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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithium thin films'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Zhu, Houbin, Qingyun Li, Huangpu Han, Zhenyu Li, Xiuquan Zhang, Honghu Zhang, and Hui Hu. "Hybrid mono-crystalline silicon and lithium niobate thin films [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 6 (2021): 060017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.060017.

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2

Lysiuk, V. O. "Optical properties of ion implanted thin Ni films on lithium niobate." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo14.01.059.

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3

Duan, Zeqing, Yunfan Wu, Jie Lin, Laisen Wang, and Dong-Liang Peng. "Thin-Film Lithium Cobalt Oxide for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 8980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238980.

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Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode has been widely applied in 3C products (computer, communication, and consumer), and LCO films are currently the most promising cathode materials for thin-film lithium batteries (TFBs) due to their high volumetric energy density and favorable durability. Most LCO thin films are fabricated by physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques, while the influence of preparation on the materials’ properties and electrochemical performance has not been highlighted. In this review, the dominant effects (heating, substrate, power, atmosphere, etc.) on LCO thin films are summarized, and the LCO thin films fabricated by other techniques (spin coating, sol–gel, atomic layer deposition, pulsed laser deposition, etc.) are outlined. Moreover, the modification strategies including bulk doping and surface coating for powder and thin-film LCO electrodes are discussed in detail. This review may pave the way for developing novel, durable, and high-performance LCO thin films by versatile methods for TFB and other energy storage devices.

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4

Wachtel, H., J. C. Wittmann, B. Lotz, and J. J. André. "Polymorphism of lithium phthalocyanine thin films." Synthetic Metals 61, no. 1-2 (November 1993): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(93)91211-j.

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5

Wei, G. "Thin films of lithium cobalt oxide." Solid State Ionics 58, no. 1-2 (November 1992): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(92)90018-k.

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6

Schönherr, Kay, Markus Pöthe, Benjamin Schumm, Holger Althues, Christoph Leyens, and Stefan Kaskel. "Tailored Pre-Lithiation Using Melt-Deposited Lithium Thin Films." Batteries 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010053.

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The user demands lithium-ion batteries in mobile applications, and electric vehicles request steady improvement in terms of capacity and cycle life. This study shows one way to compensate for capacity losses due to SEI formation during the first cycles. A fast and simple approach of electrolyte-free direct-contact pre-lithiation leads to targeted degrees of pre-lithiation for graphite electrodes. It uses tailor-made lithium thin films with 1–5 µm lithium films produced by lithium melt deposition as a lithium source. These pre-lithiated graphite electrodes show 6.5% capacity increase after the first cycles in NCM full cells. In this study, the influence of the pre-lithiation parameters—applied pressure, temperature and pressing time—on the pre-lithiation process is examined.

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7

Zhang, Bo Ping, Jing Feng Li, Li Min Zhang, Jun Zeng, and Yan Dong. "Chemical Solution Deposition Process and Characterization of Li and Ti Doped NiO Thin Films." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1595.

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Lithium and titanium co-doped NiO ceramics have been found to exhibit a giant low-frequency dielectric constant (ε～105), however, the same system thin films is not yet study. In the present study, Lithium and titanium co-doped NiO thin films were prepared by a chemical solution deposition method using 2-methoxyethanol as a solvent, nickel actate tetrahydrate, lithium acetate dihydrate and titanium isopropoxide as starting materials. The complex oxides such as NiO, Ni0.2O0.8 and NiTiO3 were formed for the Ni0.98Ti0.02O and Ni0.686Li0.294Ti0.02O thin films, and the addition of the lithium lead to the formation of Li2NiO2.888. The dielectric constant of Lithium and titanium co-doped Ni0.686Li0.294Ti0.02O thin films is about 426 at 100 Hz and much higher than that of the titanium-doped Ni0.98Ti0.02O.

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8

Smilyk, V. O., S. S. Fomanyuk, I. A. Rusetskiy, M. O. Danilov, and G. Ya Kolbasov. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELECTROCHROMIC PROPERTIES OF CuWO4•WO3, Bi2WO6•WO3 AND WO3 THIN FILMS." Chemical Problems 20, no. 4 (2022): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2022-3-289-296.

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A comparative analysis of electrochromic properties of composites CuWO4•WO3, Bi2WO6•WO3 and WO3 films obtained by electrochemical and chemical methods was carried out. The study into the kinetics of light transmission and spectral characteristics of electrochromic coloration revealed some differences in electrochromic processes. It found that in the WO3, Bi2WO6•WO3, CuWO4•WO3 series, lithium intercalation in the film is slowed down, which is due to diffusion limitations in the process of coloring of the Bi and Cu oxides. Spectral characteristics of light transmission Bi2WO6•WO3 and CuWO4•WO3 also differ from WO3 in that the contribution to light absorption is also made by Bi and Cu oxides, which are partially reduced by lithium in the process of their coloring. It is shown that the metal tungstates can be effective electrochromic materials with an additional absorption band in the visible region

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9

Köhler, Mathias, Frank Berkemeier, Tobias Gallasch, and Guido Schmitz. "Lithium diffusion in sputter-deposited lithium iron phosphate thin-films." Journal of Power Sources 236 (August 2013): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.043.

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10

Kulova, T. L., A. M. Skundin, Yu V. Pleskov, O. I. Kon’kov, E. I. Terukov, and I. N. Trapeznikova. "Lithium intercalation into amorphous silicon thin films." Semiconductors 40, no. 4 (April 2006): 468–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782606040178.

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11

Fu, Zheng-Wen, Wen-Yuan Liu, Chi-Lin Li, Qi-Zong Qin, Yin Yao, and Fang Lu. "High-k lithium phosphorous oxynitride thin films." Applied Physics Letters 83, no. 24 (December 15, 2003): 5008–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1633011.

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12

Rost, Timothy A., He Lin, and Thomas A. Rabson. "Electrical switching in lithium niobate thin films." Integrated Ferroelectrics 2, no. 1-4 (November 1992): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584589208215754.

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13

Kulova, T. L., A. M. Skundin, Yu V. Pleskov, E. I. Terukov, and O. I. Kon’kov. "Lithium intercalation in thin amorphous-silicon films." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 42, no. 4 (April 2006): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1023193506040124.

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14

Morcrette, M. "LiMn2O4 thin films for lithium ion sensors." Solid State Ionics 112, no. 3-4 (October 1, 1998): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(98)00231-8.

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15

Rost, T. A., T. A. Rabson, B. A. Stone, D. L. Callahan, and R. C. Baumann. "Physical structure of lithium niobate thin films." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 38, no. 6 (November 1991): 640–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/58.108863.

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16

Nam, Sang Cheol, Jae Myung Lee, Volodymyr E. Pukha, Hyun Ook Seo, Young Dok Kim, and Hye Jin Lee. "Carbon anode thin films for lithium batteries." Current Applied Physics 14, no. 8 (August 2014): 1010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2014.04.012.

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17

Li, Qingyun, Honghu Zhang, Houbin Zhu, and Hui Hu. "Characterizations of Single-Crystal Lithium Niobate Thin Films." Crystals 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050667.

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Single-crystal lithium niobate thin films (lithium niobate on insulator, LNOI) are becoming a new material platform for integrating photonics. Investigation into the physical properties of LNOI is important for the design and fabrication of photonic devices. Herein, LNOIs were prepared by two methods: ion implantation and wafer bonding; and wafer bonding and grinding. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and confocal Raman spectroscopy were used to study the LNOI lattice properties. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of HRXRD and Raman spectra showed a regular crystal lattice arrangement of the LNOIs. The domain inversion voltage and electro-optical coefficient of the LNOIs were close to those of LN bulk material. This study provides useful information for LNOI fabrication and for photonic devices in LNOI.

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18

Dai, Wangqi, Ziqiang Ma, Donglei Wang, Siyu Yang, and Zhengwen Fu. "Functional multilayer solid electrolyte films for lithium dendrite suppression." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 22 (November 28, 2022): 223901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122984.

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The improvement of the interface between a lithium metal and a solid electrolyte layer is very important for the application of a lithium anode coated by solid electrolytes in lithium metal batteries. In order to address the issues of interface performance and compatibility between solid electrolyte films prepared by magnetron sputtering and lithium metals and the suppression of lithium dendrite during the cycling, a three-layer interface solid electrolyte film based on carbon-doped lithium phosphate oxynitride (LiCPON) was employed for coating a lithium metal. The sandwich structure of LiCPON by introducing an ultra-thin lithium niobium oxynitride (LiNbON) layer prepared by sputtering LiNbO3 in nitrogen ambient can be confirmed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Atomic force microscopy data indicated that the surface of the LiCPON thin film with the sandwich structure is flatter and smoother than that of the LiCPON thin film on the lithium metal. The interface impedance of the symmetric battery based on the sandwich structure of the LiCPON coating lithium metal was reduced from 512.2 to 65.4 Ω, and the symmetric battery stable cycles from 300 h with an overpotential of more than 200 mV to 400 h with low overpotential of about 77 mV. These results suggest that functional multilayer solid electrolyte films become an effective method for protecting lithium. The incorporation of ultra-thin LiNbON into the LiCPON thin film could significantly decrease interface impedance between the lithium metal and solid electrolyte layer.

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19

Deepa, M., A. K. Srivastava, S. Singh, and S. A. Agnihotry. "Structure–property correlation of nanostructured WO3 thin films produced by electrodeposition." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 9 (September 2004): 2576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0336.

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Nanocrystalline tungsten oxide (WO3) films were electrodeposited potentiostatically at room temperature on transparent conducting substrates from an ethanolic solution of acetylated peroxotungstic acid prepared from a wet chemistry process. The changes that occur in the microstructure and the grain size of the as-deposited WO3 films as a function of annealing temperature are simultaneously accompanied by a continually varying electrochromic performance. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the transformation of a nanocrystalline as-deposited WO3 film into a highly crystalline triclinic WO3 as the annealing temperature was raised from room temperature to 500 °C. The microstructural evolution with the increasing annealing temperature of the as-deposited film was further exemplified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. While the as-deposited film was composed of uniformly distributed ultra fine nanograins, the most noticeable feature seen in these films annealed at 250 °C was the presence of open channels which are believed to promote lithium ion motion. Films annealed at 400 °C exhibited coarse grains with prominent grain boundaries that hinder lithium ion movement, which in turn reduces the film’s ion insertion capacity. In concordance with the TEM results, the 250 °C film had the highest ion storage capacity as it exhibited a charge density of 67.4 mC cm−2 μm−1. The effect of microstructure was also reflected in the high transmission modulation (64%) and coloration efficiency (118 cm2 C−1) of the 250 °C film at 632.8 nm. Contrary to the superior electrochromic performance of the 250 °C film, the optical switching speeds between the colored and bleached states of the as-deposited WO3 film declined considerably as a function of annealing temperature. Also, the diffusion coefficient for lithium ions was greater by at least an order of magnitude for the as-deposited film as compared to the 250 and 500 °C films. In this report, the influence of microstructural changes that are brought about by the annealing of the as-deposited WO3 films on their coloration-bleaching dynamics is evaluated in terms of their structural, electrochromic, and electrochemical properties.

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20

Tuttle, B. A., and R. W. Schwartz. "Solution Deposition of Ferroelectric Thin Films." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 6 (June 1996): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940004608x.

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Solution deposition has been used by almost every electroceramic research-and-development organization throughout the world to evaluate thin films. Ferrite, high-temperature-superconductor, dielectric, and antireflection coatings are among the electroceramics for which solution deposition has had a significant impact. Lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, potassium niobate, lead scandium tantalate, lead magnesium niobate, and bismuth strontium tantalate are among the ferroelectric thin films processed by solution deposition. However, lead zir-conate titanate (PZT) thin films have received the most intensive study and will be emphasized in this article.Solution deposition facilitates stoichiometric control of complex mixed oxides better than other techniques such as sputter deposition and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Solution deposition is a fast, cost-efficient method to survey extensive ranges of film composition. Further it is a process compatible with many semiconductor-fabrication technologies, and it may be the deposition method of choice for applications that do not require conformal depositions and that have device dimensions of 2 μm or greater. Specific applications for which solution deposition is commercially viable include decoupling capacitors, uncooled pyroelectric infrared detectors, piezoelectric micromotors, and chemical microsensors based on surface-acoustic-wave technology. Reviews of some of the more fundamental aspects of solution-deposition processing may be found in the scientific literature.

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21

Mustajab, M. A., T. Winata, and P. Arifin. "Lithium doping effect on microstructural and electrical properties of zinc oxide thin film grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2243, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2243/1/012054.

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Abstract In this study, the undoped and Li-doped ZnO thin films were grown on Si(100) substrate using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Zinc acetylacetonate hydrate and lithium acetylacetonate solution were used as ZnO thin film precursor and Li dopant source. The effect of lithium doping on microstructural was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). XRD diffractogram analysis shows that undoped and Li-doped ZnO thin films have polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structures with preferred peak crystal orientation (103). Li doping slightly changes the lattice parameters and cell volume of ZnO thin films through the increase of crystallite size and slightly affects the surface morphology of ZnO thin films. Current-voltage (I-V) measurement and four-point probe method were used to measure the electrical properties of lithium doped ZnO thin films. The electrical conductivity of ZnO thin films increases as Li doping is given compared to undoped films. These results are also supported by the I-V curve of Li-doped ZnO thin films by having a higher slope, indicating improvement in electrical properties.

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22

Waidha, Aamir Iqbal, Vanita Vanita, and Oliver Clemens. "PEO Infiltration of Porous Garnet-Type Lithium-Conducting Solid Electrolyte Thin Films." Ceramics 4, no. 3 (July 23, 2021): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4030031.

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Composite electrolytes containing lithium ion conducting polymer matrix and ceramic filler are promising solid-state electrolytes for all solid-state lithium ion batteries due to their wide electrochemical stability window, high lithium ion conductivity and low electrode/electrolyte interfacial resistance. In this study, we report on the polymer infiltration of porous thin films of aluminum-doped cubic garnet fabricated via a combination of nebulized spray pyrolysis and spin coating with subsequent post annealing at 1173 K. This method offers a simple and easy route for the fabrication of a three-dimensional porous garnet network with a thickness in the range of 50 to 100 µm, which could be used as the ceramic backbone providing a continuous pathway for lithium ion transport in composite electrolytes. The porous microstructure of the fabricated thin films is confirmed via scanning electron microscopy. Ionic conductivity of the pristine films is determined via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We show that annealing times have a significant impact on the ionic conductivity of the films. The subsequent polymer infiltration of the porous garnet films shows a maximum ionic conductivity of 5.3 × 10−7 S cm−1 at 298 K, which is six orders of magnitude higher than the pristine porous garnet film.

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23

Markowski, Leszek. "Electron-stimulated desorption of lithium ions from lithium halide thin films." Applied Surface Science 254, no. 1 (October 2007): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.008.

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24

Madhuri, K. V., and M. Bujji Babu. "Morphological, optical and electrochromic properties of dry-lithiated nanostructured WO3 thin films." Materials Science-Poland 36, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2018-0048.

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Abstract Tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation technique on thoroughly cleaned glass substrates at high pressure of 133.322 mPa in presence of argon. The substrate temperature was maintained from 6 °C to 8 °C with the help of a cold jar. The deposited films were annealed at 400 °C in air for about 2 hours. The films were characterized in terms of their composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Subsequently, the laboratory developed dry lithiation method was used to intercalate lithium atoms into as-deposited films in various proportions. With the amount of lithium content inserted into the film, the films showed coloration in visible and near infrared regions. The morphology, coloration efficiency and optical constants of annealed and lithiated films were calculated.

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25

Hallot, Maxime, Pascal Roussel, and Christophe Lethien. "Sputtered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Thin Films for Lithium-Ion Microbatteries." ACS Applied Energy Materials 4, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 3101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c02831.

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26

Liu Shijie, 刘时杰, 郑远林 Zheng Yuanlin, and 陈险峰 Chen Xianfeng. "Nonlinear Frequency Conversion in Lithium Niobate Thin Films." Acta Optica Sinica 41, no. 8 (2021): 0823013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos202141.0823013.

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27

Wang, Yiwen, Zhihua Chen, and Hui Hu. "Analysis of Waveguides on Lithium Niobate Thin Films." Crystals 8, no. 5 (April 27, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8050191.

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28

Putkonen, Matti, Titta Aaltonen, Mari Alnes, Timo Sajavaara, Ola Nilsen, and Helmer Fjellvåg. "Atomic layer deposition of lithium containing thin films." Journal of Materials Chemistry 19, no. 46 (2009): 8767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b913466b.

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29

Green, Mino, and Z. Hussain. "Optical properties of lithium tungsten bronze thin films." Journal of Applied Physics 74, no. 5 (September 1993): 3451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354545.

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30

Green, Mino, and K. Pita. "Lithium vanadium bronze thin films for electrochromic applications." Journal of Applied Physics 81, no. 8 (April 15, 1997): 3592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364996.

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31

Pridatko, K. I. "Electrochemical insertion of lithium in thin tin films." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 42, no. 1 (January 2006): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1023193506010113.

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32

Terukov, E. I., S. E. Nikitin, Yu A. Nikolaev, T. L. Kulova, and A. M. Skundin. "Lithium incorporation into thin films of vanadium oxides." Technical Physics Letters 35, no. 12 (December 2009): 1111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785009120128.

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33

Krings, L. H. M., Y. Tamminga, J. van Berkum, F. Labohm, A. van Veen, and W. M. Arnoldbik. "Lithium depth profiling in thin electrochromic WO3 films." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 17, no. 1 (January 1999): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.581573.

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34

Okumura, K., J. Mort, and M. Machonkin. "Lithium doping and photoemission of diamond thin films." Applied Physics Letters 57, no. 18 (October 29, 1990): 1907–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.104008.

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35

Wunde, F., F. Berkemeier, and G. Schmitz. "Lithium diffusion in sputter-deposited Li4Ti5O12 thin films." Journal of Power Sources 215 (October 2012): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.102.

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36

Patrick, Chris. "Lithium niobate thin films shown in super resolution." Scilight 2019, no. 38 (September 20, 2019): 381110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0000029.

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37

BATES, J. "Electrical properties of amorphous lithium electrolyte thin films." Solid State Ionics 53-56 (July 1992): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(92)90442-r.

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38

GORENSTEIN, A. "Lithium insertion in sputtered amorphous molybdenum thin films." Solid State Ionics 86-88 (July 1996): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(96)00237-8.

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39

Lei, J. H., P. F. Xing, Y. J. Tang, W. D. Wu, and F. Wang. "IR spectral characteristics of lithium hydride thin films." Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 77, no. 1 (March 2010): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10812-010-9305-9.

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40

Metwalli, Ezzeldin, Man Nie, Volker Körstgens, Jan Perlich, Stephan V. Roth, and Peter Müller-Buschbaum. "Morphology of Lithium-Containing Diblock Copolymer Thin Films." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 212, no. 16 (June 20, 2011): 1742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201100112.

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41

Maximov, Maxim, Denis Nazarov, Aleksander Rumyantsev, Yury Koshtyal, Ilya Ezhov, Ilya Mitrofanov, Artem Kim, Oleg Medvedev, and Anatoly Popovich. "Atomic Layer Deposition of Lithium–Nickel–Silicon Oxide Cathode Material for Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092345.

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Lithium nickelate (LiNiO2) and materials based on it are attractive positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, owing to their large capacity. In this paper, the results of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of lithium–nickel–silicon oxide thin films using lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and bis(cyclopentadienyl) nickel (II) (NiCp2) as precursors and remote oxygen plasma as a counter-reagent are reported. Two approaches were studied: ALD using supercycles and ALD of the multilayered structure of lithium oxide, lithium nickel oxide, and nickel oxides followed by annealing. The prepared films were studied by scanning electron microscopy, spectral ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and selected-area electron diffraction. The pulse ratio of LiHMDS/Ni(Cp)2 precursors in one supercycle ranged from 1/1 to 1/10. Silicon was observed in the deposited films, and after annealing, crystalline Li2SiO3 and Li2Si2O5 were formed at 800 °C. Annealing of the multilayered sample caused the partial formation of LiNiO2. The obtained cathode materials possessed electrochemical activity comparable with the results for other thin-film cathodes.

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42

Sahore, Ritu, Katie Browning, Andrew S. Westover, Rebecca D. McAuliffe, Mahalingam Balasubramanian, and Teerth Brahmbhatt. "Silver Doped Lithium Metal Thin Films for Solid-State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024382mtgabs.

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Potential use of lithium metal anode is a primary factor behind the high-energy density promise of solid-state batteries. However, large anodic loads lead to void formation and contact loss at the lithium/solid electrolyte interface which, in turn, lead to much higher effective local current densities during the subsequent lithium plating, causing dendrite formation and cell shorting.1, 2 This is due to the slow self-diffusion of Li atoms/vacancies, which is an inherent limitation of lithium metal.3 Modifying the bulk physiochemical properties of lithium metal via doping/alloying (<10 at% dopant) is an attractive approach, as such a small concentration of dopants can alter lithium metal’s bulk properties, without lowering its energy density. As an example, pore formation was effectively eliminated by alloying Li with 10 at% Mg, although chemical diffusion of Li within the alloy still restricted its rate performance.4 In this work, we report the effects of Ag as a dopant on the morphological stability and rate capability of Li-Ag alloy anodes during electrochemical cycling, as its concentration is varied in Li from 0-10 at.%. The alloy samples are prepared as 10 μm thick films, a practical form factor for solid-state batteries, via a combination of sputtering and thermal evaporation. Comparison of performance as a function of Ag content will be presented for both polymeric and inorganic solid-state electrolytes. Structural characterization of the alloy anodes via complementary techniques will also be presented. This research was sponsored by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). This abstract has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). References Kasemchainan, J.; Zekoll, S.; Spencer Jolly, D.; Ning, Z.; Hartley, G. O.; Marrow, J.; Bruce, P. G., Critical stripping current leads to dendrite formation on plating in lithium anode solid electrolyte cells. Nature Materials 2019, 18 (10), 1105-1111. Krauskopf, T.; Hartmann, H.; Zeier, W. G.; Janek, J., Toward a Fundamental Understanding of the Lithium Metal Anode in Solid-State Batteries—An Electrochemo-Mechanical Study on the Garnet-Type Solid Electrolyte Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2019, 11 (15), 14463-14477. Jow, T. R.; Liang, C. C., Interface Between Solid Electrode and Solid Electrolyte—A Study of the Li / LiI ( Al2 O 3 ) Solid‐Electrolyte System. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 1983, 130 (4), 737-740. Krauskopf, T.; Mogwitz, B.; Rosenbach, C.; Zeier, W. G.; Janek, J., Diffusion Limitation of Lithium Metal and Li–Mg Alloy Anodes on LLZO Type Solid Electrolytes as a Function of Temperature and Pressure. Advanced Energy Materials 2019, 9 (44), 1902568.

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43

Badilescu, Simona, Khalid Boufker, P. V. Ashrit, Fernand E. Girouard, and Vo-Van Truong. "FT-IR/ATR Study of Lithium Intercalation into Molybdenum Oxide Thin Film." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 6 (June 1993): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934066866.

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Molybdenum oxide thin films are deposited by thermal evaporation and sputtering, and lithium is inserted by a dry lithiation method. The FT-IR/ATR technique is used to study the formation and evolution of lithium bronze and lithium molybdate species. The mechanism of lithium intercalation is found to be dependent on the method of film preparation. The involvement of water molecules in the kinetics of lithiation is stressed.

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44

Arie, Arenst Andreas, and Joong Kee Lee. "Estimation of Li-Ion Diffusion Coefficients in C₆₀ Coated Si Thin Film Anodes Using Electrochemical Techniques." Defect and Diffusion Forum 326-328 (April 2012): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.326-328.87.

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C60coated Si thin films were prepared sequentially by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and a plasma assisted thermal evaporation technique. The films were then utilized as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The diffusion coefficients of Li-ions in the film electrodes were then estimated by typical electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The diffusion coefficients determined by both methods were found to be consistent each other. The diffusion coefficient of coated samples was obviously higher than that of bare silicon thin films, indicated that the kinetic properties of lithium ion transport in silicon film electrodes were enhanced by the C60film coating on its surface.

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45

Thompson, G. B., and D. D. Allred. "Reactive Gas Magnetron Sputtering of Lithium Hydride and Lithium Fluoride Thin Films." Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (1997): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/xst-1997-7207.

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46

Wodarz, Siggi, Maarten Mees, Fanny Barde, and Philippe M. Vereecken. "Interphase Control for Electrodeposition of Thin Lithium Films for Lithium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-0220734mtgabs.

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47

Thompson, G. "Reactive Gas Magnetron Sputtering of Lithium Hydride and Lithium Fluoride Thin Films." Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jxra.1997.0258.

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48

Can, N. "Structure of fast ion conductive lithium metaborate-lithium fluoride composite thin films." Solid State Ionics 78, no. 3-4 (June 1995): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(95)00093-l.

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49

Carrillo Solano, M. A., M. Dussauze, P. Vinatier, L. Croguennec, E. I. Kamitsos, R. Hausbrand, and W. Jaegermann. "Phosphate structure and lithium environments in lithium phosphorus oxynitride amorphous thin films." Ionics 22, no. 4 (October 17, 2015): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-015-1573-1.

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50

Zhang, Ji-Guang, Edwin C. Tracy, David K. Benson, and Satyen K. Deb. "The influence of microstructure on the electrochromic properties of LixWO3 thin films: Part I. Ion diffusion and electrochromic properties." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 10 (October 1993): 2649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2649.

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The chemical diffusion coefficients of lithium ions in LixWO3 films were investigated as a function of lithium concentration and film porosity. Thin films were deposited with different porosities by thermal evaporation of WO3 powder in various partial water pressures. Our results indicate that diffusion coefficients increase with film porosity and decrease with increasing lithium concentration. Large diffusion coefficients that were found for small lithium concentrations appear to be due to the contribution of protons generated from ion exchange reactions between lithium and water incorporated in the film. Simultaneous electrical and in situ optical measurements were carried out to study the effect of porosity on the electrochromic properties of LixWO3. The coloring efficiency of porous WO3 films increases by approximately 70% when deposited in partial water pressure of 10−4 Torr, but decreases with further increments in water pressure.

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