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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithospheric stress'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Gedamu, Andenet A., Mehdi Eshagh, and Tulu B. Bedada. "Lithospheric Stress Due to Mantle Convection and Mantle Plume over East Africa from GOCE and Seismic Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020462.

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The Afar and Ethiopian plateaus are in a dynamic uplift due to the mantle plume, therefore, considering the plume effect is necessary for any geophysical investigation including the estimation of lithospheric stress in this area. The Earth gravity models of the Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) and lithospheric structure models can be applied to estimate the stress tensor inside the Ethiopian lithosphere. To do so, the boundary-value problem of elasticity is solved to derive a general solution for the displacement field in a thin elastic spherical shell representing the lithosphere. After that, general solutions for the elements of the strain tensor are derived from the displacement field, and finally the stress tensor from the strain tensor. The horizontal shear stresses due to mantle convection and the vertical stress due to the mantle plume are taken as the lower boundary value at the base of the lithosphere, and no stress at the upper boundary value of the lithospheric shell. The stress tensor and maximum stress directions are computed at the Moho boundary in three scenarios: considering horizontal shear stresses due to mantle convection, vertical stresses due to mantle plume, and their combination. The estimated maximum horizontal shear stresses’ locations are consistent with tectonics and seismic activities in the study area. In addition, the maximum shear stress directions are highly correlated with the World Stress Map 2016, especially when the effect of the mantle plume is solely considered, indicating the stress in the study area mainly comes from the plume.

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2

Bercovici, David, and Elvira Mulyukova. "Evolution and demise of passive margins through grain mixing and damage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 4 (January 19, 2021): e2011247118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011247118.

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How subduction—the sinking of cold lithospheric plates into the mantle—is initiated is one of the key mysteries in understanding why Earth has plate tectonics. One of the favored locations for subduction triggering is at passive margins, where sea floor abuts continental margins. Such passive margin collapse is problematic because the strength of the old, cold ocean lithosphere should prohibit it from bending under its own weight and sinking into the mantle. Some means of mechanical weakening of the passive margin are therefore necessary. Spontaneous and accumulated grain damage can allow for considerable lithospheric weakening and facilitate passive margin collapse. Grain damage is enhanced where mixing between mineral phases in lithospheric rocks occurs. Such mixing is driven both by compositional gradients associated with petrological heterogeneity and by the state of stress in the lithosphere. With lateral compressive stress imposed by ridge push in an opening ocean basin, bands of mixing and weakening can develop, become vertically oriented, and occupy a large portion of lithosphere after about 100 million y. These bands lead to anisotropic viscosity in the lithosphere that is strong to lateral forcing but weak to bending and sinking, thereby greatly facilitating passive margin collapse.

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3

Osei Tutu, Anthony, Bernhard Steinberger, Stephan V. Sobolev, Irina Rogozhina, and Anton A. Popov. "Effects of upper mantle heterogeneities on the lithospheric stress field and dynamic topography." Solid Earth 9, no. 3 (May 16, 2018): 649–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-649-2018.

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Abstract. The orientation and tectonic regime of the observed crustal/lithospheric stress field contribute to our knowledge of different deformation processes occurring within the Earth's crust and lithosphere. In this study, we analyze the influence of the thermal and density structure of the upper mantle on the lithospheric stress field and topography. We use a 3-D lithosphere–asthenosphere numerical model with power-law rheology, coupled to a spectral mantle flow code at 300 km depth. Our results are validated against the World Stress Map 2016 (WSM2016) and the observation-based residual topography. We derive the upper mantle thermal structure from either a heat flow model combined with a seafloor age model (TM1) or a global S-wave velocity model (TM2). We show that lateral density heterogeneities in the upper 300 km have a limited influence on the modeled horizontal stress field as opposed to the resulting dynamic topography that appears more sensitive to such heterogeneities. The modeled stress field directions, using only the mantle heterogeneities below 300 km, are not perturbed much when the effects of lithosphere and crust above 300 km are added. In contrast, modeled stress magnitudes and dynamic topography are to a greater extent controlled by the upper mantle density structure. After correction for the chemical depletion of continents, the TM2 model leads to a much better fit with the observed residual topography giving a good correlation of 0.51 in continents, but this correction leads to no significant improvement of the fit between the WSM2016 and the resulting lithosphere stresses. In continental regions with abundant heat flow data, TM1 results in relatively small angular misfits. For example, in western Europe the misfit between the modeled and observation-based stress is 18.3°. Our findings emphasize that the relative contributions coming from shallow and deep mantle dynamic forces are quite different for the lithospheric stress field and dynamic topography.

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4

McNutt, Marcia. "Lithospheric stress and deformation." Reviews of Geophysics 25, no. 6 (1987): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/rg025i006p01245.

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5

Eshagh, Mehdi, and Robert Tenzer. "Lithospheric Stress Tensor from Gravity and Lithospheric Structure Models." Pure and Applied Geophysics 174, no. 7 (April 22, 2017): 2677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1538-6.

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6

He, Chuansong, and M. Santosh. "Formation of the North–South Seismic Zone and Emeishan Large Igneous Province in Central China: Insights from P-Wave Teleseismic Tomography." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 3064–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200067.

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ABSTRACT The geodynamic features of the north–south seismic zone (NSSZ) and the formation of the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) in China remain controversial. In this study, we conducted detailed P-wave teleseismic tomography studies in the NSSZ and adjacent regions. The results revealed large high-velocity anomalies beneath the Songpan–Ganzi Block and the South China Block, possibly representing large-scale lithospheric delamination. We further identified low-velocity structures at 50–200 km depths in the western and southern parts of the NSSZ, suggesting an upwelling asthenosphere induced by delamination and the absence of a rigid lithosphere. Two high-velocity structures beneath the Sichuan basin and the Alashan block were also revealed, which may represent the lithospheric roots of these structures. These rigid lithospheric roots may have obstructed the eastward extrusion of the Tibetan plateau and led to stress accumulation and release (triggering earthquakes) in the Longmenshan Orogenic Belt and the northern part of the NSSZ. Because of this obstruction, the eastward extrusion was redirected southeastward to Yunnan in the southern part of the NSSZ, which led to stress accumulation and release causing earthquakes along the Honghe and Xiaojiang faults. The results from this study reveal a high-velocity structure with a subducted slab-like appearance that may represent vestiges of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere, which subducted beneath the ELIP and initiating large-scale mantle return flow or mantle upwelling, contributing to the formation of the ELIP.

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7

Singh, Srishti, and Radheshyam Yadav. "Numerical modeling of stresses and deformation in the Zagros–Iranian Plateau region." Solid Earth 14, no. 8 (August 30, 2023): 937–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-14-937-2023.

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Abstract. The Zagros orogenic system resulted due to collision of the Arabian plate with the Eurasian plate. The region is characterized by ocean–continent subduction and continent–continent collision, and the convergence velocity shows variations from east to west. Therefore, this region shows the complex tectonic stress and a wide range of diffuse or localized deformation between both plates. The in situ stress and GPS data are very limited and sparsely distributed in this region; therefore, we performed a numerical simulation of the stresses causing deformation in the Zagros–Iran region. The deviatoric stresses resulting from the variations in lithospheric density and thickness and those from shear tractions at the base of the lithosphere due to mantle convection were computed using thin-sheet approximation. Stresses associated with both sources can explain various surface observations of strain rates, SHmax, and plate velocities, thus suggesting a good coupling between lithosphere and mantle in most parts of Zagros and Iran. As the magnitude of stresses due to shear tractions from density-driven mantle convection is higher than those from lithospheric density and topography variations in the Zagros–Iranian Plateau region, mantle convection appears to be the dominant driver of deformation in this area. However, the deformation in the east of Iran is caused primarily by lithospheric stresses. The plate velocity of the Arabian plate is found to vary along the Zagros belt from the north–northeast in the southeast of Zagros to the northwest in northwestern Zagros, similarly to observed GPS velocity vectors. The output of this study can be used in seismic hazards estimations.

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8

Zoback, Mary Lou, and Kevin Burke. "Lithospheric stress patterns: A global view." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 74, no. 52 (1993): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93eo00340.

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9

Azeez, K. K. Abdul, Kapil Mohan, K. Veeraswamy, B. K. Rastogi, Arvind K. Gupta, and T. Harinarayana. "Lithospheric resistivity structure of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake aftershock zone." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 3 (November 24, 2020): 1980–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa556.

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SUMMARY The Bhuj area, in the Kutch region of western India, is a unique intraplate seismic zone in the world where aftershock activity associated with a large magnitude earthquake (7.7 Mw Bhuj earthquake on 26 January 2001) has persisted over a decade and up till today. We studied the lithospheric resistivity structure of the Bhuj earthquake aftershock zone to gain more insight into the structure and processes influencing the generation of intraplate seismicity in broad and, in particular, to detect the deep origin and upward migration channels of fluids linked to the crustal seismicity in the area. A lithospheric resistivity model deduced from 2-D and 3-D inversions of long-period magnetotelluric (MT) data shows low resistive lithospheric mantle, which can be best explained by a combination of a small amount of interconnected melts and aqueous fluid in the upper mantle. The MT model also shows a subvertical modestly conductive channel, spatially coinciding with the Kutch Mainland Fault, which we interpret to transport fluids from the deep lithosphere to shallow crust. We infer that pore pressure buildup aids to achieve the critical stress conditions for rock failure in the weak zones, which are pre-stressed by the compressive stress regime generated by ongoing India–Eurasia collision. The fluidized zone in the upper mantle beneath the area perhaps provides continuous fluid supply, which is required to maintain the critical stress conditions within the seismogenic crust for continued seismicity.

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10

Platt, J. P., and W. M. Behr. "Lithospheric shear zones as constant stress experiments." Geology 39, no. 2 (February 2011): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g31561.1.

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11

Ranalli, G., R. L. Brown, and R. Bosdachin. "A geodynamic model for extension in the Shuswap core complex, southeastern Canadian Cordillera." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 1647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-140.

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The Shuswap core complex records Mesozoic and Paleocene crustal shortening with superimposed Eocene extension. During the shortening phase the crust was thickened and slowly uplifted. Within at most 20 Ma of the climax of compression, the crustal welt was rapidly uplifted and tectonically denuded.Shortening of the continental crust may be balanced in the underlying lithosphere by thickening or underplating, forming in either case a lithospheric root beneath the crustal welt. We consider a model whereby Tertiary crustal extension in the Shuswap core complex, and possibly also in other segments of the North American Cordillera, is accounted for by the detachment of this root. Both the time frame and the stress field resulting from the detachment are compatible with geological and geophysical observations. Far-field stresses played an accommodating role, but the potential energy required for extension of the Shuswap complex was induced by lithospheric thickening.

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12

Fu, Guangyu, Yawen She, Guoqing Zhang, Yun Wang, Shanghua Gao, and Tai Liu. "Lithospheric Equilibrium, Environmental Changes, and Potential Induced-Earthquake Risk around the Newly Impounded Baihetan Reservoir, China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 3895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193895.

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The Baihetan hydropower station is the second largest hydropower station worldwide. It began to store water in April 2021. We conducted a dense hybrid gravity and GNSS survey at 223 stations, obtained the free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies, inversed the lithospheric density structure, and calculated the isostatic additional force (IAF) borne by lithosphere in the reservoir area. Moreover, we studied the gravity change and Coulomb stress change around the Baihetan reservoir due to impoundment. The main findings are the following. (1) Hybrid gravity and GNSS observations significantly improved the spatial resolution of the gravity field, and the maximum improvement reached up to 150 mGal. (2) A new method for risk assessment of reservoir-induced earthquakes is proposed from the perspective of lithospheric equilibrium. It was found that there is an IAF of −30 MPa at approximately 20 km upstream of the Baihetan dam, and the risk of a reservoir-induced earthquake in this area warrants attention. (3) It was found that the Coulomb stress variation on the Xiaojiang fault near Qiaojia at a depth of 10 km exceeded the threshold for inducing an earthquake (0.1 bar).

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13

Eshagh, Mehdi, Farzam Fatolazadeh, and Robert Tenzer. "Lithospheric stress, strain and displacement changes from GRACE-FO time-variable gravity: case study for Sar-e-Pol Zahab Earthquake 2018." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa313.

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SUMMARY Temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field can be used for monitoring of lithospheric deformations. The network of continuously operating gravity stations is required for this purpose but a global coverage by such network is currently extremely sparse. Temporal variations in long-wavelength part of the Earth's gravity field have been, however, observed by two satellite missions, namely the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO). These satellite gravity observations can be used to study long-wavelength deformations of the lithosphere. Consequently, considering the lithosphere as a spherical elastic shell and solving the partial differential equation of elasticity for it, the stress, strain and displacement inside the lithosphere can be estimated. The lower boundary of this shell is assumed to be stressed by mantle convection, which has a direct relation to the Earth's gravity field according to Runcorn's theory. Changes in gravity field lead to changes in the sublithospheric stress and the stress propagated throughout the lithosphere. In this study, we develop mathematical models in spherical coordinates for describing the stress propagation from the sublithosphere through the lithosphere. We then organize a system of observation equations for finding a special solution to the boundary-value problem of elasticity in the way that provides a stable solution. In contrast, models presented in previously published studies are ill-posed. Furthermore, we use constants of the solution determined from the boundary stresses to determine the strain and displacements leading to these stresses, while in previous studies only the stress has been considered according to rheological properties of the lithosphere. We demonstrate a practical applicability of this theoretical model to estimate the stress–strain redistribution caused by the Sar-e-Pol Zahab 2018 earthquake in Iran by using the GRACE-FO monthly solutions.

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14

Lee, Sungho, Arushi Saxena, Jung-Hun Song, Junkee Rhie, and Eunseo Choi. "Contributions from lithospheric and upper-mantle heterogeneities to upper crustal seismicity in the Korean Peninsula." Geophysical Journal International 229, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 1175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab527.

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SUMMARY The Korean Peninsula (KP), located along the eastern margin of the Eurasian and Amurian plates, has experienced continual earthquakes from small to moderate magnitudes. Various models to explain these earthquakes have been proposed, but the origins of the stress responsible for this region's seismicity remain unclear and debated. This study aims to understand the stress field of this region in terms of the contributions from crustal and upper-mantle heterogeneities imaged via seismic tomography using a series of numerical simulations. A crustal seismic velocity model can determine the crustal thickness and density. Upper-mantle seismic velocity anomalies from a regional tomography model were converted to a temperature field, which can determine the structures (e.g. lithospheric thickness, subducting slabs, their gaps, and stagnant features) and density. The heterogeneities in the crustal and upper mantle governed the buoyancy forces and rheology in our models. The modelled surface topography, mantle flow stress, and orientation of maximum horizontal stress, derived from the variations in the crustal thickness, suggest that model with the lithospheric and upper-mantle heterogeneities is required to improve these modelled quantities. The model with upper-mantle thermal anomalies and east–west compression of approximately 50 MPa developed a stress field consistent with the observed seismicity in the KP. However, the modelled and observed orientations of the maximum horizontal stress agree in the western KP but they are inconsistent in the eastern KP. Our analysis, based on the modelled quantities, suggested that compressional stress and mantle heterogeneities may mainly control the seismicity in the western area. In contrast, we found a clear correlation of the relatively thin lithosphere and strong upper-mantle upwelling with the observed seismicity in the Eastern KP, but it is unclear whether stress, driven by these heterogeneities, directly affects the seismicity of the upper crust.

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15

Sodnomsambuu, Demberel, and Anatoly V. Klyuchevskii. "Lithospheric stress in Mongolia, from earthquake source data." Geoscience Frontiers 8, no. 6 (November 2017): 1323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.01.003.

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16

Gemmer, Lykke, Søren B. Nielsen, and Holger Lykke Andersen. "Differential vertical movements in the eastern North Sea area from 3-D thermo-mechanical finite elemental modelling." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 49 (December 2, 2002): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2003-49-10.

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The response of a heterogeneous lithosphere to a compressional stress field is studied using a three-dimensional thermo-mechanical finite element model. Weak zones in the lithosphere thicken and act as loads that pull down the lithosphere in regions around the weak zones. Strong zones are subjected to less lithospheric thickening than the surroundings and produce surface depressions and uplift in the surrounding areas. The model is used to study the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene differential vertical movements in the eastern North Sea area. The Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone is assumed to be a pre-existing weak crustal zone, which inverts during compression and produces marginal basins by loading the lithosphere. The area of the Silkeborg Gravity High is an example of a pre-existing strong crustal zone which subsides during compression. Moho topography in the area gives rise to lateral strength variations, which result in surface uplift where Moho is deep and subsidence where Moho is shallow. These effects, together with the lateral variations of the thermal structure and the stress field, determine the overall Late Cretaceous-Paleocene distribution of vertical movements of the area. This has implications for the pattern of erosion, sediment transport and the distribution of sediment facies.

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17

Ellis, Susan, and Kelin Wang. "Lithospheric strength and stress revisited: Pruning the Christmas tree." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 595 (October 2022): 117771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117771.

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18

Samae, Vahid, Patrick Cordier, Sylvie Demouchy, Caroline Bollinger, Julien Gasc, Sanae Koizumi, Alexandre Mussi, Dominique Schryvers, and Hosni Idrissi. "Stress-induced amorphization triggers deformation in the lithospheric mantle." Nature 591, no. 7848 (March 3, 2021): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03238-3.

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19

Blackman, Donna K. "Variation in lithospheric stress along ridge-transform plate boundaries." Geophysical Research Letters 24, no. 4 (February 15, 1997): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97gl00122.

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20

Ghosh, A., W. E. Holt, and L. Wen. "Predicting the lithospheric stress field and plate motions by joint modeling of lithosphere and mantle dynamics." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118, no. 1 (January 2013): 346–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jb009516.

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21

Tang, Chi-Hsien, Ya-Ju Hsu, Sylvain Barbot, James D. P. Moore, and Wu-Lung Chang. "Lower-crustal rheology and thermal gradient in the Taiwan orogenic belt illuminated by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake." Science Advances 5, no. 2 (February 2019): eaav3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3287.

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The strength of the lithosphere controls tectonic evolution and seismic cycles, but how rocks deform under stress in their natural settings is usually unclear. We constrain the rheological properties beneath the Taiwan orogenic belt using the stress perturbation following the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake and fourteen-year postseismic geodetic observations. The evolution of stress and strain rate in the lower crust is best explained by a power-law Burgers rheology with rapid increases in effective viscosities from ~1017to ~1019Pa s within a year. The short-term modulation of the lower-crustal strength during the seismic cycle may alter the energy budget of mountain building. Incorporating the laboratory data and associated uncertainties, inferred thermal gradients suggest an eastward increase from 19.5±2.5°C/km in the Coastal Plain to 32±3°C/km in the Central Range. Geodetic observations may bridge the gap between laboratory and lithospheric scales to investigate crustal rheology and tectonic evolution.

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22

Boutelier, D., and O. Oncken. "3-D thermo-mechanical laboratory modelling of plate-tectonics." Solid Earth Discussions 3, no. 1 (February 18, 2011): 105–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-3-105-2011.

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Abstract. We present an experimental apparatus for 3-D thermo-mechanical analogue modelling of plate-tectonics processes such as oceanic and continental subductions, arc-continent or continental collisions. The model lithosphere, made of temperature-sensitive elasto-plastic with softening analogue materials, is submitted to a constant temperature gradient producing a strength reduction with depth in each layer. The surface temperature is imposed using infrared emitters, which allows maintaining an unobstructed view of the model surface and the use of a high resolution optical strain monitoring technique (Particle Imaging Velocimetry). Subduction experiments illustrate how the stress conditions on the interplate zone can be estimated using a force sensor attached to the back of the upper plate and changed because of the density and strength of the subducting lithosphere or the lubrication of the plate boundary. The first experimental results reveal the potential of the experimental set-up to investigate the three-dimensional solid-mechanics interactions of lithospheric plates in multiple natural situations.

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23

Boutelier, D., and O. Oncken. "3-D thermo-mechanical laboratory modeling of plate-tectonics: modeling scheme, technique and first experiments." Solid Earth 2, no. 1 (May 24, 2011): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-2-35-2011.

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Abstract. We present an experimental apparatus for 3-D thermo-mechanical analogue modeling of plate tectonic processes such as oceanic and continental subductions, arc-continent or continental collisions. The model lithosphere, made of temperature-sensitive elasto-plastic analogue materials with strain softening, is submitted to a constant temperature gradient causing a strength reduction with depth in each layer. The surface temperature is imposed using infrared emitters, which allows maintaining an unobstructed view of the model surface and the use of a high resolution optical strain monitoring technique (Particle Imaging Velocimetry). Subduction experiments illustrate how the stress conditions on the interplate zone can be estimated using a force sensor attached to the back of the upper plate and adjusted via the density and strength of the subducting lithosphere or the lubrication of the plate boundary. The first experimental results reveal the potential of the experimental set-up to investigate the three-dimensional solid-mechanics interactions of lithospheric plates in multiple natural situations.

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24

Karner, Garry D. "Effects of lithospheric in-plane stress on sedimentary basin stratigraphy." Tectonics 5, no. 4 (August 1986): 573–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/tc005i004p00573.

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25

Ward, S. N. "Small-scale mantle flows and induced lithospheric stress near island arcs." Geophysical Journal International 81, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1985.tb06410.x.

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26

Assumpção, Marcelo, Martin Schimmel, Christian Escalante, José Roberto Barbosa, Marcelo Rocha, and Lucas V. Barros. "Intraplate seismicity in SE Brazil: stress concentration in lithospheric thin spots." Geophysical Journal International 159, no. 1 (October 2004): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2004.02357.x.

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27

Sabadini, Roberto. "Deviatoric stress accumulation and vertical motions forced by lithospheric density anomalies." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 17 (January 1990): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-1946(89)90023-2.

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28

Foley, Bradford J. "The dependence of planetary tectonics on mantle thermal state: applications to early Earth evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2132 (October 2018): 20170409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0409.

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For plate tectonics to operate on a planet, mantle convective forces must be capable of forming weak, localized shear zones in the lithosphere that act as plate boundaries. Otherwise, a planet's mantle will convect in a stagnant lid regime, where subduction and plate motions are absent. Thus, when and how plate tectonics initiated on the Earth is intrinsically tied to the ability of mantle convection to form plate boundaries; however, the physics behind this process are still uncertain. Most mantle convection models have employed a simple pseudoplastic model of the lithosphere, where the lithosphere ‘fails’ and develops a mobile lid when stresses in the lithosphere reach the prescribed yield stress. With pseudoplasticity high mantle temperatures and high rates of internal heating, conditions relevant for the early Earth, impede plate boundary formation by decreasing lithospheric stresses, and hence favour a stagnant lid for the early Earth. However, when a model for shear zone formation based on grain size reduction is used, early Earth thermal conditions do not favour a stagnant lid. While lithosphere stress drops with increasing mantle temperature or heat production rate, the deformational work, which drives grain size reduction, increases. Thus, the ability of convection to form weak plate boundaries is not impeded by early Earth thermal conditions. However, mantle thermal state does change the style of subduction and lithosphere mobility; high mantle temperatures lead to a more sluggish, drip-like style of subduction. This ‘sluggish lid’ convection may be able to explain many of the key observations of early Earth crust formation processes preserved in the geologic record. Moreover, this work highlights the importance of understanding the microphysics of plate boundary formation for assessing early Earth tectonics, as different plate boundary formation mechanisms are influenced by mantle thermal state in fundamentally different ways.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics’.

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29

Ganas, A., B. Grecu, E. Batsi, and M. Radulian. "Vrancea slab earthquakes triggered by static stress transfer." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2010): 2565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2565-2010.

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Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to study the interaction of the Vrancea seismic activity (Romania) in space as result of Coulomb, static stress transfer during M=7+ events. In this area, three large events occurred in 1977, 1986 and 1990 at mid-lower, lithospheric depths and with similar focal mechanisms. Assuming elastic rheology for the deforming rocks it is suggested that frictional sliding on pre-existing fault produced the 1986 M=7.1 event (depth 131 km), that was possibly triggered by the 1977 M=7.4 event (depth 94 km). We calculated a static stress transfer of 0.52–0.78 bar to the hypocentre of the 1986 event. On the contrary, the occurrence of the 1990 event is uncertain: it is located inside the relaxed (shadow) zone of the combined 1977 and 1986 static stress field considering an azimuth for maximum compression of N307° E. It follows that, the 1990 earthquake most likely represents an unbroken patch (asperity) of the 1977 rupture plane that failed due to loading. However, if a different compression azimuth is assumed (N323° E) then the 1990 event was also possibly triggered by static stress transfer of the 1977 and 1986 events (combined). Our modeling is a first-order approximation of the kind of earthquake interaction we might expect at intermediate lithospheric depths (80–90 to 130–140 km). It is also suggested that static stress transfer may explain the clustering of Vrancea earthquakes in space by the rupturing of two (possibly three) NW-dipping major zones of weakness (faults) which accommodate the extension (vertical elongation) of the slab.

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30

Pavlova, A. V., S. E. Rubtsov, and I. S. Telyatnikov. "To the study of the vibration in an acoustic medium with coating excited by a concentrated harmonic source." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1154, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1154/1/012023.

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Abstract When monitoring dangerous geodynamic processes, it is topical to study wave fields on the surface of geological structures and, since on the scale of the Earth’s structure, lithospheric plates can be considered as coatings of small thickness, a plate is accepted as the simplest model of an extended lithospheric one. The paper considers the problem of the plate oscillations on the surface of an acoustic layer, excited by the effect of a concentrated harmonic source located in an acoustic medium. The solution is built using an integral approach well developed for similar problems arising in geophysics, seismoacoustics and ecology. Integral representations of the amplitude values for the stress on the lower boundary of the coating and the surface displacements of the structure under consideration are obtained.

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31

Saxena, Arushi, Eunseo Choi, Christine A. Powell, and Khurram S. Aslam. "Seismicity in the central and southeastern United States due to upper mantle heterogeneities." Geophysical Journal International 225, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 1624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab051.

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SUMMARY Sources of stress responsible for earthquakes occurring in the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS) include not only far-field plate boundary forces but also various local contributions. In this study, we model stress fields due to heterogeneities in the upper mantle beneath the CEUS including a high-velocity feature identified as a lithospheric drip in a recent regional P-wave tomography study. We calculate velocity and stress distributions from numerical models for instantaneous 3-D mantle flow. Our models are driven by the heterogeneous density distribution based on a temperature field converted from the tomography study. The temperature field is utilized in a composite rheology, assumed for the numerical models. We compute several geodynamic quantities with our numerical models: dynamic topography, rate of dynamic topography, gravitational potential energy (GPE), differential stress, and Coulomb stress. We find that the GPE, representative of the density anomalies in the lithosphere, is an important factor for understanding the seismicity of the CEUS. When only the upper mantle heterogeneities are included in a model, differential and Coulomb stress for the observed fault geometries in the CEUS seismic zones acts as a good indicator to predict the seismicity distribution. Our modelling results suggest that the upper mantle heterogeneities and structure below the CEUS have stress concentration effects and are likely to promote earthquake generation at preexisting faults in the region’s seismic zones. Our results imply that the mantle flow due to the upper-mantle heterogeneities can cause stress perturbations, which could help explain the intraplate seismicity in this region.

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32

Safonov, D. A. "RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TECTONIC STRESS FIELD IN THE DEEP PARTS OF THE SOUTHERN KURIL-KAMCHATKA AND NORTHERN JAPAN SUBDUCTION ZONES." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 11, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2020-11-4-0504.

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Earthquake focal mechanisms in the Southern Kuril-Kamchatka and Northern Japan subduction zones were analysed to investigate the features of the tectonic stress field inside the Pacific lithospheric plate subducting into the upper mantle. Earthquake focal mechanism (hypocenter depths of more than 200 km) were taken from the 1966– 2018 NIED, IMGiG FEB RAS and GlobalCMT catalogues. The tectonic stress field was reconstructed by the cataclastic analysis method, using a coordinate system related to the subducting plate. In most parts of the studied seismic focal zone, the axis of the principal compression stress approximately coincides with the direction of the Pacific lithospheric plate subduction beneath the Sea of Okhotsk. It slightly deviates towards the hinge zone separating the studied regions. The principal tension stress axis is most often perpendicular to the plate movement, but less stable in direction. This leads to compression relative to the slab in some parts of the studied regions, and causes shearing in others. The hinge zone is marked by the unstable position of the tension axis and high values of the Lode–Nadai coefficient, corresponding to the conditions of uniaxial compression, while the compression direction remains the same, towards the slab movement. Two more areas of uniaxial compression are located below the Sea of Japan at depths of 400–500 km.

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33

Engelder, Terry, and Michael R. Gross. "Curving cross joints and the lithospheric stress field in eastern North America." Geology 21, no. 9 (1993): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0817:ccjatl>2.3.co;2.

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34

Naliboff, J. B., C. Lithgow-Bertelloni, L. J. Ruff, and N. de Koker. "The effects of lithospheric thickness and density structure on Earth's stress field." Geophysical Journal International 188, no. 1 (November 2, 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05248.x.

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35

Steinberger, Bernhard, Harro Schmeling, and Gabriele Marquart. "Large-scale lithospheric stress field and topography induced by global mantle circulation." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 186, no. 1 (March 2001): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00229-1.

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36

Henk, Andreas. "Stress and strain during fault-controlled lithospheric extension—insights from numerical experiments." Tectonophysics 415, no. 1-4 (March 2006): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.11.006.

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37

Klyuchevskii, A. V., V. M. Dem'yanovich, and V. I. Dzhurik. "Hierarchy of earthquakes in the Baikal rift system: implications for lithospheric stress." Russian Geology and Geophysics 50, no. 3 (March 2009): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2008.06.023.

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38

Hieronymus, Christoph F. "Control on seafloor spreading geometries by stress- and strain-induced lithospheric weakening." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 222, no. 1 (May 2004): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.02.022.

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39

TURTLE, E., and H. MELOSH. "Stress and Flexural Modeling of the Martian Lithospheric Response to Alba Patera☆." Icarus 126, no. 1 (March 1997): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.5638.

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40

Venegas-Aravena, Patricio, Enrique G. Cordaro, and David Laroze. "The spatial–temporal total friction coefficient of the fault viewed from the perspective of seismo-electromagnetic theory." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 5 (May 27, 2020): 1485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1485-2020.

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Abstract. Recently, it has been shown theoretically how the lithospheric stress changes could be linked with magnetic anomalies, frequencies, spatial distribution and the magnetic-moment magnitude relation using the electrification of microfractures in the semibrittle–plastic rock regime (Venegas-Aravena et al., 2019). However, this seismo-electromagnetic theory has not been connected with the fault's properties in order to be linked with the onset of the seismic rupture process itself. In this work we provide a simple theoretical approach to two of the key parameters for seismic ruptures which are the friction coefficient and the stress drop. We use sigmoidal functions to model the stress changes in the nonelastic regime within the lithosphere. We determine the temporal changes in frictional properties of faults. We also use a long-term friction coefficient approximation that depends on the fault dip angle and four additional parameters that weigh the first and second stress derivative, the spatial distribution of the nonconstant stress changes, and the stress drop. We found that the friction coefficient is not constant in time and evolves prior to and after the earthquake occurrence regardless of the (nonzero) weight used. When we use a dip angle close to 30∘ and the contribution of the second derivative is more significant than that of the first derivative, the friction coefficient increases prior to the earthquake. During the earthquake event the friction drops. Finally, the friction coefficient increases and decreases again after the earthquake occurrence. It is important to mention that, when there is no contribution of stress changes in the semibrittle–plastic regime, no changes are expected in the friction coefficient.

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41

Myagkov, D. S., and Yu L. Rebetsky. "MATHEMATICAL MODELS SIMULATING THE FORMATION OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF EPIPLATFORM OROGENS." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 10, no. 1 (March 23, 2019): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2019-10-1-0402.

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The sources of the natural stress-strain state (SSS) of epiplatform orogens are investigated by tectonophysical methods based on seismological data. According to the available data, the horizontal axes of the main deviatoric extension are dominant in depressions, while in the ridges of the orogens, the axes of the main deviatorial compression are dominant.Our comparative analysis is focused on SSS of the orogenic crust. It is generally accepted that the sources of such SSS are geodynamic processes, including the pressure on the Eurasian Plate from the Indian Plate, and the small-scale thermogravitational asthenospheric convection. In the mathematical (analytical) simulation technique used in our study, the main criterion for the correctness of models in terms of tectonophysics is the correspondence between the orientation pattern of the principal stress tensor axes in the crust model to the natural data. According to Model I, the lithospheric SSS under lateral compression is less consistent with the sought-for SSS. Model II also gives the results that do not fully correspond to the stress data from tectonophysical reconstructions. However, additional analysis suggests that asthenospheric convection is a more promising (from the point of view of tectonophysics) geodynamic process for explaining epiplatform orogenesis. In our opinion, more complex and probably non-analytical mathematical models should consider this source of loading of the lithosphere as one of the most significant factors in the formation of the orogenic crust SSS in Central Asia.

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42

Petrescu, Laura, Graham Stuart, Gregory Houseman, and Ian Bastow. "Upper mantle deformation signatures of craton–orogen interaction in the Carpathian–Pannonian region from SKS anisotropy analysis." Geophysical Journal International 220, no. 3 (January 13, 2020): 2105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz573.

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SUMMARY Since the Mesozoic, central and eastern European tectonics have been dominated by the closure of the Tethyan Ocean as the African and European plates collided. In the Miocene, the edge of the East European Craton and Moesian Platform were reworked in collision during the Carpathian orogeny and lithospheric extension formed the Pannonian Basin. To investigate the mantle deformation signatures associated with this complex collisional-extensional system, we carry out SKS splitting analysis at 123 broad-band seismic stations in the region. We compare our measurements with estimates of lithospheric thickness and recent seismic tomography models to test for correlation with mantle heterogeneities. Reviewing splitting delay times in light of xenolith measurements of anisotropy yields estimates of anisotropic layer thickness. Fast polarization directions are mostly NW–SE oriented across the seismically slow West Carpathians and Pannonian Basin and are independent of geological boundaries, absolute plate motion direction or an expected palaeo-slab roll-back path. Instead, they are systematically orthogonal to maximum stress directions, implying that the indenting Adria Plate, the leading deformational force in Central Europe, reset the upper-mantle mineral fabric in the past 5 Ma beneath the Pannonian Basin, overprinting the anisotropic signature of earlier tectonic events. Towards the east, fast polarization directions are perpendicular to steep gradients of lithospheric thickness and align along the edges of fast seismic anomalies beneath the Precambrian-aged Moesian Platform in the South Carpathians and the East European Craton, supporting the idea that craton roots exert a strong influence on the surrounding mantle flow. Within the Moesian Platform, SKS measurements become more variable with Fresnel zone arguments indicating a shallow fossil lithospheric source of anisotropy likely caused by older tectonic deformation frozen in the Precambrian. In the Southeast Carpathian corner, in the Vrancea Seismic Zone, a lithospheric fragment that sinks into the mantle is sandwiched between two slow anomalies, but smaller SKS delay times reveal weaker anisotropy occurs mainly to the NW side, consistent with asymmetric upwelling adjacent to a slab, slower mantle velocities and recent volcanism.

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43

Liu, Jun Qi, and Yu Sheng Li. "Dynamic Mechanism Research on the Tectonic Activation of Anninghe Rift." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.851.

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Anninghe rift is located on the western edge of Yangtze Block next to Tibetan Plateau, along the axis of a continental paleorift zone, Panxi paleorift. Recent studies have found that an upward mantle convection system existed since the late Pliocene in the deep lithosphere of a long and narrow area controlled by Anninghe fault. Lithospheric temperature distribution in the area has characteristics similar to that in Baikal and other modern rifts. A mantle upwelling area was in a constant state of “pull-subsidence.” Brittle rock mass of the shallow crust cracked into the new secondary subsidence blocks. A thick lacustrine sedimentary sequence of continental subsidence type developed. These all indicate that Anninghe rift is in an obvious tectonic activation state. It is believed that the tectonic activation of Anninghe rift has been produced by both horizontal squeeze from a plastic flow of the upper crust and expansion from mantle uplift. The pressure from the plastic flow of the upper crust is slightly greater than the expansion stress from the uplifting of lithosphere. Under this specific geodynamic environment, whether the tectonic activation of Anninghe rift can continue depends on the thermal motion rate of deep mantle materials and the eastward migration of the crustal materials of Tibetan Plateau.

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44

Nikolaev, Alexei, and Vsevolod Nikolaev. "Lithospheric stress state in South America as inferred from tidal triggering of earthquakes." Geofísica Internacional 35, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1996.35.3.466.

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Se presenta un modelo del estado de esfuerzo en la litosfera sudamericana, con base en el desgatillamiento de sismos por efecto de las mareas. Se utilizó un catálogo de 23,399 temblores de magnitud M>3.5 y se calculó la diferencia entre el número de temblores que ocurre durante fases opuestas de la marea. Se calcularon los coeficientes de Lode-Nadai, que muestran el estado de esfuerzo tensional a lo largo de la Cordillera, y caótico en el interior del continente.

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45

Coblentz, David D., and Mike Sandiford. "Tectonic stresses in the African plate: Constraints on the ambient lithospheric stress state." Geology 22, no. 9 (1994): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0831:tsitap>2.3.co;2.

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46

Rogers, Patricia G., and Maria T. Zuber. "Tectonic evolution of Bell Regio, Venus: Regional stress, lithospheric flexure, and edifice stresses." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 103, E7 (July 1, 1998): 16841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98je00585.

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47

McGarr, A. "On the State of Lithospheric Stress in the Absence of Applied Tectonic Forces." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 93, B11 (November 10, 1988): 13609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib11p13609.

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48

Mueller, Steve, William Spence, and George L. Choy. "Inelastic models of lithospheric stress-11. Implications for outer-rise seismicity and dynamics." Geophysical Journal International 125, no. 1 (April 1996): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1996.tb06534.x.

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49

Eshagh, Mehdi, Matloob Hussain, and Kristy F. Tiampo. "Towards sub-lithospheric stress determination from seismic Moho, topographic heights and GOCE data." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 129 (November 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.07.024.

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50

WANG, Jian, and Zheng-Ren YE. "Effects of Mantle Flow on Generation and Distribution of Global Lithospheric Stress Field." Chinese Journal of Geophysics 48, no. 3 (May 2005): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.697.

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