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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithium niobate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Liu, Leshu, Ken Liu, Ning Liu, Zhihong Zhu, and Jianfa Zhang. "Fano-Resonant Metasurface with 92% Reflectivity Based on Lithium Niobate on Insulator." Nanomaterials 12, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 3849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12213849.

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Lithium niobate is an excellent optoelectronic and nonlinear material, which plays an important role in integrated optics. However, lithium niobate is difficult to etch due to its very stable chemical nature, and the microstructure of lithium niobate’s metasurface is generally of subwavelength, which further increases its processing difficulty. Here, by using Ar+-based inductively coupled plasma etching and KOH wet etching, we improve the etching quality and fabricate a Fano-resonant metasurface based on lithium niobate on insulator, which has a very high reflectivity of 92% at near-infrared wavelength and the potential of becoming a high-reflectivity film. In addition, to evaluate the practical performance of the metasurface, we constructed a Fabry–Perot cavity by using it as a cavity mirror, whose reflection spectrum shows a finesse of 38. Our work paves the way for the development of functional metasurfaces and other advanced photonic devices based on lithium niobate on insulator.

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2

Lu, Yi, Benjamin Johnston, Peter Dekker, Michael J. Withford, and Judith M. Dawes. "Channel Waveguides in Lithium Niobate and Lithium Tantalate." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 3925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173925.

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Low-loss photonic waveguides in lithium niobate offer versatile functionality as nonlinear frequency converters, switches, and modulators for integrated optics. Combining the flexibility of laser processing with liquid phase epitaxy we have fabricated and characterized lithium niobate channel waveguides on lithium niobate and lithium tantalate. We used liquid phase epitaxy with K2O flux on laser-machined lithium niobate and lithium tantalate substrates. The laser-driven rapid-prototyping technique can be programmed to give machined features of various sizes, and liquid phase epitaxy produces high quality single-crystal, lithium niobate channels. The surface roughness of the lithium niobate channels on a lithium tantalate substrate was measured to be 90 nm. The lithium niobate channel waveguides exhibit propagation losses of 0.26 ± 0.04 dB/mm at a wavelength of 633 nm. Second harmonic generation at 980 nm was demonstrated using the channel waveguides, indicating that these waveguides retain their nonlinear optical properties.

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3

Zivasatienraj, Bill, M. Brooks Tellekamp, and W. Alan Doolittle. "Epitaxy of LiNbO3: Historical Challenges and Recent Success." Crystals 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040397.

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High-quality epitaxial growth of thin film lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is highly desirable for optical and acoustic device applications. Despite decades of research, current state-of-the-art epitaxial techniques are limited by either the material quality or growth rates needed for practical devices. In this paper, we provide a short summary of the primary challenges of lithium niobate epitaxy followed by a brief historical review of lithium niobate epitaxy for prevalent epitaxial techniques. Available figures of merit for crystalline quality and optical transmission losses are given for each growth method. The highest crystalline quality lithium niobate thin film was recently grown by halide-based molecular beam epitaxy and is comparable to bulk lithium niobate crystals. However, these high-quality crystals are grown at slow rates that limit many practical applications. Given the many challenges that lithium niobate epitaxy imposes and the wide variety of methods that have unsuccessfully attempted to surmount these barriers, new approaches to lithium niobate epitaxy are required to meet the need for simultaneously high crystalline quality and sufficient thickness for devices not currently practical by existing techniques.

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4

Garibay-Alvarado, Jesús, Rurik Farías, and Simón Reyes-López. "Sol-Gel and Electrospinning Synthesis of Lithium Niobate-Silica Nanofibers." Coatings 9, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9030212.

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Lithium niobate-silica fibers were produced by the combination of the sol-gel method and the electrospinning technique. Two sol-gel solutions starting from niobium-lithium ethoxide and tetraethyl orthosilicate were prepared and then mixed with polyvinylpyrrolidone; the solutions were electrospun in a coaxial setup. The obtained lithium niobate-silica polymeric fibers were approximately 760 nm in diameter. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the composite composition by showing signals corresponding to lithium niobate and silica. Scanning electron microscopy showed coaxial fibers with a diameter of around 330 nm arranged as a fibrillar membrane at 800 °C. At 1000 °C the continuous shape of fibers was preserved; the structure is composed of silica and lithium niobate nanoparticles within the fibers. The formation of crystalline lithium niobate and amorphous SiO2 phase was also confirmed by XRD peaks.

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5

Timpu, Flavia, Helena Weigand, Fabian Kaufmann, Felix U. Richter, Viola-Valentina Vogler-Neuling, Artemios Karvounis, and Rachel Grange. "Towards active electro-optic lithium niobate metasurfaces." EPJ Web of Conferences 238 (2020): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023805003.

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We present the design and fabrication advances on active lithium niobate metasurfaces. We determine by numerical calculations a metasurface design with electro-magnetic resonances in the visible and near-infrared, by taking into account the constraints for fabrication on thin films of lithium niobate. We suggest that the optical properties of the metasurface can be switched using the electro-optical properties of lithium niobate.

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6

Shizuka, Hiroo, Koichi Okuda, Masayuki Nunobiki, Wei Li, and Takanobu Inaoka. "A Study on the Ductile Mode Cutting of Lithium Niobate." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.246.

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This paper describes the cutting characteristics of lithium niobate, which is used for surface acoustic wave type micropumps, regarding the formation of micro grooves by direct cutting. Since lithium niobate is a brittle material with a strong crystal orientation dependency, significant differences were observed in the characteristics of the finished surface according to different directions of cutting. The ductile mode cutting of lithium niobate was found to be feasible with cutting depths of approx. 5 μm or less. Also, results of the study show the feasibility of the formation of minute grooves through the cutting of lithium niobate, using milling with an end mill.

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7

Kubasov, I. V., A. V. Popov, A. S. Bykov, A. A. Temirov, A. M. Kislyuk, R. N. Zhukov, D. A. Kiselev, M. V. Chichkov, M. D. Malinkovich, and Yu N. Parkhomenko. "Deformation anisotropy of Y + 128° –cut single crystalline bidomain wafers of lithium niobate." Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Materialy Elektronnoi Tekhniki = Materials of Electronics Engineering 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1609-3577-2016-2-95-102.

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Bidomain single crystals of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) are promising material for usage as actuators, mechanoelectrical transducers and sensors working in a wide temperature range. It is necessary to take into account anisotropy of properties of crystalline material when such devices are designed. Inthis study we investigated deformations of bidomain round shapedY+ 128°-cut wafers of lithium niobate in an external electric field. Dependencies of piezoelectric coefficients on rotation angles were calculated for lithium niobate and lithium tantalate and plotted for the crystal cuts which are used for bidomain ferroelectric structure formation. In experiment, we utilized external heating method and long-time annealing with lithium out-diffusion method in order to create round bidomain lithium niobate wafers. In order to obtain dependencies of the bidomain crystals’ movements on the rotation angle with central fastening and external electric field application optical microscopy was used. We also modeled a shape of the deformed bidomain wafer with a suggestion that the edge movement depends on the radial distance to the fastening point quadratically. In conclusion, bidomainY+ 128°-cut lithium niobate wafer exhibits saddle-like deformation when DC electric field is applied.

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8

Gao, Bofeng, Mengxin Ren, Wei Wu, Hui Hu, Wei Cai, and Jingjun Xu. "Lithium Niobate Metasurfaces." Laser & Photonics Reviews 13, no. 5 (April 7, 2019): 1800312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201800312.

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9

Titov, R. A. "Influence of the complexing ability of b3+ cations in the composition of B2O3 flux on the characteristics of LiNbO3:b crystals." Transaction Kola Science Centre 12, no. 2-2021 (December 13, 2021): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2021.2.5.052.

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The Gibbs energy of the borates formation of trace amounts of metallic impurities (Al4B2O9, CaB2O4, CaB4O7, Ca2B2O5, Ca3B2O6, PbB2O4) in the lithium niobate charge is calculated. It is shown that the element boron, as an active complexing agent, in the composition of the B2O3 flux can prevent the transition of impurity metals, inevitably present in trace amounts in the charge of lithium niobate, into the structure of the lithium niobate crystal.

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10

Wei, Xing, and Samuel Kesse. "Heterogeneously Integrated Photonic Chip on Lithium Niobate Thin-Film Waveguide." Crystals 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111376.

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Lithium niobate thin film represents as an ideal material substrate for quantum photonics due to its strong electro-optic effect and high-speed modulation capability. Here, we propose a novel platform which heterogeneously integrates single self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots for a single-photon source on a lithium niobate photonic chip. The InAs/GaAs quantum dots can be transferred to the lithium niobate waveguide via a substrate transfer procedure with nanometer precision and be integrated through van der Waals force. A down-tapered structure is designed and optimized to deliver the photon flux generated from the InAs quantum dots embedded in a GaAs waveguide to the lithium niobate waveguide with an overall efficiency of 42%. In addition, the electro-optical effect is used to tune, and therefore to tune the beam splitting ratio of the integrated lithium niobate directional coupler, which can simultaneously route multiple photons to different spatial modes, and subsequently fan out through grating couplers to achieve single-photon sub-multiplexing. The proposed device opens up novel opportunities for achieving multifunctional hybrid integrated photonic chips.

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11

Lucchetti, Liana, and Victor Reshetnyak. "Hybrid photosensitive structures based on nematic liquid crystals and lithium niobate substrates." Optical Data Processing and Storage 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/odps-2018-0003.

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Abstract Liquid crystal cells based on lithium niobate substrates have recently been proposed as good candidates for optofluidic devices and for light-induced controlled generation of defects in liquid crystal films. The peculiarity of these structures lies in the possibility of using the bulk photovoltaic effect of lithium niobate to obtain an optically induced dc field able to affect the molecular liquid crystal director. Reversible fragmentation and self-assembling of liquid crystal droplets driven by the lithium niobate pyroelectric properties have also been reported. We review the basic results obtained so far with the aim of making the point and seeing what else can be done in the framework of the realization of hybrid structures combining lithium niobate with the electro-optical and nonlinear optical properties of liquid crystals.

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12

M Rust, David. "New Materials Applications in Solar Spectral Analysis." Australian Journal of Physics 38, no. 6 (1985): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph850781.

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The use of lithium niobate and liquid crystals in solar instrumentation designed for automatic measurement of spectral line shifts is described. A solid Fabry-Perot etalon of lithium niobate has an acceptance angle 5�3 times greater than an air-spaced Fabry-Perot filter for the same allowed passband broadening, and the lithium niobate device has no moving parts. The use of liquid crystals in Zeeman-effect analysers is also described. For a given phase retardation, liquid crystals require -1/1000 the voltage of solid crystals. They hold promise as reliable, long-lived variable retarders because they are free of the high-voltage breakdown problems of crystals such as potassium dideuterium phosphate (KDP). Progress toward implementation of devices with lithium niobate and liquid crystals in a solar telescope is described.

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13

Малышкина, О. В., М. Али, Н. Е. Малышева, and К. В. Пацуев. "Релаксационные процессы в области структурных фазовых переходов на примере керамики на основе ниобата натрия." Физика твердого тела 64, no. 12 (2022): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2022.12.53649.461.

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Comparative studies of the temperature dependences and dispersion of the complex permittivity of sodium niobate and sodium-lithium niobate ceramics have been carried out. It is shown that the structural transition to the R phase (370°C) of sodium niobate ceramics is a ferroelectric phase transition. For sodium niobate ceramics, the existence of three fundamentally different mechanisms of relaxation processes has been established: classical (Debye type), linear, and relaxation (elastic ionic), the existence of which is determined by the structural phase. The addition of 10% lithium niobate to the sodium niobate ceramics not only increases the temperature of the structural phase transition, but also eliminates the mechanisms for the occurrence of relaxation polarization.

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14

Malyshkina O. V., Ali M., Malysheva N. E., and Patsuev K. V. "Relaxation processes in the region of structural phase transitions on the example of ceramics based on sodium niobate." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 12 (2022): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.12.54388.461.

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Comparative studies of the temperature dependences and dispersion of the complex permittivity of sodium niobate and sodium-lithium niobate ceramics have been carried out. It is shown that the structural transition to the R-phase (370oC) of sodium niobate ceramics is a ferroelectric phase transition. For sodium niobate ceramics, the existence of three fundamentally different mechanisms of relaxation processes has been established: classical (Debye type), linear, and relaxation, the existence of which is determined by the structural phase. The addition of 10% lithium niobate to the sodium niobate ceramics not only increases the temperature of the structural phase transition, but also eliminates the mechanisms for the occurrence of relaxation polarization. Keywords: piezoelectric ceramics, lead-free materials, permittivity, relaxation processes.

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15

Zhang, Zhihao, Zhiwei Fang, Junxia Zhou, Youting Liang, Yuan Zhou, Zhe Wang, Jian Liu, et al. "On-Chip Integrated Yb3+-Doped Waveguide Amplifiers on Thin Film Lithium Niobate." Micromachines 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13060865.

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We report the fabrication and optical characterization of Yb3+-doped waveguide amplifiers (YDWA) on the thin film lithium niobate fabricated by photolithography assisted chemo-mechanical etching. The fabricated Yb3+-doped lithium niobate waveguides demonstrates low propagation loss of 0.13 dB/cm at 1030 nm and 0.1 dB/cm at 1060 nm. The internal net gain of 5 dB at 1030 nm and 8 dB at 1060 nm are measured on a 4.0 cm long waveguide pumped by 976 nm laser diodes, indicating the gain per unit length of 1.25 dB/cm at 1030 nm and 2 dB/cm at 1060 nm, respectively. The integrated Yb3+-doped lithium niobate waveguide amplifiers will benefit the development of a powerful gain platform and are expected to contribute to the high-density integration of thin film lithium niobate based photonic chip.

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16

Sosunov, Alexey V., Roman S. Ponomarev, Anton A. Zhuravlev, Sergey S. Mushinsky, and Mariana Kuneva. "Reduction of drift of operating point in lithium niobate-based integrated-optical circuit." ВЕСТНИК ПЕРМСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. ФИЗИКА, no. 2 (2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-3598-2021-2-05-13.

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This work is devoted to the study of the drift of the operating point of integrated-optical circuits based on proton-exchange waveguides in lithium niobate crystal with a recovered structure of the near-surface layer. Recovered of the damaged near-surface layer of lithium niobate wafer was carried out using pre-annealing at temperature of 500 °C. Drift of operating point is characterized by a constant change in the optical output power of the integrated-optical circuits when a bias voltage is applied to the electrodes or temperature changes. Recovered of the damaged near-surface layer of lithium niobate wafer leads to a decrease in the short-term and long-term drifts of the operating point of integrated-optical circuits. Crystal structure factor was investigated on the drift of operating point of integrated-optical circuits based on lithium niobate crystal.

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17

Lucas, Killian, Sévan Bouchy, Pierre Bélanger, and Ricardo J. Zednik. "High-temperature electrical conductivity in piezoelectric lithium niobate." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 19 (May 21, 2022): 194102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089099.

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Lithium niobate is a promising candidate for use in high-temperature piezoelectric devices due to its high Curie temperature ([Formula: see text]1483 K) and strong piezoelectric properties. However, the piezoelectric behavior has, in practice, been found to degrade at various temperatures as low as 573 K, with no satisfactory explanation available in the literature. We, therefore, studied the electrical conductivity of congruent lithium niobate single crystals in the temperature range of 293–1273 K with an 500 mV excitation at frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 MHz. An analytical model that generalizes the universal dielectric relaxation law with the Arrhenius equation was found to describe the experimental temperature and frequency dependence and helped discriminate between conduction mechanisms. Electronic conduction was found to dominate at low temperatures, leading to low overall electrical conductivity. However, at high temperatures, the overall electrical conductivity increases significantly due to ionic conduction, primarily with lithium ions (Li+) as charge carriers. This increase in electrical conductivity can, therefore, cause an internal short in the lithium niobate crystal, thereby reducing observable piezoelectricity. Interestingly, the temperature above which ionic conductivity dominates depends greatly on the excitation frequency: at a sufficiently high frequency, lithium niobate does not exhibit appreciable ionic conductivity at high temperature, helping explain the conflicting observations reported in the literature. These findings enable an appropriate implementation of lithium niobate to realize previously elusive high-temperature piezoelectric applications.

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18

Spivak, L. V., and A. V. Sosunov. "Differential calorimetry of lithium niobate single crystals." ВЕСТНИК ПЕРМСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. ФИЗИКА, no. 2 (2022): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-3598-2022-2-06-10.

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We conducted a series of calorimetric experiments with nominally pure lithium niobate single crystals of congruent composition from different manufacturers and with different cuts, the samples were exposed to temperatures of up to 1100 ℃. For all samples, a temperature feature is observed in the range of 800–900 °C, regardless of their crystallographic orientation. The calculated activation energy of about 150 kJ/mol indicates the diffusion mechanism of the transformation, most likely associated with the high mobility of lithium and niobium ions as well as the possibility of formation of oxygen vacancies in the crystal lattice of lithium niobate. In some cases, this technique can serve as a technological parameter for the manufacture of lithium niobate crystals of optical quality.

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19

Rüter, Christian E., Dominik Brüske, Sergiy Suntsov, and Detlef Kip. "Investigation of Ytterbium Incorporation in Lithium Niobate for Active Waveguide Devices." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062189.

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In this work, we report on an investigation of the ytterbium diffusion characteristics in lithium niobate. Ytterbium-doped substrates were prepared by in-diffusion of thin metallic layers coated onto x- and z-cut congruent substrates at different temperatures. The ytterbium profiles were investigated in detail by means of secondary neutral mass spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and optical spectroscopy. Diffusion from an infinite source was used to determine the solubility limit of ytterbium in lithium niobate as a function of temperature. The derived diffusion parameters are of importance for the development of active waveguide devices in ytterbium-doped lithium niobate.

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20

Baida, Fadi Issam, Juan José Robayo Yepes, and Abdoulaye Ndao. "Giant second harmonic generation in etch-less lithium niobate thin film." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 12 (March 28, 2023): 124501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0142816.

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In this paper, we proposed and numerically demonstrated a giant enhancement up to in both fo[Formula: see text]rward and backward propagation of the second harmonic generation by combining the high-quality factor cavities of the bound states in the continuum and the excellent nonlinear optical crystal of lithium niobate. The enhancement factor is defined as the ratio of the second harmonic signal generated by the structure (lithium niobate membrane with Si grating) divided by the signal generated by the lithium niobate membrane alone . Furthermore, a minimum interaction time of 350 ps is achieved despite the etching less lithium niobate membrane with a conversion efficiency of 4.77 × 10−6. The origin of the enhancements is linked to the excitation of a Fano-like shape symmetry-protected mode that is revealed by finite-difference time-domain simulations. The proposed platform opens the way to a new generation of efficient integrated optical sources compatible with nano-photonic devices for classical and quantum applications.

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21

Xu, Caixia, Hongli Wu, Yanwei He, and Long Xu. "Efficient Second- and Third-Harmonic Generations in Er3+/Fe2+-Doped Lithium Niobate Single Crystal with Engineered Surficial Cylindrical Hole Arrays." Nanomaterials 13, no. 10 (May 14, 2023): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13101639.

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Herein, significant enhancement of second- and third-harmonic generation efficiencies in a 1 mol% Er3+ and 0.07 mol% Fe2+-doped lithium niobate single-crystal plate were achieved after ablating periodic cylindrical pit arrays on the surface. Enhanced absorption and reduced transmittance of light were measured when the incident light signal passed through the patterned sample. Enhanced photoluminescence and two-photon-pumped upconversion emission spectra were also explored to obtain more details on the efficiency gains. The excitation-energy-dependent second-harmonic generation efficiency was measured, and an enhancement as high as 20-fold was calculated. The conversion efficiency of second-harmonic generation is 1 to 3 orders higher than that from other lithium niobite metasurfaces and nanoantennas. This work provides a convenient and effective method to improve the nonlinear conversion efficiency in a thin lithium niobite plate, which is desirable for applying to integrated optical devices.

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22

Joshi, Vikram. "Crystallization Behavior of Chemically Synthesized LiNbO3." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 964–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100089135.

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Lithium niobate is a material of interest for electro-optic and nonlinear optical applications. Conventional processing of lithium niobate involves the relatively coarse scale of mixing of lithium carbonate and niobium oxide powders, which makes it difficult to obtain a chemically homogeneous, single phase product. In recent years, sol-gel processing of lithium niobate has been investigated as a method of producing high purity, homogeneous material of stoichiometric composition. This processing technique permits easy and precise control over composition, intimate mixing of the constituent elements, and the use of relatively low processing temperatures. This present study investigates the crystallization behavior of gels formed by the hydrolysis of mixed alkoxides of lithium and niobium in low molecular weight alcohols. Crystallization was found to be initiated at temperatures as low as 200°C and could be completed by 450°C.

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23

Galutskiy, V. V., K. V. Puzanovskiy, S. A. Shmargilov, and E. V. Stroganova. "Phase-sensitive amplification based on gradient Er:PPLN." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2103, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2103/1/012183.

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Abstract The present research focuses on the study of the phase-sensitive amplification based on periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) made from gradient Er doped lithium niobate. It is shown that the presence of a growing Er gradient increases the gain while maintaining phase sensitivity to the input signal.

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24

Qi, Yifan, and Yang Li. "Integrated lithium niobate photonics." Nanophotonics 9, no. 6 (April 28, 2020): 1287–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0013.

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AbstractLithium niobate (LiNbO3) on insulator (LNOI) is a promising material platform for integrated photonics due to single crystal LiNbO3 film’s wide transparent window, high refractive index, and high second-order nonlinearity. Based on LNOI, the fast-developing ridge-waveguide fabrication techniques enabled various structures, devices, systems, and applications. We review the basic structures including waveguides, cavities, periodically poled LiNbO3, and couplers, along with their fabrication methods and optical properties. Treating those basic structures as building blocks, we review several integrated devices including electro-optic modulators, nonlinear optical devices, and optical frequency combs with each device’s operating mechanism, design principle and methodology, and performance metrics. Starting from these integrated devices, we review how integrated LNOI devices boost the performance of LiNbO3’s traditional applications in optical communications and data center, integrated microwave photonics, and quantum optics. Beyond those traditional applications, we also review integrated LNOI devices’ novel applications in metrology including ranging system and frequency comb spectroscopy. Finally, we envision integrated LNOI photonics’ potential in revolutionizing nonlinear and quantum optics, optical computing and signal processing, and devices in ultraviolet, visible, and mid-infrared regimes. Beyond this outlook, we discuss the challenges in integrated LNOI photonics and the potential solutions.

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25

Lawrence, M. "Lithium niobate integrated optics." Reports on Progress in Physics 56, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 363–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/56/3/001.

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26

Abouellell, Mahmoud M., and Fred J. Leonberger. "Waveguides in Lithium Niobate." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 72, no. 8 (August 1989): 1311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1989.tb07644.x.

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27

Hu, H., R. Ricken, and W. Sohler. "Lithium niobate photonic wires." Optics Express 17, no. 26 (December 18, 2009): 24261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.024261.

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Ling, Jingwei, Yang He, Rui Luo, Mingxiao Li, Hanxiao Liang, and Qiang Lin. "Athermal lithium niobate microresonator." Optics Express 28, no. 15 (July 7, 2020): 21682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.398363.

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29

Cabrera, J. M., J. Olivares, M. Carrascosa, J. Rams, R. Müller, and E. Diéguez. "Hydrogen in lithium niobate." Advances in Physics 45, no. 5 (October 1996): 349–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00018739600101517.

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30

Otten, J., A. Ozols, M. Reinfelde, and K. H. Ringhofer. "Selfenhancement in lithium niobate." Optics Communications 72, no. 3-4 (July 1989): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(89)90390-8.

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31

XUE, DONGFENG, SIXIN WU, KAZUYA TERABE, and KENJI KITAMURA. "NANOSCALE SURFACE ENGINEERING OF LITHIUM NIOBATE SINGLE CRYSTALS." International Journal of Nanoscience 05, no. 06 (December 2006): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x06005078.

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Surface engineering at the nanoscale level of lithium niobate crystals is performed by scanning probe microscopy and is theoretically analyzed by the structural property and the chemical bonding structure. The present work shows that -Z surface of lithium niobate crystals may be well fabricated by precisely artificial patterns, which has potential applications in future nanodevices.

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Zhou, Yuting, Qingyu Wang, Zhiqiang Ji, and Pei Zeng. "All-Dielectric Structural Colors with Lithium Niobate Nanodisk Metasurface Resonators." Photonics 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060402.

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Lithium niobate (LN) is a promising optical material, its micro–nano structures have been applied to fields such as photonic crystals, nonlinear optics, optical waveguides, and so on. At present, lithium niobate structural colors are rarely studied. Although the nanograting structure was researched, it has such large full width at half-maximum (fwhm) that it cannot achieve red, green, or blue pixels or other high-saturation structural colors, thus, its color printing quality is poor. In this paper, we design and simulate lithium niobate nanodisk metasurface resonators (LNNDMRs), which are based on Mie magnetic dipole (MD) and electric dipole (ED) resonances. In addition, the resonators yield very narrow reflection peaks and high reflection efficiencies with over 80%, especially the reflection peaks of red, green, and blue pixels with fwhm around 11 nm, 9 nm, and 6 nm, respectively. Moreover, output colors of different array cells composed of single nanodisk in finite size are displayed, which provides a theoretical basis for their practical applications. Therefore, LNNDMRs pave the way for high-efficiency, compact photonic display devices based on lithium niobate.

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Wang, Ying Li, Li Yong Ren, Jin Tao Xu, Jian Liang, Meng Hua Kang, Kai Li Ren, and Nian Bao Shi. "The Compensation of Y Waveguide Temperature Drifts in FOG with the Thermal Resistor." Advanced Materials Research 924 (April 2014): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.924.336.

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The lithium niobate integrated optical phase modulator (Y waveguide) is the key device in the digital closed-loop fiber optic gyroscope. However, the half-wave voltage of the lithium niobate changes with the environment temperature, which produces the phase bias drift and ultimately decreases the accuracy of FOG. In this manuscript, the thermal resistor is introduced in the amplification part in the driving circuits of Y waveguide. Due to the characteristic of the thermal resistor, the magnitude of driving voltage on Y waveguide changed with temperature to compensate the electro-optic effects temperature drift of the lithium niobate. This method was proved to improve the performance of fiber optic gyroscopes conveniently in experiment.

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34

Shportenko, Andrey S., Alexander M. Kislyuk, Andrei V. Turutin, Ilya V. Kubasov, Mikhail D. Malinkovich, and Yuri N. Parkhomenko. "Effect of contact phenomena on the electrical conductivity of reduced lithium niobate." Modern Electronic Materials 7, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.7.4.78569.

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Lithium niobate is a ferroelectric material finding a wide range of applications in optical and acoustic engineering. Annealing of lithium niobate crystals in an oxygen-free environment leads to appearance of black coloration and concomitant increasing electrical conductivity due to chemical reduction. There are plenty of literary data on the electrophysical properties of reduced lithium niobate crystals though contact phenomena occurring during electrical conductivity measurement as well as issues of interaction between the electrode material and the test specimens are almost disregarded. The effect of chromium and indium tin oxide electrodes on the results of measurements of electrophysical parameters at room temperature for lithium niobate specimens reduced at 1100 °C has been investigated. It was found that significant nonlinearities in the VACs of the specimens at below 5 V distort the specific resistivity readings for lithium niobate. This requires measurements at higher voltages. Impedance spectroscopy studies have shown that the measurement results are largely affected by capacities including those probably induced near the contacts. It has been shown that the experimental results are described adequately well by a model implying the presence of near-contact capacities that are parallel to the specimen’s own capacity. Possible mechanism of the induction of these capacities has been described and a hypothesis has been proposed of the high density of electron states at the electrode/specimen interface that can trap carriers, the concentration of trapped carriers growing with an increase in annealing duration.

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35

Jackson, Robert A., and Zsuzsanna Szaller. "Recent Progress in Lithium Niobate." Crystals 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090780.

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36

Xu, Mengyue, Mingbo He, Yuntao Zhu, Lin Liu, Lifeng Chen, Siyuan Yu, and Xinlun Cai. "Integrated thin film lithium niobate Fabry–Perot modulator [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 6 (2021): 060003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.060003.

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Luo, Qiang, Chen Yang, Zhenzhong Hao, Ru Zhang, Dahuai Zheng, Fang Bo, Yongfa Kong, Guoquan Zhang, and Jingjun Xu. "On-chip erbium-doped lithium niobate waveguide amplifiers [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 6 (2021): 060008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.060008.

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38

Sánchez-Dena, Oswaldo, Sergio David Villalobos-Mendoza, Rurik Farías, and Cesar David Fierro-Ruiz. "Lithium Niobate Single Crystals and Powders Reviewed—Part II." Crystals 10, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10110990.

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A review on lithium niobate single crystals and polycrystals has been prepared. Both the classical and recent literature on this topic is revisited. It is composed of two parts with several sections. The current part discusses the available defect models (intrinsic), the trends found in ion-doped crystals and polycrystals (extrinsic defects), the fundamentals on dilute magnetic oxides, and their connection to ferromagnetic behavior in lithium niobate.

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39

Gabain, А. A., N. A. Teplyakova, N. V. Sidorov, and M. N. Palatnikov. "Photoinduced light scattering and photoelectric fields in zinc doped lithium niobate crystals." Transaction Kola Science Centre 11, no. 3-2020 (November 25, 2020): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2020.3.4.008.

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Nominally pure and doped with zinc in a wide concentration range lithium niobate crystals were studied using photoinduced light scattering. Using the parameters of photo-induced scattered light, we determined the values of the photovoltaic and diffusion field intensities in lithium niobate crystals of different compositions. It was found that the values of thephotoelectric field strengths depend on the state of the defect structure of the crystals.

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40

Viugin, Nikolay A., Vladimir A. Khokhlov, Irina D. Zakiryanova, Vasiliy N. Dokutovich, and Boris D. Antonov. "Molten Chlorides as the Precursors to Modify the Ionic Composition and Properties of LiNbO3 Single Crystal and Fine Powders." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103551.

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Modifying lithium niobate cation composition improves not only the functional properties of the acousto- and optoelectronic materials as well as ferroelectrics but elevates the protonic transfer in LiNbO3-based electrolytes of the solid oxide electrochemical devices. Molten chlorides and other thermally stable salts are not considered practically as the precursors to synthesize and modify oxide compounds. This article presents and discusses the results of an experimental study of the full or partial heterovalent substitution of lithium ion in nanosized LiNbO3 powders and in the surface layer of LiNbO3 single crystal using molten salt mixtures containing calcium, lead, and rare-earth metals (REM) chlorides as the precursors. The special features of heterovalent ion exchange in chloride melts are revealed such as hetero-epitaxial cation exchange at the interface PbCl2-containing melt/lithium niobate single crystal; the formation of Li(1−x) Ca(x/2)V(x/2)Li+ NbO3 solid solutions with cation vacancies as an intermediate product of the reaction of heterovalent substitution of lithium ion by calcium in LiNbO3 powders; the formation of lanthanide orthoniobates with a tetragonal crystal structure such as scheelite as the result of lithium niobate interaction with trichlorides of rare-earth elements. It is shown that the fundamental properties of ion-modifiers (ion radius, nominal charge), temperature, and duration of isothermal treatment determine the products’ chemical composition and the rate of heterovalent substitution of Li+-ion in lithium niobate.

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41

Rujiwatra, A., N. Thammajak, Y. Chimupala, and Pitak Laoratanakul. "Sonocatalyzed Ammonothermal Preparation of Fine Lithium Niobate Powders." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.37.

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The so-called sonocatalyzed ammonothermal technique has been developed for the preparation of lithium niobate fine powders from commercially as-received niobium pentoxide and lithium nitrate. The present work shows that the application of ultrasonic activation prior to the ammonothermal treatment can produce a single phase lithium niobate fine powder at a relatively low temperature of 220°C. The influences of Li-precursors, ammonia solution concentration, reaction temperature and time, as well as Li:Nb mole ratio - which is evidentially the most critical factor promoting a single phase formation - are discussed.

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42

Малышкина, Ольга Витальевна, Кирилл Валерьевич Пацуев, Александра Ивановна Иванова, and Майс Али. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROPERTIES OF SODIUM NIOBATE AND SODIUM - LITHIUM NIOBATE CERAMICS." Physical and Chemical Aspects of the Study of Clusters, Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, no. 13 (December 23, 2021): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/pcascnn/2021.13.278.

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Авторами исследовано влияние температуры синтеза ниобата натрия, на состояние поляризации в образцах керамики чистого ниобата натрия и модифицированного литием. Проведено сравнительное исследование структуры и пироэлектрических свойств полученных образцов. Показано, что введение в качестве модификатора лития приводит к существенному изменению структуры в глубине образцов керамики на основе ниобата натрия. Если в глубине образцов чистого ни ниобата натрия, как и на поверхности, различаются отдельные зерна, то центральная часть керамики ниобата натрия-лития представляет собой сплошной массив, в котором отдельные зерна не наблюдаются. Во всех образцах, кроме чистого ниобата натрия, синтезированного двойным синтезом (первый при 650 °C, второй при 700 °C), установлено существование градиента поляризации по толщине образцов, направленного от стороны, соответствующей положительному концу вектора поляризации к стороне, соответствующей отрицательному концу вектора поляризации. The authors studied the effect of the temperature of sodium niobate synthesis on the state of polarization in ceramic samples of pure sodium niobate and modified with lithium. A comparative study of the structure and pyroelectric properties of the obtained samples has been carried out. It is shown that the introduction of lithium as a modifier leads to a significant change in the structure in the depth of ceramic samples based on sodium niobate. If in the depth of the pure sodium niobate samples, as well as on the surface, there are individual grains, then the central part of the sodium niobate-lithium niobate ceramics is a continuous mass in which individual grains are not observed. In all samples, except for pure sodium niobate, which was synthesized by double synthesis (the first at 650 °C, the second at 700 °C), the existence of a polarization gradient along the thickness of the samples was established. The gradient is directed from the side corresponding to the positive end of the polarization vector to the side corresponding to the negative end of the polarization vector.

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Ali, Rana Faryad, and Byron D. Gates. "Elucidating the role of precursors in synthesizing single crystalline lithium niobate nanomaterials: a study of effects of lithium precursors on nanoparticle quality." Nanoscale 13, no. 5 (2021): 3214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr08652e.

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Zhang, Nana, Xishi Tai, Xiaoru Pan, Mingjun Song, and Jiyang Wang. "Growth and Thermal Properties of Mg-Doped Lithium Isotope Niobate (Mg:7LiNbO3) Crystal." Crystals 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8080313.

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An Mg-doped isotope lithium niobate (Mg:7LiNbO3) crystal was successfully grown from 7LiOH, Nb2O5, and MgO using the Crozchralski method. The weight of the as-grown crystal with good quality was about 40 g. The crystal structure was determined as an R3c space group using the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) method, and the crystal composition (Li%) determined using the Raman mode linewidth method was 49.29%. The average transmittance of the crystal in the range of 500–2500 nm was approximately 72%. Various thermal properties, including the specific heat (Cp), the thermal expansion coefficient (α), the thermal diffusion coefficient (λ), and the thermal conductivity (κ), were carefully determined and calculated, and the value divergences among Mg:7LiNbO3, the undoped isotope lithium niobate (7LiNbO3), and natural lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystals were mainly related to the differences in microstructure caused by the crystal composition.

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45

Onnom, S., D. Wongratanaphisn, Pitt Supaphol, Pongkaew Udomsamuthirun, T. Nilkamjon, S. Radrang, S. Sonkrua, and S. Payoogthum. "Characterization of LiNbO₃Powder Prepared by Citrate Gel Method." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.153.

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Lithium niobate powder (LiNbO3) were synthesized by citrate gel method using LiNO3, Nb2O5, citric acid and HF as starting materials. LiNO3 was dissolved in distilled water that activated into LiOH. Nb2O5 was dissolved in minimum amount of HF at 370C for 20 h. that activated into NbF5. Then citric acid, LiOH, and NbF5 were mixed in stoichiometric ratio. On heating at 1000C for 3-4 h. a yellowish gel is formed. Lithium niobate powders were obtained after calcination at 550-7000C. The effect of calcination temperature at various temperatures ranging from 5500C to 7000C were investigated. The phase and chemical composition of the synthesized powders were characterized by using XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR and EDX. We found that the lithium niobate crystallize phase formed when the calcination temperature at 6500C with average particle size of around 100 nm .

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46

Luo, Tiancheng, Wenjuan Liu, Zhiwei Wen, Ying Xie, Xin Tong, Yao Cai, Yan Liu, and Chengliang Sun. "A High-Sensitivity Gravimetric Biosensor Based on S1 Mode Lamb Wave Resonator." Sensors 22, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 5912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155912.

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The development of MEMS acoustic resonators meets the increasing demand for in situ detection with a higher performance and smaller size. In this paper, a lithium niobate film-based S1 mode Lamb wave resonator (HF-LWR) for high-sensitivity gravimetric biosensing is proposed. The fabricated resonators, based on a 400-nm X-cut lithium niobate film, showed a resonance frequency over 8 GHz. Moreover, a PMMA layer was used as the mass-sensing layer, to study the performance of the biosensors based on HF-LWRs. Through optimizing the thickness of the lithium niobate film and the electrode configuration, the mass sensitivity of the biosensor could reach up to 74,000 Hz/(ng/cm2), and the maximum value of figure of merit (FOM) was 5.52 × 107, which shows great potential for pushing the performance boundaries of gravimetric-sensitive acoustic biosensors.

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47

Maeder, Andreas, Helena Weigand, and Rachel Grange. "Lithium niobate on insulator from classical to quantum photonic devices." Photoniques, no. 116 (2022): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/202211648.

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Integrated photonics is becoming more and more multifunctional thanks to the recent availability of an established material, lithium niobate, as thin films of less than 1 micron thickness. Overcoming key fabrication challenges has put this platform on its way to achieve scalability. Here, we show the performances of integrated and free space devices such as electrooptic modulators and active metasurfaces. Finally, we mention possible roles of lithium niobate on insulator in quantum photonics.

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48

Walker, N. G., G. R. Walker, J. Davidson, D. C. Cunningham, A. R. Beaumont, and R. C. Booth. "Lithium niobate waveguide polarisation convertor." Electronics Letters 24, no. 2 (1988): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19880068.

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49

Golenitsev-Kutuzov, A. V., and R. I. Kalimullin. "Photoinduced domains in lithium niobate." Physics of the Solid State 40, no. 3 (March 1998): 489–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1130316.

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Myasnikova, T. P., and A. É. Myasnikova. "Optical spectra of lithium niobate." Physics of the Solid State 45, no. 12 (December 2003): 2338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1635508.

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