équivalents, le juge étatique doit s'abstenir de juger à nouveau le fond du litige tranché par le tribunal arbitral (principe de non-révision au fond). Il peut seulement vérifier que l'exequatur de la sentence arbitrale ne heurte pas un principe essentiel du droit étatique, son ordre public. Les règles du droit de la concurrence qui font partie de l'ordre public, leur application par l’arbitre et leur contrôle par le juge étatique font l’objet de la thèse
At the intersection between arbitration and competition law lies private autonomy. The provisions of competition law safeguard what is at the same time the legal foundation of arbitration. In both areas of law, private autonomy enters into conflict with the state's regulatory interest. While this conflict is omnipresent in competition law, it manifests itself in arbitration only when the arbitral proceedings come into contact with mandatory state law, most notably when a state court has to decide on the enforceability of an arbitral award. If this is the case, not only private autonomy and mandatory state law collide, but also arbitration and state court jurisdiction. As far as arbitration and litigation are considered to be equivalent, a state court may not review the substance of an arbitral award on the merits (principle of non-révision au fond). It may only consider whether the enforcement of the arbitral award would violate an essential principle of the law of the state that the state court is supposed to protect, i.e. its public policy (ordre public). Some of these essential principles derive from a state’s competition law and form the state’s public competition policy. Public competition policy, it’s implications for the arbitral tribunal and its protection by state courts form the subject of doctoral thesis
An der Schnittstelle zwischen der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und dem Kartellrecht liegt die Privatautonomie. Sie wird durch die Regeln des Kartellrechts gewährleistet und stellt zugleich die Legitimationsgrundlage der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit dar. Dabei steht sie in beiden Rechtsgebieten im Konflikt mit dem staatlichen Ordnungsinteresse. Während dieser Konflikt im Kartellrecht allgegenwärtig ist, manifestiert er sich in der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit, sobald das Schiedsverfahren mit zwingendem staatlichen Recht in Berührung kommt, insbesondere wenn ein staatliches Gericht über die Vollstreckbarerklärung oder Aufhebung eines Schiedsspruchs entscheiden muss. In diesem Fall treffen nicht nur Privatautonomie und staatlicher Zwang aufeinander, sondern auch Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und staatliche Gerichtsbarkeit. Werden beide als gleichwertig angesehen, darf das staatliche Gerichte einen Schiedsspruch grundsätzlich nicht in der Sache überprüfen (Prinzip der non-révision au fond). Es darf nur prüfen, ob die Vollstreckung des Schiedsspruchs einen wesentlichen Grundsatz des von ihm zu schützenden staatlichen Rechts verletzen würde, seinen ordre public. Enthalten diese wesentlichen Grundsätze Regeln des Kartellrechts, handelt es sich um den kartellrechtlichen ordre public. Der kartellrechtliche ordre public, seine Bedeutung für das Schiedsgericht und seine Überprüfung durch das staatliche Gericht werden in dieser Dissertation untersucht. Dazu bedarf es eingangs einer allgemeinen Betrachtung der Schnittstellen zwischen Kartellrecht und Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (1. Kapitel). Diese widmet sich einerseits den theoretischen Grundlagen der Beziehung beider Rechtsgebiete, andererseits den vielen praktischen Formen des Aufeinandertreffens von Kartellrecht und Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit. Davon ausgehend soll sich dem kartellrechtlichen ordre public genähert werden, indem dieser in allen seinen Erscheinungsformen dargestellt wird, die anhand ihrer Wirkungen in gängige ordre-public-Kategorisierungen eingeordnet werden und miteinander so ins Verhältnis gesetzt werden, dass Konflikte und ein möglicher Umgang mit ihnen erkennbar werden (2. Kapitel). Im Anschluss soll aufgezeigt werden, wie staatliche Gerichte Schiedssprüche auf eine Verletzung des kartellrechtlichen ordre public überprüfen, welche Kontrollparameter ihre Untersuchung beeinflussen, wie sich Parallelverfahren vor Wettbewerbsbehörden darauf auswirken und welche Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten ein staatliches Gericht hat, das eine Verletzung des kartellrechtlichen ordre public feststellt (3. Kapitel). Im Anschluss sollen Möglichkeiten für das Schiedsgericht und die Schiedsparteien ergründet werden, einen Verstoß gegen den kartellrechtlichen ordre public zu vermeiden (4. Kapitel). Mit den hierbei gewonnenen Ergebnissen soll zuletzt versucht werden, eine Antwort auf die Frage zu finden, ob der kartellrechtliche ordre public einen wirksamen Sicherungs¬mechanismus darstellt, mit dem eine sich eine Rechtsordnung gegen gravierende Verletzungen ihres Kartellrechts durch Schiedssprüche schützen kann

L'accès d'une société à un prétoire est source de nombreuses problématiques procédurales. Cela étant, ces dernières n'étant pas suffisamment considérées par le législateur ou idéalement compilées au sein d'une codification spécifique, elles demeurent la cause de légitimes tourments pratiques. Les interrogations sont alors nombreuses : elles portent sur les droits susceptibles d’être invoqués devant le juge, par ou contre la société, sa capacité à jouir de l'action en justice, le pouvoir ou la qualité de ceux qui prétendent être à même de l’incarner à la barre ; la juridiction compétente pour connaître du litige qui l'intéresse ; la gestion du temps procédural en adéquation avec le rythme de la vie sociale ; l’élaboration et la communication des actes de procédure établis en son nom ou à son intention ; la garantie d'exécution des décisions rendues en sa présence. Le risque appréhendé est l’échec procédural. À l’origine de la difficulté : toute l'ambiguïté existentielle et fonctionnelle de ce justiciable atypique qu'est la société. L’on aurait pu a priori douter que le droit procédural parvienne à s’adapter aux singularités du justiciable sociétaire. Il suffisait, pour laisser place à quelques humbles mais utiles certitudes en la matière, de procéder à un rassemblement cohérent de tout ce qui constitue la substance du droit procédural sociétaire, suivant un axe de lecture le rendant compréhensible. Et c'est ce que s'efforce de réaliser la présente thèse, au gré des difficultés pratiques qu'elle traite et auxquelles elle suggère les solutions susceptibles de convenir
Going to court for a company involves many procedural issues. Since those issues are not sufficiently taken into account by legislators or ideally part of a compilation within a specific form of codification, they may be held responsible for inevitable practical difficulties. Many questions arise : concerning rights likely to be brought up before a judge by a company or against a company ; its ability to benefit from an action ; the power or quality of those who claim to represent the company before a judge, the competence of a court to hear the case at hand ; managing procedural time in line with the pace of corporate life ; drafting and communicating the procedural acts issued in the company’s name or for the company ; ensuring the court rulings taken in the company’s presence be enforced. The obvious risk is procedural failure. The difficulty stems from the existential and functional ambiguities of this a-typical company. At first sight, procedural does not seem to be able to adapt to the nature of the claimant company. In order to leave room for some humble but useful certainties in this area, one must coherently gather all that constitutes the substance of companies’ procedural law, based on an interpretation that will make it understandable. That is the aim of the present dissertation while dealing with practical difficulties and suggesting suitable solutions. “The Claimant Company” is a plea for the recognition of the governing law in disputes between companies, which deserves to be part and parcel of the many implications of jurisprudence

Les profondes mutations du commerce international, avec en particulier l'émergence de nouvelles puissances économiques et l’accélération de la révolution numérique, nous invitent à revoir les distinctions traditionnelles entre les différents droits de l'arbitrage. Si l'on peut observer un mouvement d'uniformisation des droits dans les pays occidentaux, en particulier avec une convergence des droits de Common Law et des droits continentaux, qu'en est-il dans les pays qualifiés hier d’ « émergents »? Assiste-t-on à ce même phénomène ? Des particularismes ressortent-ils? L'objet de cette thèse sera d'examiner les spécificités de quatre grands pays - la Chine, l’Inde, le Brésil et le Mexique - dont le poids démographique et économique ne cesse de croître dans les échanges internationaux. Dans une démarche comparative, nous nous intéresserons spécifiquement à la convention d'arbitrage, clé de voûte du droit de l’arbitrage, afin d’essayer de comprendre la philosophie et le traitement réservé à ce mode de règlement des différends dans chacun des ces pays. Cela nous conduira à nous interroger sur la place actuelle du droit français de l’arbitrage, longtemps considéré comme avant-gardiste, et sur son influence dans les années à venir
The profound changes in international trade, particularly in light of the emergence of new economic powers and the acceleration of the Digital Revolution, lead us to revisit the traditional distinctions between the different national arbitration laws. While a movement of standardization of national laws has been observed in Western countries, particularly with a tendency of convergence between Common Law and Civil Law jurisdictions, what about the countries that were qualified yesterday as "emerging"? Is the same phenomenon true for the them and Do particularisms emerge? The purpose of this thesis will be to examine the specificities of four major countries - China, India, Brazil and Mexico - whose demographic and economic weight is growing in international trade day by day. Through a comparative approach, we will focus specifically on the arbitration agreement, being the keystone of arbitration law, in order to try to understand the philosophy and treatment reserved to this dispute resolution method in each of these countries. This will inevitably lead to question the current place of French law, long considered as avant-garde, and its influence in the years to come

У тезах доповіді зазначено, що сьогодні не слід робити акцент на поділі галузей права та права загалом на приватне і публічне. Слід зосередити увагу на взаємоповʼязаному досягненні публічних і приватних інтересів. А тому і слід вести мову про ухвалення та одночасне виконання заходів «Концепції реалізації приватних інтересів», змістом якої можуть бути правові інститути із багатьох галузей права України, що передбачають наявність приватних інтересів у їх суб’єктів, та «Концепції реалізації публічних інтересів», змістом якої можуть бути інші правові інститути у межах тих самих та інших галузей права.
В тезисах доклада отмечено, что сегодня не следует делать акцент на разделении отраслей права и права в целом на частное и публичное. Следует сосредоточиться на взаимосвязанном достижении публичных и частных интересов. Поэтому и следует говорить о принятии и одновременном выполнении мероприятий «Концепции реализации частных интересов», содержанием которой могут быть правовые институты из многих отраслей права Украины, предусматривающие наличие частных интересов у их субъектов, и «Концепции реализации публичных интересов», содержанием которой могут быть другие правовые институты в рамках тех же и других отраслей права. The abstracts of the report say that today we should not emphasize the division of branches of law and law in general into private and public. The focus should be on the interrelated achievement of public and private interests. That is why we should talk about the adoption and simultaneous implementation of the "Concept of realization of private interests", the content of which may be legal institutions from many branches of law of Ukraine, providing for the presence of private interests of their subjects, and "Concept of realization of public interests". the content of which may be other legal institutions within the same and other branches of law.

L’actualisation des données sur le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles fait naître laconviction que l’état de sous-développement souvent pointé est aujourd’hui dépassé. Les statistiquessont nettes : des dizaines d’affaires sont plaidées chaque année. Toutefois, ce contentieux s’esquissesous des traits qui ne sont pas exactement ceux du contentieux indemnitaire de masse faisant suite àla commission d’ententes internationales. C’est un fait majeur qui doit être noté car l’essentiel desprojets de réforme furent bâtis sur cet idéal type. Trois des caractères les plus saillants de la réalitéjudiciaire témoignent de cette fracture entre droit positif et droit prospectif. D’abord, le contentieuxprivé est majoritairement un contentieux contractuel entre professionnels aux forces déséquilibrées. Ensuite, c’estun contentieux national – voire local – plus qu’un contentieux international. Enfin, c’est plutôt uncontentieux autonome se déployant devant les juridictions judiciaires sans procédure préalable oupostérieure des autorités de concurrence (stand alone). Paradoxalement, les actions complémentaires(follow-on), pourtant réputées d’une mise en oeuvre aisée, sont plus rares. Ces observations invitentalors à réviser l’ordre des priorités de toute réflexion prospective. Ainsi, la lutte contre l’asymétried’informations et de moyens entre litigants, l’essor de sanctions contractuelles efficaces, larecomposition du rôle des autorités juridictionnelles et administratives dans le procès civil ou encorele développement des procédures de référé s’imposent avec urgence. Mais s’il paraît légitime desoutenir ce contentieux autonome déjà existant, il n’en reste pas moins utile de participer à laréflexion déjà amorcée pour développer le contentieux indemnitaire de masse tant attendu et dont onne peut négliger les atouts. De lege ferenda, le contentieux privé de demain présenterait donc uncaractère bicéphale ; il serait à la fois autonome et complémentaire. Il faut alors tenter de concevoir unrégime efficace pour ces deux moutures du contentieux privé en tenant compte de leurs exigencesrespectives. Or l’analyse positive et prospective de leurs fonctions révèlent que contentieuxautonome et contentieux complémentaire s’illustrent autant par les fonctions qu’ils partagent que parcelles qui les distinguent. Il serait donc excessif de vouloir en tous points leur faire application derègles particulières ou, à l’inverse, de règles identiques. C’est donc vers l’élaboration d’un régime commun complété par un régime particulier à chacun d’eux que s’orientera la présente recherche.PREMIÈRE PARTIE. Le régime commun aux contentieux privés autonome et complémentaireSECONDE PARTIE. Le régime particulier à chacun des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire
Pas de résumé en anglais

碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班
107
After the arbitral tribunal pursuant to Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea announced the Philippine South China Sea Arbitration Awards No. 2013-19 on July 12, 2016, it has aroused severe criticism by the governments and scholars from R.O.C. and P.R.C. However, should the ruling has received recognitions from the foreign academic society and international judicial regime, it will lead future judgements and influence the interests of states around the South China Sea. By analyzing the applicability of foreign scholars, international judicial precedence and state practices, this thesis tries to verify the suitability of the Arbitration regarding the issues of historical rights and island disputes. It is also based on the evidence submitted by the governments of China and Philippines, as well as the Amicus Curiae by the Chinese(Taiwan) Society of International Law, trying to analyzes the evidence evaluation by the Arbitration, and then proposes the strategy of future response to litigation.

碩士
國立中興大學
科技法律研究所
96
With the emergence of high-tech industry, globalization, and its significance to Taiwan, “Economic Rationality” deserves attention in the current legal order. On the other hand, the advent of knowledge economy and globalization, the legal regulation and dispute resolution are converging under the influence of WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The formation of Transnational Law has since developed. Whether the national legal system can be effectively integrated into Transnational Law and whether the public support of its outputs can remain dynamic balanced, are critical issues facing modern countries. This study attempts to analyze the patent dispute solutions in Taiwan’s mobile phone industry by using System Theory, developed by Professor David Easton of University of Chicago, as a theoretical framework. External environmental factors include knowledge economy, globalization, and legal deregulation. Internal factors are characteristics pertaining to high-tech industry and patent dispute and economic rationality. This research also adopted the theory of Patent Equity and Judge-made Law to discuss the recent establishment of Intellectual Property Court in Taiwan and the possibility of introducing judge-made law to solve patent-related disputes under the emergence of knowledge economy and globalization. This study integrates legal study and management theory and adopts the following methods: descriptive statistics, comparative legal study, and legal economic analysis. Two major findings emerge from this research. First, arbitration generates more substantive justice than litigation which pursues mere justice, which fits the characteristics of hi-tech industries. Second, Taiwan’s Intellectual Property Court should cross apply Judge-made law to moderate legal justice and social justice under conditions of complying judicial principles and not threatening social order and morality and legal regulation, which will better respond to patent disputes involving Transnational Law, thereby fostering a rich judicial culture of intellectual property rights. This study provides insight for policy makers about developing proper legal remedies methods to promote Taiwan’s legal system, judicial system and science and technology law.

碩士
逢甲大學
土地管理學系
107
When disputes occur in different stages of a construction project, concerning such items as design planning, construction funding, project alteration, delay penalties, management fees of due date extension, request for deposit-refunds, operational expenses and ratios of profit distribution, the terms and nature of the resolution process can vary. Therefore, different resolutions may result in various outcomes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of various types of resolutions in a number of construction disputes. This study initially explains dispute resolution procedures and characteristics. Then it uses the legal and regulatory retrieval system of the Judicial Department to identify dispute cases handled through arbitration, and similar dispute cases handled with litigation. As a result, all the information concerning trial duration, legal expenses, and settlement ratios can be sorted and edited. Finally, methods of economic analysis of law are established to provide guidelines in selecting appropriate dispute resolutions based on the various construction stages and types of disagreements. Hopefully, this research can provide resolution references for related construction disputes in the future. Conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. When considering the trial duration of a construction dispute, an arbitration decision generally takes between seven months (the shortest period) and four years and six months (the longest period). However, a court judgment can take between three years and five months (the shortest period) and 12 years or more (the longest period). Therefore, the timeframe for litiga-tion is five to six times longer than arbitration. 2. When figuring out the ratios between the cost of arbitration to a claim and the expense of litigation to a claim, a ratio of 5 to 35‰ is found for arbitration and a ratio of 13 to 42 ‰ is estab-lished for litigation. Therefore, the litigation expenses are about two to three times more than arbitration costs. 3. When comparing the ratios of arbitration settlement to litiga-tion settlement, there is no significant difference between arbi-tration (12 to 98%) and litigation (0 to 100%).

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Este estudo aborda a arbitragem com ênfase na temática da extensão da convenção de arbitragem aos terceiros não signatários.A arbitragem é um meio extrajudicial de litígios cuja origem é milenar e que atualmente assume uma postura emergente.Na sua estrutura tradicional, a arbitragem processa-se entre duas partes singulares ou plurais. Porém, o comércio jurídico tem-se revelado multifacetado, dando lugar a uma mudança paradigma, fazendo, não raras vezes, intervir na estrutura arbitral um sujeito que inicialmente não estaria abrangido pela convenção de arbitragem.Perante tal situação, o estudo irá abordar as diversas formas de intervenção, bem como estabelecer o limite das mesmas.O método especialmente escolhido para a orientação da exposição será a análise, em particular, de uma decisão do Tribunal da Relação de Lisboa (acórdão de 11 de janeiro de 2011), em relação à qual houve recurso para o Supremo Tribunal de Justiça (acórdão do STJ, de 8 de setembro de 2011).Outros aspetos que extravasam do âmbito subjetivo da convenção de arbitragem serão analisados. Tais questões relevam para o caso concretamente abordado nos acórdãos. Verificamos que vários obstáculos foram superados neste campo, sendo convicção generalizada, tanto na doutrina como na jurisprudência, que a intervenção de terceiros numa arbitragem a decorrer não deve ser negada, mas deve obedecer a regras básicas. Assim sendo, a interpretação da convenção de arbitragem ou dos circunstancialismos que envolvem o caso, pode permitir em certos casos, incluir um círculo mais alargado de sujeitos do que os inicialmente contemplados.
This study deals with arbitration with emphasis on the issue of extending the arbitration agreement to non-signatory third parties.Arbitration is an extrajudicial means of litigation whose origin is millenarian and which currently assumes an emerging stance.In its traditional structure, arbitration takes place between two singular or plural parts. However, the legal trade has proved to be multifaceted, giving rise to a paradigm shift, making, not infrequently, intervening in the arbitration structure a subject that initially would not be covered by the arbitration agreement.Given this situation, the study will address the various forms of intervention, as well as establish the limits of these.The method chosen in particular for the orientation of the exhibition will be the examination, in particular, of a decision of the Lisbon Court of Appeal (judgment of 11 January 2011), against which the Supreme Court of Justice STJ, of September 8, 2011). Other aspects that go beyond the subjective scope of the arbitration agreement will be analyzed. These issues are relevant to the case specifically addressed in the judgments.We verified that a number of obstacles have been overcome in this field, and it is widely believed in both doctrine and case law that third party intervention in ongoing arbitration should not be denied but must obey basic rules.Thus, the interpretation of the arbitration agreement or the circumstances surrounding the case may, in certain cases, allow for a wider range of subjects than those initially contemplated.

This study focuses on third party funding, especially its application in commercial arbitration. Arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism is usually known for its celerity and flexibility. However, it entails high costs and expenses, making arbitration difficult to reach, particularly for those who have limited financial resources. In an attempt to lighten those costs and expenses it has been discussed the possibility of third party funding. TPF occurs when a third party decides to pay for a part or the total amount of costs that litigation requires of one of the litigants and in return the funder is entitled to a part of the success obtained by the financed party. Only if the party wins the dispute will the funder be rewarded. It’s already in force in some jurisdictions around the world that seem to understand it as a tool for an easier access to Justice. However, some jurisdictions still impose some restrictions driven by the medieval beliefs of mistrust of third party interventions in disputes. The precise definition of TPF is also a struggle because of its evolutionary state. In addition, its regulation is rare with only a few jurisdictions and arbitration centers expressly permitting its application. Notwithstanding its advantages in commercial arbitration it can also create some problems concerning the general principles applicable to the arbitral proceedings, having the ability to create conflicts of interest with the arbitrators and jeopardize the confidentiality that reigns in arbitration. In Portugal, TPF is not yet a reality nor there are known cases in which it was used. Nevertheless, there are advantages in its application in our country as long as it’s done with caution for the rules and principles in place. This thesis aims to understand if TPF is indeed a viable and fortunate way in commercial arbitration and if its disadvantages can be override specially through its regulation in order to guarantee that arbitration keeps its position as an efficient way of solving disputes.
O presente estudo centra-se na análise do instituto do third party funding, principalmente na sua aplicação à arbitragem comercial. A arbitragem, enquanto meio de resolução alternativa de litígios, caracteriza-se geralmente pela sua celeridade e flexibilidade processual. No entanto, acarreta custos cada vez mais elevados, que têm dificultado o seu acesso, particularmente para as entidades com uma capacidade económica mais reduzida. Numa tentativa de aliviar aqueles encargos discute-se a aplicação do TPF. O TPF ocorre quando um terceiro decide financiar parte ou a totalidade dos custos de um dos litigantes, recebendo em contrapartida uma fração dos ganhos que o litigante obtenha com a causa. Só em caso de sucesso é que o funder é retribuído pelo seu investimento. Estando já previsto nalgumas jurisdições no mundo que o aceitaram como uma forma de facilitar o acesso à Justiça, noutras é ainda visto com desconfiança, motivada por ancestrais preconceitos para com a intervenção de terceiros (financiadores) em litígios. A precisa concretização do seu âmbito é também difícil, já que se trata de uma realidade em evolução. Para além disso, a previsão da sua regulação é rara e circunscrita a alguns ordenamentos jurídicos e centros de arbitragem que expressamente preveem a sua aplicação. Na arbitragem comercial, apesar das vantagens que abarca, pode gerar problemas ao nível dos próprios princípios que regem o processo arbitral, podendo criar conflitos de interesses com os árbitros e pôr em causa a confidencialidade predominante naquele processo. Em Portugal, o TPF não está ainda previsto, nem são conhecidos casos concretos em que tenha sido usado. Ainda assim, há margem para a sua aplicação no território, desde que acautelada a harmonia com as regras e princípios vigentes. Esta Dissertação tem como objetivo perceber se o TPF é verdadeiramente uma opção viável no seio da arbitragem comercial e se as suas desvantagens podem ser ultrapassadas através da sua regulação, por forma a manter a arbitragem na mira daqueles que queiram uma resolução efetiva dos seus conflitos.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Contabilidade e Finanças apresentada à Faculdade de Economia
This dissertation aims to analyze the tax litigation related to the simplified regime, in the personal income tax. During this work we will identify the main reasons that generate litigation between the parties, the arguments that are used by the parties and, to understand the predominant meaning of the decisions of the Arbitration Court. During the investigation, we will critically analyze the decisions made by the AC, operating in the Administrative Arbitration Center, in order to understand the type of operations that are the basis of the conflict between the Liability Subject and the Tax and Customs Authority. This analysis will culminate in the definition of a predominant trend in Arbitration Court's decisions. The analysis of the arbitration jurisprudence shows that there is, in general, a greater tendency for Arbitration Court to declare the illegality of the additional tax assessment carried out by Tax Authority in the simplified personal income tax regime. Thus, the predominant meaning of Arbitration Court’s decisions, in general, operating within the Administrative Arbitration Center, is favourable to the taxpayer. Despite this, some decisions favourable to Tax Authority still exist. In this sense, the trend found respects several gaps in Tax Authority's performance in the simplified regime. In the course of its audits, the most problematic issues concern compliance with the criteria required by the simplified regime and the correct application of the calculation coefficients of taxable income.
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo a análise da litigância fiscal relativa ao regime simplificado, em sede IRS. Durante este trabalho iremos identificar as principais razões que geram litigância entre as partes, os argumentos que são utilizados pelas partes e, ainda, perceber o sentido predominante das decisões do Tribunal Arbitral. Durante a investigação, iremos analisar criticamente as decisões proferidas pelo Tribunal Arbitral, a funcionar no Centro de Arbitragem Administrativa (CAAD), com o intuito de entender o tipo de operações que estão na base do conflito entre o Sujeito Passivo e a Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira. Esta análise culminará com a definição de uma tendência predominante das decisões do Tribunal Arbitral. Conclui-se da análise da jurisprudência arbitral que existe, de um modo geral, uma maior tendência para a declaração de ilegalidade da liquidação adicional de imposto realizadas pela Autoridade Tributária, em matéria de regime simplificado, em sede de IRS. Desta forma, o sentido predominante das decisões do Tribunal Arbitral, a funcionar no CAAD, são favoráveis ao sujeito passivo. Neste sentido, a tendência encontrada respeita a diversas lacunas encontradas na atuação da Autoridade Tributária em matéria de regime simplificado. No decorrer das suas auditorias, os temas mais problemáticos respeitam ao cumprimento dos critérios exigidos pelo regime simplificado, em sede de IRS, e à correta aplicação dos coeficientes de apuramento do rendimento tributável.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Contabilidade e Finanças apresentada à Faculdade de Economia
A aplicação das regras fiscais dos preços de transferência às operações entre partes relacionadas não é uma tarefa simples, pelo que, em inúmeras situações, os contribuintes e as autoridades fiscais estão em desacordo quanto à sua adequada aplicação. Como resultado, esta é uma das matérias tributárias com um elevado potencial de litigância. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a questão da litigância fiscal no contexto da aplicação do regime fiscal dos preços de transferência. Em concreto, pretende-se identificar as principais razões para tal situação, que razões estão mais frequentemente na base desses litígios e qual o sentido predominante das decisões arbitrais nos litígios dirimidos sobre preços de transferência. Para o efeito, metodologicamente, proceder-se-á a uma análise crítica de decisões proferidas pelos tribunais arbitrais a funcionar no Centro de Arbitragem Administrativa (CAAD). Conclui-se da análise da jurisprudência arbitral que as operações financeiras, as operações de compra e venda de mercadorias ou produtos, as operações de compra e venda de ações, as operações relacionadas com ativos intangíveis e as operações que envolvem a prestação de serviços intragrupo são aquelas que mais frequentemente são objeto dos litígios entre a AT e os contribuintes. O sentido predominante das decisões do CAAD no que respeita aos litígios sobre PT é favorável aos contribuintes. Esta tendência é consequência de diversas lacunas identificadas na atuação da AT no decorrer das suas auditorias, designadamente ao nível da análise de comparabilidade, da metodologia na determinação dos preços de transferência utilizada, na verificação dos pressupostos legais exigidos para que seja aplicado este regime e nos requisitos de fundamentação legalmente exigidos.
The application of transfer pricing tax rules to related parties transactions is not a simple issue and, in many cases, taxpayers and tax authorities strongly disagree regarding the proper application of the law. As a result, this is one of the tax matters with a high potential for litigation. The present research analyses the question of tax litigation in the context of the application of the transfer pricing tax regime, in Portugal. Specifically, it is intended to identify the main reasons for such a situation, what reasons are most frequently the basis of transfer pricinng disputes and what is the predominant outcome of the CAAD's tax rulings. Methodologically, for this purpose, a critical analysis of the tax rulings made by the Administrative Arbitration Center (CAAD) will be carried out. We can conclude from the analysis of the case-law that financial transactions, purchases and sale of products, share purchases, intangible assets transactions and involving intra-group services are most frequently the subject of tax disputes. The predominant meaning of CAAD's tax rulings is favorable to taxpayers. This trend is a consequence of several shortcomings identified in the performance of the AT in the course of their audits, namely, at the level of the comparability analysis, methodology in determining transfer prices used and verification of the legal assumptions and legal requirements required to apply the transfer pricing tax rules.

The system of Alternative Dispute Resolution, commonly known as ADR, comprises multiple informal processes. Traditional processes of negotiation, mediation and arbitration are primary processes within the system of ADR. The elements of the primary processes have been combined with one another or with those of public process to form hybrid ADR processes original only to the system of ADR. These hybrid processes are: rent-a-judge, the mini-trial, the summary jury trial, neutral evaluation and mediation/arbitration. Under the auspices of ADR, derivative processes have also been developed, such as expedited arbitration, documents-only arbitration, final-offer arbitration and quality arbitration. Each process is distinct and separate, having its own unique form, function and method of transforming a dispute. Outwardly, this represents a diverse collection of disjunctive processes. Yet an introspective analysis shows that there is an innate centrality that originates in core principles that bind individual processes to each other and to a unified body of theory. These foundational principles of ADR are replicated in each of its processes. In these terms, ADR is therefore conceptualised as a pluralistic system of dispute resolution that consists of autonomous and individual systems of process that conform to a central body of general theory and consensual principles. As a method of extracting the fundamental principles of ADR, the discontinuities and continuities between the theory and principles of civil procedure, as a unitary system .of procedure, and ADR processes are explored. However, in its conclusions, the thesis rejects the premises of a unitary system of procedure as forming the basis for the theory and principles of ADR. Instead, the contrary notion is advanced that ADR is an independent system of dispute resolution which is based on a theory of processual pluralism and supported by cogent processual principles.
Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law
LL.D.

Шекера Ю. О. Строки у господарському процесуальному праві України : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук ; спец. 12.00.04 / Шекера Ю. О. – Одеса, 2016. – 207 арк.
Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню господарсько-процесуальних строків як інституту, що забезпечує оперативне та ефективне вирішення господарських спорів, та потребує вдосконалення у процесі модернізації господарського процесуального законодавства. У роботі обґрунтована комплексна природа господарсько-процесуальних строків, що мають не лише процесуальне, а й матеріальне значення, забезпечуючи ефективне функціонування господарської системи загалом. Здійснена класифікація господарсько-процесуальних строків за способом встановлення на законодавчі та строки судового призначення; для кожного виду об’єктивною потребою є встановлення критеріїв 19 розумності, ефективності та відповідності призначенню судового розгляду загалом та окремим його етапам (формам) зокрема. Обґрунтовано, що для оптимізації господарсько-процесуальних строків для конкретних категорій справ необхідне встановлення диференціації моменту відліку процесуального строку від закінчення строку на поштовий перебіг при документообігу; диференціації процесуальних строків залежно від складності справ та кількості їх учасників, виду провадження тощо; зупинення перебігу процесуальних строків залежно від об’єктивних обставин та волевиявлення усіх учасників процесу для створення умов для примирення сторін та досягнення об’єктивної істини у справі; врахування потреб встановлення розумного та справедливого навантаження на суддів.. Проблеми додержання процесуальних строків поділено на дві основні складові: додержання процесуальних строків учасниками процесу та додержання процесуальних строків суддями господарських судів. Визначено засоби запобігання зловживання процесуальними правами при реалізації законодавчих положень про господарсько-процесуальні строки. Обґрунтовано напрями вдосконалення господарського процесуального законодавства у частині темпоральних норм.
Диссертация посвящена исследованию хозяйственно-процессуальных сроков как института, обеспечивающего оперативное и эффективное решение хозяйственных споров, который необходимо совершенствовать в процессе модернизации хозяйственного процессуального законодательства. В работе обоснована комплексная природа хозяйственно-процессуальных сроков, которые имеют не только процессуальное, но и материальное значение, обеспечивая эффективное функционирование хозяйственной системы в целом. Классификация хозяйственно-процессуальных сроков должна предусматривать их разделение на основании способа установки на законодательные и сроки судебного назначения, для каждого вида объективной необходимостью является установление критериев разумности, эффективности и соответствия назначению судебного разбирательства в целом и отдельным его этапам (формам) в частности. Обосновано, что для оптимизации хозяйственных процессуальных сроков для конкретных категорий дел необходимы: диференціація момента отсчета процессуального срока с учетом срока на почтовые отправления в документообороте; дифференциация процессуальных сроков в зависимости от сложности дел и количества их участников, вида производства и т.п.; приостановление течения процессуальных сроков в зависимости от объективных обстоятельств и волеизъявления всех участников процесса для создания условий для примирения сторон и достижения объективной истины по делу; учет потребностей установления разумной и справедливой нагрузки на судей. Проблемы соблюдения процессуальных сроков разделены на две основные составляющие: соблюдение процессуальных сроков участниками процесса и соблюдение процессуальных сроков судьями хозяйственных судов. В связи с этим механизм эффективности и действенности хозяйственно-процессуальных сроков определен в тесном взаимодействии этих элементов хозяйственно-процессуальных отношений с другими институтами хозяйственного и хозяйственно-процессуального права, как то: дисциплинарная ответственность судей, адвокатов и прокуроров, хозяйственно-процессуальная ответственность участников процесса, формы документооборота, инстанционность и стадийность хозяйственного процесса, средства доказывания и достаточная свобода судей в определении порядка ведения судебных заседаний и т.п. Обосновано, что дальнейшие развитие гражданского общества и повышение самостоятельности сторон в определении исхода правового конфликта должны предусматривать введение элементов диспозитивности и экономии процесса в определении срока производства по хозяйственному делу. Это обусловливает, в частности, необходимость дополнения ст. 22 ХПК положениями о возможности рассмотрения встречного иска, поданного после начала рассмотрения дела по существу в случае, когда лица, участвующие в деле, не возражают против рассмотрения встречного иска с первоначальным в одном производстве; ст. 69 – о том, что по ходатайству обеих сторон суд постановлением может продлить рассмотрение спора, но не более чем на три месяца; ст. 69 – об увеличении срока рассмотрения дела в случае, если при рассмотрении дела изменен состав суда; ст. 102 ГПК – об увеличении срока апелляционного рассмотрения дел по жалобам на постановления и решения по делу о банкротстве и др. Подтверждается необходимость совершенствования правовых основ применения процессуальных сроков в международном коммерческом арбитраже, в частности, путем закреплением в Законе «О международном коммерческом арбитраже» правила о том, что при определении срока и других особенностей арбитражной процедуры в арбитражном соглашении стороны не вправе существенно усложнять реализацию права одной из сторон по сравнению с регламентом соответствующего институционального международного коммерческого арбитража. Обоснованы направления совершенствования хозяйственного процессуального законодательства в части темпоральных норм.
The thesis deals with economic and procedural terms as an institutе that provides prompt and efficient resolution of economic cases and needs to be improved during the economic modernization of the procedural law. The work proves the complex nature of economic and procedural terms that have got not only procedural but substantive importance, ensuring the effective functioning of the economic system as a whole. Classification of economic and procedural terms should include their division based on the method of establishing on the legislative and judicial terms, each of which have an objective need for establishing criteria of reasonableness, effectiveness and fitness for purpose of the trial in general and its individual stages (forms), among others. Author proves the needs of optimizing economic procedural terms for specific categories of cases that require the graduation of procedure reference period from the expiry of the mail flow of documents; differentiation procedural terms, depending on the complexity of cases and the number of participants, the type of proceedings, etc; interruption of procedural terms depending on objective circumstances and the will of all participants to the process of creation of conditions for reconciliation of the parties and the achievement of the objective truth in the case; the needs of establishing a reasonable and fair burden on judges. Problems of observance of procedural terms is divided into two main components: the observance of procedural terms by party to a conflict and observance of procedural terms by judges of commercial courts. Means to prevent abuse of procedural rights in the implementation of legislative provisions on economic and procedural terms are defined. the directions of improving of the economic procedural legislation for temporal rules are shown.

Петров В. С. Встановлення та зміна способу і порядку виконання рішення господарського суду : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук ; спец. 12.00.04 / Петров В. С. – Одеса, 2016. – 209 арк.
Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню господарсько-процесуальних норм щодо встановлення та зміни способу і порядку виконання рішення господарського суду як інституту, що забезпечує судове сприяння виконуваності судових актів, та потребує вдосконалення у процесі модернізації господарського процесуального законодавства. Виокремлено провадження з виконання рішення господарського суду у господарському процесі України як цілісної процесуальної форми, якій притаманні самостійні цілі, учасники, строки, процесуальні особливості та форми документообігу порівняно із розглядом справи по суті. Спосіб та порядок виконання рішення господарського суду співвідносяться як родове та видове поняття. Обґрунтовано напрями вдосконалення господарського процесуального законодавства у частині встановлення та зміни способу і порядку виконання рішення господарського суду. Запропоновано розширити підстави сплати судового збору при подачі заяви про зміну способу та порядку виконання рішення суду; врегулювати умови відстрочки чи розстрочку виконання рішення суду на стадії прийняття судового рішення; витребування інформації від відповідача; розширення повноважень суду щодо скасування відстрочки/розстрочки виконання рішення тощо.
Диссертация посвящена исследованию хозяйственно-процессуальных норм по установлению и изменению способа и порядка исполнения решения хозяйственного суда как института, обеспечивающего судебное содействие выполнимости судебных актов, и нуждается в совершенствовании в процессе модернизации хозяйственного процессуального законодательства. Выделено производство по исполнению решения хозяйственного суда в хозяйственном процессе Украины как целостной процессуальной формы, которой присущи самостоятельные цели, участники, сроки, процессуальные особенности и формы документооборота по сравнению с рассмотрением дела по существу. Способ и порядок исполнения решения хозяйственного суда соотнесены как родовое и видовое понятие. Под способом исполнения решения хозяйственного суда предложено понимать меру принудительного исполнения решения суда, которая может быть установлена и изменена только судом, исходя из требований, заявленных в ходе судебного разбирательства, и обстоятельств дела, направленную на полное и правильное выполнение судебного решения для восстановления и защиты нарушенного или оспариваемого права или охраняемого законом интереса взыскателя. Под порядком исполнения - процедуру выполнения установленного судом способа защиты нарушенного или оспариваемого права (законного интереса), предусматривающую сроки, очередность, место, последовательность и другие составляющие действий должника и / или третьих лиц по исполнению решения суда, а также форму закрепления связанных с такой процедурой прав и обязанностей участников исполнительного производства и последствий их осуществления. Выделены общие основания изменения способов исполнения решения хозяйственного суда с учетом выделения следующих критериев: направленность на установление нового механизма реализации решения суда, способность создать лучшие правовые условия для удовлетворения первоначальных требований истца; отсутствие необходимости нового исследования обстоятельства дела, привлечения новых лиц или возврата к иным стадиям рассмотрения дела по существу спора, кроме установления обстоятельств невозможности или затруднения исполнения решения суда и оценки правомерности нового способа исполнения; соответствие нового способа или порядка исполнения решения суда способу защиты, определенному судом в первоначальном решении; наименьшая обременительность для должника и соответствие критериям адекватности, справедливости, соразмерности, выполнимости и добросовестности сторон; направленность на быстрое и эффективное исполнение решения суда Обоснованы направления совершенствования хозяйственного процессуального законодательства в части установления и изменения способа и порядка исполнения решения хозяйственного суда. Предложено расширить основания уплаты судебного сбора при подаче заявления об изменении способа и порядка исполнения решения суда; урегулировать условия отсрочки или рассрочку исполнения решения суда на стадии принятия судебного решения; истребования информации от ответчика; расширение полномочий суда об отмене отсрочки / рассрочки исполнения решения и тому подобное. Выделены направления использования зарубежного опыта для урегулирования отношений по установлению и изменению способа исполнения решения хозяйственного суда, в частности, опыт Австралии по распространению на третьих лиц, которые имеют обязательства перед должником или сохраняют его имущество, права инициировать решение вопроса об отсрочке или рассрочке исполнения решения суда, изменения способа или порядка исполнения такого решения; опыт Великобритании относительно 14-дневного срока на обжалование решения суда об изменении способа и порядка исполнения решения суда и исчисления его исключительно после момента вручения решения должнику; опыт Германии относительно прямого законодательного разрешения суда решать вопрос об изменении способа исполнения независимо от индивидуальной определенности или заменимости вещи и др.
Thesis deals with the economic and procedural rules for the establishing and amending the method and order of Economic Court decision enforcement as an institute, which aims to promote the feasibility of judicial decisions, and needs to be improved in the modernization of the economic procedural legislation. It is singled out a special procedure to implement the decision of Economic Court of Ukraine in the economic process as a whole procedural form, which is characterized by independent objectives, participants, timing, procedure and forms proceeding features in comparison with the consideration of the main proceeding. The method and procedure of the decision Economic Court correlate as general and species concepts. The author justifies the areas of improvement of economic procedural legislation in terms of establishing and amending the method and order of Economic Court decision enforcement. The author proposes to expand the cases of court fees payment when applying to amending the method and order of Economic Court decision enforcement; to regulate conditions of deferred installments or execution of the award on the stage of a judicial decision; to entitle the court to demand information from the defendant; expand the powers of the court to abolish the suspension / installments of a judgement and more.

This Master of Laws dissertation is a treatise of “The efficacy of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in labour disputes: a critical comparative analysis of Botswana, South Africa (RSA) and Zimbabwe.” Alternative Dispute Resolution hereinafter referred to as (“ADR”) has attracted so much research ado worldwide with policy makers alive to its possibilities in so far as it ought to shed off the burden of the courts in handling disputes. Courts are considered inundated with unresolved cases taking many years to finalise. ADR is therefore touted, not only the panacea, but the cheaper, efficient and effective alternative to normal court process. This study was saddled with the common challenges of definition, scope and methodology as does most scientific studies, especially to locate the concept ADR in the plethora of views from prominent exponent-s of the discipline. This study labored on the considered view that ADR is essentially an ‘out of court settlement approach to dispensing with disputes involving an attempt by disputants to rope in an impartial third party to aid finality to the respective wrangle. The lack of a methodological approach to treat this subject matter, made this study more challenging. The study had to therefore rely on a hypothetical model developed after gleaning through various scholarly views 1 that sought to treat the subject of ADR efficacy in labour dispute resolution. The study contented with the strongly held view 2 that ADR is an efficacious approach in resolving disputes outside the court system. As to whether this was the case in Botswana, RSA and Zimbabwe in so far as labour dispute resolution is concerned was the major challenge this study was seized with? A model was formulated which envisaged that efficaciousness of ADR may be achieved if three conditions or criteria are present within a jurisdiction, namely (1) ADR Background Conditions that comprise (a) adequate legislative and political support; (b) Supportive institutional and cultural norms, (c) adequate and competent manpower, (d) sufficient funding support, and (e) power-parity of disputants; (2) ADR Program Design comprising of (a) Planning and preparation and (b) Operations and implementation and finally (3) ADR Measures (a) Client satisfaction; (b) Time efficient; (c) Cost saving and (d) Settlement & enforcement. This study measured the situations obtaining in the three countries using these three-pronged criteria. In all three measures3 this study found that although all the three countries still have a long way before their ADR became as efficacious as would be reasonably possible, RSA has made many strides such as legislative enactments immediately upon attaining independence that sought to address the injustices of the past and thereby installing structures for enforcing industrial democracy 4, while Botswana and Zimbabwe took 5 years 5 and over 10 years 6 respectively after attaining independence. RSA established an independent body for dispensing with labour dispute settlement7 while Botswana8 and Zimbabwe 9 are still reluctant to do so, relying rather on their labour ministries often marinated in bureaucratic bottlenecks hence stalling efficacy of ADR. While RSA makes effort to provide adequate and competent manpower because of sufficient funding, Botswana and Zimbabwe still struggle to dispense with disputes under their labour departments who are either inadequately skilled or also accused of favouritism in the case of Zimbabwe.10 All the three countries are regarded as unequal societies which tends to sway the power-parity of disputants with capitalists still wielding unbridled powers in dispute outcomes. South Africa enacted section 143 to the Labour Relations Act 11 which empowers the Director of CCMA to certify an arbitral award, giving it the same force as an order of the Magistrate Court. This has cut off the time and administrative burden of having to register an arbitral award with the court so as to obtain writs of executions and enforce it, a practice which is still prevalent in Zimbabwe. The Department of Labour in South Africa has made funding available to the CCMA to assist employees who are not in a financial position to enforce awards in their favour.12 The funding is aimed at employees who are too indigent to afford the costs of enforcement.13 These employees are deemed to be: (a) Employees who earn below the earnings threshold (currently at R205 433.30 per annum) – proof of income will be required by the CCMA. There is no record regarding enforcement or ease of enforcement of ADR outcomes in Botswana and Zimbabwe or at least this study is aware of. The governments of Botswana and Zimbabwe have been accused of using a heavy hand in determining wages, the right to strike and often curtailing union power through declaring certain sectors essential services. RSA’s Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration hereinafter after referred to as (the “CCMA”)14 runs an electronic system of case management by which cases are screened and assigned commissioners whereas Zimbabwe and Botswana still rely on manual systems often inefficiently managed especially when it comes to allocating matters to ADR interventionists.15 In Zimbabwe the challenge of resources is acute often the Labour Officers lacking a simple photocopier and postage stamps to dispense with administration of disputes. This dissertation found that Botswana and Zimbabwe lack publicly available information from which to infer the efficaciousness of ADR practices therein. Measuring client satisfaction, efficiency and cost effectiveness, enforcement and settlement has not been tackled with ease, which was different when it came to RSA. This study argues that RSA’s ADR is efficacious rated at 75% attainment of settlement of disputes, despite accusations of failing to offer disputants options and job retention at the end of ADR intervention. Botswana and Zimbabwe on the measures raised above are not yet close to achieving efficaciousness based on the above criteria. The challenges need to be addressed to ensure that in all three measures ADR affords Botswana, RSA and Zimbabwe disputants a cheaper, efficient and effective alternative to dispensing with labour disputes. This study concluded with recommendations arising from the three measures ADR Background Conditions; ADR Program Design and (3) ADR Measures could be implemented towards achieving an efficacious ADR regime for the three countries and beyond.
Mercantile Law
LL.M.