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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithospermic Acid'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Murata, Toshihiro, Kanae Oyama, Minami Fujiyama, Bunmei Oobayashi, Kaoru Umehara, Toshio Miyase, and Fumihiko Yoshizaki. "Diastereomers of lithospermic acid and lithospermic acid B from Monarda fistulosa and Lithospermum erythrorhizon." Fitoterapia 91 (December 2013): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.08.009.

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2

Chen, Li-Ching, Yu-Ping Cheng, Chih-Yi Liu, and Jiun-Wen Guo. "Lithosepermic Acid Restored the Skin Barrier Functions in the Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Animal Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116172.

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(1) Background: Psoriasis is a T helper 1/T helper 17 cells-involved immune-mediated genetic disease. Lithospermic acid, one of the major phenolic acid compounds of Danshen, has antioxidation and anti-inflammation abilities. Due to the inappropriate molecular weight for topical penetration through the stratum corneum, lithospermic acid was loaded into the well-developed microemulsion delivery system for IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis treatment. (2) Methods: BALB/c mice were administered with topical imiquimod to induce psoriasis-like dermatitis. Skin barrier function, disease severity, histology assessment, autophagy-related protein expression, and skin and spleen cytokine expression were evaluated. (3) Results: The morphology, histopathology, and skin barrier function results showed that 0.1% lithospermic acid treatment ameliorated the IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis and restored the skin barrier function. The cytokines array results confirmed that 0.1% lithospermic acid treatment inhibited the cutaneous T helper-17/Interleukin-23 axis related cytokines cascades. (4) Conclusions: The results implied that lithospermic acid might represent a possible new therapeutic agent for psoriasis treatment.

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3

B, Odonbayar, T. Murata, N. Matsumoto, Batkhuu J, and K. Sasaki. "Chemical constituents of aerial parts of Thymus gobicus and their cholinesterase inhibitory activities." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 43 (February 3, 2017): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v17i43.740.

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From an acetone-water (3:2) extract of aerial parts of Thymus gobicus Czern. (31.1 g), compounds 1-8 were obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on spectroscopic data, the isolated compounds were identified as rosmarinic acid (1), monardic acid A (2), nepetoidin B (3), aromadendrin (4), apigenin (5), chrysoriol (6), apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (7), and apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside methyl ester (8). Compound 2 was a (7R,8R)-diastereomer of lithospermic acid (2a). Although it was reported that the anti-allergic activity of lithospermic acid was higher than that of 2, the acetylcholine inhibitory activity of 2 was higher than that of lithospermic acid.

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4

Wang, Jixia, Tao Hou, Lai Wei, Liying Shi, Jian He, Nan Zhou, Guangwei Sun, Xiuli Zhang, and Xinmiao Liang. "Discovery of new targets of phenolic acids in danshen using a label-free cell phenotypic assay." RSC Advances 5, no. 33 (2015): 25768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16102e.

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Pharmacological profiling of 10 known phenolic acids in danshen using a label-free cell phenotypic assay in HT-29 and A431 cells revealed that lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid A, B, C and danshensu all displayed agonistic activity towards GPR35.

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5

Ghosh, Arun K., Xu Cheng, and Bing Zhou. "Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid." Organic Letters 14, no. 19 (September 14, 2012): 5046–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol302273r.

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6

Naliwajski, Marcin Robert, Beata Wileńska, Aleksandra Misicka, Agnieszka Pietrosiuk, and Katarzyna Sykłowska-Baranek. "HPLC-PDA-ESI-HRMS-Based Profiling of Secondary Metabolites of Rindera graeca Anatomical and Hairy Roots Treated with Drought and Cold Stress." Cells 11, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11060931.

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To cope with environmental harmful conditions, plant cells developed adaptive strategy that involves production of a wide variety of complex secondary metabolites. The spectrum and quantity of biosynthesized compounds in specific plant species is determined by its genotype, tissue, developmental and physiological stage and environmental factors. This phenomenon was used to exploit the potential of anatomical and hairy root cultures of Rindera graeca to produce bioactive compounds. Cultivated in vitro roots were subjected to abiotic stresses i.e., drought or coldness. Next the extract profiling was performed using HPLC-PDA-ESI-HRMS method, as well quantitative determination of caffeic, rosmarinic and lithospermic B acids, that were present in all root extracts. Phenolic acids, flavonoids and iridoids represent the major groups of compounds detected in chemical profiles growing under various conditions roots. The highest number of phytochemicals was determined in roots subjected to coldness. Lithospermic B acid proved to be the most abundant compound in all investigated extracts. Among applied abiotic stress factors it was demonstrated that coldness affected to the most secondary metabolites production. The results of current study suggest that root cultures of R. graeca could serve as a new and abundant source of lithospermic B acid.

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7

Yamamoto, Hirobumi, Ping Zhao, Kazufumi Yazaki, and Kenichiro Inoue. "Regulation of Lithospermic Acid B and Shikonin Production in Lithospermum erythrorhizon Cell Suspension Cultures." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 50, no. 8 (2002): 1086–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.50.1086.

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8

Mori, Mattia, Stefano Ciaco, Yves Mély, and Anastasia Karioti. "Inhibitory Effect of Lithospermic Acid on the HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 5434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225434.

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The HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NC) is a desirable target in antiretroviral therapy due to its high conservation among HIV-1 strains, and to its multiple and crucial roles in the HIV-1 replication cycle. Natural products represent a valuable source of NC inhibitors, with the catechol group being a privileged scaffold in NC inhibition. By coupling molecular modeling with NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence-based assays, we disclosed lithospermic acid, a catechol derivative extracted from Salvia miltiorrhizza, as a potent and chemically stable non-covalent inhibitor of the NC. Being different from other catechol derivative reported so far, lithospermic acid does not undergo spontaneous oxidation in physiological conditions, thus becoming a profitable starting point for the development of efficient NC inhibitors.

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9

NAGAI, Masahiro, Mariko NOGUCHI, Tohru IIZUKA, Kazuyo OTANI, and Katsuo KAMATA. "Vasodilator Effects of Des(.ALPHA.-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)lithospermic Acid (8-Epiblechnic Acid), a Derivative of Lithospermic Acids in Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix." Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 19, no. 2 (1996): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.19.228.

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10

Thuong, Phuong Thien, Keon Wook Kang, Jeong Kee Kim, Dae Bang Seo, Sang Jun Lee, Sung Han Kim, and Won Keun Oh. "Lithospermic acid derivatives from Lithospermum erythrorhizon increased expression of serine palmitoyltransferase in human HaCaT cells." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 19, no. 6 (March 2009): 1815–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.052.

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11

Hong, Eun Gyoung. "Diabetic Nephropathy - Preventive effects of lithospermic acid B (LAB)." Korean Diabetes Journal 32, no. 1 (2008): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.1.7.

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12

Hyun Kim, Hui, John Kim, Hye Young Ji, Yoon Chul Kim, Dong Hwan Sohn, Byung Mu Lee, and Hye Suk Lee. "Pharmacokinetics of Lithospermic Acid B Isolated fromSalvia Miltiorrhizain Rats." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 68, no. 23-24 (December 2005): 2239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287390500182222.

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13

Varadaraju, Tirumala G., and Jih Ru Hwu. "Synthesis of anti-HIV lithospermic acid by two diverse strategies." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 10, no. 28 (2012): 5456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ob25575h.

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14

Le, Tam Thi, Tae Kyeom Kang, Ha Thi Do, Trong Duc Nghiem, Wook-Bin Lee, and Sang Hoon Jung. "Protection Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Retinal Cell Death by Compounds Isolated From Ehretia asperula." Natural Product Communications 16, no. 12 (December 2021): 1934578X2110679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x211067986.

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Ehretia asperula ( E asperula) is a well-known traditional medicinal plant in Vietnam with potent activity against a wide range of diseases, including hepatitis B and various cancers. Although E asperula has been used in traditional medicine, the efficacy of E asperula and its bioactive components on retinal degenerative diseases has not been fully evaluated. In present this study, we found that ethanolic extracts of E asperula increased cell viability in retinal precursor cells exposed to glutamate/BSO-induced excitotoxicity/oxidative stress. The major responsible bioactive compounds were rosmarinic acid and methylrosmarinic acid. First, 10 known compounds were isolated from E asperula leaves. Their chemical structures were determined using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, and compared with published data. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we determined the content of 4 compounds in E asperula extract: rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid B, astragalin, and kaempferol 3-rutinoside. The most abundant of these compounds was lithospermic acid B. The protective effects of the pure compounds and ethanolic extracts against excitotoxicity and oxidative stress-induced retinal cell death were tested in R28 cells. Both 70% and 95% ethanolic extracts of E asperula increased cell viability in these conditions. Rosmarinic acid and methyl rosmarinic acid were more effective at protecting against retinal cell death and elevated reactive oxygen species in cells subjected to glutamate/BSO-induced excitotoxicity/oxidative stress. These findings suggested that E asperula could potentially be used to treat retinal degeneration.

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15

Yuan, Jian-Ping, Hui Chen, and Feng Chen. "Simultaneous Determination of Rosmarinic Acid, Lithospermic Acid B, and Related Phenolics inSalvia miltiorrhizaby HPLC." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, no. 7 (July 1998): 2651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf980088o.

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16

Kan, Shidong, Huimin Lin, Ji'an Li, Lei Shao, and Daijie Chen. "Biotransformation of Salvianolic acid B by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum and Its Two Degradation Routes." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 7 (July 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700720.

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Resting cells of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum ( F. oxsporum) were used for the biotransformation of salvianolic acid B (Sal B). Three transformed products, isolithospermic acid, prolithospermic acid and danshensu, were identified on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data. The stability of the two ester bonds of Sal B was studied and two degradation routes were found. In the biotransformation system, Sal B was transformed into isolithospermic acid first which was then converted into prolithospermic acid. In alkaline solutions, Sal B was transformed into lithospermic acid first which was then converted into prolithospermic acid. This is the first reports of the NMR spectra of isolithospermic acid and this result may indicate the metabolic pathways of Sal B in vivo.

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17

Liu, Yu-Qiang, Qian Cai, Chang Liu, Feng-Wei Bao, and Zhen-Qiu Zhang. "Simultaneous Determination and Pharmacokinetic Comparisons of Multi-Ingredients after Oral Administration ofRadix Salviae MiltiorrhizaeExtract, Hawthorn Extract, and a Combination of Both Extracts to Rats." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/617367.

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A simple and sensitive HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of danshensu (DSS), rosmarinic acid (RA), lithospermic acid (LA), salvianolic acid B (SAB), and hyperoside (HP) in rat plasma. This method validated was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the main active ingredients after oral administration ofRadix Salviae Miltiorrhizaeextract (SME), hawthorn extract (HTE), and a combination of both extracts (2.5 : 1) to rats. The results indicated that there have been great differences in pharmacokinetics between a single extract and a combination of both extracts. A combination of both extracts can enhance their bioavailabilities and delay the elimination of SAB and DSS in rats.

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18

Chen, H., F. Chen, Y.-L. Zhang, and J.-Y. Song. "Production of lithospermic acid B and rosmarinic acid in hairy root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza." Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 22, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900624.

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19

Fialova, Silvia, Lucia Veizerova, Viera Nosalova, Katarina Drabikova, Daniela Tekelova, Daniel Grancai, and Ruzena Sotnikova. "Water Extract of Mentha × villosa: Phenolic Fingerprint and Effect on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 6 (June 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000636.

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Qualitative analysis of the water extract of Mentha x villosa Huds. leaves was performed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and quantitative analysis was made by reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection (LC-DAD). Sixteen phenolic compounds were identified and quantified consisting of 8 phenolic acids/derivatives and 8 flavonoid glycosides (quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaroyl-hexoside, caffeic acid, coumaroylquinic acid, lithospermic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid A, luteolin-7- O-glucuronide, luteolin-7- O-glucoside, luteolin-7- O-rutinoside, eriodictyol-7- O-rutinoside, apigenin-7- O-glucuronide, kaempferol-3- O-glucuronide, chrysoeriol-7- O-rutinoside, and hesperetin-7- O-rutinoside). Luteolin-7- O-rutinoside (25.6 ± 0.7 mg/g dry extract) and rosmarinic acid (17.9 ± 0.4 mg/g dry extract) were the most abundant. High antioxidant activity of this phenolic-rich water extract was confirmed in vitro by DPPH and ABTS tests and ex vivo in the ischemia-reperfusion injured rat superior mesenteric artery. Thus, the water extract of M. x villosa leaves seems to be a promising agent in prevention of tissue injury caused by oxidative stress.

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20

Guo, Yong-Xue, Dai-Jia Zhang, Hui Wang, Zhi-Long Xiu, Long-Xing Wang, and Hong-Bin Xiao. "Hydrolytic kinetics of lithospermic acid B extracted from roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 43, no. 2 (January 2007): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.07.046.

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21

Guo, Yong-Xue, Zhi-Long Xiu, Dai-Jia Zhang, Hui Wang, Long-Xing Wang, and Hong-Bin Xiao. "Kinetics and mechanism of degradation of lithospermic acid B in aqueous solution." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 43, no. 4 (March 2007): 1249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.10.025.

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22

Kang, Eun Seok, Geun Taek Lee, Beom Seok Kim, Chul Hoon Kim, Gi Ho Seo, Seung Jin Han, Kyu Yeon Hur, et al. "Lithospermic acid B ameliorates the development of diabetic nephropathy in OLETF rats." European Journal of Pharmacology 579, no. 1-3 (January 2008): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.070.

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23

Wang, Li, Qiang Zhang, Xiaochuan Li, Youli Lu, Zhimou Xue, Lijiang Xuan, and Yiping Wang. "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lithospermic acid by LC/MS/MS in rats." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 350, no. 1-2 (February 2008): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.09.001.

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24

Chen, Hui, Feng Chen, Yin-Lin Zhang, and Jing-Yuan Song. "Production of rosmarinic acid and lithospermic acid B in Ti transformed Salvia miltiorrhiza cell suspension cultures." Process Biochemistry 34, no. 8 (October 1999): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-9592(98)00155-1.

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25

Fischer, Joshua, G. Paul Savage, and Mark J. Coster. "A Concise Route to Dihydrobenzo[b]furans: Formal Total Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid." Organic Letters 13, no. 13 (July 2011): 3376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol201130h.

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26

Morimoto, Satoshi, Yuri Goto, and Yukihiro Shoyama. "Production of Lithospermic Acid B and Rosmarinic Acid in Callus Tissue and Regenerated Plantlets of Salvia miltiorrhiza." Journal of Natural Products 57, no. 6 (June 1994): 817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50108a020.

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27

Watzke, Anja, Steven J. O'Malley, Robert G. Bergman, and Jonathan A. Ellman. "Reassignment of the Configuration of Salvianolic Acid B and Establishment of Its Identity with Lithospermic Acid B." Journal of Natural Products 69, no. 8 (August 2006): 1231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np060136w.

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28

Liao, Hui-Jun, and Jason T. C. Tzen. "The Potential Role of Phenolic Acids from Salvia miltiorrhiza and Cynara scolymus and Their Derivatives as JAK Inhibitors: An In Silico Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 4033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23074033.

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JAK inhibition is a new strategy for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Previous studies have shown the immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Cynara scolymus and suggest that the bioactivity of their phenolic acids involves the JAK-STAT pathway, but it is unclear whether these effects occur through JAK inhibition. The JAK binding affinities obtained by docking Rosmarinic acid (RosA), Salvianolic acid A (SalA), Salvianolic acid C (SalC), Lithospermic acid, Salvianolic acid B and Cynarin (CY) to JAK (PDB: 6DBN) with AutoDock Vina are −8.8, −9.8, −10.7, −10.0, −10.3 and −9.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Their predicted configurations enable hydrogen bonding with the hinge region and N- and C-terminal lobes of the JAK kinase domain. The benzofuran core of SalC, the compound with the greatest binding affinity, sits near Leu959, such as Tofacitinib’s pyrrolopyrimidine. A SalC derivative with a binding affinity of −12.2 kcal/mol was designed while maintaining this relationship. The docking results show follow-up studies of these phenolic acids as JAK inhibitors may be indicated. Furthermore, derivatives of SalC, RosA, CY and SalA can yield better binding affinity or bioavailability scores, indicating that their structures may be suitable as scaffolds for the design of new JAK inhibitors.

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29

Varsani, Myrto, Konstantia Graikou, Aristea Velegraki, and Ioanna Chinou. "Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Origanum dictamnus Traditional Herbal Tea (decoction)." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 11 (November 2017): 1934578X1701201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701201139.

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In the framework of the re-evaluation of chemistry and biological properties of Greek herbal teas (decoctions), the objective of this study was the estimation of the total phenolic content and the antimicrobial activity as well as the chemical analysis of the water extracts (decoction) of three samples of Cretan dittany ( Origanum dictamnus L) prepared in the traditional way to be used (drunk). Ten secondary metabolites were isolated and elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence for the first time from O. dictamnus drinkable decoction: carvacrol (1), β-sitosterol (2), uvaol (3), ursolic acid (4), rosmarinic acid (5), lithospermic acid (6), ferulic acid (7), cafeic acid (8), p-coumaric acid (9) and apigenin-7- O-glucoside (10). The samples showed a high total phenolic content (185.5-139.7 mg CAE/g) and an interesting antibacterial profile against Gram positive and negative human pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, the bioactivity against a panel of Malassezia strains was estimated.

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30

Shao, Xin, Jie Zhao, Xu Wang, and Yi Tao. "Rapid Screening and Quantitative Determination of Active Components in Qing-Hua-Yu-Re-Formula Using UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and HPLC-UV." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8535127.

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Qing-Hua-Yu-Re-Formula (QHYRF), a new herbal preparation, has been extensively used for treating diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, the chemical constituents of QHYRF remain uninvestigated. In the present study, rapid ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was used to qualitatively analyze the components of QHYRF. Qualitative detection was performed on a Kromasil C18 column through the gradient elution mode, using acetonitrile-water containing 0.1% formic acid. Twenty-seven compounds were identified or tentatively characterized, including 12 phenolic acids, nine monoterpene glycosides, two flavonoids, three iridoids, and one unknown compound. Among these, six compounds were confirmed by comparing with standards. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to simultaneously determine the following six active components in QHYRF: danshensu, paeoniflorin, acteoside, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid B, and salvianolic acid C. These HPLC chromatograms were monitored at 254, 280, and 320 nm. The method was well validated with respect to specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, stability, and recovery. The HPLC-UV method was successfully applied to 10 batches of QHYRF.

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31

Krzyżanowska-Kowalczyk, Justyna, Mariusz Kowalczyk, Michał B. Ponczek, Łukasz Pecio, Paweł Nowak, and Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas. "Pulmonaria obscura and Pulmonaria officinalis Extracts as Mitigators of Peroxynitrite-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors–In Vitro and In Silico Studies." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030631.

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The Pulmonaria species (lungwort) are edible plants and traditional remedies for different disorders of the respiratory system. Our work covers a comparative study on biological actions in human blood plasma and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) -inhibitory properties of plant extracts (i.e., phenolic-rich fractions) originated from aerial parts of P. obscura Dumort. and P. officinalis L. Phytochemical profiling demonstrated the abundance of phenolic acids and their derivatives (over 80% of the isolated fractions). Danshensu conjugates with caffeic acid, i.e., rosmarinic, lithospermic, salvianolic, monardic, shimobashiric and yunnaneic acids were identified as predominant components. The examined extracts (1–100 µg/mL) partly prevented harmful effects of the peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress in blood plasma (decreased oxidative damage to blood plasma components and improved its non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity). The cellular safety of the extracts was confirmed in experimental models of blood platelets and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. COX-2 inhibitor screening evidently suggested a stronger activity of P. officinalis (IC50 of 13.28 and 7.24 µg/mL, in reaction with synthetic chromogen and physiological substrate (arachidonic acid), respectively). In silico studies on interactions of main components of the Pulmonaria extracts with the COX-2 demonstrated the abilities of ten compounds to bind with the enzyme, including rosmarinic acid, menisdaurin, globoidnan A and salvianolic acid H.

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32

Kang, Dae Gill, Hyuncheol Oh, Hun Taeg Chung, and Ho Sub Lee. "Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme by lithospermic acid B isolated from radixSalviae miltiorrhiza Bunge." Phytotherapy Research 17, no. 8 (2003): 917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1250.

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33

Rai, Amit, Taiki Nakaya, Yohei Shimizu, Megha Rai, Michimi Nakamura, Hideyuki Suzuki, Kazuki Saito, and Mami Yamazaki. "De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Characterization of Lithospermum officinale to Discover Putative Genes Involved in Specialized Metabolites Biosynthesis." Planta Medica 84, no. 12/13 (May 29, 2018): 920–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0630-5925.

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Abstract Lithospermum officinale is a valuable source of bioactive metabolites with medicinal and industrial values. However, little is known about genes involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites, primarily due to the lack of genome or transcriptome resources. This study presents the first effort to establish and characterize de novo transcriptome assembly resource for L. officinale and expression analysis for three of its tissues, namely leaf, stem, and root. Using over 4Gbps of RNA-sequencing datasets, we obtained de novo transcriptome assembly of L. officinale, consisting of 77,047 unigenes with assembly N50 value as 1524 bps. Based on transcriptome annotation and functional classification, 52,766 unigenes were assigned with putative genes functions, gene ontology terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. KEGG pathway and gene ontology enrichment analysis using highly expressed unigenes across three tissues and targeted metabolome analysis showed active secondary metabolic processes enriched specifically in the root of L. officinale. Using co-expression analysis, we also identified 20 and 48 unigenes representing different enzymes of lithospermic/chlorogenic acid and shikonin biosynthesis pathways, respectively. We further identified 15 candidate unigenes annotated as cytochrome P450 with the highest expression in the root of L. officinale as novel genes with a role in key biochemical reactions toward shikonin biosynthesis. Thus, through this study, we not only generated a high-quality genomic resource for L. officinale but also propose candidate genes to be involved in shikonin biosynthesis pathways for further functional characterization.

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34

Xiao, Ying, Shouhong Gao, Peng Di, Junfeng Chen, Wansheng Chen, and Lei Zhang. "Lithospermic acid B is more responsive to silver ions (Ag+) than rosmarinic acid in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures." Bioscience Reports 30, no. 1 (October 6, 2009): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20080124.

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LAB (lithospermic acid B) is a dimer of RA (rosmarinic acid) and has been suggested to be derived from RA, but the detailed biosynthesis process has not yet been identified. The accumulation of RA has been intensively investigated in the plant species of Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae. In the present study, we report that silver ions (Ag+; 15 μM), an abiotic elicitor, did not stimulate RA accumulation but dramatically enhanced LAB from approx. 5.4% to 18.8% of dry weight in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures, and the rise in LAB was found to be coincident with the decline of RA content at each time point after treatment. Meanwhile, a profiling analysis of genes and metabolites (intermediates) involved in the RA synthesis pathway was performed; the result indicated that several gene transcripts and metabolite accumulations show temporal changes in abundance consistent with LAB production. Thus a potential (putative) biosynthetic route from RA to LAB was presumed, which was suggested to be significantly activated by Ag+ in S. miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures. Further intermediate monitoring and compound feeding experiments were performed to rank the strength of this hypothesis. Our study, for the first time, provides evidence that RA is a precursor leading to LAB synthesis.

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35

Findley, William E., Ulrich Hollstein, and Paige K. Besch. "Effect of Purified Lithospermic Acid and its Oxidation Product on Luteinizing Hormone Release in Vitro1." Biology of Reproduction 33, no. 2 (September 1, 1985): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod33.2.309.

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36

Chen, Li, Wen-yi Wang, and Yi-ping Wang. "Inhibitory effects of lithospermic acid on proliferation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells." Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 30, no. 9 (August 24, 2009): 1245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/aps.2009.122.

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37

Kang, Dae Gill, Hyuncheol Oh, Eun Jin Sohn, Tae Young Hur, Kang Chang Lee, Kwang Jin Kim, Tai Yo Kim, and Ho Sub Lee. "Lithospermic acid B isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats." Life Sciences 75, no. 15 (August 2004): 1801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.02.034.

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38

Wang, Dong-Hui, and Jin-Quan Yu. "Highly Convergent Total Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid via a Late-Stage Intermolecular C−H Olefination." Journal of the American Chemical Society 133, no. 15 (April 20, 2011): 5767–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2010225.

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39

O'Malley, Steven J., Kian L. Tan, Anja Watzke, Robert G. Bergman, and Jonathan A. Ellman. "Total Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid by Asymmetric Intramolecular Alkylation via Catalytic C−H Bond Activation." Journal of the American Chemical Society 127, no. 39 (October 2005): 13496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja052680h.

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40

Pang, Bo, Xinyu Bian, Junpeng Xing, Shu Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, and Fengrui Song. "Effects of lithospermic acid on hIAPP aggregation and amyloid-induced cytotoxicity by multiple analytical methods." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 1868, no. 1 (January 2020): 140283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140283.

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41

Kim, Hui-Hyun, Hye Young Ji, Hye Won Lee, Youn-Chul Kim, Dong Hwan Sohn, and Hye Suk Lee. "Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of lithospermic acid B in rat serum." Archives of Pharmacal Research 27, no. 12 (December 2004): 1202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02975881.

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42

Fischer, Joshua, G. Paul Savage, and Mark J. Coster. "ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Route to Dihydrobenzo[b]furans: Formal Total Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid." ChemInform 42, no. 45 (October 13, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201145092.

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43

Grzegorczyk-Karolak, Izabela, Marta Krzemińska, Anna K. Kiss, Monika A. Olszewska, and Aleksandra Owczarek. "Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Aerial and Underground Parts of Salvia bulleyana Diels. Plants." Metabolites 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10120497.

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Plants have been used for medical purposes since ancient times. However, a detailed analysis of their biological properties and their associated active compounds is needed to justify their therapeutic use in modern medicine. The aim of the study was to identify and quantify the phenolics present in hydromethanolic extracts of the roots and shoots of the Chinese Salvia species, Salvia bulleyana. The qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) detection. The extracts of S. bulleyana were also screened for their antioxidant activity using ferric ion (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cation (ABTS), superoxide radical anion (O2•–), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays. The S. bulleyana extracts were found to contain 38 substances, of which 36 were phenols, with a total level of 14.4 mg/g DW (dry weight) in shoots, and 23.1 mg/g DW in roots. Twenty-eight phenols were polyphenolic acids or their derivatives, the most abundant in shoots being rosmarinic acid, and in roots, salvianolic acid K followed by rosmarinic acid. The other major phenolic acids were caffeic acid, caffeoyl-threonic acids, isomers of lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid F, salvianolic acid B, and yunnaneic acid E. In addition to polyphenolic acids, nine flavonoids were detected in the shoot extract. While both extracts showed significant antioxidant activity, the shoot extract, containing both polyphenolic acids and flavonoids, demonstrated a slightly greater antioxidant potential in some of the anti-radical tests than the roots. However, the root extract proved to be slightly more effective in the lipid peroxidation inhibition test. Thus, S. bulleyana was demonstrated as a promising source of antioxidants, and worthy of further more detailed studies.

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44

Kosakowska, Olga, Zenon Węglarz, Ewelina Pióro-Jabrucka, Jarosław L. Przybył, Karolina Kraśniewska, Małgorzata Gniewosz, and Katarzyna Bączek. "Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils and Hydroethanolic Extracts of Greek Oregano (O. vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) and Common Oregano (O. vulgare L. subsp. vulgare)." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040988.

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Greek oregano and common oregano were compared in respect of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the corresponding essential oils and hydroethanolic extracts in relation with their chemical profile. The chemical composition of essential oils was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID, while extracts (phenolic acids and flavonoids fractions) were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Based on given volatiles, the investigated subspecies represented two chemotypes: a carvacrol/γ-terpinene/p-cymene type in the case of Greek oregano and a sabinyl/cymyl type rich in terpinen-4-ol in common oregano. Within non-volatile phenolic compounds, rosmarinic acid appeared to dominate in both subspecies. Lithospermic acid B, chlorogenic acid and isovitexin were present only in Greek oregano extracts. However, the total content of flavonoids was higher in common oregano extracts. The essential oil and extract of Greek oregano revealed visibly stronger antibacterial activity (expressed as MIC and MBC) than common oregano, whereas the antioxidant potential (determined by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) of these extracts was almost equal for both subspecies. In the case of Origanum plants, the potential application of essential oils and extracts as antiseptic and antioxidant agents in the food industry should be preceded by subspecies identification followed by recognition of their chemotype concerning both terpene and phenolics composition.

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45

Li, Xiaochuan, Chen Yu, Li Wang, Youli Lu, Wenyi Wang, Lijiang Xuan, and Yiping Wang. "Simultaneous determination of lithospermic acid B and its three metabolites by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 43, no. 5 (April 2007): 1864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.004.

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46

Liu, Xiaoyu, Ruohua Chen, Yanjun Shang, Binghua Jiao, and Caiguo Huang. "Lithospermic acid as a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor has anti-inflammatory and hypouricemic effects in rats." Chemico-Biological Interactions 176, no. 2-3 (November 2008): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2008.07.003.

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47

Fung, K. P., L. H. Zeng, J. Wu, H. N. C. Wong, C. M. Lee, P. M. Hon, H. M. Chang, and T. W. Wu. "Demonstration of the myocardial salvage effect of lithospermic acid B isolated from the aqueous extract of." Life Sciences 52, no. 22 (January 1993): PL239—PL244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(93)90471-e.

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48

Li, Xiaochuan, Chen Yu, Weikang Sun, Gangyi Liu, Jingying Jia, and Yiping Wang. "Simultaneous determination of magnesium lithospermate B, rosmarinic acid, and lithospermic acid in beagle dog serum by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 18, no. 23 (2004): 2878–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1703.

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49

Tang, Huilan, Ningyi Qin, Chang Rao, Jiahui Zhu, Haiqiang Wang, and Guang Hu. "Screening of Potential Anti-Thrombotic Ingredients from Salvia miltiorrhiza in Zebrafish and by Molecular Docking." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 6807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226807.

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Background: Danshen (DS), the dry root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for many years to promote blood circulation and to inhibit thrombosis. However, the active ingredients responsible for the anti-thrombotic effect and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. Methods: Molecular docking was used to predict the active ingredients in DS and their potential targets by calculating the scores of docking between DS ingredients and thrombosis-related proteins. Then, a chemical-induced zebrafish thrombosis model was applied to confirm their anti-thrombotic effects. Result: The molecular docking results indicated that compared to the control ligand, higher docking scores were observed for several compounds in DS, among which salvianolic acid B (SAB), lithospermic acid (LA), rosmarinic acid (MA), and luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (LG) could attenuate zebrafish caudal vein thrombosis and recover the decrease in heart red blood cells (RBCs) in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: Our study showed that it is possible to screen the potential active components in natural products by combining the molecular docking method and zebrafish in vivo model.

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50

Kang, Eun Seok, Beom Seok Kim, Chul Hoon Kim, Gi Ho Seo, Seung Jin Han, Sung Wan Chun, Kyu Yeon Hur, et al. "Protective Effects of Lithospermic Acid B on Diabetic Nephropathy in OLETF Rats Comparing with Amlodipine and Losartan." Korean Diabetes Journal 32, no. 1 (2008): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.1.10.

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