Journal articles: 'Lithium-ion battery cells'

1

Liu, Hong Rui, and Chao Ying Xia. "An Active Equalizer for Serially Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Cells." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.809.

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This paper proposes an equalizer for serially connected Lithium-ion battery cells. The battery cell with the lowest state of charge (SOC) is charged by the equalizer during the process of charging and discharging, and the balancing current is constant and controllable. Three unbalanced lithium-ion battery cells in series are selected as the experimental object by this paper. The discharging current under a certain UDDS and 20A charging current are used to complete respectively one time balancing experiment of discharging and charging to the three lithium-ion battery cells. The validity of the balancing strategy is confirmed in this paper according to the experimental results.

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Madani, Seyed Saeed, Erik Schaltz, and Søren Knudsen Kær. "Applying Different Configurations for the Thermal Management of a Lithium Titanate Oxide Battery Pack." Electrochem 2, no. 1 (January 23, 2021): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2010005.

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This investigation’s primary purpose was to illustrate the cooling mechanism within a lithium titanate oxide lithium-ion battery pack through the experimental measurement of heat generation inside lithium titanate oxide batteries. Dielectric water/glycol (50/50), air and dielectric mineral oil were selected for the lithium titanate oxide battery pack’s cooling purpose. Different flow configurations were considered to study their thermal effects. Within the lithium-ion battery cells in the lithium titanate oxide battery pack, a time-dependent amount of heat generation, which operated as a volumetric heat source, was employed. It was assumed that the lithium-ion batteries within the battery pack had identical initial temperature conditions in all of the simulations. The lithium-ion battery pack was simulated by ANSYS to determine the temperature gradient of the cooling system and lithium-ion batteries. Simulation outcomes demonstrated that the lithium-ion battery pack’s temperature distributions could be remarkably influenced by the flow arrangement and fluid coolant type.

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Madani, Seyed Saeed. "Characterization Investigation of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells." ECS Transactions 99, no. 1 (December 12, 2020): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/09901.0065ecst.

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Buga, Mihaela, Alexandru Rizoiu, Constantin Bubulinca, Silviu Badea, Mihai Balan, Alexandru Ciocan, and Alin Chitu. "Study of LiFePO4 Electrode Morphology for Li-Ion Battery Performance." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 3 (April 15, 2018): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.3.6146.

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The paper focuses on the development of lithium-ion battery cathode based on lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). Li-ion battery cathodes were manufactured using the new Battery R&D Production Line from ROM-EST Centre, the first and only facility in Romania, capable of fabricating the industry standard 18650 lithium-ion cells, customized pouch cells and CR2032 cells. The cathode configuration contains acetylene black (AB), LiFePO4, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as binder and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent. X-ray diffraction measurements and SEM-EDS analysis were conducted to obtain structural and morphological information for the as-prepared electrodes.

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Kurfer, Jakob. "Design of Assembly Systems for Large-Scale Battery Cells." Advanced Materials Research 769 (September 2013): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.769.11.

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The social and technical trends regarding electro mobility and the turnaround in energy policy cause an increasing demand on large-scale and high-quality lithium-ion cells as core components for electrical storage systems. Within the production of lithium-ion cells, cell assembly has to deal with diverse challenges which result from product complexity and a lack of production experience. This paper covers the design of assembly systems for large-scale lithium-ion cells and presents the enhancement of conventional design processes by three add-on modules. The first one is an analysis of product structure and design focus points and is described in this paper. The modules two and three are outlined.

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Wang, Lizhi, Yusheng Sun, Xiaohong Wang, Zhuo Wang, and Xuejiao Zhao. "Reliability Modeling Method for Lithium-ion Battery Packs Considering the Dependency of Cell Degradations Based on a Regression Model and Copulas." Materials 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2019): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071054.

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Lithium-ion batteries are widely used as basic power supplies and storage units for large-scale electric drive products such as electric vehicles. Their reliability is directly related to the life and safe operation of the electric drive products. In fact, the cells have a dependent relationship with the degradation process and they affect the degradation rate of the entire battery pack, thereby affecting its reliability. At present, most research focuses on the reliability of battery packs and assumes that their cells are independent of each other, which may cause the reliability of the evaluation to deviate greatly from the actual level. In order to accurately assess the reliability of lithium-ion batteries, it is necessary to build a reliability model considering the dependency among cells for the overall degradation of lithium-ion battery packs. Therefore, in this study, based on a lithium-ion battery degradation test, the Wiener process is used to analyze the reliability of four basic configurations of lithium-ion battery packs. According to the degradation data of the battery packs, the Copula function is used to quantitatively describe the dependent relationship in the degradation process of a single battery, and the quantitative dependent relationship is combined with the reliability model to form a new reliability model. Finally, taking the battery system of Tesla S as an example, a feasible optimization method for battery pack design is provided based on the model constructed in this work.

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Wu, Yi, Youren Wang, Winco K. C. Yung, and Michael Pecht. "Ultrasonic Health Monitoring of Lithium-Ion Batteries." Electronics 8, no. 7 (July 3, 2019): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070751.

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Because of the complex physiochemical nature of the lithium-ion battery, it is difficult to identify the internal changes that lead to battery degradation and failure. This study develops an ultrasonic sensing technique for monitoring the commercial lithium-ion pouch cells and demonstrates this technique through experimental studies. Data fusion analysis is implemented using the ultrasonic sensing data to construct a new battery health indicator, thus extending the capabilities of traditional battery management systems. The combination of the ultrasonic sensing and data fusion approach is validated and shown to be effective for degradation assessment as well as early failure indication.

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Stuart, Thomas A., and Wei Zhu. "Modularized battery management for large lithium ion cells." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 1 (January 2011): 458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.04.055.

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9

Duraisamy, Thiruvonasundari, and Kaliyaperumal Deepa. "Evaluation and Comparative Study of Cell Balancing Methods for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.34484.

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Vehicle manufacturers positioned electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as reliable, safe and environmental friendly alternative to traditional fuel based vehicles. Charging EVs using renewable energy resources reduce greenhouse emissions. The Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries used in EVs are susceptible to failure due to voltage imbalance when connected to form a pack. Hence, it requires a proper balancing system categorised into passive and active systems based on the working principle. It is the prerogative of a battery management system (BMS) designer to choose an appropriate system depending on the application. This study compares and evaluates passive balancing system against widely used inductor based active balancing system in order to select an appropriate balancing scheme addressing battery efficiency and balancing speed for E-vehicle segment (E-bike, E-car and E-truck). The balancing systems are implemented using “top-balancing” algorithm which balance the cells voltages near the end of charge for better accuracy and effective balancing. The most important characteristics of the balancing systems such as degree of imbalance, power loss and temperature variation are determined by their influence on battery performance and cost. To enhance the battery life, Matlab-Simscape simulation-based analysis is performed in order to fine tune the cell balancing system for the optimal usage of the battery pack. For the simulation requirements, the battery model parameters are obtained using least-square fitting algorithm on the data obtained through electro chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test. The achieved balancing time of the passive and active cell balancer for fourteen cells were 48 and 20 min for the voltage deviation of 30 mV. Also, the recorded balancing time was 215 and 42 min for the voltage deviation of 200 mV.

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Duraisamy, Thiruvonasundari, and Kaliyaperumal Deepa. "Evaluation and Comparative Study of Cell Balancing Methods for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.0.34484.

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Vehicle manufacturers positioned electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as reliable, safe and environmental friendly alternative to traditional fuel based vehicles. Charging EVs using renewable energy resources reduce greenhouse emissions. The Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries used in EVs are susceptible to failure due to voltage imbalance when connected to form a pack. Hence, it requires a proper balancing system categorised into passive and active systems based on the working principle. It is the prerogative of a battery management system (BMS) designer to choose an appropriate system depending on the application. This study compares and evaluates passive balancing system against widely used inductor based active balancing system in order to select an appropriate balancing scheme addressing battery efficiency and balancing speed for E-vehicle segment (E-bike, E-car and E-truck). The balancing systems are implemented using “top-balancing” algorithm which balance the cells voltages near the end of charge for better accuracy and effective balancing. The most important characteristics of the balancing systems such as degree of imbalance, power loss and temperature variation are determined by their influence on battery performance and cost. To enhance the battery life, Matlab-Simscape simulation-based analysis is performed in order to fine tune the cell balancing system for the optimal usage of the battery pack. For the simulation requirements, the battery model parameters are obtained using least-square fitting algorithm on the data obtained through electro chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test. The achieved balancing time of the passive and active cell balancer for fourteen cells were 48 and 20 min for the voltage deviation of 30 mV. Also, the recorded balancing time was 215 and 42 min for the voltage deviation of 200 mV.

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Liu, Yiqun, Y. Gene Liao, and Ming-Chia Lai. "Transient Temperature Distributions on Lithium-Ion Polymer SLI Battery." Vehicles 1, no. 1 (July 25, 2019): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles1010008.

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Lithium-ion polymer batteries currently are the most popular vehicle onboard electric energy storage systems ranging from the 12 V/24 V starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) battery to the high-voltage traction battery pack in hybrid and electric vehicles. The operating temperature has a significant impact on the performance, safety, and cycle lifetime of lithium-ion batteries. It is essential to quantify the heat generation and temperature distribution of a battery cell, module, and pack during different operating conditions. In this paper, the transient temperature distributions across a battery module consisting of four series-connected lithium-ion polymer battery cells are measured under various charging and discharging currents. A battery thermal model, correlated with the experimental data, is built in the module-level in the ANSYS/Fluent platform. This validated module thermal model is then extended to a pack thermal model which contains four parallel-connected modules. The temperature distributions on the battery pack model are simulated under 40 A, 60 A, and 80 A constant discharge currents. An air-cool thermal management system is integrated with the battery pack model to ensure the operating temperature and temperature gradient within the optimal range. This paper could provide thermal management design guideline for the lithium-ion polymer battery pack.

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Nenadic, Nenad G., Thomas A. Trabold, and Michael G. Thurston. "Cell Replacement Strategies for Lithium Ion Battery Packs." Batteries 6, no. 3 (July 23, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries6030039.

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The economic value of high-capacity battery systems, being used in a wide variety of automotive and energy storage applications, is strongly affected by the duration of their service lifetime. Because many battery systems now feature a very large number of individual cells, it is necessary to understand how cell-to-cell interactions can affect durability, and how to best replace poorly performing cells to extend the lifetime of the entire battery pack. This paper first examines the baseline results of aging individual cells, then aging of cells in a representative 3S3P battery pack, and compares them to the results of repaired packs. The baseline results indicate nearly the same rate of capacity fade for single cells and those aged in a pack; however, the capacity variation due to a few degrees changes in room temperature (≃±3 ∘ C) is significant (≃±1.5% of capacity of new cell) compared to the percent change of capacity over the battery life cycle in primary applications (≃20–30%). The cell replacement strategies investigation considers two scenarios: early life failure, where one cell in a pack fails prematurely, and building a pack from used cells for less demanding applications. Early life failure replacement found that, despite mismatches in impedance and capacity, a new cell can perform adequately within a pack of moderately aged cells. The second scenario for reuse of lithium ion battery packs examines the problem of assembling a pack for less-demanding applications from a set of aged cells, which exhibit more variation in capacity and impedance than their new counterparts. The cells used in the aging comparison part of the study were deeply discharged, recovered, assembled in a new pack, and cycled. We discuss the criteria for selecting the aged cells for building a secondary pack and compare the performance and coulombic efficiency of the secondary pack to the pack built from new cells and the repaired pack. The pack that employed aged cells performed well, but its efficiency was reduced.

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13

Di, Yi, Suping Jia, Xiaoshuang Yan, Junfei Liang, and Shengliang Hu. "Available photo-charging integrated device constructed with dye-sensitized solar cells and lithium-ion battery." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 3 (2020): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj05367k.

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The development of self-chargeable lithium-ion batteries is of great significance for expanding the usable range of the lithium-ion battery and it has received intensive attention from numerous researchers.

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Wardayanti, Ari, Roni Zakaria, Wahyudi Sutopo, and Bendjamin Benny Louhenapessy. "Supplier Selection Model of the Lithium-ion Battery using Fuzzy AHP and Analysis of BOCR." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Technology 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31427/ijstt.2018.1.1.1.

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Although the demand for the lithium-ion battery for electronic consumers and electric vehicles in Indonesia is high, there is no supplier coming from the local manufacturer. The proper selection of suppliers is required by some lithium-ion battery manufacturers (cells, modules, and packs), and Research and Development (R&D) center of the lithium-ion battery with the consideration not only in benefits and cost but also in opportunities and risks. It is important that experts assist the manufacturers and R&D to procure the lithium-ion (materials and cells), through transparent methods that seek a quantitative model to select the right supplier. The main objective of this study is to propose an analytical approach to select suppliers which incorporate Benefits, Opportunities, Costs and Risks (BOCR) concept that comply with the characteristics of the lithium-ion battery industries. A fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model is developed by accommodating the vagueness and inaccuracies of expert elections. The result of this research is development of the model obtained from 2 questionnaires given to the expert. Questionnaire 1 was made for the determination of criteria and sub-criteria, while Questionnaire 2 aims to perform pairwise comparisons of existing criteria and sub-criteria. In the selection of the lithium-ion battery suppliers, there are 11 criteria and 40 sub-criteria which are considered. Those criteria are divided into 4 merits and known for their respective global priorities.

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15

Madani, Seyed Saeed, Erik Schaltz, and Søren Knudsen Kær. "Characterization of the Compressive Load on a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Application." Machines 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9040071.

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Lithium-ion batteries are being implemented in different large-scale applications, including aerospace and electric vehicles. For these utilizations, it is essential to improve battery cells with a great life cycle because a battery substitute is costly. For their implementation in real applications, lithium-ion battery cells undergo extension during the course of discharging and charging. To avoid disconnection among battery pack ingredients and deformity during cycling, compacting force is exerted to battery packs in electric vehicles. This research used a mechanical design feature that can address these issues. This investigation exhibits a comprehensive description of the experimental setup that can be used for battery testing under pressure to consider lithium-ion batteries’ safety, which could be employed in electrified transportation. Besides, this investigation strives to demonstrate how exterior force affects a lithium-ion battery cell’s performance and behavior corresponding to static exterior force by monitoring the applied pressure at the dissimilar state of charge. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used as the primary technique for this research. It was concluded that the profiles of the achieved spectrums from the experiments seem entirely dissimilar in comparison with the cases without external pressure. By employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was noticed that the pure ohmic resistance, which is related to ion transport resistance of the separator, could substantially result in the corresponding resistance increase.

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Xia, Bizhong, Yadi Yang, Jie Zhou, Guanghao Chen, Yifan Liu, Huawen Wang, Mingwang Wang, and Yongzhi Lai. "Using Self Organizing Maps to Achieve Lithium-Ion Battery Cells Multi-Parameter Sorting Based on Principle Components Analysis." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152980.

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Battery sorting is an important process in the production of lithium battery module and battery pack for electric vehicles (EVs). Accurate battery sorting can ensure good consistency of batteries for grouping. This study investigates the mechanism of inconsistency of battery packs and process of battery sorting on the lithium-ion battery module production line. Combined with the static and dynamic characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, the battery parameters on the production line that can be used as a sorting basis are analyzed, and the parameters of battery mass, volume, resistance, voltage, charge/discharge capacity and impedance characteristics are measured. The data of batteries are processed by the principal component analysis (PCA) method in statistics, and after analysis, the parameters of batteries are obtained. Principal components are used as sorting variables, and the self-organizing map (SOM) neural network is carried out to cluster the batteries. Group experiments are carried out on the separated batteries, and state of charge (SOC) consistency of the batteries is achieved to verify that the sorting algorithm and sorting result is accurate.

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Schröder, Robert, Muhammed Aydemir, and Günther Seliger. "Comparatively Assessing different Shapes of Lithium-ion Battery Cells." Procedia Manufacturing 8 (2017): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.02.013.

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Wagner, Sebastian, Alexander Oberland, and Thomas Turek. "Analytical Approach for Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells." Energy Technology 4, no. 12 (September 5, 2016): 1543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.201600137.

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Zun, Chan-Yong, Sang-Uk Park, and Hyung-Soo Mok. "New Cell Balancing Charging System Research for Lithium-ion Batteries." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061393.

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With recent advancements in the electrical industry, the demand for high capacity and high energy density batteries has increased, subsequently increasing the demand for fast and reliable battery charging. A battery is an assembly of a plurality of cells, in which maintaining a balance between neighboring cells is crucial for stable charging. To this end, various methods have been applied to battery management systems. Representative methods for maintaining the balance in battery cells include a passive method of adjusting the balance using a resistor and an active method involving the exchange of energy between the cells. However, these methods are limited in terms of efficiency, lifespan, and charging time. Therefore, in this study, we propose a new charging method at the battery cell level and demonstrate its effectiveness through experiments.

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Ivan, Md Nahian Al Subri, Sujit Devnath, Rethwan Faiz, and Kazi Firoz Ahmed. "Reliability Analysis of Different Cell Configurations of Lithium ion battery Pack." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v18i2.40.

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To infer and predict the reliability of the remaining useful life of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is very significant in the sectors associated with power source proficiency. As an energy source of electric vehicles (EV), Li-ion battery is getting attention due to its lighter weight and capability of storing higher energy. Problems with the reliability arises while li-ion batteries of higher voltages are required. As in this case several li-ion cells areconnected in series and failure of one cell may cause the failure of the whole battery pack. In this paper, Firstly, the capacity degradation of li-ion cells after each cycle is observed and secondly with the help of MATLAB 2016 a mathematical model is developed using Weibull Probability Distribution and Exponential Distribution to find the reliability of different types of cell configurations of a non-redundant li-ion battery pack. The mathematical model shows that the parallel-series configuration of cells is more reliable than the series configuration of cells. The mathematical model also shows that if the discharge rate (C-rate) remains constant; there could be an optimum number for increasing the cells in the parallel module of a parallel-series onfiguration of cells of a non-redundant li-ion battery pack; after which only increasing the number of cells in parallel module doesn’t increase the reliability of the whole battery pack significantly.

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Soares, Rudi, Alexander Bessman, Oskar Wallmark, Göran Lindbergh, and Pontus Svens. "An Experimental Setup with Alternating Current Capability for Evaluating Large Lithium-Ion Battery Cells." Batteries 4, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4030038.

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In the majority of applications using lithium-ion batteries, batteries are exposed to some harmonic content apart from the main charging/discharging current. The understanding of the effects that alternating currents have on batteries requires specific characterization methods and accurate measurement equipment. The lack of commercial battery testers with high alternating current capability simultaneously to the ability of operating at frequencies above 200 Hz, led to the design of the presented experimental setup. Additionally, the experimental setup expands the state-of-the-art of lithium-ion batteries testers by incorporating relevant lithium-ion battery cell characterization routines, namely hybrid pulse power current, incremental capacity analysis and galvanic intermittent titration technique. In this paper the hardware and the measurement capabilities of the experimental setup are presented. Moreover, the measurements errors due to the setup’s instruments were analysed to ensure lithium-ion batteries cell characterization quality. Finally, this paper presents preliminary results of capacity fade tests where 28 Ah cells were cycled with and without the injection of 21 A alternating at 1 kHz. Up to 300 cycles, no significant fade in cell capacity may be measured, meaning that alternating currents may not be as harmful for lithium-ion batteries as considered so far.

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Song, Ding, Yue Hua Niu, Jie Xing, and Jing Mei Zhu. "Cell Equalization System for Li-Ion Battery Management Based on Fly-Back DC/AC Convertor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 614 (September 2014): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.614.227.

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Cell equalization acts an important role on the battery life preserving for space application. This paper describes a lithium ion battery cell equalization method for spacecraft that employs innovative design features in power subsystem. The scheme proposed for balancing the battery pack relies on energy conversion devices as it uses transformers to move energy from high voltage cells to low voltage cells without energy loss. The method employs bi-directional forward DC-AC converters, plus a unique common node to provide autonomous charge distribution. It also supports individual cell voltage monitoring, telemetry data. Multisim is used to analyze the function and performance, experimental result proves that the method is effective for Lithium Ion battery equalization.

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Zhang, Chuanwei, Yikun Li, Jing Huang, Zhan Xia, and Jinpeng Liu. "Research on Alternating Equalization Control Systems for Lithium-Ion Cells Charging." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3 (August 10, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030114.

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Lithium-ion batteries which are used in electric vehicles cannot be charged to their maximum capacity at the end of the charging period, a situation which is caused by inconsistency between the battery cells. This paper takes the 18650 ternary lithium battery as the research object and proposes an alternate equalization control system in the charging process. This system takes SOC consistency to be the equalization variable. Through controlling the relay, this system realizes the alternate recombination between different batteries in order to form a series battery group for charging, which achieves the goal of SOC equalization of the entire battery group. The simulation result of charge equalization, based on Matlab/Simulink, shows that at the end of the charging simulation, the SOC inconsistency of the battery group reduced from 10% to 1%. Finally, an experimental platform was built in order to verify the experiment. During the charge balance experiment, the maximum SOC inconsistency between the batteries reduced from 1.542% to 1.035%. The SOC inconsistency at the end of charging reduced from 1.214% to 0.8%, which represents an improvement of the equalization effect of the control system. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results, which proves the effectiveness of the system’s ability to control the battery SOC balance during the charging process.

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Li, Maode, Chuan He, and Jinkui Zheng. "Simulation of heat dissipation model of lithium-ion battery pack." E3S Web of Conferences 300 (2021): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130001014.

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Lithium-ion power battery has become an important part of power battery. According to the performance and characteristics of lithiumion power battery, the influence of current common charge and discharge and different cooling methods on battery performance was analysed in this paper. According to the software simulation, in the 5C charge-discharge cycle, the maximum temperature of the cells with regular arrangement is 57.97°C, the maximum temperature of the cells with staggered arrangement is 55.83°C, and the maximum temperature of phase change cooling is 47.42°C. The most important thing is that the temperature difference between the cells with phase change cooling is only 5.5°C. Some simulation results of air cooling and phase change show that phase change cooling can control the heat dissipation and temperature rise of power battery well. The research in this paper can provide better theoretical guidance for the temperature rise, heat transfer and thermal management of automotive power battery.

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Yao, Koffi P. C., John S. Okasinski, Kaushik Kalaga, Ilya A. Shkrob, and Daniel P. Abraham. "Quantifying lithium concentration gradients in the graphite electrode of Li-ion cells using operando energy dispersive X-ray diffraction." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 2 (2019): 656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee02373e.

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Lagraoui, Mouhssine, Ali Nejmi, Hassan Rayhane, and Abderrahim Taouni. "Estimation of lithium-ion battery state-of-charge using an extended kalman filter." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 1759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i4.3082.

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The main goal of a battery management system (BMS) is to estimate parameters descriptive of the battery pack operating conditions in real-time. One of the most critical aspects of BMS systems is estimating the battery's state of charge (SOC). However, in the case of a lithium-ion battery, it is not easy to provide an accurate estimate of the state of charge. In the present paper we propose a mechanism based on an extended kalman filter (EKF) to improve the state-of-charge estimation accuracy on lithium-ion cells. The paper covers the cell modeling and the system parameters identification requirements, the experimental tests, and results analysis. We first established a mathematical model representing the dynamics of a cell. We adopted a model that comprehends terms that describe the dynamic parameters like SOC, open-circuit voltage, transfer resistance, ohmic loss, diffusion capacitance, and resistance. Then, we performed the appropriate battery discharge tests to identify the parameters of the model. Finally, the EKF filter applied to the cell test data has shown high precision in SOC estimation, even in a noisy system.

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Fuchs, Georg, Lisa Willenberg, Florian Ringbeck, and Dirk Uwe Sauer. "Post-Mortem Analysis of Inhomogeneous Induced Pressure on Commercial Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells and Their Effects." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 6738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236738.

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This work conducts a post-mortem analysis of a cycled commercial lithium-ion pouch cell under an induced inhomogeneous pressure by using a stainless-steel sphere as a force transmitter to induce an inhomogeneous pressure distribution on a cycled lithium-ion battery. After the cycling, a macroscopic and microscopic optical analysis of the active and passive materials was executed. Also, scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze active material particles. The sphere shape results in a heterogenic pressure distribution on the lithium-ion battery and induces a ring of locally high electrochemical activity, which leads to lithium plating. Furthermore, a surface layer found on the anode, which is a possible cause of electrolyte degradation at the particle–electrolyte interface. Significant deformation and destruction of particles by the local pressure was observed on the cathode. The analysis results validate previous simulations and theories regarding lithium plating on edge effects. These results show that pressure has a strong influence on electrolyte-soaked active materials.

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Reinhart, Gunther, Jakob Kurfer, Markus Westermeier, and Tobias Zeilinger. "Integrated Product and Process Model for Production System Design and Quality Assurance for EV Battery Cells." Advanced Materials Research 907 (April 2014): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.907.365.

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The megatrend electric mobility induces a significant demand for high energy and high power secondary batteries. Currently lithium-ion technologies are the most promising solution for electrochemical energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) [1; .Core factors that influence the quality, the performance and the cost of high energy lithium-ion batteries are production technologies, quality measurement techniques and quality management methods [3; . For this reason the Institute for Machine Tools and Industrial Management set up the Research Center for the Production of High-Energy Battery Cells (R-PHEB). In this research center production technologies are investigated according to industrial requirements. Research thrust areas are: first, process and assembly system design; second, quality assurance and management; and third, value chain analysis and design.The mass production of large lithium-ion cells for EV applications is an infant industry; new production technologies are often used in this field [. Hence, the influences of those processes on product properties are not known and the product quality can be evaluated only after the final production step. In order to obtain a resource efficient and economic production of lithium-ion cells, the correlations between the cell performance, the cell quality, the production processes and the assembly system design need to be revealed.This paper focuses on fundamental investigations of the process chain for the production of lithium-ion cells. It introduces a product-and a process-model, both of which specifically match the requirements in the field of battery production. The models can be used individually to describe the product structure or the process chain. Additionally they can be linked via a correlation matrix in order to visualize the dependencies between the requirement specifications of lithium-ion cells and the manufacturing processes (including process alternatives). Both models are based on a layered structure and contain information about battery cell design, battery type and production processes covering all tasks from coating the electrode coils to the start-of-operation of the cells.The product-model, the process-model and the correlation matrix will be implemented in a database, which in the future can be used for the methodical design of assembly systems as well as to investigate the correlations between process parameters and output quality. Furthermore, the database can assist when evaluating established process chains or preparing make-or-buy decisions in the context of battery cell production.

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Yuk, Sunwoo, Kiwon Choi, Sang-Geon Park, and Sukmin Lee. "A Study on the Reliability Test of a Lithium Battery in Medical Electric Wheelchairs for Vulnerable Drivers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112299.

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There are test items for lithium-ion batteries in reliability testing for automobiles and motorcycles, but equivalent test items have not yet been established for mobility scooters (also known as electronic wheelchairs). To evaluate the lithium-ion battery pack or system mounted on a mobility scooter, it is necessary to test vibrations and mechanical shock while driving, independent of tests for the lithium-ion battery cells. In an effort to meet this need, test profiles were established for mobility scooter lithium-ion batteries by performing on-road driving tests and mechanical shock tests. The proposed test profiles were validated using robust statistics and proficiency statistics. The safety of the test profiles was tested in a nationally accredited testing laboratory. As a result, the lithium-ion battery mounted on the mobility scooter was found to have incurred no leakage, short circuit, burst, or explosion. The vibration and mechanical shock test profiles proposed in this study are expected to serve as basis data for establishing standards for mobility scooter safety and reliability.

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Soudbakhsh, Damoon, Mehdi Gilaki, William Lynch, Peilin Zhang, Taeyoung Choi, and Elham Sahraei. "Electrical Response of Mechanically Damaged Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174284.

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Lithium-ion batteries have found various modern applications due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge. However, increased use of these batteries has been accompanied by an increase in safety concerns, such as spontaneous fires or explosions due to impact or indentation. Mechanical damage to a battery cell is often enough reason to discard it. However, if an Electric Vehicle is involved in a crash, there is no means to visually inspect all the cells inside a pack, sometimes consisting of thousands of cells. Furthermore, there is no documented report on how mechanical damage may change the electrical response of a cell, which in turn can be used to detect damaged cells by the battery management system (BMS). In this research, we investigated the effects of mechanical deformation on electrical responses of Lithium-ion cells to understand what parameters in electrical response can be used to detect damage where cells cannot be visually inspected. We used charge-discharge cycling data, capacity fade measurement, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in combination with advanced modeling techniques. Our results indicate that many cell parameters may remain unchanged under moderate indentation, which makes detection of a damaged cell a challenging task for the battery pack and BMS designers.

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31

Huang, Haijian, Long Pan, Xi Chen, Elena Tervoort, Alla Sologubenko, and Markus Niederberger. "An advanced cathode material for high-power Li-ion storage full cells with a long lifespan." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 39 (2019): 22444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08000g.

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32

Zheng, Yijing, Lisa Pfäffl, Hans Jürgen Seifert, and Wilhelm Pfleging. "Lithium Distribution in Structured Graphite Anodes Investigated by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 4218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204218.

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For the development of thick film graphite electrodes, a 3D battery concept is applied, which significantly improves lithium-ion diffusion kinetics, high-rate capability, and cell lifetime and reduces mechanical tensions. Our current research indicates that 3D architectures of anode materials can prevent cells from capacity fading at high C-rates and improve cell lifespan. For the further research and development of 3D battery concepts, it is important to scientifically understand the influence of laser-generated 3D anode architectures on lithium distribution during charging and discharging at elevated C-rates. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is applied post-mortem for quantitatively studying the lithium concentration profiles within the entire structured and unstructured graphite electrodes. Space-resolved LIBS measurements revealed that less lithium-ion content could be detected in structured electrodes at delithiated state in comparison to unstructured electrodes. This result indicates that 3D architectures established on anode electrodes can accelerate the lithium-ion extraction process and reduce the formation of inactive materials during electrochemical cycling. Furthermore, LIBS measurements showed that at high C-rates, lithium-ion concentration is increased along the contour of laser-generated structures indicating enhanced lithium-ion diffusion kinetics for 3D anode materials. This result is correlated with significantly increased capacity retention. Moreover, the lithium-ion distribution profiles provide meaningful information about optimizing the electrode architecture with respect to film thickness, pitch distance, and battery usage scenario.

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Öhl, Johannes, Daniel Horn, Jörg Zimmermann, Rudolph Stauber, and Oliver Gutfleisch. "Efficient Process for Li-Ion Battery Recycling via Electrohydraulic Fragmentation." Materials Science Forum 959 (June 2019): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.959.74.

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Lithium-ion batteries are crucial for non-emission technologies, like electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. The growing battery market causes supply risks for affected raw materials like cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and, in the future, lithium. On the other hand, the number of end-of-life Li-ion batteries grows significantly and provides an additional source for these critical materials via recycling. In electrohydraulic fragmentation (EHF), Li-ion battery cells are disintegrated at component interfaces, thus separating those components. Battery materials like cathode active material, graphite, electrode foils and housing parts can be extracted for producing new batteries or for further refining in hydrometallurgical processing. Compared to state-of-the-art pyrometallurgical recycling, the EHF is more energy and cost efficient due to the easy processing to a valuable battery material product.

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Crompton, K. R., and B. J. Landi. "Opportunities for near zero volt storage of lithium ion batteries." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 7 (2016): 2219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ee00836d.

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There are inherent safety risks associated with inactive lithium ion batteries leading to greater restrictions and regulations on shipping and inactive storage. Near zero volt storage under fixed load of all cells in a lithium ion battery is a promising approach to reduce or mitigate these safety risks in a highly controllable manner.

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35

Bonnick, Patrick, and John Muldoon. "The Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde of lithium sulfur batteries." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 12 (2020): 4808–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee02797a.

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Zeng, Fancong, Zhijiang Zuo, Han Li, and Libo Pan. "Thermal Simulation of Power Lithium-ion Battery Module." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301028.

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Thermal management of power lithium-ion battery modules is very important to avoid thermal problems such as overheating and out of control, the study of thermal behavior of battery modules can provide guidance for the design and optimization of modules and thermal management. In this paper, a 3d thermal model of the power lithium-ion battery module is established based on STARCCM+ by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, and a grid independence simulation test is used to determine the number of grids, the temperature distribution is analyzed under the condition of 1C charge current. The research results show that the internal temperature rises gradually with the charge going on, the temperature distribution of the cells is basically symmetrical. When the heat transfer coefficient is 5W/(m2⋅K) and the natural convective air inlet temperature is 300K, the module temperature uniformity is good. But because of the maximum temperature slightly higher than the temperature of thermal runaway, additional cooling methods need to be considered to cool the battery.

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Sun, Bei, and Xue Zhe Wei. "Design of Voltage Monitoring Module of Stacked Lithium-Ion Cells in Series." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 1888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.1888.

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Based on the comparison with the other one of the current mostly used battery monitoring plan and analysis, this paper decides to adopt the architecture of the single battery monitoring module with CAN gateway, paper describes the design of the single battery detection module in every detail, including the description of module architecture, the hardware design and the software design, and this module has been done the off-line test verification, results can meet the requirements of stabilization and reliability.

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Lackner, Anna M., Elena Sherman, Paul O. Braatz, and J. David Margerum. "High performance plastic lithium-ion battery cells for hybrid vehicles." Journal of Power Sources 104, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00816-3.

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Miyatake, So, Yoshihiko Susuki, Takashi Hikihara, Syuichi Itoh, and Kenichi Tanaka. "Discharge characteristics of multicell lithium-ion battery with nonuniform cells." Journal of Power Sources 241 (November 2013): 736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.179.

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Patry, Gaëtan, Alex Romagny, Sébastien Martinet, and Daniel Froelich. "Cost modeling of lithium‐ion battery cells for automotive applications." Energy Science & Engineering 3, no. 1 (October 22, 2014): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ese3.47.

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Ploehn, Harry J., Premanand Ramadass, and Ralph E. White. "Solvent Diffusion Model for Aging of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151, no. 3 (2004): A456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1644601.

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Chen, Dafen, Jiuchun Jiang, Gi-Heon Kim, Chuanbo Yang, and Ahmad Pesaran. "Comparison of different cooling methods for lithium ion battery cells." Applied Thermal Engineering 94 (February 2016): 846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.015.

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43

Seegert, Philipp, Sabrina Herberger, André Loges, and Achim Wiebelt. "Thermal Substitute Cells for Validation of Lithium-ion Battery Systems." ATZelectronics worldwide 15, no. 9 (September 2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38314-020-0242-y.

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44

Ryll, Kerstin, Louisa Hoffmann, Oliver Landrath, Frank Lienesch, and Michael Kurrat. "Key Figure Based Incoming Inspection of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells." Batteries 7, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7010009.

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The cell characterization in the incoming inspection is an important but time and cost intensive process step. In order to obtain reliable parameters to evaluate and classify the cells, it is essential to design the test procedures in such a way that the parameters derived from the data allow the required statements about the cells. Before the focus is placed on the evaluation of cell properties, it is therefore necessary to design the test procedures appropriately. In the scope of the investigations two differently designed incoming inspection routines were carried out on 230 commercial lithium-ion battery cells (LIBs) with the aim of deriving recommendations for optimal test procedures. The derived parameters of the test strategies were compared and statistically evaluated. Subsequently, key figures for the classification were identified. As a conclusion, the capacity was confirmed as an already known important parameter and the average cell voltage was identified as a possibility to replace the usually used internal resistance. With regard to capacity, the integration of CV steps in the discharging processes enables the determination independently from the C-rate. For the average voltage cycles with high C-rates are particularly meaningful because of the significant higher scattering due to the overvoltage parts.

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Tripathy, Yashraj, Andrew McGordon, and Chee Low. "A New Consideration for Validating Battery Performance at Low Ambient Temperatures." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092439.

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Existing validation methods for equivalent circuit models (ECMs) do not capture the effects of operating lithium-ion cells over legislative drive cycles at low ambient temperatures. Unrealistic validation of an ECM may often lead to reduced accuracy in electric vehicle range estimation. In this study, current and power are used to illustrate the different approaches for validating ECMs when operating at low ambient temperatures (−15 °C to 25 °C). It was found that employing a current-based approach leads to under-testing of the performance of lithium-ion cells for various legislative drive cycles (NEDC; FTP75; US06; WLTP-3) compared to the actual vehicle. In terms of energy demands, this can be as much as ~21% for more aggressive drive cycles but even ~15% for more conservative drive cycles. In terms of peak power demands, this can range from ~27% for more conservative drive cycles to ~35% for more aggressive drive cycles. The research findings reported in this paper suggest that it is better to use a power-based approach (with dynamic voltage) rather than a current-based approach (with fixed voltage) to characterise and model the performance of lithium-ion cells for automotive applications, especially at low ambient temperatures. This evidence should help rationalize the approaches in a model-based design process leading to potential improvements in real-world applications for lithium-ion cells.

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Li, Xu Jun, Da Liu, Rui Yan, Yue Qiu Gong, and Yong Pan. "Battery Management System Based on Virtual Instrument." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.725.

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A battery management system (BMS) is described along with important features for protecting and optimizing the performance of large 18650 lithium power battery packs. Of particular interest is the selection of many cells, that is, according to the system needs to choose healthy cells into the system to run. In order to shorten the cycle of research, the paper proposed a BMS based on virtual instrument (VI) data acquisition system. It can monitor parameters such as monomer voltage, total voltage, current, temperature, estimating state of charge (SOC) etc, and it also can control switch when a parameter exceeds the allowed range, the corresponding monomer cell will be automatically cut off the switch and alarm. Experimental results are included for a pack of seven 2.2 Ah (amp-hour) 18650 lithium power cells. It can monitor the status of the lithium-ion battery pack according to the security metrics of 18650 power lithium cells. It can control other types of power batteries by means of modified index.

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Astaneh, Majid, Jelena Andric, Lennart Löfdahl, Dario Maggiolo, Peter Stopp, Mazyar Moghaddam, Michel Chapuis, and Henrik Ström. "Calibration Optimization Methodology for Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Model for Electric Vehicles in Mining Applications." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143532.

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Large-scale introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) to the market sets outstanding requirements for battery performance to extend vehicle driving range, prolong battery service life, and reduce battery costs. There is a growing need to accurately and robustly model the performance of both individual cells and their aggregated behavior when integrated into battery packs. This paper presents a novel methodology for Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack simulations under actual operating conditions of an electric mining vehicle. The validated electrochemical-thermal models of Li-ion battery cells are scaled up into battery modules to emulate cell-to-cell variations within the battery pack while considering the random variability of battery cells, as well as electrical topology and thermal management of the pack. The performance of the battery pack model is evaluated using transient experimental data for the pack operating conditions within the mining environment. The simulation results show that the relative root mean square error for the voltage prediction is 0.7–1.7% and for the battery pack temperature 2–12%. The proposed methodology is general and it can be applied to other battery chemistries and electric vehicle types to perform multi-objective optimization to predict the performance of large battery packs.

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Liu, Yiqun, Y. Gene Liao, and Ming-Chia Lai. "Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery for 12-Voltage Applications: Experiment, Modelling, and Validation." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030638.

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Modelling, simulation, and validation of the 12-volt battery pack using a 20 Ah lithium–nickel–manganese–cobalt–oxide cell is presented in this paper. The cell characteristics influenced by thermal effects are also considered in the modelling. The parameters normalized directly from a single cell experiment are foundations of the model. This approach provides a systematic integration of actual cell monitoring with a module model that contains four cells connected in series. The validated battery module model then is utilized to form a high fidelity 80 Ah 12-volt battery pack with 14.4 V nominal voltage. The battery cell thermal effectiveness and battery module management system functions are constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The experimental tests are carried out in an industry-scale setup with cycler unit, temperature control chamber, and computer-controlled software for battery testing. As the 12-volt lithium-ion battery packs might be ready for mainstream adoption in automotive starting–lighting–ignition (SLI), stop–start engine idling elimination, and stationary energy storage applications, this paper investigates the influence of ambient temperature and charging/discharging currents on the battery performance in terms of discharging voltage and usable capacity. The proposed simulation model provides design guidelines for lithium-ion polymer batteries in electrified vehicles and stationary electric energy storage applications.

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Xu, Yuan, Jian-Wei Zhu, Jun-Bo Fang, Xiao Li, Miao Yu, and Yun-Ze Long. "Electrospun High-Thermal-Resistant Inorganic Composite Nonwoven as Lithium-Ion Battery Separator." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (January 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3879040.

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Separators are key materials to ensure the safety of lithium-ion batteries and improve their performance. Currently, commercial lithium-ion battery separators are mainly polyolefin organic diaphragms, but their temperature instability leads to battery short circuit and fire risk. A flexible SiO2 nanofiber membrane combined with a poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) nanofiber membrane is prepared by an electrospinning method. The mechanical strength of the SiO2/PVDF-HFP composite nanofiber membrane (SPF) is twice as high as the pure SiO2 nanofiber membrane and at 200°C, there are almost no dimensional changes of the SPF separators. Compared to commercial polyethylene (PE) separators, SPF shows excellent thermal stability and large-area closed cells at 180°C when used in lithium-ion battery separators. The porosity of SPF is 89.7%, which is more than twice than that of an ordinary PE separator. The liquid absorption rate of SPF is much higher than an ordinary PE separator and has reached 483%. Furthermore, the cycle and rate performance of lithium-ion batteries prepared by SPF has been improved significantly. These excellent properties, as well as the potential for large-scale production of electrospinning technology, make SPF an ideal choice for high-power battery separators.

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Verasamy, M., M. Faisal, Pin Jern Ker, and M. A. Hannan. "Charging and Discharging Control of Li-Ion Battery Energy Management for Electric Vehicle Application." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22895.

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Electric vehicle (EV) is now replacing the conventional fuel driven vehicle as it has strong contribution to face the challenges of global warming issues. This system has the energy storage device which can be introduced by lithium-ion (li-ion) battery banks. Lithium-ion is mostly popular because of its high capacity and efficiency. Nevertheless, li-ion battery needs protective mechanism to control overcharged or undercharged of the cell that can reduce the life expectancy and efficiency. Hence, a control model needs to develop to enhance the protection of battery. Therefore, the key issue of the research is to investigate the performance of Li-ion battery energy management system (BMS) for electrical vehicle applications by monitoring and balancing the cell voltage level of battery banks using Simulink software. A bidirectional flyback DC-DC converter is investigated in the BMS model to control the undercharging or overcharging of cells. An intelligent charge control algorithm is used for this purpose. Backtracking search optimization algorithm (BSA) is implemented to optimize the parameters for generating regulated PWM signal. Obtained results were observed within the safety operating range of Li-ion battery (3.73 V – 3.87V).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithium-ion battery cells'

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