Academic literature on the topic 'Lithuania – Civilization'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lithuania – Civilization"
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Pocius, Mindaugas. "Partizanų nepriklausomos Lietuvos valstybės vizija." Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2020/1 (December 1, 2020): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386549-202001006.
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The research, which is based on the documents of the anti-Soviet resistance of 1944–1953, makes an attempt at reconstructing the freedom fighters’ vision of independent Lithuania and analyses the image of the planned (projected) political and socio-economic model of the state, its underlying elements and principles, the evolution and context of the partisans’ political thought. Reflecting on inter-war Lithuania, life therein, resistance against the Soviets and the fierce struggle and sufferings of that time, the partisans sacredly believed in the restoration of independence and had a clear vision of the future state. The critical attitude of those who participated in the resistance towards Lithuania’s statehood had a great impact on the underlying elements of the said vision. In the partisans’ experience and understanding, social exclusion and public distrust of government institutions were among the most acute problems of the Republic of Lithuania which, in their conviction, caused the catastrophic crisis of the state and the society that resulted in the loss of independence in 1940. Leaders of the underground movement were fully aware of the ills and failures of the past and thus constructed an ideal, a dream of a comprehensively stronger and affluent state, democratic regime and fairer governance of the country. The partisans’ vision of a modern independent Lithuanian state was developed under the influence of the political thought of the rural intelligentsia, thus reflecting the outlook of an ordinary peasant farmer and akin attitudes of rural intellectuals. Realising that Lithuania existed on the divide between the Western and Eastern civilizations, partisan leaders made every attempt to emphasize their western identity and mentality, identified and positioned themselves as the outpost of Western civilization and European culture. Participants of the resistance movement followed basically social democratic, Christian ideals and values and sought to restore a modern democratic parliamentary republic free of social exclusion where social justice and solidarity would be the predominant components of state regulation. In summary, it can be stated that the present-day socio-economic model of the Nordic welfare state (that of Denmark, Norway, Sweden or Finland), which in its core is rather socialistic, is for the most part in line with the freedom fighters’ vision of the future state and was considered by them the most acceptable. Although present-day Lithuania does not fully satisfy their vision, Lithuanian resistance fighters expressed the eternal strive of people and nations for freedom, material and spiritual wellbeing and social justice.
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Dziarnovich, A. I. "The Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands of the 10–13th centuries: from Krevа to Kernavė." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 64, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2020-64-5-632-640.
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Traditional notions on the Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands and the earlier Lithuania of the 10-13th c. are quite sketchy. In the public consciousness of a population of the historical Lithuania (“Lithuania in the narrow sense”) is significantly inferior in terms of its civilization development of neighboring Rus' and Poland. But already in the 13th century new impulses of state formation began from Lithuania at a time when the entire of the East Slavic region of Europe was in a deep crisis. The article analyzes the results of the latest archaeological and historical research of the four centers of the Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands and the historical Lithuania in the 10-13th c.: Kreva, Halsany, Kemaй (Kernave), Vilnia (Vilnius). The significant presence of Slavic settlers influenced the existence of urban settlements with a clear administrative and sacred function among the Baltic pagan population of Lithuania in the 12th-14th centuries. On the example of Kreva and Kernave we can see the emergence of regional centers of Lithuania, the first of which is already in the 14th century it will be the domain of Alhierd (Olgierd) and Jagiello, and the second in the late 13th - early 14th centuries it will be the main residence of the Duke Trojdzien and perhaps of Vicien. Halsany become generic possession of the Halsanski princes and early modern town as and Kreva will develop in accordance with the process of urbanization (16-18th cc.). Kreva, Kernave and Vilnius can be described as the sacred center of the Balts. These observations allow us to consider the emergence of a new state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as a result of the influence of the Slavic ethnos on the corresponding development of political and economic interests of Lithuanian elites, as well as ethno-cultural interaction.
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Roszko, Danuta. "Eksperymentalny korpus litewskiej gwary puńskiej w Polsce (narzędzie do badań nad gwarami polskimi i litewskimi na Suwalszczyźnie)." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 48 (June 16, 2015): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2013.003.
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Experimental corpus of the Lithuanian local dialect of Puńsk in Poland (a tool for the study on the Polish and Lithuanian local dialects in the Suwałki Region)The linguistic resources included in EkorpGP present a great cognitive value for Polish and Lithuanian dialectologists. Particularly valuable for researchers of the Lithuanian local dialects, including the local dialect of Puńsk, is subcorpus A. The material included in EKorpGP confirms that the local dialect is incessantly evolving. The typical dialectal features vanish for the sake of the standardized Lithuanian language.Whereas, subcorpora B and C are a good base for studies on the processes of the language interference in the speech of the bilingual Lithuanians of Puńsk. Amongst the potential recipients of these subcorpora it is possible also to find dialectologists dealing with the local dialects of the Suwałki Region, as well as researchers of the Polish language spoken to the east of the Polish border.The polonization suggested in EKorpGP (with reference to subcorpus A) along with subcorpora B and C will ensure a credible source of information for a wide circle of researchers of the phenomena of sociological, ethnological, cultural and historical nature. It should also be taken into account that the issues raised in the utterances given by the Lithuanians of Puńsk will capture the interest of politicians dealing with the national minorities in Poland.The extraordinary value of the materials collected in EKorpGP results from the fact that they reflect the economic, political and civilization transformations of the turbulent period of 1986–2012 in Poland, Lithuania and Europe.
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Orzeł, Joanna. "From imagination to political reality? The Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a successor of Rome in the early modern historiography (15th–18th centuries)." Open Political Science 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2018-0015.
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AbstractAt the beginning of the Renaissance Lithuanians understood that to join the civilization of Western Europe, it was necessary to have an appropriate (it means: very long) tradition. Like other countries, they had to create their own myth of origin. The most prestigious tradition was Greek-Roman antiquity, so the country’s origin story was invented, claiming its people descended directly from Rome. According to subsequent chronicles, the founder of the new state was Palemon (Publius Libon, initially Vilia).Using the theory of cultural memory of Jan and Aleida Assmann, the article presents how and why the Lithuanian myth of origin was transformed from 15th to the end of the 18th century. Particular attention was paid to the current needs of the state and the powerful noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which also found their origins in the state myth.During the early modern period, the changes in the story were made (including the date of Palemon’s arrival in the Lithuanian lands). Nonetheless, the myth was not questioned for a long time. Even once it had already been established that it was no more than a fairy tale, the story was revived again, performing other functions in the 19th century.
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Mažeikis, Gintautas. "EKSCENTRIŠKOJI EUROPA IR TIKĖJIMO PROPAGANDA. Apmąstymai apie XVII–XVIII a. Katalikų Bažnyčios tikėjimo propagandos kongregaciją ir jos veiklos įtaką europinei Lietuvos tapatybei." Religija ir kultūra 4 (January 1, 2007): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/relig.2007.0.2799.
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Straipsnis remiasi nuostata, kad propaganda yra ne tik manipuliacijos, bet ir motyvacijos, subjekto formavimo, kultūrinių tapatybių saugos priemonė ir užtikrina ne tik valdančiųjų klasių, religijų, bet ir civilizacinį tęstinumą. Dažniausiai propaganda, siekdama formuoti sau palankų subjektą, jo tapatybę, remiasi edukacine veikla, kuri geriausiai ilgalaikiu požiūriu atitinka propagandos siekius. Būtent tokia prasme straipsnyje nagrinėjama Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide tikslai, jų sąsajos su jėzuitų ordinu ir jo veikla XVIII a. Lietuvoje steigiant misijas, mokyklas, kolegijas, universitetą. Kartu, remiantis R. Brague prielaida apie tai, kad Europos tapatybė buvo formuojama jos paribiuose, kur aiškiausiai apibrėžiami kultūriniai, religiniai, ideologiniai skirtumai, parodoma, kad jėzuitų ordinas formavo LDK gyventojų europietišką tapatybę, kuri buvo nuosekliai naikinama po 1795 metų paskutinio Lietuvos–Lenkijos valstybės padalijimo. Straipsnyje pastebima, kad XVII–XVIII amžiaus Vatikano propagandos doktrina rėmėsi iš esmės renesansinės kilmės nuostatomis, apie tai, kad krikščioniškasis lavinimas, susietas su oratoriniais menais ir kalbiniu įkvėpimu, geriausiu būdu tarnauja evangelizacijai, tačiau kartu pastebima, kad jėzuitai, siekdami savo tikslų, turėjo nuolatos vykdyti ir aktyvią pasaulietinę ir tarp ordinų politinę veiklą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: propaganda, evangelizacija, edukacija, oratorystė, europietiškas tapatumas, jėzuitai, propagandos subjektas.ECCENTRIC EUROPE AND PROPAGANDA OF FAITHConsiderations about Sacra Congregatio de propaganda fide and its influence on the European identity of Lithuania in XVII–XVIII centuriesGintautas Mažeikis SummaryThe main thesis about common European identity is based on the maintaining of R. Brague that identities are formed on the borders. The main power for forming self consciousness of local people as Europeans was propaganda. Propaganda is considered as systemic, rational, long-term persuasions of thinking and self evaluation of people. Propaganda seeks to construct the discourse or propaganda subject and legitimate its suggestion and behavior. The Vatican institution of propaganda was formed by popes Gregory XIII and Gregory XV. Finally Congregatio de propaganda fide was established in 1622. The firsts principles of propaganda idea were directly related to the Renaissance Studia humanitatis. P. Neri and his Congregatio oratorium continued Florence’s Christian humanism and ecstatic rhetoric of G. Sovanarola. Neri also continued some ideas of L. Valla about rhetoric manifestation of the truth. Gregory XIII supported movement and ideas of Neri. From the other side he was a patron of Society of Jesus and he established first propaganda commission for the providing of Catholic faith on the borders of European world. Gregory XIII initiated propaganda through spreading of Jesuit’s and other Christian order’s missions, colleges, universities. The propaganda and Jesuits influence on Grand Duck of Lithuania is compared with Jesuits activities in the North America. Lithuanians were very pagans in the rural spheres in this time. The protestant movement was influenced in the cities. The Vatican Episcope’s power was not popular between Lithuanian noblemen and the influence of Protestant Livonia was significance. From the civilization point of view Russian or Eurasian pressing was felt all time and many of Grand Duke of Lithuania lands were Slavs. The article seeks to show how did Jesuits form the network of education, how they competed with other Catholic orders, how they make new discipline and communities of local people. Jesuits became very important power for forming European subject on the borders of Europe in the XVII and XVIII centuries. They created new religious, scientific, political, national discourses and educational networks necessary for interpellation of subject of European civilization. Thought Russian Imperia tried to build new identities and world feeling, new educational system and propaganda after occupation of Lithuania in 1795 the European identity of Lithuanians survived on the archeological level, history of education and myths.Keywords: propaganda, evangelization, education, rhetoric, European identity, Jesuits, Catholic orders, subject of propaganda.
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Kačerauskas, Tomas. "CENTRAL EUROPE AS AN IMAGINED REGION." CREATIVITY STUDIES 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029-0187.2009.2.106-115.
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The article deals with the conception of Central Europe in the perspective of clash of civilizations. The author's major thesis is the following: Central Europe is central being the centre of fight for European values including Western Christianity, liberalism, democracy, justice, and historical memory. The minor theses are the following: 1) the very notion of Central Europe is inseparable from its moral content, i.e. from imagined values to be obliged as maximas of life in a certain life‐world; 2) Central Europe serves as the becoming of Europe's identity and vice versa, the identity of Central Europe depends on contrary parts of imagined Europe. The author considers Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) as a historical rim of European civilization and the area for the becoming of Central Europe.
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Nowak, Alicja Zofia, and Agnieszka Gronek. "Introduction." Perspektywy Kultury 38, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2022.3803.04.
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One of the most significant changes in Polish historical studies after 1989 has been the increased interest in restoring the memory about the multicultural traditions of the Former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The liberation of Poland from Russian influence and the independence of Lithuania, Ukraine and Belarus have opened a new chapter not only in the political history of Europe and the world, but also in research on the cultural heritage of these nations. Today, it is possible to ask questions about the common heritage of Ruthenians and Poles, on top of their distinctiveness, autonomy and independence. Today, it is possible to objectively assess the originality of the Orthodox culture in the Commonwealth, in addition to its dependence on other Orthodox intellectual centers as well as models of Western civilization. Researchers from Poland and abroad, young scientists and experienced specialists, representatives of the academia, the socalled academic social environment and independent researchers have been helping us in the search for answers to these difficult questions for years. We believe that the thus formed broad and international team of scholars representing various scientific disciplines and methods, confessional and cultural traditions, and having different professional and life experiences, is able to fully recreate the obliterated pages of common history of the now separate nations: Poles, Lithuanians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.
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Švarplys, Andrius. "What the membership has taught? National identity construction in Lithuanian public discourse after accession to the European Union." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2012): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v4i2_8.
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‘Europe’ and ‘Russia’ have historically been the most remarkable landmarks, playing geopolitical, cultural, and moral guide-role in the construction of national collective identities in the Central Eastern European countries, including Lithuania. This ‘civilizational identity’ helped to unite Lithuanian political elites as well as society towards the direction to West and Europe after the collapse of Soviet Union. The question article addresses is: does the factual belonging to the European Union after the 1st May, 2004 give the impulse to re-define ‘Europe’ and ‘Russia’ as the old essentials of collective identity of Lithuanians? The article presents the research based on monitoring of national public discourse (five Lithuanian national newspapers) in 2004-2007, i.e. enjoying three years of membership in the European Union and NATO. The main result is that the role of Russia in the Lithuanian collective identity has not changed and still continues to play the major threat. The membership in the European Union and NATO has not solved Lithuanian security problem. According to the perceived threat, Russia has started to penetrate softly into Lithuania’s economy (especially energy sector) and has silently begun to make an impact to the domestic political parties and political elite. The traditional role of Europe, however, is slowly but gradually shifting from mythical ‘Paradise’ image to more critical understandings about divided Europe and selfish member-states. Already being in the EU and NATO, Lithuania should balance sometimes unfriendly westerners’ reluctance to understand the situation and help against Russia with the economic power that Russia uses as a political instrument against Lithuania on the international arena, as well as in domestic politics. This results in the feelings of „lost and forgotten” between Europe and Russia. Nevertheless, Europe continues to earn a positive meaning in national collective identity of Lithuanians, but all these trends in public discourse show that the state and society have only just started to realize its interests and learn how to handle the major challenges through the cooperation within the European Union, i.e. to build integrational European identity.
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Volynets, O. "National and religious self-identification of Ukrainian Greek Catholics in Poland." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 22 (May 21, 2002): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2002.22.1338.
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Appearance in the political arena of the world in the XVI century. of the new state, the Commonwealth, had a significant impact on the development of the Ukrainian civilization process. The Ukrainian nobility, merged with the mass of Polish nobility, still lived under Polish law and was easily colonized. This process was especially rapid in the Kholm region and Podlasie. He was greatly influenced by the small Polish gentry from Mazovia and Lesser Poland, who settled in Ukrainian lands before the signing of the Union of Lublin, Ukraine, united with Poland and Lithuania, gradually losing its ancient customs and rights. The Union destroyed the remnants of Ukrainian state traditions that took the form of autonomy in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Ukrainians were forced to adapt to the new socio-political conditions in which they found themselves. National-political life no longer connects with the state, but begins to create new organizational forms. The national organization, at the time of the threat of total national destruction, is largely becoming defensive.
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Studinski, Volodymyr. "The Lublin triangle in Europe’s economic security system in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2014-2022." University Economic Bulletin, no. 53 (June 25, 2022): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2022-53-132-138.
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Formulation of the problem. At the present historical stage, the issue of European continental security is becoming especially relevant against the background of Russian aggression. This is obvious and hardly questionable. Ukraine has always played the role of a defender of Western civilization in European history. Apart from Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania have performed and continue to perform the same function. Speaking in the language of historical analogies and comparisons, it is impossible in this aspect not to mention such a large and powerful state formation as the Commonwealth. Ironically, this state also emerged against the background of Muscovy's expansion in the east. The need for common security in Central Europe has always been and remains relevant. Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine are at the forefront of Europe's sustainable development. Today it is the forefront of the entire civilized world. Therefore, the formation of the Lublin Triangle between Kyiv, Warsaw and Vilnius is a historical, political, economic, humanitarian necessity. In fact, the Lublin Triangle is a tripartite regional alliance for political, economic, cultural and social cooperation between Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine, aimed at strengthening dialogue between countries, supporting Ukraine's integration into the European Union and NATO and jointly countering Russian aggression in Ukraine. The idea of such a union belonged to Vyacheslav Chornovil and Adam Czartoryski. The economic component of this association is extremely important, as it is the basis for the formation of a system of sustainable development of the region. European aggression is contrasted with European balance and economic stability. Analysis of recent research and publications. The theme of the Lublin Triangle and the importance of this organization in the modern development of Europe is becoming increasingly important. However, this issue is still more in the political and journalistic sphere of consideration. Economic research on this topic has not yet been developed. Although some attempts are being made. Rather, the scientific issues themselves are determined, which in the future will have different areas of research. The purpose of this study is to analyze the state and prospects of the unification of Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine as a stabilizing economic factor in the security system of Europe within the framework of the Lublin Triangle. Results of the research. The analysis of this issue proves that the unification of the three states - Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine, within the Lublin Triangle has serious prospects and can act as a powerful formation in the economic security of Europe, especially in the context of Russian military expansion. Conclusions. The Lublin Triangle, as an intergovernmental union, is primarily designed to counter Russian aggression and pressure on the European Union. The role of Ukraine, Lithuania and Poland for many centuries has been to protect the European continent from Russia's imperial advance on Europe and to slow down the development of European countries. At the present time, this problem has become very acute and significant. The countries of the Lublin Triangle have a strong economic potential, are of serious trade and communication interest in the North-South, West-East directions, and are a kind of outpost in defense of Western civilization. The Lublin Triangle political union is quite capable of economically protecting Europe from the negative impact of Russia's expansion on the EU.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lithuania – Civilization"
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ONOFRIICHUK, Tetiana. "Provincializing enlightenment : the ideas and portrayals of Volhynia and Podole by its residents." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/48047.
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Defence date: 19 September 2017Examining Board: Professor Pavel Kolář, European University Institute; Professor Ann Thomson, European University Institute; Associate Professor Kateryna Dysa, National University of 'Kyiv-Mohyla Academy'; Dr. Bernhard Struck, University of St Andrews
This thesis explores how the szlachta and residents of the geographically, socially, and politically distinctive regions of Volhynia and Podole reflected on and made representations of the Enlightenment in the 1790s – 1860s. By focusing primarily on the memoirs of the local actors in Volhynia and Podole, this dissertation addresses the ways they experienced and responded to changes in social practices and intellectual communication within their local context and environment. The chapters of this dissertation tackle issues such as education, reading habits, the practice of translation, scientific exploration, emancipation, toleration, and the role of religion in society. By building on these topics, this thesis argues for the importance of peripheral areas in order to uncover the geographical diversity of the Enlightenment. It also contributes to the discussions on cultural superiority/inferiority that were prevalent during the age of Enlightenment, and elucidates the new vocabulary that the residents adopted in their works between the 1790s and 1860s. By focusing on the narratives offered by the landed nobility and residents, this study makes a case for the transfer of ideas and their cultural (dis)placement. The ambition of this work is to trace the full spectrum of changes that occurred within this provincial community, in order to provide a fresh perspective on blending and transformation of ideas in a specific context. Simultaneously, the local actors’ works are also examined as indicators of identity formation in the face of foreign imperial domination.
Books on the topic "Lithuania – Civilization"
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Aleksa, Osvaldas. About Lithuania. Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2002.
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Irena, Aleksaitė, and Everatt Joseph, eds. Lithuania: An outline. Vilnius: Akreta, 2001.
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Hróarsson, Björn, ed. The Baltic book, Lithuania. Reykjavik: Nordic Book, 1997., 1996.
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Hasan, Farheen. Lithuania, a cultural profile. [Toronto]: Anti-Racism, Multiculturalism and Native Issues (AMNI) Centre, Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 2001.
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Mildažytė, Edita. Lithuania on a first date. Vilnius: Tyto alba, 2012.
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Adomavičienė, Irena. Metmenys: Kn. 1-65 : išeivijos žurnalo bibliografinė rodyklė. Vilnius: LNB, 1996.
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Alfredas, Jomantas, and Lithuania. Kultūros vertybių apsaugos departamentas., eds. Jewish cultural heritage in Lithuania. [Vilnius]: Versus Aureus, 2006.
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Eglė, Griciuvienė, ed. Prehistoric Lithuania: Archaeological exposition guide. Vilnius: National Museum of Lithuania, 2000.
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Zabiela, Gintautas, Zenonas Baubonis, and Eglė Marcinkevičiūtė. Archaeological investigations in independent Lithuania: 1990-2010. Vilnius: Society of the Lithuanian Archaeology, 2012.
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International Conference of Lithuanian Studies "History, Culture and Language of Lithuania" (1998 Poznań, Poland). History, culture and language of Lithuania: Proceedings of the International Lithuanian Conference, Poznań, 17-19 September 1998. Poznań: UAM, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Lithuania – Civilization"
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Lewitter, L. R. "Edward C. Thaden, with the collaboration of Marianna Forster Thaden, Russia's Western Borderlands, 1710-1870. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1984. Pp. 278." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 1, 339. Liverpool University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781904113171.003.0027.
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This chapter evaluates Edward C. Thaden's Russia's Western Borderlands, 1710–1870 (1984). The territories in question are Finland, Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Lithuania, White Russia, the right bank Ukraine and the Kingdom of Poland. The fate of the areas whose eastern portion had been the ‘borderlands of Western civilization’ is all too familiar: annexation, attempts at integration with the Empire, Russification fiercely resisted by the Poles, repeated insurrections, a recurrent state of crisis marked by the frequent imposition of martial law, economic stagnation (except for the Kingdom) or plain backwardness, and undue delay in the emancipation of the peasantry. All this was due to the state of affairs which Polish lethargy, Russian expansionism, and international power politics had engendered in the latter part of the 18th century to the subsequent detriment in varying degrees of Russians, White Russians, Lithuanians, Poles and Jews. Such advantages as may have accrued to sectional interests, the bureaucracy and the official Church for example, are not clearly shown. The ease and empathy with which the authors of this piece of administrative history adopt a Russocentric, indeed Petropolitan point of view and enter into the rigid and narrow frame of mind of tsarist officialdom is both astonishing and disturbing.
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Graney, Katherine. "The Baltic States." In Russia, the Former Soviet Republics, and Europe Since 1989, 171–209. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055080.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the successful “return to Europe” by the three Baltic states, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It details how they presented European gatekeepers in the EU and NATO with expertly shaped historical and cultural-civilizational narratives that cast the Baltic states as “essentially European” states that had been “captured” by the alien Soviet Union in 1939, hence worthy of “rejoining” a European community they had been unjustly severed from. Skilled leadership and high levels of human development and national unity also helped ease the Baltic return to Europe. The chapter discusses the Baltics’ key role in pushing for an expanded understanding of Europe that would encompass other ex-Soviet states like Ukraine and Georgia, while denying Europeanness to Russia, which is seen as a threat to Europe. Case studies of each of the three Baltic states detail their specific Europeanization processes since 1989.
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Markus, Dace. "Bērnu latviešu valodas attīstība artikulācijas, normu un lingvistiskās vides šķēršļu joslā." In Latviešu valodas apguve. XIII Starptautiskais baltistu kongress : rakstu krājums, 73–92. Liepājas Universitāte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/lva.2021.073.
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The history of civilization and our historical contacts lie not only in archaeological digs. Linguistics studies have both a historical and a powerful modern dimension with a significant impact on the future. The Latvian language is an undoubted national value in Latvia, and it should be valued since birth, at least in this country. It is a means of strengthening thoughts and ideas for children, a means of building their worldview, a stimulus for enriching their knowledge, creative activity, and, ultimately, civic thinking. The facts of language history and the traces of language contacts are also found in children’s language; for example, children are more likely to learn sounds that can be found in most languages of the world, while the sounds specific for each language are more difficult to learn for speakers of other languages. This time, I describe such creative linguistic activities of children that remind us of linguistic relationships and older forms and fit into our historical development. I have already analysed the examples observed in children’s Latvian, which, in adult language, we have transformed throughout history, but which very directly show the common grounds of the Baltic languages. For example, the historical change in vocalism known in Latvian phonetics, the sound change determined by the consonant /n/, is not inherited; it appeared in the Latvian language when in > ī, un > ū, an > o [uo], en > ie as a result of historical changes. When we compare Latvian words with Lithuanian, examples can be found: krītu < krintù, jūtu < juntù, protu < prantù, pieci < penkì, arī rankà > roka, etc. The change kind of lives in Latvian children’s language because we can hear examples of it: tinšu kamolā ‘tīšu kamolā’, pint matus ‘pīt matus’, un pinšu bizi ‘pīšu bizi’, dzint bārdu ‘dzīt bārdu’, uzmint uz kājas ‘uzmīt uz kājas’. These are variations of the change mentioned above, and these families had no relationship or other close contact with Lithuanians. Also, an example of simplification has been observed when, alike to the historical loss of consonant /d/, e.g. nīd-a – nī(d) -st-u, a child made a similar change: līd-a – es pašlaik jau lī(d)-st-u `lienu`. In reference to conversations between children and their parents, this article mentions Lithuanian formant -iuk and Latvian affix -uk- that are used to form masculine diminutives, whether the primary word is masculine or feminine. Problems in pronunciation of Latvian and Lithuanian only opening diphthongs ie and o [uo] not common in other languages are also described along with the reminder of play languages of children speaking Latvian or southern part of Zhemaitian subdialects as a signal that children perceive ie and o [uo] as monophonemes in contrast to biphonemic character of other diphthongs. Children learn languages gradually, first memorising the dominant, most frequently heard elements of language, e.g. maybe: es lasu, tu lasi, es nāku…, but why tu nāc? Why not tu nāki or even tu nāci (pres.), thus demonstrating a naturally perceived once occurred change of the consonant k into c in front of the lost front vowel? Maybe the intensity could be escalated by saying, Tu mani ļoti mīli, bet es tevi mīlu ļotāk! Education is an objective necessity, and language skills are important for learning. The five-year-old Eiženija understands this very clearly: “Jaunība ir jauns bērns. Jaunībā ir jāmācās, jo savādāk paliks vecs un neko nezinās.” (‘Youth is a young child. You have to learn when you’re young, because otherwise [one] will grow old and know nothing.’) This article focuses solely on the results of pre-school speech records and parental surveys and highlights the impact of the linguistic environment as a contributing or preventing factor.