Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lithosphère – Teneur en eau'
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Thomaidis, Konstantinos. "Do mantle xenoliths preserve water signature from the lithospheric mantle and how ? : An analytical, experimental and numerical approach." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR008.
Full textWater in the form of hydrous point defects in the crystal structure of pyroxenes (pxs) from mantle xenoliths is frequently used to trace the water content in the lithospheric mantle. However, little is known on the mechanism that allows xenoliths to preserve deep hydrogen (H) signatures and if we can avoid complete or partial reset by reaction with the host magma during transport. Especially, it is unknown: 1) how much water content of xenoliths is modified by the eruption mode (effusive versus explosive) and during lava emplacement 2) how grain boundaries (gb) can affect H exchange in the xenolith with the surrounding melt. The aim of this thesis is to provide better understanding on these two aspects of the preservation of water signature in mantle xenoliths. The first question is approached through an analytical study of peridotite xenoliths from two localities in the French Massif Central, Allègre and Ray Pic. We performed around 1000 FTIR point analysis and profile measurements in ol, cpx and opx crystals derived from 16 xenoliths collected on both localities. The two localities have different lava flow structures, Allègre is a frozen lava lake and has a vertical structure while Ray Pic basaltic lava flow is a typical elongated/horizontally one. In Allègre, we studied xenoliths from different heights in the 30 m lava body. In Ray Pic we sampled xenoliths along the 20 km lava flow and in a pyroclastic deposit at the volcanic edifice. Both studies show that there is no evidence that cooling and solidification of basaltic flows affect the total water content of pxs in mantle xenoliths. However, the comparison of the xenoliths from the pyroclastic deposit and the lava flow at Ray Pic shows that the water concentration is strongly affected by the degree of degassing of the magma prior the eruption. In addition, xenoliths with different spectral signatures of pxs coexist with the same lava flow suggesting that the emplacement and degassing does not affect spectral signatures, suggesting that they may preserve signatures acquired earlier.For the second question, we concentrated on the study of the role of gb on the H isotopic exchange of the xenoliths with its surrounding. We used a combine experimental and numerical approach. In our experimental approach, we present results from hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments performed in cm-size cubic pieces of a natural xenolith, a spinel lherzolite aggregate. Experiments were performed between 600-900oC in a deuterium (D) enriched gas, at room pressure. We used single crystals of opx from the same xenolith, as sensors of the progress of the exchange within the polycrystalline aggregates. We compared diffusion profiles measured in single crystals and opx located at the edge of the cubes with diffusion profiles in opx inside the cubes, not directly in contact with the gas. Diffusion profiles were analysed through a 2D numerical modelling software (Idefick). Our H-D diffusion laws for intra-crystalline diffusion in mantle opx are slightly slower but comparable to the ones in literature for synthetic pure enstatite. OH-OD profiles recorded by FTIR in opx inside the cubes are only moderately shorter than the ones recorded in opx at the edge of the cubes (i.e. apparent diffusion inside the cubes are only moderately slower). These results indicate that the isotopic diffusion of H in gb is fast enough to equilibrate rapidly the opx crystals inside the cube xenoliths. It shows that grain boundary diffusion involving H-D exchange in xenoliths is at least 3 orders of magnitude faster than intra-crystalline diffusion in opx. This can be a first-evidence that in nature the δD signature of xenoliths is very likely controlled by the equilibrium with the host magma even in the case of xenoliths with large grain size. It provides explanation why pxs from most mantle xenoliths have depleted δD signatures. These rather reflect equilibrium with a degassed magma than an original mantle signature
Verati, Chrystèle. "Hydrothermalisme océanique et isotopes du plomb. Implication sur le cycle du Pb lors des échanges océan-lithosphère. Cas de trois sites dans l'océan Pacifique (Bassin nord-fidjien, microplaque de l'Ile de Pâques et puits ODP 504B)." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20252.
Full textYang, XiaoZhi. "Water content and H-O-Li isotopes in lower crustal granulite minerals." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL028N/document.
Full textFor the first time, systematic investigations of water content and H-O-Li isotopic compositions of minerals in lower crustal granulites, as well as water content of minerals in mantle peridotites, from eastern China have been carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and ion microprobe. The results show that: (1) Nominally anhydrous minerals, such as pyroxenes and plagioclase, in the lower crust generally contain trace amounts of structural water, with their content (H2O by wt.) varying from 200 to 2330 ppm for clinopyroxene, 60 to 1875 ppm for orthopyroxene, 65 to 900 ppm for plagioclase and 155 to 1100 ppm for the estimated bulk compositions. (2) Water contents of minerals in lower crustal granulites from eastern China, and their bulk values, are significantly higher than those in the underlying upper mantle, implying vertical heterogeneities of water distribution in the deep continental lithosphere; the contrast in water content even affect the rheological strength of the lithosphere. (3) The O-isotopic compositions of pyroxenes in the lower crustal granulites from eastern China are highly variable between different localities (~ 4.5 to 12.5‰, expressed in [delta]18OSMOW values), indicating variable influences from recycled crustal materials on their protoliths. (4) The H-isotopic compositions of granulite minerals from eastern China, are mostly in the range of -80 to -10‰ expressed in [delta]DSMOW values, and these minerals are usually in equilibrium with their [delta]D values. The relatively high [delta]D of granulite minerals may be related with degassing loss of H during the genesis of granulites. (5) The Li-isotopic compositions of granulite minerals from eastern China are usually in the range of -13 to 4.7‰, mostly lower than those of MORB (2-6‰). They reflect the source heterogeneity and are probably results of high-T Li diffusion during the intrusion of their original melts into the preexisting lower crust. (6) The large dispersion of Li and water contents and of H-O-Li isotopic results indicate the absence of any pervasive fluids in the lower crust
Van, Hullebusch Eric. "Contribution à l'étude du devenir, de la mobilité et de l'impact de métaux utilisés pour le traitement de plans d'eau eutrophes : cas de l'aluminium et du cuivre." Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO0016.
Full textSamri, Driss. "Analyse physique et caractérisation hygrothermique des matériaux de construction." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0067/these.pdf.
Full textBuilding materials are porous materials, and therefore very sensitive to water. Due to variable hermodynamical ambient conditions, processes of energy and mass transfers between the ambient air and the material occur. These exchanges lead to important modification of their thermal properties and their durability. For instance, measurements of the thermal conductivity of Hemp Lime Concrete, placed in climatic chamber in which the relative humidity is 75%, show a variation of 30%. This PhD Thesis deals with the case of three porous buildin materials: Aerated Autoclaved Concrete (AAC), Hemp Lime Concrete (HLC) and Vertically Perforated Brick (VPB). The hygrothermal behaviour of these materials is studied with the experimental set-up called cell of exchange. This cell consists of test walls which are place between a climatic box and the laboratory. The scope of this experimental work is to create gradients of temperature and of relative humidity through the sample. So, the study aims to measure and characterise heat and mass flows in these materials. Ln a second part, simulation are performed to design, expiain and interpret the experimental results. They are done in COMSOL Multiphysics. Ln a first approach, only the heat equation in 1 D has been implemented in the toolbox. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical results gives us the therm properties of tested materials (ʎ,ρ,c,hs et a). The numerical modeling approach shows that, contrary to AAC or VPB, HLC involves a complex interaction between heat transport and mass transfer through the material. So, simulations on HLC are investigated through the problematic of phase change materials
Gu, Xiaoyan. "Melt-rock interaction signatures in peridotite from sub-continental mantle (French Massif Central) : A trace element, H, Li and δ7Li approach." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0052/document.
Full textPeridotite xenoliths sampled from two volcanoes erupting in different modes in two localities, Allègre and Mont Coupet, in the southern domain of the French Massif Central (FMC), have been investigated to constrain the evolution of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath the FMC and the behaviors of Li and H during melt-rock reactions. To answer these questions, a set of 6 representative xenoliths was selected for each locality, and described for their mineralogy and petrography. In-situ measurements were then performed for major and trace elements in Ol, Cpx and Amp when existing, via EPMA and LA-ICP-MS respectively, for Li concentrations and isotopic compositions in pyroxenes and Ol (via SIMS), and water concentrations in minerals (via FTIR and SIMS). Negative HFSE anomalies and markedly high LREE/HREE ratios reflect a carbonatite-related metasomatism following an earlier partial melting process in the lithospheric mantle under Allègre. The Ti and Nb negative anomalies in Cpx from all the Mont Coupet samples and Zr-Hf negative anomalies in Cpx from two most strongly metasomatized samples MC38 and MC34 also point to a carbonatite-related mantle metasomatism. Amp in samples MC36 and MC53, whose origin should be associated with fluids from the subducting slab, have equilibrated most of the trace element composition with coexisting Cpx and the modal metasomatism responsible for the Amp genesis haven’t refertilized Cpx in LREE and LILE. Lithium isotope systematics indicates that Allègre xenoliths were overprinted by (at least) a two-stage metasomatism by melts of different origins. Exceptionally high Li concentrations in Cpx (up to 50 ppm by weight) and slightly increased Li contents at Ol rims are ascribed to a diffusive Li uptake from infiltrating melts derived from the host magma. On the other hand, extremely light Li isotopic compositions preserved in Ol cores (with δ7Li as low as -25‰) suggest another metasomatic event prior to xenolith entrainment by the host magma. In contrast, xenoliths from Mont Coupet have Li concentrations in constituent minerals similar to the normal mantle, and display nearly equilibrated inter-mineral Li partitioning and homogeneous intragranular Li distribution in every phase. The negative δ7Li values of Cpx and Opx in some samples were brought by the exchange with a small-volume melt with Li concentration similar to the normal mantle and light Li isotopic compositions. The preservation of inter-mineral large Li isotopic fractionation currently observed in these samples indicates that the percolation of the melt should occur shortly prior to the entrainment of Mont Coupet peridotite xenoliths by the host magmas. The metasomatic agents, accounting for negative δ7Li values in Ol cores in Allègre xenoliths and in Cpx and Opx in some Mont Coupet xenoliths, are related to a subduction environment. In the regional framework of the FMC, the subduction event most likely occurred during the Variscan orogeny. Water content in Allègre xenoliths ranges from 10.6 to 12.4 ppm in weight, much lower than the water content in the MORB source mantle. It implies that water were lost during the degassing of the host magma during slow cooling of the lava lake. No core-rim variations from profile analysis suggest that xenoliths have achieved water diffusive equilibrium with the host magmas. Peridotite xenoliths from Mont Coupet have retained their original water content from the mantle depths. Partial melting has controlled the water content in most samples from Mont Coupet. However, the subsequent carbonatite-related metasomatism has affected the sample MC34, which had the highest water content among the Mont Coupet xenoliths. And the aqueous agent responsible for presence of Amp in samples MC36 and MC53 has not lead to the considerable increase of water content
Pallier, Virginie. "Elimination de l’arsenic par coagulation floculation et électrocoagulation d’eaux faiblement minéralisées." Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/132b8acd-9e31-4857-aa02-0020c9c316b6/blobholder:0/2008LIMO4062.pdf.
Full textThe mobilization of arsenic in the environment by naturally occurring processes results in source water contamination. While drinking water represents the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic, this source water contamination increases the human health hazard. Thus, the maximum contaminant level of arsenic in drinking water was reduced to 10 µg/L and as a consequence new analytical methods and efficient and innovative arsenic removal processes have to be developed and optimized. Here As(III) was quantified by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry or by square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry depending on matrix composition. Both chemical and electrochemical processes as coagulation flocculation with Iron(III) salts and electrocoagulation, were optimized to remove arsenic. Their efficiency depends on arsenic speciation, pH, treatment dose and presence of organic matter. These parameters also control the arsenic removal mechanisms
Mioche, Dominique. "Aspects du cycle de la matière sur les récifs frangeants de l'île de la Réunion (Océan Indien) : signature des dégradations et mécanismes de l'eutrophisation." La Réunion, 1998. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/98_15_Mioche.pdf.
Full textThomas, Catherine Reine. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle des champs de nitrates et d'oxygène et de la production nouvelle dans l'océan Atlantique tropical en 1982-1984." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30080.
Full textStephant, Alice. "Le Rapport isotopique de l'hydrogène dans le système solaire interne : à la recherche des sources physico-chimiques de l'eau planétaire." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0022.
Full textCurrent dynamical models of Solar System formation and geochemical models agree on a likely chondritic origin for the terrestrial water. Indeed, primitive meteorites, called chondrites, have undergone an aqueous alteration process on their parent bodies. Moreover, these meteorites are one of the considered sources for the existence of water in lunar minerals. This thesis lies on hydrogen isotopic ratios and water contents measured using NanoSIMS in the carbonaceous chondrite Paris and lunar soils from the Apollo missions. Chondrules in Paris meteorite seem to have registered a water source distinct from the one of the parent body aqueous alteration. For the moon, water retained in soils is majority formed by implantation of the solar wind hydrogen
Coutière, Bénédicte. "Nouveau procédé de dénitrification des eaux par le fer métallique." Limoges, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIMO0036.
Full textChevron, Florence. "Dénitrification biologique d'une nappe phréatique polluée par des composés azotés d'origine industrielle : expérimentations en laboratoire sur les cinétiques, le métabolisme et les apports de nutriments." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-234.pdf.
Full textSimon, Laurent. "Quelques exemples de modélisations géochimiques des interactions entre les enveloppes terrestres." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSL0257.
Full textGerbier, Christophe. "Etude comparative de la faisabilité industrielle de procédés biologiques de dénitrification." Limoges, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIMO0057.
Full textTourneur, Isabelle. "Le bore, origine, répartition dans les eaux, inconvénients." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P220.
Full textLê, Thi Ngoc Ha. "Comportement des sols fins utilisés en couverture étanche des installations de stockage de déchets : approche expérimentale et numérique." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10245.
Full textThe study of the behavior ofmaterials constitutive ofa coyer ofstorage ofwaste must be realized. The principal material is the clay of Aptien. It is altered, humidified and compacted to guarantee the sealing of the work. The traditional step consists in characterizing the behavior ofmaterials in laboratory and on the site of the work. Tests conventional (simple compression, triaxial compression tests) and nonconventional (direct, indirect traction) in laboratory were carried out to determine the important parameters. An extension of the results was made on rising and deflection tests on site. A mechanical improvement of clay behavior by fibres was aimed. Interpretations of the results were made to optimize the placement of materials. However the experiments in laboratory are not sufficient and difficult to lead. A numerical modeling by the MED was considered. Simulations were gauged on tests used for materials of the ground. The difficulty lies in the modeling of the clay which can be subjected simultaneously to traction and compression (deflection test). The clay microstructure was not reproduced but to model by one assembles contact segments. Severallaws of contact were used. The influence of the microscopic parameters of the model on the macroscopic behavior of the samples was studied. An extension ofthese results to the modeling ofa test ofrising ofbig size and in situ was carried out. It is a first answer to the real behavior of the argillaceous coyer of the site
Xiao, Xiaoting. "Détermination de gradients de teneur en eau dans les bétons par méthodes électromagnétiques." Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=fe3c690d-0711-4ffc-964a-9649849c11f2.
Full textConsidering the aging problems of civil engineering structures induces the evaluation of durability indicators (such as porosity) and durability monitoring parameters (such as water content and chloride content). From the electromagnetic (EM) non-destructive testing, Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is used by surveying permittivity inside concrete. The general study is composed of three objectives. Firstly, establish a physical and mathematical interaction between the waves and the materials. To better understand the propagation of EM waves inside the material, we have studied on several dispersion models characterizing the dielectric properties of concrete, and used Debye’s model and Jonscher’s model getting good working performance. Secondly, develop a new method for GPR to detect the gradients of relative permittivity in a dispersive material. With knowledge of the speed of radar waves travelling through the medium, we are able to know the relative permittivity of the material. As the material can form a waveguide for EM waves. The phase velocity of the guided EM waves is used to extract the dielectric and geometric information of it. Then, a new inversion method is implemented to estimate the dielectric permittivity and geometry of the waveguides. The one-layer waveguide is developed into multi-layer waveguide by a dielectric mixing model: parallel model. Thus, the new multi-layer waveguide model is validated both on synthetic and experimental data. Finally, monitor water transferring inside the concrete slabs with the new developed method, the results being compared with those from gammadensimetry, considered as reference
Chatelain, Mathieu. "Flux dissous à l'interface eau-sédiment sous des écoulements oscillants." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066154.
Full textLe, Thang. "Influence de l’humidité des granulats de béton recyclé sur le comportement à l’état frais et durcissant des mortiers." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10160/document.
Full textImproved techniques of characterization of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and a better understanding of the properties of concrete based on RCA would promote their use. The aim of this work is to study the influence of the state of saturation of RCA, especially of recycled sand, on the fresh and hardened behavior of mortars. The first part of this work is dedicated to the study of water absorption of recycled sand (RS) by different methods. The results show that the water absorption of RS is greater than that of natural sand (NS). However, the water absorption value of the RS is closely related to the used method and the pre-saturation mode. The second part is dedicated to the influence of the saturation state of aggregates on the workability of mortars. The results show that the initial saturation state, the pre-saturation mode and the pre-saturation time significantly influence the workability of the mortars. The influence of the saturation state of recycled aggregates on the hardened behavior of mortar is then studied with two mortars based on recycled dry or over-saturated sand. The microstructure is explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) followed by image analysis and by indentation test under the SEM. The compressive strength of mortars containing RS is lower than that of mortars made with NS. Moreover, the initial saturation state of RS does not influence significantly the compressive strength of mortars, the mean porosity of the new interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and the micro-hardness of the cement matrix. However, the saturation state influences significantly the distribution of meso-porosity in the new ITZ
Richaud-Patillon, Odile. "La microfiltration tangentielle dans le traitement des eaux potables : application au cas d'une eau dénitrifiée." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT067H.
Full textKergaravat, Cédric. "Effets des conditions expérimentales sur la consommation en chlore et la production des composés organohalogènes au cours de la désinfection des eaux : application de la théorie des réseaux de réactions du premier ou pseudo-premier ordre." Angers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ANGE0027.
Full textThe aim of this study was to attempt to clarify the effects of experimental conditions (oxidant dose, temperature, ph, br -) on chlorine and chlorine dioxide demands and thm and aha production in natural waters. By maintaining the oxidant concentration at a constant value during the experiments, the results were interpreted using a first-order reaction network analytical solution. Two general equations describing the evolution of the oxidant demand on the one hand, and the concentrations of disinfection by-products on the other hand, were established. Under the assumption of a kinetic limitation of the mechanism by the oxidation reactions, the first equation showed that the consumption of chlorine or chlorine dioxide was only a function of the factor ct, product of the oxidant concentration and time. The direct application of this equation, which is also valid for a variable oxidant dose, reduces the acquisition times of the oxidant demand by increasing the concentration or temperature. It also allows access to the consumption of a mixture of several compounds from the oxidant demands of each of them obtained under different experimental conditions. The effects of chlorine dose and br - concentration on the distribution of thm could be modelled using the second equation. The results obtained show that the limiting reactions leading to the formation of these products are halogenation and hydrolysis reactions that precede the formation of intermediates common to the different thm
Zryd, Amédée Zryd Amédée Sylvestre. "Conditions dans la couche basale des glaciers tempérés : contraintes, teneur en eau et frottement intérieur /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1990. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=9163.
Full textCormier, Étienne. "Mesure de la teneur en eau en continu durant le séchage du foin en balles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25712/25712.pdf.
Full textGuihard, Vincent. "Homogénéisation de grandeurs électromagnétiques dans les milieux cimentaires pour le calcul de teneur en eau." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30165/document.
Full textPrediction of delayed behavior in concrete can be significantly improved by monitoring the amount and spatial distribution of water within a concrete structure over time. Water content of cement-based materials can also be required to interpret non-destructive tests such as ultrasonic and radar measurements. Electromagnetic properties of heterogeneous and porous materials, such as dielectric permittivity, are closely related to water content. Measurement of these properties is thus a common non-destructive technique used to assess the moisture content, but a calibration curve is required to link the measured permittivity to the saturation degree. This curve can be determined experimentally, or from empirical models. However, the first approach is tedious and time consuming, while the second one is not adapted to concrete. Hence, this contribution proposes an alternative route, relying on electromagnetic homogenization schemes, to connect the macroscopic permittivity of cement-based materials with the water content of the structure. Therefore, different open-ended coaxial probes were designed, modelled and tested in order to perform complex permittivity measurements of both solids and liquids. The homogenization approach is first validated on unsaturated sand. Then, the permittivity of concrete components (aggregates, hydrates, interstitial liquid, anhydrous cement) was assessed by means of coaxial probe measurements. Finally, a specific combination of analytical homogenization laws taking into account the microstructure's morphology of the material is built. Results show that there is a good correlation between the model and measurements acquired on different cement pastes, mortars and concretes, at different saturation degrees. The model is characterized by a quasi-instantaneous calculation time and can be adapted to different concretes depending on cement type, nature and quantity aggregates or porosity
Bourrel, Sylvie. "Estimation et commande d'un procédé à paramètres répartis utilisé pour le traitement biologique de l'eau à potabiliser." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30191.
Full textSavignat, Thierry. "Oxygénation des eaux de surface." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P181.
Full textBabah, Houda Mint. "Étude expérimentale de quelques aspects de la problématique des dunes éoliennes : des processus d'avalanche à la stratigraphie des dunes." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S029.
Full textThis thesis addresses two questions related to the general topic of aeolian dune migration. The first aspect concerns the processes of erosion and deposition during an avalanche of grains. By means of an experimental device allowing to drop a column of grains without initial speed on a granular slope, we have quantified the relative importance of erosion and deposition phenomena. In particular we have measured the neutral angle which defines the critical slope at which these two processes balance each other. The second aspect focuses on the internal structure of aeolian dunes. With our co-workers from the University of Cornell (USA), we have developed capacitance probes allowing to determine the volume fraction and water content of a granular pile from measurements of electric permittivity. Thanks to these probes, we were able to characterize the stratigraphy of dunes in Mauritania. Our results showed that the internal structure of the dunes presents a marked stratification with an alternation of loose and compact layers
Klysz, Gilles. "Caractérisation du béton d'enrobage par technique radar : exploitation de l'onde directe émetteur-récepteur." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30204.
Full textKane, Abdoulaye. "Étude des phénomènes de nitrification-dénitrification dans un pilote semi-industriel." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20051.
Full textLizotte, Pierre-Luc. "Caractérisation, récolte et valorisation de la fibre de maïs à basse teneur en eau au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30133/30133.pdf.
Full textCorn stover is the aerial part of the plant excluding grain, sometimes called MOG (material other than grain). Stover is generally a crop residue because most grain growers leave it on the ground after grain harvest. Dry corn stover can be used as bedding material or as a solid fuel on the farm. However, the cold and wet climate prevailing in Eastern Canada considerably limits the harvest of dry corn stover (moisture content < 15%) in the fall. Standing corn plants were sampled in fall 2008 to 2010 in order to determine the potential stover yields. For a site located in a 2300-2500 CHU (crop heat unit) zone, stover yields varied from 6.2 to 8.0 tonnes of dry matter (DM) per hectare. Yields ranging from 7.7 to 10.5 t DM ha-1 were measured for two other sites located in the 2900-3100 CHU zone. Large scale field harvest trials were done in spring from 2009 to 2011. The available stover yield in the spring averaged 63% (6.6 t DM ha-1) of the stover yield in the previous fall. Based on fall yields, 47 to 50% of the stover was collected using haymaking equipment. The average moisture content was 9.0%. Collection efficiency was reduced to 45% with a flail windrower but a gain in productivity was measured (5.2 ha h-1) compared to mowing and raking operations (2.3 and 2.0 ha h-1). Harvest losses from a self-loading wagon were smaller (6%) than from a round baler (15%). The cost of field operations varied between $29.04 and $34.30 t-1 DM depending on the harvest sequence. Storage cost was as high as $71.85 t-1 DM for bulk material harvested with the self-loading wagon. Large square and round bale storage cost was estimated at $29.87 t-1 DM and $59.44 t-1 DM, respectively. Corn stover had a higher absorption index (2.8) than wood shavings (1.8) and saw dust (2.1) used at the farm. The calorific energy of corn stover ranged from 16.86 to 17.64 MJ kg-1 while the ash content varied between 4.80 and 7.31%. Results should allow effective planning of cost and operations related to dry corn stover harvested in the spring.
Nguyen, Quoc Duy. "Etude expérimentale et numérique du début de consolidation de sols de très forte teneur en eau." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2094.
Full textThe aim of this work is to improve the knowledge of the sedimentation-consolidation process of very high water content soils with an extension to the integration of segragation and cohesion evolution. This topic is located at the boundary between hydraulics and geotechnics, and shows important applications to sediment management (lake, estuarine, industrial muds). The methology is based on laboratory and in situ experimentations, and on theoretical and numerical modelling. The tested materials are artificials mixtures of kaolin and Fontainebleau sand, and natural muds. The experimental works are based on (i) the improvment of a laboratory piloted gammadensimetric bench which allows density and pore pressure non disturbing monitoring within a very young soil, (ii) the development of a new in situ and laboratory, adapted to very weak soils, (iii) the development of segragation laboratory tests, with a weakly disturbing granulometric monitoring. The test interpretations allow to propose constitutive laws of the fine fraction (effective stress and reduced permeability), that are a function of concentration with two prameters. Segragation can be integrated with the help of an adapted Stokes' law. The modeling works are based on the Gibson's large deformations theory, which is continuously extended to Kinch's and Stokes' domains. An extension is proposed to integrate segregation with the help of the coarse fraction fall within a consolidating paste composed of fines and water. The industrial application is performed in partnership with EDF on the Oytier dam reservoir (Alpes) and allows to give assessment elements (concentration and resistance evolutions) for the faisability of fresh sediments racking methods in dams reservoirs. The contribution of this work allows to draw many research perspectives on the hydraulics-geotechnics link in coastal, estuarine, port or lake environment
CHATELAIN, ARNAUD. "Tautomerisation photoinduite d'hydroxyquinoleines. Application a l'etude de milieux homogenes et microheterogenes a teneur en eau reduite." Paris, CNAM, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CNAM0284.
Full textLoeffler, Olivier. "Modélisation géoradar de la proche surface : estimation de la teneur en eau et influence d'un polluant." Strasbourg 1, 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LOEFFLER_Olivier_2005.pdf.
Full textGround Penetrating Radar is used in near surface acquisitions to determine several characteristics from the soil. The analysis of the data is generally complicated by the heterogeneity of the near surface layer. The influence of water is also very strong and a change is the water content of the soil can change the results. In order to improve the data analysis, we use a modelling program with a finite differences in time domain (FDTD) algorithm. We determine the shape of the source impulse to be as near as possible from the real results. At first, we use this program to model the structure in a peat basin in the French Alps. We discover a geological structure which may result from a progressive sinking of the basin nearby the cliff. Another study helps us to discriminate between karsts filled with clay and hollow karsts in limestone. Finally, we can follow the changes affecting a snow layer at several times during the winter. We mounted a laboratory experiment in order to reproduce a groundwater level in a sand layer at varying depths. We had no signal reflection on the top of the saturated sand layer. We show that the 3 commonly used relations linking the water content to the relative dielectric permittivity give similar results, both on the water contents and on the variations of the water volume in the sand. With the modelling of the profiles from the sans box, we can give some estimations for the dielectric parameters of the sand. At last, we simulated an accidental fuel pollution from the surface of the sand box. We show that the fuel is not homogeneously distributed in the sand. We have no reflection on the fuel saturated layer, and only the wave velocity is clearly affected by the presence of fuel. The plume is more concentrated in the vicinity of the injection point and is the origin of water movements in the sand. New signals appear after a longer time due to these changes. A modelling gives a good idea from the shape of the plume
Riso, Ricardo. "Evolution spatio-temporelle de quelques métaux traces dans les systèmes frontaux de l'Atlantique nord-est (côtes de Bretagne)." Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2004.
Full textHalwani, Bouchra. "Recyclage des eaux grises : Etude de nouvelles filières de traitement." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R066.
Full textGreywater constitutes 61% of the total wastewater stream that includes bathroom waters, kitchen water and washing machines. When treated, this source can be easily reused in wide options excluding potable uses. This study explores the opportunities to treat greywater and try to choose the most efficient yet cheap treatment systems.An overall view of different types of treatment systems was conducted, and then we chose which systems could deliver both efficiency and feasibility for low load greywater. After selecting two types of treatment systems, we needed to merge both of them into one system that will enhance the treatment efficiency. These two systems rely tightly on adsorption that is why we wanted to identify which adsorbent can offer the best percentage of pollutants elimination but still fit in the low budget of low income countries. Different types of adsorbent were tested: different bricks residues, activated carbons and different grain size of sand. Chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and the percentage of elimination of active agents were used to judge their effectiveness. After selecting fine sand and coarse sand, a phytoremediation concept was used, this require testing different type of plants. Lavender was then selected to be part of our system. Chemical oxygen demand and turbidity were used to judge whether or not our system could deliver good results. After running these two tests, our pilot showed great results and recovered great amount of water that could be then used in different reuse options like toilet flushing or irrigation. Because user’s opinion and social acceptance is a threat to any new treatment system, we visited some of the nearest hotels and resorts to see their willingness to engage in such treatment path. In addition, cost is always a major throwback to any new treatment system; therefore, cost benefit analysis was used to ensure the feasibility of our pilot
Vallée, Karine. "Le nickel dans les eaux alimentaires : application à des champs captants du bassin Artois-Picardie." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-385.pdf.
Full textHarfouch, Muhssen. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des phénomènes de diffusion et de modification de texture des fromages de type Feta conservés en saumure." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL090N.
Full textLasserre, Frédérique. "Conception et intégration dans un SIG d'un modèle de transport des nitrates dans les aquifères libres : application sur deux bassins hydrogéologiques de la région Poitou-Charentes." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2267.
Full textReynal, Preud'homme Caroline. "Comportement du chrome et de l'arsenic dans une nappe libre sous un site industriel." Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU3025.
Full textThe main goal of this work is to identify the geochemical mechanisms controlling the solubility and mobility of As and Cr in a superficial aquifer under an industrial plant (production of sulphuric acid and copper sulphate. In this context, we used three approaches: water and solids sampling campaigns, laboratory experiments (batch and column experiments) and geochemical modelling (software PHREEQC). The contaminated zone is characterised by high concentrations of Cu, As and Cr and a strong acidic water. The unpolluted area is characterised by neutral to basic pH and low concentrations of elements. This neutral pH is probably due to carbonate dissolution. The buffer capacity of the solids induce the As and Cr sorption in the medium (especially in lack of chelating agent). The As and Cr solubility seems to be controlled by precipitation and adsorption onto iron hydroxides. Cr seems to precipitate in form of hydroxide and As in form of coprecipitate with Fe(III) and copper arsenates
Delacre, Elisabeth. "Caractérisation thermique de matériaux poreux humides par analyse inverse dans le domaine fréquentiel." Artois, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ARTO0203.
Full textBucaille, Arnaud. "Application de séquestrants macrocycliques supportés à un procédé d'élimination du plomb dans l'eau potable." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS068.
Full textDerdour, Lotfi. "Contribution à l'étude du concept de la courbe caractéristique de séchage (CCS) : application au séchage des produits de type plâtre." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10298.
Full textGhomari, Fouad. "Matériau en terre crue compactée : amélioration de sa durabilité à l'eau." Lyon, INSA, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ISAL0026.
Full textGarron, Anthony. "Etude de l'activité et de la sélectivité de catalyseurs plurimétalliques pour une application en réduction catalytique des nitrates et des nitrites en milieu aqueux." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2300.
Full textThe aim of this study is to prepare, characterize and test in catalytic reduction of nitrate and nitrite in aqueous media metallic supported metallic catalysts based on a promoted noble metal selective to molecular nitrogen. In nitrite reduction, palladium as noble metal presents the best catalytic performances. The promoter induces electronic and geometric effects leading to an increase of the selectivity. In nitrate reduction, the promoter proceeds with a redox mechanism. Tin was selected as promoter. The optimal loadings in palladium and tin are respectively 5 and 1. 7 wt %. Important modifications of the catalyst are observed during the reaction. Catalysts supported on alumina present large amount of oxidized tin deposited on the support, the phenomena is not observe on silica which presents only tin in interaction with palladium. The activity of the catalyst can be related to the amount of reducible tin on the catalyst. Trimetallic catalysts containing gold allow an increase of the selectivity from 93 to 97%. In situ pre-reduction and pH control at low value are key parameters. The ionic composition of water has no influence on the selectivity. Selective reduction of nitrate is possible over a trimetallic silica-supported catalyst with formic acid; this system allows to expect an industrial application nitrate catalytic reduction
Blain, Stéphane. "Application de polyamines immobilisées à la préconcentration de traces métalliques en milieu marin." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2020.
Full textMartel, Hugues. "Évaluation de capteurs de débit de récolte et de teneur en eau adaptés à une fourragère traînée." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0003/MQ44923.pdf.
Full textBauer, Christophe. "Étude des relations entre la teneur en eau et les champignons dans les bois mis en oeuvre." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10111.
Full textDaniel-David, Delphine. "Etude du mécanisme de désémulsification des émulsions de type eau dans pétrole brut par des polymers siliconés." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1636.
Full textViscoelastic films of aggregated asphaltenes prevent the coalescence of water droplets in water -in-oil emulsions formed during crude oil exploitation. Demulsifying surfactants are used to promote phase separation before oil refining process. The aim of this PhD thesis is to explain a destabilization mechanism for a silicone polyether copolymer, by relating its structure to its performance. The copolymer was first characterized at the air/water interface in order to understand its adsorption without the presence of the indigenous crude oil components. Various techniques have been used to elucidate the destabilisation mechanism by the copolymer. The proposed destabilisation mechanism is as follows : the copolymer first adsorbs at the crude oil water interface into packing defect sites due to its high affinity for the oil water interface. Then, the copolymer molecules disrupt the asphaltene network, allowing the coalescence of water droplets
Leroy, Pierre. "Calcium et corrosion." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P623.
Full textBodineau, Laurent. "Etude de la matière organique (constituants élémentaires et composés lipidiques) en Manche et dans l'estuaire de la Seine." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10213.
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