Journal articles on the topic 'Lithography Australia 20th century'
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1
Kanevskaya, Galina I. "Russian Libraries in Australia in the 20th Century." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 3 (May 25, 2009): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2009-0-3-80-85.
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The article deals with review of the history of Russian librarianship in Australia. The role of libraries in preservation of Russian language in the Russian diaspora and national identity in the being in the strange cultural space is defined.
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Thorne, Ross. "MODERNIST FORM IN EARLY 20th CENTURY THEATRES IN AUSTRALIA." Fabrications 5, no. 1 (September 1994): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10331867.1994.10525075.
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Spurgeon, Christina. "Review & Booknote: Communication Traditions in 20th-Century Australia." Media International Australia 82, no. 1 (November 1996): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9608200131.
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Freak-Poli, Rosanne, Peng Bi, and Janet E. Hiller. "Trends in cancer mortality during the 20th century in Australia." Australian Health Review 31, no. 4 (2007): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah070557.
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An epidemiological study was conducted, using annual cancer mortality data over the period 1907 to 1998, to explore change in Australian cancer mortality. A 3-year moving average mortality was calculated to minimise the annual fluctuations over the study period. The results suggested that overall cancer mortality rose slightly over the past century, with a small decrease in more recent years. The male and female cancer mortality rates diverged over time. Younger age groups had low and stable death rates, 35?59 years age groups demonstrated decreased rates, and older age groups had increased rates over the study period. Modifiable lifestyle factors and other possible reasons for the changes were explored.
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Frederiksen, Jorgen S., and Stacey L. Osbrough. "Tipping Points and Changes in Australian Climate and Extremes." Climate 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10050073.
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Systematic changes, since the beginning of the 20th century, in average and extreme Australian rainfall and temperatures indicate that Southern Australian climate has undergone regime transitions into a drier and warmer state. South-west Western Australia (SWWA) experienced the most dramatic drying trend with average streamflow into Perth dams, in the last decade, just 20% of that before the 1960s and extreme, decile 10, rainfall reduced to near zero. In south-eastern Australia (SEA) systematic decreases in average and extreme cool season rainfall became evident in the late 1990s with a halving of the area experiencing average decile 10 rainfall in the early 21st century compared with that for the 20th century. The shift in annual surface temperatures over SWWA and SEA, and indeed for Australia as a whole, has occurred primarily over the last 20 years with the percentage area experiencing extreme maximum temperatures in decile 10 increasing to an average of more than 45% since the start of the 21st century compared with less than 3% for the 20th century mean. Average maximum temperatures have also increased by circa 1 °C for SWWA and SEA over the last 20 years. The climate changes in rainfall an d temperatures are associated with atmospheric circulation shifts.
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Fitch, Kate. "Rethinking Australian public relations history in the mid-20th century." Media International Australia 160, no. 1 (August 2016): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x16651135.
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This article investigates the development of public relations in Australia and addresses calls to reconceptualise Australian public relations history. It presents the findings from an analysis of newspaper articles and industry newsletters in the 1940s and 1950s. These findings confirm the term public relations was in common use in Australia earlier than is widely accepted and not confined to either military information campaigns during the war or the corporate sector in the post-war period, but was used by government and public institutions and had increasing prominence through industry associations in the manufacturing sector and in social justice and advocacy campaigns. The study highlights four themes – war and post-war work, non-profit public relations, gender, and media and related industries – that enable new perspectives on Australian public relations history and historiography to be developed.
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Spennemann, DirkH R. "Suicides of Punjabi hawkers in 19th- and early 20th-century Australia." Indian Journal of Psychiatry 61, no. 4 (2019): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_379_17.
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Beilharz, Peter. "Rewriting Australia." Journal of Sociology 40, no. 4 (December 2004): 432–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783304048385.
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Sociologists in Australia often talk about a politics of fear, or of moral panic, in order to explain the apparent awkwardness of a situation where leftwing intellectuals cannot come to grips with a rightwing political moment. This article addresses the question of dominant images of Australia through the 20th century as a part of the dominant leftwing historiography, which has now been replaced by a rightwing political narrative. The central theoretical and historical issue here is the problem of populism, and its shift from left to right. This leads to a discussion of the politics of fear and uncertainty, and how to begin to think about them, and to questions of the role of sociologists in all this.
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Breyley, Gay. "Diasporic Transpositions: Indigenous and Jewish Performances of Mourning in 20th-Century Australia." Ethnomusicology Forum 16, no. 1 (June 2007): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17411910701276567.
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Holgate, Alan, and Geoff Taplin. "The Contribution of Sir John Monash to 20th Century Engineering in Australia." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 2004): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14488388.2004.11464726.
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Donaldson, Sarah, Peng Bi, and Janet B Hiller. "Secular Change in Mortality from Suicide in Australia during the 20th Century." Australian Journal of Primary Health 13, no. 1 (2007): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py07006.
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To identify secular change in Australian suicide mortality over the period 1907-1998 and to seek possible explanations, a descriptive epidemiological study was conducted. Deaths due to suicide from 1907 to 1998 were identified according to the ICD-9. Trends in overall annual suicide mortality rates for all causes and individual causes were examined using the three-year moving average method, standardised by age and sex. Secular trends for mortality over the study period were examined in various age groups, using linear regression to test the slope. The results indicated that there has been a decline in overall age and sex standardised mortality from suicide over the study period. The death rate dropped from 15.2 per 100,000 in the early century to 13.9 per 100,000 in late century. Despite the overall decline, the female suicide mortality rates increased over the study period. Male suicide mortality rates were significantly higher than female rates over the study period (P<0.0001). Increased suicide rates were observed in the 15-24 and 25-44 year old age groups for both males and females. The group of 65+ year old females also had increased rates. Decreased rates were observed in both the male and female 45-64 year old age group and in the 65+ year old male age group. The three most common suicide methods used by males in 1907 were guns, poisoning and hanging, while for females they were drowning, hanging and poisoning. In 1998 they were changed to hanging, gas and guns for males and hanging, gas and drowning and poisoning (equally third) for females. These trends can be attributed to numerous factors such as economic crisis, world wars, the availability of suicide methods, a person's gender.
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Clarke, Hamish G., Peter L. Smith, and Andrew J. Pitman. "Regional signatures of future fire weather over eastern Australia from global climate models." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 4 (2011): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10070.
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Skill-selected global climate models were used to explore the effect of future climate change on regional bushfire weather in eastern Australia. Daily Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) was calculated in four regions of differing rainfall seasonality for the 20th century, 2050 and 2100 using the A2 scenario from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. Projected changes in FFDI vary along a latitudinal gradient. In summer rainfall-dominated tropical north-east Australia, mean and extreme FFDI are projected to decrease or remain close to 20th century levels. In the uniform and winter rainfall regions, which occupy south-east continental Australia, FFDI is projected to increase strongly by 2100. Projections fall between these two extremes for the summer rainfall region, which lies between the uniform and summer tropical rainfall zones. Based on these changes in fire weather, the fire season is projected to start earlier in the uniform and winter rainfall regions, potentially leading to a longer overall fire season.
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Mina, Hao. "Feminism Is Still Relevant in Australia." Studies in Social Science Research 2, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): p26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v2n3p26.
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Feminist movements had been pervasive in the 20th century. It helped women to earn civil rights globally, welcomed by most civilized citizens. Then in the 21st century, it seems to have no reason to exist since there are no apparently observable and unpleasant unequal treatments towards women. Feminism, hence, is regarded as a word of the past by some people. Nevertheless, it is not the fact. By studying the situation in Australia, women in this nation have become the study object. Working opportunities in politics and business have been counted, combined with the study of relevant government policies towards different gender. The male’s changing attitude towards female in gender role has also exposed the socialization process in Australia. Through close scrutiny, it is found that feminism is still very much relevant in Australia.
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Lane, L. A., J. F. Ayres, and J. V. Lovett. "A review of the introduction and use of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in Australia —significance for breeding objectives." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 7 (1997): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97044.
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Summary. White clover was introduced to Australia with the early European settlers in the late 18th century and is now the most valuable pasture legume in high rainfall temperate regions of Australia. Through a process of ingress and naturalising in conjunction with pastoral expansion during the 19th century and widespread pasture improvement in the 20th century, white clover now occupies 6 million hectares in Australia and is of major significance for the sheep, beef cattle and dairy industries. This paper describes these historical influences on formation of the white clover zone in Australia and the continuing requirement for better adapted cultivars in key agro-geographic regions, with particular close reference to the northern tablelands of New South Wales—the most extensive dryland region. These considerations provide a basis for defining breeding objectives for white clover improvement in Australia.
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Garton, Stephen, and Margaret E. McCallum. "Workers' Welfare: Labour and the Welfare State in 20th-Century Australia and Canada." Labour / Le Travail 38 (1996): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25144094.
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Harris, Patricia. "From relief to mutual obligation: welfare rationalities and unemployment in 20th-century Australia." Journal of Sociology 37, no. 1 (March 2001): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078301128756175.
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Garton, Stephen, and Margaret E. McCallum. "Workers' Welfare: Labour and the Welfare State in 20th-Century Australia and Canada." Labour History, no. 71 (1996): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516451.
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SMITH, NICK. "AMY JOHNSON: PIONEERING PILOT." Engineer 302, no. 7927 (May 2021): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0013-7758(22)90023-6.
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One of the most inspirational women of the 20th century, aviator Amy Johnson was the first female pilot to fly solo from the UK to Australia, as well as the first to gain a ground engineer’s ‘C’ licence. Her mysterious disappearance ensures she will never be forgotten.
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Page, A. "Suicide and political regime in New South Wales and Australia during the 20th century." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 56, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 766–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.10.766.
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SHANKS, G. D., M. WALLER, H. BRIEM, and M. GOTTFREDSSON. "Age-specific measles mortality during the late 19th–early 20th centuries." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 16 (April 13, 2015): 3434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000631.
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SUMMARYMeasles mortality fell prior to the introduction of vaccines or antibiotics. By examining historical mortality reports we sought to determine how much measles mortality was due to epidemiological factors such as isolation from major population centres or increased age at time of infection. Age-specific records were available from Aberdeen; Scotland; New Zealand and the states of Australia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Despite the relative isolation of Australia, measles mortality was concentrated in very young children similar to Aberdeen. In the more isolated states of Tasmania, Western Australia and Queensland adults made up 14–15% of measles deaths as opposed to 8–9% in Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales. Mortality in Iceland and Faroe Islands during the 1846 measles epidemic was used as an example of islands isolated from respiratory pathogens. The transition from crisis mortality across all ages to deaths concentrated in young children occurred prior to the earliest age-specific mortality data collected. Factors in addition to adult age of infection and epidemiological isolation such as nutritional status and viral virulence may have contributed to measles mortality outcomes a century ago.
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Madsen, Wendy. "Bottom lines: the influence of government funding on 20th century district nursing practice in Australia." Journal of Clinical Nursing 18, no. 19 (October 2009): 2710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02903.x.
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EBACH, MALTE C. "A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia." Zootaxa 3392, no. 1 (July 18, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3392.1.1.
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The development of Australian biogeographical regionalisation since 1858 has been driven by colonial 19th-centuryexploration and by the late 20th-century biodiversity crisis. The intervening years reduced existing large scaleregionalisation into smaller taxon specific areas of vegetation or endemism. However, large scale biotic biogeographicalregionalisation was rediscovered during multi-disciplinary meetings and conferences, sparking short-term revivals whichhave ended in constant revisions at smaller and smaller taxonomic scales. In 1995 and 1998, the Interim BiogeographicRegionalisation for Australia and the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia, AustralianCommonwealth funded initiatives in order to “identify appropriate regionalisations to assess and plan for the protectionof biological diversity”, have respectively replaced 140 years of Australian biogeographical regionalisation schemes. Thispaper looks at the rise and slow demise of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia in light of a fractured taxonomic biogeographical community.
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Moyle, Helen. "The Fall of Fertility in Tasmania, Australia, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries." Historical Life Course Studies 4 (June 27, 2017): 120–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9341.
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The paper examines the fall of marital fertility in Tasmania, the second settled Australian colony, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The paper investigates when marital fertility fell, whether the fall was mainly due to stopping or spacing behaviours, and why it fell at this time. The database used for the research was created by reconstituting the birth histories of couples marrying in Tasmania in 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1890, using digitised 19th century Tasmanian vital registration data plus many other sources. Despite Tasmania’s location on the other side of the world, the fertility decline had remarkable similarities with the historical fertility decline in continental Western Europe, England and other English-speaking countries. Fertility started to decline in the late 1880s and the fertility decline became well established during the 1890s. The fall in fertility in late 19th century Tasmania was primarily due to the practice of stopping behaviour in the 1880 and 1890 cohorts, although birth spacing was also used as a strategy by the 1890 cohort. The findings provide support for some of the prominent theories of fertility transition.
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Fleischmann, Andreas. "The huge scientific footprint of Allen James Lowrie (1948 – 2021)." Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 51, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn511.af192.
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Allen Lowrie was a not a university trained botanist. He was a botanist by passion. His studies and observations of Australian carnivorous plants and triggerplants for about a half-century will inevitably impact every person with an interest in those plants from the Australian flora. It is not an exaggeration to claim that he was probably the most influential person regarding our recent understanding and knowledge of the carnivorous plant flora of Australia. No other botanist – neither 20th or 21st Century nor before – discovered and described to science more new carnivorous plant species or triggerplants.
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Kattel, G. R., X. Dong, and X. Yang. "A century scale human-induced hydrological and ecological changes of wetlands of two large river basins in Australia (Murray) and China (Yangtze): development of an adaptive water resource management framework." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 8 (August 24, 2015): 8247–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-8247-2015.
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Abstract. Recently, the provision of food and water resources of two of the world's large river basins, the Murray and the Yangtze, has been significantly altered through widespread landscape modification. Long-term sedimentary archives, dating back to past centuries, from wetlands of these river basins reveal that rapid, basin-wide development has reduced resilience of biological communities, resulting in considerable decline in ecosystem services, including water quality. In particular, large-scale human disturbance to river systems, due to river regulation during the mid-20th century, has transformed the hydrology of rivers and wetlands, causing widespread disturbance to aquatic biological communities. Historical changes of cladoceran zooplankton (water fleas) were used to assess the hydrology and ecology of three Murray and Yangtze River wetlands over the past century. Subfossil assemblages of cladocerans retrieved from sediment cores (94, 45 and 65 cm) of three wetlands: Kings Billabong (Murray), Zhangdu and Liangzi Lakes (Yangtze) strongly responded to hydrological changes of the river after the mid-20th century. River regulation caused by construction of dams and weirs, and river channel modifications has led to hydrological alterations. The hydrological disturbances were either: (1) a prolonged inundation of wetlands, or (2) reduced river flow, which caused variability in wetland depth. These phenomena subsequently transformed the natural wetland habitats, leading to a switch in cladoceran assemblages preferring poor water quality and eutrophication. An adaptive water resource management framework for both of these river basins has been proposed to restore or optimize the conditions of wetland ecosystems impacted by 20th century human disturbance and climate change.
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Choo, Christine. "The Impact of Asian - Aboriginal Australian Contacts in Northern Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300218.
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The long history of Asian contact with Australian Aborigines began with the early links with seafarers, Makassan trepang gatherers and even Chinese contact, which occurred in northern Australia. Later contact through the pearling industry in the Northern Territory and Kimberley, Western Australia, involved Filipinos (Manilamen), Malays, Indonesians, Chinese and Japanese. Europeans on the coastal areas of northern Australia depended on the work of indentured Asians and local Aborigines for the development and success of these industries. The birth of the Australian Federation also marked the beginning of the “White Australia Policy” designed to keep non-Europeans from settling in Australia. The presence of Asians in the north had a significant impact on state legislation controlling Aborigines in Western Australia in the first half of the 20th century, with implications to the present. Oral and archival evidence bears testimony to the brutality with which this legislation was pursued and its impact on the lives of Aboriginal people.
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Mayberry, John F. "Review: Statutory regulation of invasive complementary therapies, such as hijama and acupuncture, is the only effective way of ensuring both patient safety and good practice." Medico-Legal Journal 86, no. 1 (October 2, 2017): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817217734482.
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The development of statutory regulation of healthcare professionals first emerged in the 15th century in the UK. However, it was not until the 20th century that statutory regulation of complementary therapies emerged with the Osteopath and Chiropractors Acts. However, during that period, acupuncture failed to gain statutory regulation but was rather subject to the equivalent of trading standards. This review explores the background to this failure and the present need for statutory regulation. It draws comparisons with the need for regulation of hijama, another invasive therapy, for which there is at present no regulation. The benefits of the negative licensing model developed in Australia are considered.
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Neuberger, Pavel, and Pavel Kic. "A Century of Use of SOLOMIT Thermal Insulation Panels." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 7197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217197.
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This article traces the century-old history of using a thermal and acoustic insulation panel called SOLOMIT. It presents some of Sergei Nicolajewitsch Tchayeff’s patents, on the basis of which production and installation took place. The survey section provides examples of the use of this building component in Australia, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, the Soviet Union and Spain. It pays attention to applications in the 1950s and 1960s in collectivized agriculture in Czechoslovakia. It also presents the results of measuring the thermal conductivity of a panel sample, which was obtained during the reconstruction of a cottage built in the 1950s and 1960s of the 20th century. Even today, SOLOMIT finds its application all over the world, mainly due to its thermal insulation and acoustic properties and other features, such as low maintenance requirements, attractive appearance and structure and cost-effectiveness.
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Bowman, David M. J. S., and Joanne K. Dingle. "Late 20th century landscape-wide expansion of Allosyncarpia ternata (Myrtaceae) forests in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 8 (2006): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05202.
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Allosyncarpia ternata S.T.Blake is a large tree endemic to the rugged western edge of the Arnhem Land Plateau, northern Australia, with most of the species conserved in Kakadu National Park (KNP). A. ternata stems suffer substantial mortality following wildfire but the species resprouts prolifically from root stocks. Nonetheless, there is concern about the persistence of A. ternata rainforest patches following breakdown of traditional Aboriginal landscape burning that generated a mosaic of burnt and unburnt areas. Generalised linear modelling was used to identify the landscape features associated with the fragmentary distribution of A. ternata rainforest. We randomly sampled 12 areas that together made up 12.6% of the total coverage of A. ternata in KNP (12 191 ha) that spanned the geographic range of this vegetation type within the Park. The modelling of these data showed that A. ternata forests were most likely to occur at sites with fire protection, as inferred from the small number of fire scars apparent on sequences of satellite imagery, steep slope angles and proximity to drainage lines. Analysis of historical aerial photography revealed that, despite considerable negative and positive variation, there has been a 21% expansion of A. ternata forests over the last 50 years. Expansion occurred by incremental growth from existing forest boundaries and not by nucleation, reflecting the poor seed dispersal of the tree. The forest expansion was negatively correlated with fire activity. A regionally wetter climate since the mid-20th century may be an important cause of the expansion despite currently unfavourable fire regimes.
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Dehm, Sara. "Legal Exclusions: Émigré Lawyers, Admissions to Legal Practice and the Cultural Transformation of the Australian Legal Profession." Federal Law Review 49, no. 3 (May 19, 2021): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x211016574.
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Legal histories of Australia have largely overlooked the exclusion of European émigré lawyers from legal practice in Australia. This article recovers part of this forgotten history by tracing the drawn-out legal admission bids of two Jewish émigré lawyers in the mid-20th century: German-born Rudolf Kahn and Austrian-born Edward Korten. In examining their legal lives and doctrinal legacies, this article demonstrates the changing role and requirement of British subjecthood in the historical constitution and slow cultural transformation of the Australian legal profession. This article suggests that contemporary efforts to promoting cultural diversity in the Australian legal profession are enriched by paying attention to this long and difficult history of legal exclusions.
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Cheng, Christopher. "Beacons of modern learning: Diaspora-funded schools in the China-Australia corridor." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 29, no. 2 (June 2020): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196820930309.
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In the early 20th century, modern school curricula and new-style schools mushroomed in the Chinese remittance landscape of southern China. Breaking away from the two-and-a-half millennia of Confucian tradition, their creation marked a pivotal point of departure between the nation’s past and future. Since overseas migration and modern education both provide a fruitful context for the circulation of new objects and a cross-fertilization of ideas, new schools serve as barometers of social-material change. Research in the present-day cities of Zhongshan and Zhuhai (formerly Heung San County) suggests that diaspora-funded schools were beacons of modern learning within the China–Australia corridor. Both their physical structures and material manifestations invited a new engagement with the modern world.
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Kattel, Giri R., Xuhui Dong, and Xiangdong Yang. "A century-scale, human-induced ecohydrological evolution of wetlands of two large river basins in Australia (Murray) and China (Yangtze)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 6 (June 3, 2016): 2151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2151-2016.
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Abstract. Recently, the provision of food and water resources of two of the world's largest river basins, the Murray and the Yangtze, has been significantly altered through widespread landscape modification. Long-term sedimentary archives, dating back for some centuries from wetlands of these river basins, reveal that rapid, basin-wide development has reduced the resilience of biological communities, resulting in considerable decline in ecosystem services, including water quality. Large-scale human disturbance to river systems, due to river regulation during the mid-20th century, has transformed the hydrology of rivers and wetlands, causing widespread modification of aquatic biological communities. Changes to cladoceran zooplankton (water fleas) were used to assess the historical hydrology and ecology of three Murray and Yangtze river wetlands over the past century. Subfossil assemblages of cladocerans retrieved from sediment cores (94, 45, and 65 cm) of three wetlands: Kings Billabong (Murray), Zhangdu, and Liangzi lakes (Yangtze), showed strong responses to hydrological changes in the river after the mid-20th century. In particular, river regulation caused by construction of dams and weirs together with river channel modifications, has led to significant hydrological alterations. These hydrological disturbances were either (1) a prolonged inundation of wetlands or (2) reduced river flow, both of which caused variability in wetland depth. Inevitably, these phenomena have subsequently transformed the natural wetland habitats, leading to a switch in cladoceran assemblages to species preferring poor water quality, and in some cases to eutrophication. The quantitative and qualitative decline of wetland water conditions is indicative of reduced ecosystem services, and requires effective restoration measures for both river basins which have been impacted by recent socioeconomic development and climate change.
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Cooke, Julia, R. H. Groves, and Julian Ash. "The distribution of Carrichtera annua in Australia: introduction, spread and probable limits." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 1 (2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj10001.
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Carrichtera annua (L.) DC. (Brassicaceae) or Ward’s Weed, a major weed of semi-arid rangelands of southern Australia, has been collected widely since its introduction early in the 20th century. Collated records were used to suggest a single site of accidental introduction in South Australia, evidence of a lag phase of ~30 years (probably due to edaphic restrictions) before rapid spread, involving infrequent long-distance human-aided dispersal across southern Australia and a relatively stable range since the 1960s. Climate and soil analyses suggest that abiotic factors limit the distribution of C. annua, with the species being restricted to areas with winter-dominated rainfall and calcareous soils. Documentation of the history of a successful invasion, including the spread and probable limits of the current distribution of a species, is important for managing invasions. This study also highlights that a single, accidental introduction can result in a long-lasting, widespread problematic weed.
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Day, Cheryl. "Does my bum look big in this? Reconsidering anorexia nervosa within the culture context of 20th century Australia." Surveillance & Society 6, no. 2 (February 27, 2009): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v6i2.3254.
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Anorexia Nervosa is a mental health issue that has a history over many centuries, but has relatively recently been identified as a ‘real’ mental illness. A condition that predominantly afflicts young, middle class women it had long been subsumed among the ‘natural weaknesses’ of women, not unlike the manner in which ‘Hysteria’ was diagnosed within the Freudian understanding of women’s health. However, since the 1970s, and especially with the deaths of some high profile young women it has undergone a reassessment. While clinical understandings of Anorexia Nervosa remain contentious, there is an increasing recognition that the condition is also grounded within specific cultural understandings. The article presents a brief historical overview of the construction of ‘self-starvation’ as applied to ‘fasting saints’ and to modern anorexic women. However, the major focus of the paper is an examination of the cultural situation as exemplified in contemporary Australia. Drawing on the Foucaudian notions of self surveillance the article suggests that TV programs can be used as a vehicle for modern day ‘self surveillance ’and as guidelines for the construction of self. Briefly, TV programs, especially so called ‘reality TV,’ portray a mirror image of how we as consumers should behave. The programs I have chosen to highlight are the phenomenally popular cooking shows that are aired daily on Australian TV screens. Through an examination of the social meanings constructed around food with the TV programs as a primary carrier of these cultural references, the article seeks to address some of the contradictions with other images presented in different but contemporaneous media. While this can never be a definitive explanation of all anorectic behavior, the paper examines the images of womanhood as presented by these programs. These ‘competent and enthusiastic cooks’ are contrasted with the slim, athletic ideal as portrayed in the fashion magazines and many other ‘lifestyle’ TV programs such as holiday shows.
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Rane, Halim, Adis Duderija, Riyad H. Rahimullah, Paul Mitchell, Jessica Mamone, and Shane Satterley. "Islam in Australia: A National Survey of Muslim Australian Citizens and Permanent Residents." Religions 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11080419.
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This article presents the findings of a national survey on Islam in Australia based on responses of 1034 Muslim Australian citizens and permanent residents. Knowing what Muslim Australians think about Islam in relation to Australian society is essential for a more informed understanding about Islam and Muslims needed to address misinformation, Islamophobia, and extremism. The findings presented in this article include typologies of Muslims; sources of influence concerning Islam; interpretations of the Qur’an; perspectives on ethical, social, and theological issues; issues of concern; social connections and sense of belonging; views on various Muslim-majority countries; and perspectives concerning political Islam, including jihad, caliphate, and shariah. While respondents’ understandings, interpretations, and expressions of Islam overall align with values and principles of equality, human rights, social cohesion, and social justice, a minority were found to understand and interpret Islam in ways that reflect the influence of late 20th and early 21st century ideas associated with Islamist political ideology, and a smaller sub-group were found to have views that could be considered extreme. This article discusses these findings in relation to the early 21st century time-period factors and the Australian social context.
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Cook, Garry D., and Lesley Dias. "It was no accident: deliberate plant introductions by Australian government agencies during the 20th century." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 7 (2006): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05157.
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The weedy potential of deliberately introduced plants has been a growing concern in Australia since the late 1980s. Although introduced plants are critical to Australia’s agricultural and livestock production, many species that were praised in the past are now declared agricultural and environmental weeds. Nevertheless, weeds researchers appear largely ignorant of the magnitude and intent of plant introductions for agricultural purposes as well as the legacy of unwanted plants. Across more than 70 years, Commonwealth Plant Introductions comprised 145 000 accessions of more than 8200 species. These species include more than 2200 grass (Poaceae) and 2200 legume species (Fabaceae sensu stricto), representing about twice the indigenous flora in those families and about 22 and 18%, respectively, of the global flora of grasses and legumes. For most of the 20th century, these and other introductions supported research into continental-scale transformation of Australian landscapes to support greatly increased pastoral productivity in order to achieve policy goals of maximum density of human population. This paper documents some of the scientific developments and debates that affected the plant-introduction program. We argue that recent developments in weed science and policy need to be informed by a better understanding of plant-introduction history.
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D'Souza, Nigel. "Aboriginal Children: The Challenge for the end of the Millennium." Children Australia 15, no. 2 (1990): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200002686.
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No other group of children in Australian society stands in greater judgement of the ability and willingness of this society to deal with their problems than aboriginal children.The challenge that faces all of us in the nineties, including aboriginal community-controlled organisations like SNAICC, is whether we are going to be able to break the cycle of disadvantage, poverty and racism that keeps our children and our community at the very bottom of this society.The 20th century history of Australia will be seen as the millennium of a great expansion of wealth in Australia. It will be regarded as a period of gigantic advances in science and productive technology. It will also - if historians record accurately - show the plight of aboriginal people as the single glaring blight on the record of this country.
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Mishchenko, Iryna. "Nature and image: a city in the art of Chernivtsi of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st century." National Academy of Managerial Staff of Culture and Arts Herald, no. 2 (September 17, 2021): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32461/2226-3209.2.2021.239994.
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The purpose of this article is to consider the peculiarities of the reflection of the city – its architecture and inhabitants – in the works of Chernivtsi artists of the 20th and early 21st century, to analyze the differences between their views on the reproduction of urban motifs. The methodology consists in the application of the historical-chronological method, art analysis, and generalization, comparative and systematic approach. The scientific novelty lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of works by artists of the specified time, in understanding the evolution in the reflection of the city in the works of authors with various artistic orientations. Conclusions. In the paintings and graphics of the 20th – 21st centuries, several options for solving urban landscapes can be defined, among which the most common is a careful reflection of existing architectural monuments. In the 19th century in European art, in particular in Impressionist painting, the desire to convey not only the appearance but above all the spirit of the city became noticeable, depicting the townspeople, emphasizing the bustle or poetry of squares and streets. At the turn of the 20th-21st centuries the artists are no longer limited to the usual fixation of what is seen, but try to create a conceptual image of the city, to tell a story through iconic images and symbols, reveal their own position in particular and to preserve the authenticity of an object or the city in general. Such a variety of approaches for creating an urban landscape is partly due to differences in preferences formed during studies in art institutions and is also characteristic for the art of Chernivtsi – a city where people of many nationalities with different cultural traditions have lived side by side for centuries. Ultimately, the artists who worked here in the 20th century were often graduates not only of Ukrainian schools or universities, but also of well-known European institutions, including Vienna, Munich, Florentine, Berlin, Kraków, or Bucharest academies. While in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century the city often appears as the sum of certain architectural structures in the works of artists of Bukovina and visiting masters (F. Emery, R. Bernt, J. Shubirs), in the second half of the 19th – first third of the 20th century the artists mostly try to recreate the dynamics of urban life instead, sometimes depicted with a touch of irony, using the grotesque in the image of the inhabitants (lithography and watercolors by F.-K. Knapp, O. Laske and G. Löwendal). Subsequently, we meet emphasized mood images, in which the author's subjective perception of a particular motive, which he seeks to reproduce in a work full of emotions, is important (L. Kopelman, G. Gorbaty). A peculiar historical retrospection is present in the exquisite graphics of O. Kryvoruchko and in the distilled-finished sheets of O. Lyubkivsky, and the lyrical watercolors and sketches of N. Yarmolchuk represent the non-festive side of the city center. In O. Litvinov's paintings Chernivtsi surprises with desolation and restraint, and in M. Rybachuk's paintings it is distinguished by an unexpected riot of colors. Therefore, each of the artists creates his own image of Chernivtsi, which landscapes often become only a stimulus for the author's imagination, allowing him to depict a completely individual sense of space and life of the city.
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Gaynor, Andrea. "State, Scientists and Citizens: Conserving Lake Magenta and Dragon Rocks, Western Australia." Historical Records of Australian Science 25, no. 2 (2014): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14015.
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The story of efforts to establish two major nature reserves in the south-eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia illuminates some of the many factors shaping the interaction of citizens, scientists, land management bureaucracies, and other stakeholders around the creation of conservation reserves in a semi-arid region in the mid-20th century. This article highlights the significance of citizen scientists as well as professionals in the reservation process, and traces the increasingly strained relationship between Lands and conservation bureaucracies in the context of the rise of the new environment movement. It also points to the importance of international ideas about conservation aims and methods, and suggests that although shifting appraisals of the productive potential of the land were critical to the outcome of negotiations over the proposed reserves, in this period these semi-arid lands were increasingly valued for their scientific and intrinsic qualities.
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Mercer, Colin. "Convergence, Creative Industries and Civil Society: Towards a New Agenda for Cultural Policy and Cultural Studies." Culture Unbound 1, no. 1 (October 14, 2009): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.09111179.
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In this article I start with a personal experience “cameo” from 1996 in Australia and extrapolate from that some issues that remain relevant in the sometimes troubled relationship between cultural studies and cultural policy. These are encapsulated in the three “cs” of convergence, creative industries and civil society which provide a new context for both new research and new policy settings. The argument is developed and situated in historical terms by examining the “cultural technologies”, especially the newspaper, and subsequently print media in the 19th century, electronic media in the 20th century and digital media in the 21st century which provide the content, the technologies and the rituals for “imagining” our sense of place and belonging. This is then linked to ways of understanding culture and cultural technologies in the context of governmentality and the emergence of culture as a strategic object of policy with the aim of citizen- and population formation and management. This argument is then linked to four contemporary “testbeds” – cultural mapping and planning, cultural statistics and indicators, cultural citizenship and identity, and research of and for cultural policy – and priorities for cultural policy where cultural studies work has been extremely enabling and productive. The article concludes with an argument, derived from the early 20th century work of Patrick Geddes of the necessity of linking, researching, understanding and operationalising the three key elements and disciplines of Folk (anthropology), Work (economics), and Place (geography) in order to properly situate cultural policy, mapping and planning and their relationship to cultural studies and other disciplines.
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Peers, Chris. "Belonging and language." Global Studies of Childhood 10, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043610619893128.
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This article contributes to a growing debate within the field of early childhood education about the concept of ‘belonging’. It continues from earlier discussions that commented on the adoption of Belonging as a key term in the development of a national curriculum for the early years in Australia in 2009, as well as increasingly common references to belonging in various aspects of debate within the field. The article focuses specifically on the idea of belonging as it has emerged within existentialist philosophy in the 20th century, and more recent post-structuralist theories, especially the work of Jacques Derrida. The article ties belonging to language as a means of redefining approaches in early childhood education to the notions of place and context, so as to more rigorously connect ‘belonging’ to the philosophical debates of the 21st century.
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Watson, Maxwell. "CO2CRC’s carbon capture and geological storage demonstration in Victoria." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14016.
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The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report (Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis) states that ‘warming of the climate system is unequivocal’, and that ‘it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century’. The IPCC report follows a common trend attributing increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions as the cause of this climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels for energy, is the most common greenhouse gas emitted by human activities. Reduction of greenhouse gas emission, particularly CO2 to the atmosphere, is therefore a key environmental issue facing Australia and the world.
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Chen, S., M. N. Nelson, K. Ghamkhar, T. Fu, and W. A. Cowling. "Divergent patterns of allelic diversity from similar origins: the case of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in China and Australia." Genome 51, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-095.
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Oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) in Australia and China have similar origins, with introductions from Europe, Canada, and Japan in the mid 20th century, and there has been some interchange of germplasm between China and Australia since that time. Allelic diversity of 72 B. napus genotypes representing contemporary germplasm in Australia and China, including samples from India, Europe, and Canada, was characterized by 55 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers spanning the entire B. napus genome. Hierarchical clustering and two-dimensional multidimensional scaling identified a Chinese group (China-1) that was separated from a “mixed” group of Australian, Chinese (China-2), European, and Canadian lines. A small group from India was distinctly separated from all other B. napus genotypes. Chinese genotypes, especially in the China-1 group, have inherited unique alleles from interspecific crossing, primarily with B. rapa, and the China-2 group has many alleles in common with Australian genotypes. The concept of “private alleles” is introduced to describe both the greater genetic diversity and the genetic distinctiveness of Chinese germplasm, compared with Australian germplasm, after 50 years of breeding from similar origins.
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Lough, Janice M., and Alistair J. Hobday. "Observed climate change in Australian marine and freshwater environments." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 9 (2011): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10272.
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The consequences of human activities increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases are already being felt in marine and terrestrial environments. More energy has been trapped in the global climate system, resulting in warming of land and sea temperatures. About 30% of the extra atmospheric carbon dioxide has been absorbed by the oceans, increasing their acidity. Thermal expansion and some melting of land-based ice have caused sea level to rise. Significant climate changes have now been observed across Australia and its coastal seas. The clearest signal is the warming of air and sea temperatures and the rates of warming have accelerated since the mid-20th century. Ocean warming has been higher than the global average around Australia, especially off south-eastern Australia. Changes in Australia’s hydrological regime are more difficult to differentiate from the high natural inter-annual variability. Recent trends towards drier winters in south-western Western Australia and part of southern Australia appear, however, to be largely attributable to human-induced climate change. Even without significant changes in average rainfall, warmer temperatures increase evaporative losses, enhance the intensity of recent droughts and reduce river flows. Sustained and coordinated monitoring of the physical environment, especially lacking for Australia’s freshwater ecosystems, is important to assess the magnitude and biological consequences of ongoing changes.
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Webb, Ashley A., Georgina L. Kelly, and Warwick J. Dougherty. "Soil governance in the agricultural landscapes of New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (March 29, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2015.4169.
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Soil is a valuable natural resource. In the state of New South Wales, Australia, the governance of soil has evolved since Federation in 1901. Following rapid agricultural development, and in the face of widespread soil degradation, the establishment of the Soil Conservation Service marked a turning point in the management of soil. Throughout the 20th century, advances in knowledge were translated into evolving governance frameworks that were largely reactionary but saw progressive reforms such as water pollution legislation and case studies of catchment-scale land and vegetation management. In the 21st century, significant reforms have embedded sustainable use of agricultural soils within catchment- and landscape-scale legislative and institutional frameworks. What is clear, however, is that a multitude of governance strategies and models are utilised in NSW. No single governance model is applicable to all situations because it is necessary to combine elements of several different mechanisms or instruments to achieve the most desired outcomes. Where an industry, such as the sugar industry, has taken ownership of an issue such as acid sulfate soil management, self-regulation has proven to be extremely effective. In the case of co-managing agricultural soils with other landuses, such as mining, petroleum exploration and urban development, regulation, compliance and enforcement mechanisms have been preferred. Institutional arrangements in the form of independent commissioners have also played a role. At the landscape or total catchment level, it is clear that a mix of mechanisms is required. Fundamental, however, to the successful evolution of soil governance is strategic investment in soil research and development that informs the ongoing productive use of agricultural landscapes while preventing land degradation or adverse environmental effects.
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Fine, Michael, and Bob Davidson. "The marketization of care: Global challenges and national responses in Australia." Current Sociology 66, no. 4 (April 23, 2018): 503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392118765281.
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Care is a social necessity for life. Ensuring access to appropriate care at crucial points in the life course became a political necessity soon after the mid-20th century, as the right to suitable care became recognized as a fundamental entitlement of citizenship in most advanced capitalist economies. Over recent decades there has been a shift away from more traditional welfare state forms of public services towards increasingly marketized systems of provision. Changes in the provision of care in the public domain are associated with an increasing reliance on private capital and competition between a variety of providers, with public agencies competing alongside private for-profit and not-for-profit agencies. Drawing on care theory, historical sociology and political economic analysis, this article examines the conflicting tensions that shape aged care under marketization. Using Australia as a case study, it is argued that as private capital and resources take the place of scarce public resources and enable expenditure cuts to be presented as innovation, better services and more ‘consumer choice’, it is not the market but the finance, regulation and management work of the state that is the essential determinant of the assistance previously provided through non-market processes.
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Liu, Qun Yi, An Jian Wang, Qi Shen Chen, and Ying Li. "Analysis for the Global Distribution and Requirement of the Copper Resources." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.32.
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Copper consumption is the largest and the most important metal mineral resources during the process of industrialization, urbanization. This paper analyzes the reserves distribution of the global copper resources, global copper resource investment and development zone, and global mining copper demand increment and its capacity increment trend, showing that, (1) over the next 20 years the global iron and aluminum resource supply relatively loose, copper resources supply pressure is bigger; (2) Global copper resources are relatively scarce, the distribution, Chile, Peru and Australia among the three countries accounted for 53% of global reserves; (3) Along with the growth of the asean and India resource requirements, Africa, southeast Asia and central Asia will become the important resource of supply. (4) Since the 20th century, along with the global demand for resources at the center of transfer to North America, Asia Pacific (Europe), Europe, North America, South America, Australia and southeast Asia, in turn, become the important resource of supply
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Ansari, Mahsheed. "Muslim Student Associations (MSAS) and the Formation of the Australian Ummah." Australian Journal of Islamic Studies 3, no. 3 (February 14, 2019): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.55831/ajis.v3i3.143.
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The evolution of Australian immigration policies led to the development of two key phases in the 20th century that changed the entry and settlement of Muslim migrants to Australia. Besides the phasing out of the White Australia Policy, the overlooked impact of the Colombo Plan and its correlation with the Muslim Youth Movement of Australia has not yet been considered. Moreover, the role of international students in universities led to the formation of Muslim student associations across Australian campuses from the 1960s. These associations and societies provided ground-breaking opportunities and safe spaces for the upward mobility, activism and communal development of their members. While the newly arrived Muslims were trying to find means to settle and lay the foundations of their communal life, the university associations were advancing into amalgamated national bodies, which through their activities soon became a referential establishment in national and international relations. This article traces the foundations and development of Muslim student associations in Australia, which shed light onto the Islamic revival euphoria that was prevalent at the time. This subsequently encouraged the Islamisation of the student associations as they became more focused on Islamic activism that contributed to the creation of the Australian ummah.
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Roberts, Priscilla. "British Commonwealth Archives from Far North to Distant South: Neglected Resources for Cold War International History." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 29, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-29020003.
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Abstract British Commonwealth archives constitite a rich and often under-utilized source of material for understanding the international history of the 20th and 21st centuries. From the late 19th Century onward, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand each enjoyed close and confidential relations with not just Britain, but with each other and increasingly, too, with the United States. They also participated in major international organizations at both an official and non-governmental level. Although or perhaps because each was a “middle” rather than “great” power, as each country developed its own diplomatic bureaucracy, their representatives often had informal and even intimate insights into the policies of a wide range of countries. This article introduces the highlights of each nation’s major archival repositories for materials relating to international affairs. While the holdings of the Library and Archives of Canada in Ottawa, the National Archives of Australia and the National Library of Australia in Canberra, and the National Archives of New Zealand in Wellington all feature prominently, the author casts a wider net and draw researchers’ attention to additional important and often under-utilized collections scattered across the different countries.
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Spanier, Ehud, Kari L. Lavalli, Jason S. Goldstein, Johan C. Groeneveld, Gareth L. Jordaan, Clive M. Jones, Bruce F. Phillips, et al. "A concise review of lobster utilization by worldwide human populations from prehistory to the modern era." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, suppl_1 (May 7, 2015): i7—i21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv066.
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Abstract Lobsters are important resources throughout the world's oceans, providing food security, employment, and a trading commodity. Whereas marine biologists generally focus on modern impacts of fisheries, here we explore the deep history of lobster exploitation by prehistorical humans and ancient civilizations, through the first half of the 20th century. Evidence of lobster use comprises midden remains, artwork, artefacts, writings about lobsters, and written sources describing the fishing practices of indigenous peoples. Evidence from archaeological dig sites is potentially biased because lobster shells are relatively thin and easily degraded in most midden soils; in some cases, they may have been used as fertilizer for crops instead of being dumped in middens. Lobsters were a valuable food and economic resource for early coastal peoples, and ancient Greek and Roman Mediterranean civilizations amassed considerable knowledge of their biology and fisheries. Before European contact, lobsters were utilized by indigenous societies in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand at seemingly sustainable levels, even while other fish and molluscan species may have been overfished. All written records suggest that coastal lobster populations were dense, even in the presence of abundant and large groundfish predators, and that lobsters were much larger than at present. Lobsters gained a reputation as “food for the poor” in 17th and 18th century Europe and parts of North America, but became a fashionable seafood commodity during the mid-19th century. High demand led to intensified fishing effort with improved fishing gear and boats, and advances in preservation and long-distance transport. By the early 20th century, coastal stocks were overfished in many places and average lobster size was significantly reduced. With overfishing came attempts to regulate fisheries, which have varied over time and have met with limited success.