Journal articles: 'Lithologic sources of arsenic'

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Amanambu, Amobichukwu Chukwudi. "Geogenic Contamination: Hydrogeochemical processes and relationships in Shallow Aquifers of Ibadan, South-West Nigeria." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2015-0011.

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Abstract The result of the spatial analysis as applied to the hydrogeochemical data set in the shallow aquifer of Ibadan provides an insight into the underlying factors controlling hydrogeochemical processes in the area. A total of thirty drinking water samples (six samples each from the five major lithologic formations of the study area) were collected from shallow aquifers during the rainy and dry season. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and the Beckan DU-7500 single beam spectrophotometer were used to determine concentrations of arsenic, iron and fluoride in drinking water samples and the concentrations of other chemical parameters that could affect the concentrations of the geogenic contaminants including Ca, Mg, Na and SO42− were also analysed. pH and TDS were also determined. The Pearson Correlation and Factor Analysis were used to examine the relationship between the geogenic contaminants and concentration of other hydrogeochemical parameters while isopleth maps were drawn to ascertain lines of equal geogenic concentration (Isogeogenic lines). Factor analysis reduced the dataset into three major components representing the different sources of the contaminant. Major contributors to factor 1 and 3 (Salinization and Sulphate factors respectively) are natural phenomena while factor 2 is partly geogenic. The Isogeogenic lines show places of equal geogenic concentration and also with 3D Elevation modelling showed a high peak of Arsenic and Fluoride in the Sango area. The correlation test showed that there is a positive relationship between As and SO42− 0.889 (P < 0.05) and also a positive relationship between As and Mg 0.43 (P < 0.05). The significant relationship between As and SO42−, shows a partly geogenic source resulting from the reduction of sulphate to sulphide for the mobilization of As. The positive relationship between Fluoride and pH 0.242 (P > 0.05) implies that the concentration of F within the rock formation depends on high pH value.

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Chen, Sirui, Pan Wu, Xuefang Zha, Binghuang Zhou, Jingbin Liu, and En Long. "Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Sediments Affected by Typical Gold Mining Areas in Southwest China: Accumulation, Sources and Ecological Risks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021432.

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Gold mining is associated with serious heavy metal pollution problems. However, the studies on such pollution caused by gold mining in specific geological environments and extraction processes remain insufficient. This study investigated the accumulation, fractions, sources and influencing factors of arsenic and heavy metals in the sediments from a gold mine area in Southwest China and also assessed their pollution and ecological risks. During gold mining, As, Sb, Zn, and Cd in the sediments were affected, and their accumulation and chemical activity were relatively high. Gold mining is the main source of As, Sb, Zn and Cd accumulation in sediments (over 40.6%). Some influential factors cannot be ignored, i.e., water transport, local lithology, proportion of mild acido-soluble fraction (F1) and pH value. In addition, arsenic and most tested heavy metals have different pollution and ecological risks, especially As and Sb. Compared with the other gold mining areas, the arsenic and the heavy metal sediments in the area of this study have higher pollution and ecological risks. The results of this study show that the local government must monitor potential environmental hazards from As and Sb pollution to prevent their adverse effects on human beings. This study also provides suggestions on water protection in the same type of gold-mining areas.

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PASIECZNA, Anna. "SOIL CONTAMINATION INDUCED BY HISTORICAL ZINC-LEAD ORE MINING AND IRON AND ZINC SMELTING IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE UPPER SILESIAN INDUSTRIAL REGION (SOUTHERN POLAND)." Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 473, no. 473 (December 20, 2018): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7709.

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The purpose of the work was to determine the degree of accumulation of heavy metals, arsenic and sulphur in the soils of the central part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. Heavy industry, mining of metal ores and hard coal, iron and non-ferrous metallurgy as well as the discharge of industrial and municipal sewage caused a strong degradation of the natural environment of this area. The content of twenty one elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sr, Ti, V i Zn) have been assayed in the soils of central part Upper Silesian Industrial Region. The contamination of the soils was assessed on the basis of contamination factors, enrichment factors and geoaccumulation indexes. The tests revealed elevated content of metals, arsenic and sulphur exceeding the levels of the regional geochemical background. Factor analysis made it possible to combine chemical elements into groups, probably derived from the same lithological or/and anthropogenic sources.

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Sodango, Terefe Hanchiso, Xiaomei Li, Jinming Sha, Jiali Shang, and Zhongcong Bao. "Sources, Spatial Distribution and Extent of Heavy Metals in Relation to Land Use, Lithology and Landform in Fuzhou City, China." Minerals 11, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121325.

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Assessing the spatial distribution of soil heavy metals in urban areas in relation to land use, lithology and landform may provide insights for soil quality monitoring. This study evaluated the spatial distribution, the sources and the extent of heavy metal(loid)s in the topsoil of Fuzhou city, China. A combination of GIS and multivariate approaches was used to determine the spatial distribution and the sources of heavy metals. Additionally, analysis of variance was used to determine the variability of selected heavy metals across land use, landform, and lithology. The result show that the mean concentrations of Cd, Zn, As and Pb were higher than background values. Most of the heavy metals had significant correlations with each other. In particular, V and Fe (0.84 at p < 0.01) and Ni and Cr (0.74 at p < 0.01) had strong correlations, while Cu and Fe (0.68 at p < 0.01), Cu and V (0.63 at p < 0.01), Cu and Co (0.52 at p < 0.01), Zn and Ni (0.51 at p < 0.01), Co and Fe (0.54 at p < 0.01), and Cu and Zn (0.55 at p < 0.01) had moderate correlations. Arsenic, Cu, and Zn had significant positive correlations with total nitrogen (TN). Similarly, arsenic, Zn and Cr had positive correlations with total carbon (TC), while Co had negative correlations with TN and TC at p < 0.01. The peak values for Cr, Ni, Pb, Mn, and Zn were observed in the intensively urbanized central and eastern parts of the study area, suggesting that the main sources might be anthropogenic activities. Agricultural land use had the highest content of Cd, which may be attributed to the historical long-term application of agrochemicals in the area. Additionally, its content was significantly higher in agricultural land use with shale lithology, implying that shale lithology was a key geogenic source for Cd of soils in the study area. Pb content was affected by urban land use, which may be attributed to intensive human activities such as emissions from vehicles, industrial effluents, mining activities, and other discharges. The results show the high spatial variability of heavy metal(loid)s, implying that the soils in the study area were highly influenced by both geogenic variability and human activities. Moreover, land use and lithology had significant impacts on the variability of Cd, As and Pb. Sustainable agricultural practices and urban management are recommended to sustain the eco-environment of coastal city.

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Fontes, Maurício P. F., Cecília C. Almeida, Adriana C. Dias, Sandro M. Caires, and Guilherme F. Rosa. "Arsenic in Soils: Natural Concentration and Adsorption by Oxisols Developed From Different Lithologies." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 6 (May 15, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n6p260.

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Arsenic (As) is a toxic and a carcinogenic element naturally occurring in the environment. Therefore, studies on As natural concentration in soils and its adsorption process are important tools for the evaluation of potential risks of soil contamination in order to adoption of control actions or monitoring of potential As-contamination sources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural levels of As and determine the maximum adsorption capacity of As (MACAs) of six Oxisols (Latossolos) of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, developed from different lithologies. The soil sample’s total As content was determined using the USEPA 3051A method. The adsorption experiments were performed using different As concentrations, and the MACAs was measured by the Langmuir isotherm. On average, the natural As content in Oxisols was 13.13 mg kg-1, which is above the reference value of soil quality (RVQ) for As, in Brazil (8 mg kg-1). The levels of As in Oxisols originated from metamorphic/igneous rocks were significantly higher than those of Oxisols from sedimentary rocks. Globally, the evaluated soils showed a mean MACAs equal to 2,548 mg kg-1. Soil horizon Bw showed a higher MACAs than that of A horizon. In general, the levels of clay, iron oxides, iron forms (especially poorly-crystallized) and organic carbon had a positive influence on MACAs. Although the RVQ for As is well below the MACAs in all soils, the soil adsorbed As naturally present, rendering it unavailable in the soil aqueous phase. Therefore, there was no risk of contamination for human health.

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Golfinopoulos, Spyros, Soterios Varnavas, and Dimitrios Alexakis. "The Status of Arsenic Pollution in the Greek and Cyprus Environment: An Overview." Water 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020224.

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This study presents an overview about the arsenic (As) contamination and its sources in two European countries. Arsenic is a highly toxic element in its inorganic form and it is carcinogenic to human seven in low concentrations. The occurrence of As in surface water, stream and marine waters, groundwater, bottled water, sediment, soil, mines, and seafood, its environmental origin, and its impacts on human health are discussed. The classes of Geoaccumulation Index for As in Greece ranges from practically uncontaminated to extremely contaminated, and in Cyprus varies between practically uncontaminated and heavily contaminated. In many cases, the As contamination reaches very high concentrations and the impacts may be crucial for the human health and ecosystems. Physicochemical properties, regional climate and geological setting are controlling the occurrence and transport of As. In Greece and Cyprus, the geology, lithology, and ore-deposits are the most important factors for the variation of As contents in water, soil, and sediment. The dominant As species are also determined by the location and the redox conditions. The findings of this paper may be useful for scientists and stakeholders monitoring the studied areas and applying measures for protection of the human and terrestrial ecological receptors (plants, avian, mammals).

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Giouri, K., M. Vavelidis, and V. Melfos. "Occurrence of arsenic in waters and sediments of the Palea Kavala River, NE Macedonia, Northern Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11133.

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However, it can also be added to an aquatic system by anthropogenic activities. The aim of the present study is to determine the total As content in the Palea Kavala river (NE Macedonia, Northern Greece). The correlation between As content and some chemical and physico-chemical parameters of the samples was also examined. Research demonstrated significant As concentrations in the water and the sediments of the river. No correlation was found between As and pH, Fe, Mn in the water samples. Concerning the sediment samples, positive correlation was revealed for As with Fe and Mn content, while negative correlation was revealed between As and pH. This is probably indicative of a higher arsenic mobility in the Palea Kavala river water than in sediments. Since no anthropogenic activities were observed in the river’s catchment area, elevated As concentrations are probably due to the lithology of the broader area and especially the presence of extended ore mineralizations including As-bearing sulphide minerals. However, the research in the study area is in progress since a more detailed evaluation of the local sources of As and mechanisms of As release is required.

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Shi, Bao Hong, Juan Wang, and Yan Zhang. "Analysis on Basic Conditions and Main Control Factors of Accumulation in Eastern Area of Yishan Slope of Ordos Basin." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.10.

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The group of reservoir and cap-rock in Chang4+5 and Chang6 has good basic conditions of accumulation in eastern area of Yishan Slope of Ordos Basin, because it located up the high quality sources rocks (Chang7) and had a lot of hydrocarbon migrated from western areas. The reservoirs were the sand bodies formed in the distributary channels of delta plain and subaqueous distributary channels of delta front. The cap-rocks were the mudstones and compacted siltites formed in the floodplain and interdistributary areas.They composed lithologic traps. The types of petroleum reservoirs belong to lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir. The distribution of oil layers controlled by depositional microfacies and the excellent quality group of reservoir and cap-rock and migration conditions.

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Lacasa, Engracia, Cristina Sáez, Pablo Cañizares, Francisco J. Fernández, and Manuel A. Rodrigo. "Arsenic Removal from High-Arsenic Water Sources by Coagulation and Electrocoagulation." Separation Science and Technology 48, no. 3 (January 2013): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2012.690806.

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Shamsalsadati, Sharmin, and Chester J. Weiss. "Time-series analysis of diffusion interferometry data and its application to Bayesian inversion of synthetic borehole pressure data." GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): Q1—Q10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0113.1.

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Interferometry methods in exploration geophysics are premised on a powerful theoretical foundation in which the ambient noise observed at discrete locations can be manipulated through either crosscorrelation or convolution to yield the response of a virtual “active source” experiment (i.e., the empirical Green’s function, abbreviated as EGF) without the actual deployment of physical sources. Sources of the ambient background may be either naturally occurring or engineered. Regardless, the theory for diffusive systems requires them to be volumetrically distributed over an infinite domain. The central question is then, “What region for the ambient sources matters most for good EGF estimation?” Here, we build on previous work in frequency domain EGF estimation by extending the analysis to the time domain where the broadband response is driven by the continuum of diffusive length scales therein. Analysis of the double half-space diffusion model (simulating a lithologic contact) demonstrates that sources between the two receiver locations have the most impact on EGF accuracy, and that when either of the receivers is close to the lithologic contact, the sources must also extend more deeply, into the high-diffusivity side to maintain accuracy. We further examine the suitability for inversion of EGF signals built with the limited and finite ambient source distributions expected in actual exploration scenarios. One-dimensional Bayesian inversion of singlewell and crosswell configurations of a three-layered system simulating a reservoir layer between two impermeable layers revealed that transient EGF signals were reliably invertible when sources were constrained to the middle reservoir layer. In production monitoring settings, natural sources originating from pumping and subsequent flow-related physics (pressure diffusion, electrochemical and seismoelectric effects, etc.), this result suggests that EGF signals may be a useful measure of reservoir properties.

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Khosravi-Darani, Kianoush, Yasir Rehman, Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis, Evgenios Kokkinos, and Anastasios I. Zouboulis. "Arsenic Exposure via Contaminated Water and Food Sources." Water 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2022): 1884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14121884.

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Arsenic poisoning constitutes a major threat to humans, causing various health problems. Almost everywhere across the world certain “hotspots” have been detected, putting in danger the local populations, due to the potential consumption of water or food contaminated with elevated concentrations of arsenic. According to the relevant studies, Asia shows the highest percentage of significantly contaminated sites, followed by North America, Europe, Africa, South America and Oceania. The presence of arsenic in ecosystems can originate from several natural or anthropogenic activities. Arsenic can be then gradually accumulated in different food sources, such as vegetables, rice and other crops, but also in seafood, etc., and in water sources (mainly in groundwater, but also to a lesser extent in surface water), potentially used as drinking-water supplies, provoking their contamination and therefore potential health problems to the consumers. This review reports the major areas worldwide that present elevated arsenic concentrations in food and water sources. Furthermore, it also discusses the sources of arsenic contamination at these sites, as well as selected treatment technologies, aiming to remove this pollutant mainly from the contaminated waters and thus the reduction and prevention of population towards arsenic exposure.

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Millward, G. E., L. Ebdon, and A. P. Walton. "Seasonality in estuarine sources of methylated arsenic." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 7, no. 7 (November 1993): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590070709.

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Azcue, José M. "Environmental significance of elevated natural levels of arsenic." Environmental Reviews 3, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a95-010.

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Globally, arsenic introduced into the biosphere by human activities has greatly surpassed arsenic from natural sources, the supply of the element from these two sources being approximately 60 and 40%, respectively. However, numerous regions of the world have elevated concentrations of arsenic from natural sources. Arsenopyrite may contain up to 6000 μg∙g−1 of arsenic and the weathering of such geological materials can increase the levels of arsenic in groundwater. Long-term consumption of groundwater containing elevated concentrations of arsenic has caused natural chronic arsenic intoxication in local populations in Taiwan, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, and other countries. An endemic disease commonly called blackfoot disease, which is also caused by arsenic in drinking water, was documented in Taiwan in 1963. For more than 80 years local populations had consumed well water with arsenic concentrations as high as 1829 μg∙L−1. The widespread geographical distribution of minerals with high arsenic content suggests that many new regions with natural arsenic contamination will be identified in the near future.Key words: arsenic, natural, cycling, chronic, contamination.

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Kelly, Walton R., Thomas R. Holm, Steven D. Wilson, and George S. Roadcap. "Arsenic in Glacial Aquifers: Sources and Geochemical Controls." Ground Water 43, no. 4 (July 2005): 500–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0058.x.

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Slotnick, M. J., J. Meliker, and J. Nriagu. "Natural sources of arsenic in Southeastern Michigan groundwater." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 107 (May 2003): 1247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20030526.

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Duan, H., Y. Z. Dong, J. Luo, Y. Huang, X. S. Chen, and W. Lu. "Sources of carrier compensation in arsenic-doped HgCdTe." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 74, no. 1 (January 2013): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2012.07.019.

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Moon, Youngboo, Tae-Wan Lee, Sukho Yoon, Kyeongran Yoo, and Euijoon Yoon. "Observation of two independent sources for arsenic carryover." Journal of Crystal Growth 208, no. 1-4 (January 2000): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(99)00414-5.

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Guter, Gerald, and Peter Jensen. "Large-scale Arsenic Treatment of Drinking Water Sources." Journal - American Water Works Association 95, no. 6 (June 2003): 64–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2003.tb10378.x.

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Wanner, Nate. "Background Concentrations of Arsenic in Ohio Soils: Sources and Influencing Factors." Ohio Journal of Science 118, no. 2 (February 9, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v118i2.5851.

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Arsenic concentrations—representative of natural background conditions in Ohio soils—were compiled from the USGS National Geochemical Survey database, Ohio EPA studies, and private environmental site investigations. The resulting dataset of 2,783 samples collected from 1,116 locations was then correlated with soil data from USDA-NRCS SSURGO, glacial and bedrock geology, and analyses of other metals at these specific locations to identify factors most likely to affect arsenic concentrations in soil. Bedrock geology, particularly Devonian-aged materials and black shales, was found to significantly correlate to arsenic concentrations in soil. However, this correlation is complicated by both glaciation and post-glaciation erosion. Approximately 70% of Ohio’s bedrock is covered in glacial materials, such as till and outwash. As glaciers advanced across Ohio, bedrock materials were eroded and deposited farther south. Arsenic concentrations in Ohio soils tend to be highest where Devonian bedrock materials were deposited by glaciation. Following glacial deposition of materials, arsenic can be eroded or leached from the deposits. Deposits of wind-blown loess and materials deposited by water (as opposed to ice) had lower arsenic concentrations than glacial tills and outwash plains that underwent minimal erosion following glacial deposition.

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Jiang, Qing Qiao, and Bal Ram Singh. "Effect of different forms and sources of arsenic on crop yield and arsenic concentration." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 74, no. 3-4 (April 1994): 321–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00479798.

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Sekar, I., and T. Randhir. "Arsenic contamination in water resources: mitigation and policy options." Water Policy 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.005.

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Risk of arsenic contamination in water supplies continues to increase in many countries, especially in developing nations. Its sources and effects are multiple and diffused in nature and it requires detailed assessment and policy. This paper discusses the global extent of the problem, its sources and effects and explores different policy options. Sources and pathways of interaction require comprehensive assessment and policy. Innovation in low cost technologies offers possibilities for reducing abatement cost and for economic efficiency. To reduce arsenic in water resources, incentive policies such as taxing and subsidizing can be used to reduce arsenic levels in point sources through creation of appropriate incentives. The paper also identifies opportunities for enhancing self-protection efforts through education and information sharing. Under a self-protection policy, though the damages decline to a greater extent, there is a possibility of an increase in arsenic emission. We propose a combination of policies that involve low cost technology, education and awareness to mitigate the damage from arsenic contamination at a watershed scale. It is also necessary to enforce these policies through appropriate institutional changes that involve coordination and cooperative efforts to mitigate arsenic contamination.

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Chen, Qiao Yi, and Max Costa. "Arsenic: A Global Environmental Challenge." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 61, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-013418.

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Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid and one of the few metals that can be metabolized inside the human body. The pervasive presence of arsenic in nature and anthropogenic sources from agricultural and medical use have perpetuated human exposure to this toxic and carcinogenic element. Highly exposed individuals are susceptible to various illnesses, including skin disorders; cognitive impairment; and cancers of the lung, liver, and kidneys. In fact, across the globe, approximately 200 million people are exposed to potentially toxic levels of arsenic, which has prompted substantial research and mitigation efforts to combat this extensive public health issue. This review provides an up-to-date look at arsenic-related challenges facing the global community, including current sources of arsenic, global disease burden, arsenic resistance, and shortcomings of ongoing mitigation measures, and discusses potential next steps.

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Bansal, A. R., G. Gabriel, V. P. Dimri, and C. M. Krawczyk. "Estimation of depth to the bottom of magnetic sources by a modified centroid method for fractal distribution of sources: An application to aeromagnetic data in Germany." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 3 (May 2011): L11—L22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3560017.

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We propose a modified centroid method to compute the depth to the bottom of magnetic sources (DBMS) based on a fractal source distribution. This approach provides better estimates than the assumption of an uncorrelated source distribution. We apply our approach to a recently compiled homogeneous set of aeromagnetic data from Germany. The deepest DBMS values are found for some large basin areas, i.e., the Molasse basin and parts of the North German basin. Smaller DBMS were estimated for the Moldanubian region in southern Germany and the northern part of the North German basin. A comparison of DBMS with heat-flow data, crustal temperatures at 3-km depths, and Moho depth indicates that DBMS is controlled by the geothermal condition of the earth’s crust in Germany and lithologic changes. Although the Upper Rhine graben and the Moldanubian region are characterized by small DBMS, a change in DBMS values in northern Germany seems to be related to the Elbe lineament.

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Lee, Jong-Un, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyoung-Woong Kim, and Chung-Han Yoon. "The effects of different carbon sources on microbial mediation of arsenic in arsenic-contaminated sediment." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 27, no. 2 (August 2005): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-005-0133-4.

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Zenzes, Sebastian, and Dr Mathias Seifert. "Arsenic: Exposure Sources, Health Risks, and Mechanisms of Toxicology." Trace Elements and Electrolytes 33, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/tep33171.

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Bhattacharya, Prosun, Ravi Naidu, David A. Polya, Abhijit Mukherjee, Jochen Bundschuh, and Laurent Charlet. "Arsenic in hydrological processes—Sources, speciation, bioavailability and management." Journal of Hydrology 518 (October 2014): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.017.

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Litter, Marta I., Ana M. Ingallinella, Valentina Olmos, Marianela Savio, Gonzalo Difeo, Lía Botto, Elsa Mónica Farfán Torres, et al. "Arsenic in Argentina: Technologies for arsenic removal from groundwater sources, investment costs and waste management practices." Science of The Total Environment 690 (November 2019): 778–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.358.

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Ibrahim, Bemah, Anthony Ewusi, and Isaac Ahenkorah. "Assessing the Suitability of Boosting Machine-Learning Algorithms for Classifying Arsenic-Contaminated Waters: A Novel Model-Explainable Approach Using SHapley Additive exPlanations." Water 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 3509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213509.

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There is growing tension between high-performance machine-learning (ML) models and explainability within the scientific community. In arsenic modelling, understanding why ML models make certain predictions, for instance, “high arsenic” instead of “low arsenic”, is as important as the prediction accuracy. In response, this study aims to explain model predictions by assessing the relationship between influencing input variables, i.e., pH, turbidity (Turb), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (Cond), on arsenic mobility. The two main objectives of this study are to: (i) classify arsenic concentrations in multiple water sources using novel boosting algorithms such as natural gradient boosting (NGB), categorical boosting (CATB), and adaptive boosting (ADAB) and compare them with other existing representative boosting algorithms, and (ii) introduce a novel SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) approach for interpreting the performance of ML models. The outcome of this study indicates that the newly introduced boosting algorithms produced efficient performances, which are comparable to the state-of-the-art boosting algorithms and a benchmark random forest model. Interestingly, the extreme gradient boosting (XGB) proved superior over the remaining models in terms of overall and single-class performance metrics measures. Global and local interpretation (using SHAP with XGB) revealed that high pH water is highly correlated with high arsenic water and vice versa. In general, high pH, high Cond, and high TDS were found to be the potential indicators of high arsenic water sources. Conversely, low pH, low Cond, and low TDS were the main indicators of low arsenic water sources. This study provides new insights into the use of ML and explainable methods for arsenic modelling.

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Lahermo, Pertti W. "Atmospheric, Geological, Marine and Anthropogenic Effects on Groundwater Quality in Finland." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0078.

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The atmospheric, geological, marine and anthropogenic factors affecting the chemical quality of groundwater are evaluated. Sulphates and nitrates derive mainly from the atmosphere as wet or dry deposition in weakly mineralized shallow groundwater in natural uncontaminated surficial aquifers. The texture, structure and lithologic composition of aquifer material have an impact on water chemistry although marine influence and anthropogenic pollution generally outweigh the geological influence. Relict seawater trapped in deeper parts of confined aquifers and in bedrock covered by clay deposits has a marked effect on the quality of groundwater drawn from wells drilled into bedrock in the broad coastal belt. Brackish or saline groundwater is encountered all over the country in holes drilled in crystalline bedrock to a depth of more than 500 to 1000 metres. The lithologic environment affects the quality of deep bedrock groundwater which tends to change from Na-Cl type towards Ca-Na-Cl type with increasing salinity and depth of occurrence. Anthropogenic pollution is reflected in elevated amounts of all major dissolved components, although the most sensitive indicators of contamination are nitrates, chlorides and potassium. Nation-wide hydrogeochemical mapping of rural water sources revealed that shallow wells dug into glacial till deposits had the highest median NO3 contents, and that spring water discharging from glaciofluvial sand deposits had the lowest. The quality of groundwater distributed by public waterworks is generally good.

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George, Christine Marie, Jennifer Inauen, Jamie Perin, Jennifer Tighe, Khaled Hasan, and Yan Zheng. "Behavioral Determinants of Switching to Arsenic-Safe Water Wells." Health Education & Behavior 44, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198116637604.

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More than 100 million people globally are estimated to be exposed to arsenic in drinking water that exceeds the World Health Organization guideline of 10 µg/L. In an effort to develop and test a low-cost sustainable approach for water arsenic testing in Bangladesh, we conducted a randomized controlled trial which found arsenic educational interventions when combined with fee-based water arsenic testing programs led to nearly all households buying an arsenic test for their drinking water sources (93%) compared with only 53% when fee-based arsenic testing alone was offered. The aim of the present study was to build on the findings of this trial by investigating prospectively the psychological factors that were most strongly associated with switching to arsenic-safe wells in response to these interventions. Our theoretical framework was the RANAS (risk, attitude, norm, ability, and self-regulation) model of behavior change. In the multivariate logistic regression model of 285 baseline unsafe well users, switching to an arsenic-safe water source was significantly associated with increased instrumental attitude (odds ratio [OR] = 9.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.85, 45.00]), descriptive norm (OR = 34.02; 95% CI = [6.11, 189.45]), coping planning (OR = 11.59; 95% CI = [3.82, 35.19]), and commitment (OR = 10.78; 95% CI = [2.33, 49.99]). In addition, each additional minute from the nearest arsenic-safe drinking water source reduced the odds of switching to an arsenic-safe well by more than 10% (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = [0.87, 0.92]). Future arsenic mitigation programs should target these behavioral determinants of switching to arsenic-safe water sources.

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Lim, K. T., M. Y. Shukor, and H. Wasoh. "Physical, Chemical, and Biological Methods for the Removal of Arsenic Compounds." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/503784.

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Arsenic is a toxic metalloid which is widely distributed in nature. It is normally present as arsenate under oxic conditions while arsenite is predominant under reducing condition. The major discharges of arsenic in the environment are mainly due to natural sources such as aquifers and anthropogenic sources. It is known that arsenite salts are more toxic than arsenate as it binds with vicinal thiols in pyruvate dehydrogenase while arsenate inhibits the oxidative phosphorylation process. The common mechanisms for arsenic detoxification are uptaken by phosphate transporters, aquaglyceroporins, and active extrusion system and reduced by arsenate reductases via dissimilatory reduction mechanism. Some species of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms use arsenic oxyanions for their regeneration of energy. Certain species of microorganisms are able to use arsenate as their nutrient in respiratory process. Detoxification operons are a common form of arsenic resistance in microorganisms. Hence, the use of bioremediation could be an effective and economic way to reduce this pollutant from the environment.

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Shaltout, Abdallah A., Messaoud Harfouche, Fahmy A. S. Hassan, and Diane Eichert. "Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure of low concentration arsenic in ambient air particulates." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 36, no. 5 (2021): 981–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ja00504e.

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Utilizing the tunability of the synchrotron radiation, the occurrence of arsenic in coarse and fine particulates was investigated. Arsenic is mainly released from industrial sources and tends to settle at its source of provenance.

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Caumette, G., I. Koch, K. House, and K. J. Reimer. "Arsenic cycling in freshwater phytoplankton and zooplankton cultures." Environmental Chemistry 11, no. 5 (2014): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14039.

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Environmental context Understanding how arsenic is changed from toxic to non-toxic chemical forms in lakes and rivers is important in understanding the overall risk from arsenic. Freshwater plankton exposed in laboratory cultures to different sources of toxic inorganic arsenate formed arsenosugars, but at higher exposure levels, in water and through contaminated sediment, inorganic arsenate remained unchanged. In arsenic-contaminated freshwater bodies, plankton may provide a source of toxic inorganic arsenic to consumers. Abstract Freshwater phytoplankton (Chlamydomonas) and zooplankton (Daphnia pulex) were exposed to arsenic to trace the arsenic transformations and the formation of organoarsenic compounds at the base of the freshwater food chain. Plankton were cultured in artificial lake water, and exposed to arsenic through several pathways, hypothesised to be the main exposure sources: through water, food and contaminated sediments. High performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy were used to determine arsenic speciation in the studied organisms, and X-ray fluorescence mapping was used to locate the arsenic in a single Daphnia specimen. The results show that the formation of methylated arsenic compounds and arsenosugars by the zooplankton organisms was independent of the exposure route, but instead dependent on arsenic concentration in the environment. Specifically, organoarsenic compounds were dominant in extracts of Daphnia organisms exposed to low arsenic concentrations through water at 10µgL–1 (67%), and through contaminated food (75%), but inorganic arsenic was dominant in Daphnia exposed to high arsenic concentrations, including contaminated sediments. Phytoplankton cultures contained variable amounts of arsenosugars, but on average the dominant compound in phytoplankton was inorganic arsenic. The main implications of the present study for understanding arsenic cycling in the freshwater plankton community are that arsenosugars are formed at possibly both the phytoplankton and zooplankton trophic levels; and that higher arsenic loads in plankton correspond to higher inorganic arsenic concentrations, which could indicate a saturation of the arsenic methylation process by plankton organisms.

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Litter, Marta Irene, María Aurora Armienta Hernández, Ruth Esther Villanueva-Estrada, Edda C. Villaamil Lepori, and Valentina Olmos. "Arsenic in Latin America." Science Reviews - from the end of the world 1, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 54–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52712/sciencereviews.v1i1.8.

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An overview of arsenic (As) presence in waters in Latin America (LA) is presented. Aspects on As occurrence, effects of As on human health, regulations regarding the maximum allowable concentration of As in drinking water, analytical techniques for As determination, and conventional/emerging technologies for As removal developed in LA are mentioned. Arsenic presence has been identified in many LA countries in a range of concentrations, originated from various sources; however, its origin is mainly natural. Main analytical techniques available in LA laboratories are described. Pathologies derived from the chronic consumption of As, the metabolism of As in the human body and the effects of the different As chemical forms are detailed. A list of conventional and emerging technologies for As removal in LA waters for human consumption, for large, medium and small populations, rural and periurban, is reported. Conclusions and recommendations to face the problem are included.

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Wang, Suiling, and Catherine N. Mulligan. "Occurrence of arsenic contamination in Canada: Sources, behavior and distribution." Science of The Total Environment 366, no. 2-3 (August 2006): 701–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.005.

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Ng, Jack C., Jianping Wang, and Amjad Shraim. "A global health problem caused by arsenic from natural sources." Chemosphere 52, no. 9 (September 2003): 1353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00470-3.

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McBean, Edward A. "Risk characterization for arsenic-impacted water sources, including ground-truthing." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 27, no. 3 (August 23, 2012): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-012-0633-6.

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Mahvish Javed, Zilli Huma, Zeeshan Kibria, and Muhammad Adeel Alam Shah. "Hair manifestations in factory workers with arsenic exposure in Hayatabad industrial estate Peshawar, Pakistan." Journal of University Medical & Dental College 13, no. 4 (November 3, 2022): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37723/jumdc.v13i4.750.

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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Arsenic is present both naturally and from manmade sources like factory effluents. Contamination by arsenic of the groundwater is a major source of health detriment in south-east Asian countries. The aim of this study was to identify levels of arsenic in drinking water sources and factory effluents and to analyse arsenic levels in hair samples from factory workers and their families, along with morphological changes in hair in industrial workers in Peshawar. METHODOLOGY: Water and hair samples were collected by random sampling from a labor colony of 81 factory and non-factory household members living and working in the same industrial estate and analyzed for arsenic. Hair morphology was carried out in histomorphology laboratory at Khyber Medical University, Peshawar. The results obtained from both groups were compared with normal hair histomorphology. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: The arsenic level in drinking water, colony tube wells and households was not within the permissible level of WHO (10µg/L). The arsenic level in factory effluent was 68µg/l (Pakistan Government's acceptable level is 50µg/L). The difference was statistically significant p≤0.001 between the two groups, the factory workers had a relatively higher level of arsenic, ~34ppb, in their scalp hair. Hair arsenic level also came out to be <1.00µg/g. There was a wide variation in the histomorphology of the hair samples in both groups. CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of arsenic in factory effluent demonstrate improper decontamination. The arsenic levels were within permissible levels, long term effects cannot be ruled out.

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Navas-Acien, Ana. "The Importance of Arsenic from Diet Sources to Studies of Arsenic Exposure at Low-to-Moderate Levels." Epidemiology 20 (November 2009): S248—S249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000362831.06838.f8.

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Rasheed, Hifza, Paul Kay, Rebecca Slack, Yun Yun Gong, and Annie Carter. "Human exposure assessment of different arsenic species in household water sources in a high risk arsenic area." Science of The Total Environment 584-585 (April 2017): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.089.

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Missimer, Thomas, Christopher Teaf, William Beeson, Robert Maliva, John Woolschlager, and Douglas Covert. "Natural Background and Anthropogenic Arsenic Enrichment in Florida Soils, Surface Water, and Groundwater: A Review with a Discussion on Public Health Risk." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 2278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102278.

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Florida geologic units and soils contain a wide range in concentrations of naturally-occurring arsenic. The average range of bulk rock concentrations is 1 to 13.1 mg/kg with concentrations in accessary minerals being over 1000 mg/kg. Florida soils contain natural arsenic concentrations which can exceed 10 mg/kg in some circumstances, with organic-rich soils often having the highest concentrations. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic have added about 610,000 metric tons of arsenic into the Florida environment since 1970, thereby increasing background concentrations in soils. The anthropogenic sources of arsenic in soils include: pesticides (used in Florida beginning in the 1890’s), fertilizers, chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood, soil amendments, cattle-dipping vats, chicken litter, sludges from water treatment plants, and others. The default Soil Cleanup Target Level (SCTL) in Florida for arsenic in residential soils is 2.1 mg/kg which is below some naturally-occurring background concentrations in soils and anthropogenic concentrations in agricultural soils. A review of risk considerations shows that adverse health impacts associated with exposure to arsenic is dependent on many factors and that the Florida cleanup levels are very conservative. Exposure to arsenic in soils at concentrations that exceed the Florida default cleanup level set specifically for residential environments does not necessarily pose a meaningful a priori public health risk, given important considerations such as the form of arsenic present, the route(s) of exposure, and the actual circumstances of exposure (e.g., frequency, duration, and magnitude).

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Amanambu, Amobichukwu Chukwudi, and Christiana Ndidi Egbinola. "Geogenic contamination of groundwater in shallow aquifers in Ibadan, south-west Nigeria." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 3 (April 13, 2015): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-12-2013-0135.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the presence of geogenic contaminants in groundwater from shallow aquifers of the crystalline basement complex rocks of Ibadan south-western, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 30 drinking water samples, (six samples each from the five major lithologic formations of the study area) were collected from hand dug wells during the rainy season. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine concentrations of arsenic, iron and fluoride in drinking water samples and also concentrations of other chemical parameters that could affect the concentrations of the geogenic contaminants including pH, Ca, Mg, Na and SO42−. Descriptive statistics, multiple correlation and analysis of variance were used to examine the relationship between the geogenic contaminants and concentration of other chemical parameters while inverse distance weighting was used to produce risk maps. Findings – The results showed Arsenic concentration exceeding the WHO recommended concentration for drinking water in all the samples within the area. Samples from 16.6 per cent of the wells exceeded the recommended limit for fluoride while iron was present in most of the samples within acceptable limits. The study also revealed no significant difference in concentration of contaminants between the geologic formations. Originality/value – Geogenic contamination has been scarcely studied in Nigeria. This research, therefore, is a paradigm shift in the study of groundwater contamination which had been mainly focused on anthropogenic contaminants. The outcome of this research will engender policy makers and researchers to pay more attention to geogenic contamination than anthropogenic contaminants in Nigeria.

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Garay-Rodríguez, Maritza E., Mirella Gutiérrez-Arzaluz, Jesús Mejía-Saavedra, Leticia Carrizales-Yánez, Violeta Mugica-Álvarez, and Miguel Torres-Rodríguez. "Natural Mexican Zeolite Modified with Iron to Remove Arsenic Ions from Water Sources." Proceedings 2, no. 20 (October 23, 2018): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2201312.

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In this work the elimination of arsenic ions (V) in water was investigated by adsorption with Mexican natural zeolite (clinoptilolite type) conditioned with iron, the zeolite originating in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico used as an adsorbent medium was placed in a bed zeolite fixed column system of downward and upward flow to retain arsenic ions at pH 7 and 5. The zeolite was characterized by XRD, SEM/EDS and FTIR before and after the arsenic adsorption tests, the results showed that the methods of modification used are suitable for the superficial modification of the natural zeolite since it does not modify its structure. The results showed that with an initial concentration of As of 1 ppm, at a pH of 7, at 25 °C, an elimination of 99.23% was obtained, with a capacity of 0.09 mgAs·g−1zeolite.

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Abbas, Moneeza, and Kausar Jamal Cheema. "Correlation Studies of Arsenic Level In Drinking Water and Blood Samples of Females in District Sheikhupura, Pakistan." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 22, no. 2 (December 29, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2019_2/01.

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Arsenic contamination of drinking water has become a major health concern all over the world. Pakistan is also facing an arsenic contamination in drinking water. The present study determine the correlation of arsenic level in drinking water and blood sample of females of District Sheikhupura, Pakistan. The study area for the present research work is District Sheikhupura, which is an industrial as well as an agricultural city in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The arsenic concentration in drinking water from different sources used by the inhabitants and blood samples of females was measured by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The drinking water of tehsils Sheikhupura and Sharaqpur had higher arsenic as compared to other tehsils (64.25 ± 2.55 μg L-1 and 61.63 ± 2.73 μg L-1) respectively, and was highest in all hands pumping water (71.14 ± 2.6μg L-1). Mean arsenic concentration in blood samples was highest in the age group of 23-25 years (3.2 ± 0.23 μg L-1) and being highest among respondents of tehsil Sheikhupura. A positive correlation between drinking water and blood samples when analyzed with respect to area and drinking water sources was found. Evidences suggest that the presence of arsenic in drinking water is likely to affect general metabolism and its accumulation in human. This appears to be linked with exposure of varying magnitude and duration.

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Warren, C., W. G. Burgess, and M. G. Garcia. "Hydrochemical associations and depth profiles of arsenic and fluoride in Quaternary loess aquifers of northern Argentina." Mineralogical Magazine 69, no. 5 (October 2005): 877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461056950295.

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AbstractArsenic and fluoride in groundwater from Quaternary loess deposits in Argentina pose major health concerns. Common sources for arsenic and fluoride have been suggested but the processes of mobilization are disputed, and distributions in groundwater are largely unresolved at a sample density >1/50 km2. At Los Pereyras in Tucumán Province, northern Argentina, we have evaluated distributions and hydrochemical associations of arsenic and fluoride with a sample density of 0.75 per km2 over an area of 75 km2, to a depth of 230 m. Groundwater in the loess is oxic and alkaline. Fluoride is restricted to the upper 20 m of the Quaternary loess, where it reaches 8.3 mg/1. Arsenic has a vertical layering consistent with that of fluoride, ranging from 20 to 760 μg/1 in the upper 20 m and 58—163 μg/l below this. There are two sources of arsenic, one unrelated to the fluoride source. Positive correlations between arsenic and fluoride with pH, but not with alkalinity, support desorption from iron oxyhydroxides as the likely mechanism of release to groundwater for arsenic and fluoride, rather than the weathering of silicate minerals. Stratigraphic and/or palaeohydrological controls may explain the observed depth distributions within the loess aquifer.

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Hewlett, L., D. Craw, and A. Black. "Comparison of arsenic and trace metal contents of discharges from adjacent coal and gold mines, Reefton, New Zealand." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 7 (2005): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05018.

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Historic gold and coal mines in the same catchment near Reefton, New Zealand allow comparison of environmental effects of the different mines in the same climate and topography. Gold mine discharge waters (neutral pH) deposit hydrated iron oxide (HFO) abundantly at mine entrances, whereas coal mine discharge waters (low pH) precipitate HFO tens to hundreds of metres downstream as pH rises. Waters leaving historic mines have up to 59 mg L−1 dissolved arsenic, and HFO at gold mines has up to 20 wt% arsenic. Coal mine discharge waters have low dissolved arsenic (typically near 0.01 mg L−1) and HFO has <0.2 wt% arsenic. Minor dissolved Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn are being leached from background host rocks by acid solutions during sulfide oxidation, and attenuated by HFO downstream of both gold and coal mines. A net flux of 30 mg s−1 arsenic is leaving the catchment, and nearly all of this arsenic flux is from the gold mining area, but >90% of that flux is from background sources. The present study demonstrates that elevated trace metal concentrations around mines in a wet climate are principally from non-anthropogenic sources and are readily attenuated by natural processes.

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Feldman, Peter R., Jan-Willem Rosenboom, Mao Saray, Chea Samnang, Peng Navuth, and Steven Iddings. "Assessment of the chemical quality of drinking water in Cambodia." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2006): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.048.

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Most water supply programmes in Cambodia have focused on providing access to bacteriologically safe water, an approach which has led to an increasing reliance on ground water, especially in rural areas. However, there have been very few data collected on the chemical quality of the nation's drinking water sources, and few water supply programmes have the capacity to assess chemical quality. The study was designed to address this data gap by conducting a low-cost, rapid assessment of drinking water sources nationwide to determine whether there were any chemicals of concern in Cambodian water supply sources. Results of the assessment confirm that there are several parameters of health and aesthetic concern; dissolved arsenic is the most significant. Elevated arsenic levels (some exceeding 500 μg l-1) were detected in aquifers of moderate depth in several highly populated areas, confirming that further investigation of the occurrence of arsenic contamination in Cambodia is warranted. Other chemicals of health concern include nitrate, nitrite, fluoride and manganese. Additionally, many ground water sources are negatively impacted by parameters of aesthetic concern, such as iron, manganese, hardness and total dissolved solids. Elevated levels of these parameters have caused consumers to reject newly installed water supplies, often in favour of surface water sources that are bacteriologically unsafe.

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Bossy, A., C. Grosbois, W. Hendershot, S. Beauchemin, C. Crouzet, and H. Bril. "Contributions of natural arsenic sources to surface waters on a high grade arsenic-geochemical anomaly (French Massif Central)." Science of The Total Environment 432 (August 2012): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.090.

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Nath, Bibhash, Jiin-Shuh Jean, Ming-Kuo Lee, Huai-Jen Yang, and Chia-Chuan Liu. "Geochemistry of high arsenic groundwater in Chia-Nan plain, Southwestern Taiwan: Possible sources and reactive transport of arsenic." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 99, no. 1-4 (July 2008): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.04.005.

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Ullah, Habib, Shabbir Hussain, and Asrar Ahmad. "Study on Arsenic Poisoning by Worldwide Drinking Water, its Effects and Prevention." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol10.iss2.2019.265.

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The present studies were conducted to evaluate the arsenic poisoning worldwide in drinking water. Arsenicnot only contaminates the surface and groundwater but also enters into food chains like vegetables and food staff.Human beings are directly exposed to arsenic poisoning due to consumption of water resources containing arsenic. Seafoods and fish are two main sources of arsenic in human diet. Consumption of arsenic poisoned water can cause severehealth problems like cancer, hyperkeratosis, gangrene and peripheral vascular diseases. The arsenic is excreted from thebody trough skin, hair, urine, breath etc. Arsenic poisoning can be diagnosed by the measurement of total amount ofarsenic in urine. Symptoms of arsenic poisoning include red or swollen skin, changes in the skin color, abdominal pain,vomiting and nausea, diarrhea, cramping of muscles, finger and toe tingling etc. Arsenic poisoning may be relievedthrough steroid ingestion at its early stage or use of selenium. It is very difficult to remove all the arsenic from waterbodies so the main remedy is to stop drinking water having arsenic content. Arsenic poisoning also affects the plant ‘syield, its reproductive capacity, fertility and fruit production. Arsenic accumulation in plants will damage the cellularmembranes and may lead to the leaking of electrolyte.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithologic sources of arsenic'

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