Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)'

The performance and lifetime of lithium-ion batteries are strongly influenced by their composition. One category of critical components are electrolyte additives, which are included primarily to stabilize electrode/electrolyte interfaces in the battery cells by forming passivation layers. The presented study aimed to identify and study such an additive that could form a hydrogen-evolution-suppressing solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries based on aqueous electrolytes. A promising molecular additive, ethyl 2,2-difluoroacetate (EDFA), was found to hold the qualities required for an SEI former and was herein further analyzed electrochemically. Analysis of the battery cells were performed with linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry with varying scan rate and EDFA concentrations. Results show that both 1 and 10 w-% EDFA in the electrolyte produced hydrogen-evolution-suppressing SEI:s, although the higher concentration provided no apparent benefit. Lithium-ion full-cells based on LiMn2O4 vs. Li4Ti5O12 active materials displayed poor, though partly reversible, dis-/charge cycling despite the operation of the electrode far outside the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte. Inclusion of reference electrodes in the lithium-ion cells proved to be immensely challenging with unpredictable drifts in their electrode potentials during operation. To summarize, HER-suppressing electrolyte additives are demonstrated to be a promising approach to stabilize high-voltage operation of aqueous lithium-ion cells although further studies are necessary before any practical application thereof can be realized. Electrochemical evaluation of the reaction mechanism and efficiency of the electrolyte additives relies however heavily on the use of reference electrodes and further development thereof is necessary.

Le développement futur des véhicules électriques est lié à l’amélioration des performances des batteries qu’ils contiennent. Parallèlement aux recherches sur les nouveaux matériaux ayant des performances supérieures en termes d'énergie, de puissance, de durabilité et de coût, il est nécessaire développer des outils de modélisation pour : (i) simuler l'intégration de la batterie dans la chaine de traction et (ii) pour le système de gestion de la batterie, afin d'améliorer la sécurité et la durabilité. Soit de façon directe (par exemple, la prévention de surcharge ou de l’emballement thermique) soit de façon indirecte (par exemple, les indicateurs de l’état de charge). Les modèles de batterie pourraient aussi être utilisés pour comprendre les phénomènes physiques et les réactions chimiques afin d'améliorer la conception des batteries en fonction des besoins de l’utilisateur et de réduire la durée des phases de test. Dans ce manuscrit, un des modèles les plus communs décrivant les électrodes poreuses des batteries au lithium-ion est revisité. De nombreuses variantes dans la littérature s’inspirent directement du travail mené par le professeur J. Newman et son équipe de chercheurs à l’UC Berkeley. Pourtant relativement peu d’études analysent en détail les capacités prédictives de ce modèle. Dans ce travail, pour étudier ce modèle, toutes les grandeurs physiques sont définies sous une forme adimensionnelle, comme on l'utilise couramment dans la mécanique des fluides : les paramètres qui agissent de manière identique ou opposée sont regroupés et le nombre total de paramètres du modèle est considérablement réduit. Cette étude contient une description critique de la littérature incluant le référencement des paramètres du modèle développé par le groupe de Newman et les techniques utilisées pour les mesurer, ainsi que l’écriture du modèle dans un format adimensionnel pour réduire le nombre de paramètres. Une partie expérimentale décrit les modifications de protocoles mis en œuvre pour améliorer la reproductibilité des essais. Les études effectuées sur le modèle concernent d’une part l’identification des états de lithiation dans la cellule avec un attention particulière sur la précision obtenue, et enfin une prospection numérique pour examiner l’influence de chaque paramètre sur les réponses de la batterie en décharge galvanostatique puis en mode impulsion et relaxation
The future development of electric vehicles is mostly dependent of improvements in battery performances. In support of the actual research of new materials having higher performances in terms of energy, power, durability and cost, it is necessary to develop modeling tools. The models are helpful to simulate integration of the battery in the powertrain and crucial for the battery management system, to improve either direct (e.g. preventing overcharges and thermal runaway) and indirect (e.g. state of charge indicators) safety. However, the battery models could be used to understand its physical phenomena and chemical reactions to improve the battery design according with vehicles requirements and reduce the testing phases. One of the most common model describing the porous electrodes of lithium-ion batteries is revisited. Many variants available in the literature are inspired by the works of prof. J Newman and his research group from UC Berkeley. Yet, relatively few works, to the best of our knowledge, analyze in detail its predictive capability. In the present work, to investigate this model, all the physical quantities are set in a dimensionless form, as commonly used in fluid mechanics: the parameters that act in the same or the opposite ways are regrouped and the total number of simulation parameter is greatly reduced. In a second phase, the influence of the parameter is discussed, and interpreted with the support of the limit cases. The analysis of the discharge voltage and concentration gradients is based on galvanostatic and pulse/relaxation current profiles and compared with tested commercial LGC cells. The simulations are performed with the software Comsol® and the post-processing with Matlab®. Moreover, in this research, the parameters from the literatures are discussed to understand how accurate are the techniques used to parametrize and feed the inputs of the model. Then, our work shows that the electrode isotherms shapes have a significant influence on the accuracy of the evaluation of the states of charges in a complete cell. Finally, the protocols to characterizes the performance of commercial cells at different C-rates are improved to guarantee the reproducibility

Iron oxides, have been widely studied as promising anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for their high capacity (≈ 1000 mA h g-1 for Fe2O3 and Fe3O4,), non-toxicity, and low cost. In this work, β-FeOOH has been evaluated within a LIB half-cell showing an excellent capacity of ≈ 1500 mA h g-1 , superior to Fe2O3 or Fe3O4. Reaction mechanism has been proposed with the assistance of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Various magnetic properties have been suggested for β-FeOOH such as superparamagnetism, antiferromagnetism and complex magnetism, for which, size of the material is believed to play a critical role. Here, we present a size-controlled synthesis of β-FeOOH nanorods. Co-existing superparamagnetism and antiferromagnetism have been revealed in β-FeOOH by using a Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). Compared with the high price of lithium in LIBs, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted increasing attentions for lower cost. Recent studies have reported Na0.44MnO2 to be a promising candidate for cathode material of SIBs. This thesis has approached a novel solid-state synthesis of Na0.44MnO2 whiskers and a nano-scaled open cell for in situ TEM study. Preliminary results show the first-stage fabrication of the cell on a biasing protochip.

Rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are nowadays gaining more and more importance in the storage of clean energy deriving from renewable sources as well as in portable devices applications. Thus, new electrode materials are being studied by several research group in order to constantly improve performances of LIBs. In this context, the aim of this thesis work was to synthesize, characterize and test cycling properties of two new cathodic materials: iron nitroprusside and its degradation product, called Fe(CN)O. Cubic iron nitroprusside as well as Fe(CN)O were successfully co-precipitated and thence investigated by means of different techniques such as Mössbauer spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, ATR-FTIR and X-rays techniques (XRD, WDX and SEM-EDX). Good cycling properties were registered for both the materials in LIBs and post-lithium systems such as Na and K-ion batteries. In situ analysis confirmed the hypothesis of a reversible reaction between materials and lithium ions occurring in the potential range of 1.7 - 4.2 V vs.Li + /Li.

Hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks (N-GFs) are fabricated through the ice-templating of GO with polyethylenimine and the thermal treatment of the resultant hybrids. As cathode materials in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the obtained N-GFs exhibit an outstanding specific capacity of 379 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 for 2500 cycles. Even at an ultrahigh current density of 5 A g−1, the N-GFs maintain a capacity of 94 mA h g−1, superior to that of most reported LIB cathode materials. The experimental results and quantum mechanics calculations suggest that pyridinic-like N and pyridinic N-oxide in graphene are responsible for the excellent cathodic performance of the bipolar N-GFs by providing fast surface faradaic reactions with both p- and n-doped states.

Hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks (N-GFs) are fabricated through the ice-templating of GO with polyethylenimine and the thermal treatment of the resultant hybrids. As cathode materials in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the obtained N-GFs exhibit an outstanding specific capacity of 379 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 for 2500 cycles. Even at an ultrahigh current density of 5 A g−1, the N-GFs maintain a capacity of 94 mA h g−1, superior to that of most reported LIB cathode materials. The experimental results and quantum mechanics calculations suggest that pyridinic-like N and pyridinic N-oxide in graphene are responsible for the excellent cathodic performance of the bipolar N-GFs by providing fast surface faradaic reactions with both p- and n-doped states.

With the increasing usage of electronics powered by lithium ion batteries, it is more and more importantto improve the recycling process. The current study is focused on reducing graphite content of disposedlithium batteries to aid the further treatment of the batteries. In larger picture, an increase of efficiencyleads to a less cost and less loss of material in recycling process. The approach used is to reduce graphitecontent by the agglomerated flotation, using the natural hydrophobicity of graphite. This approach candecrease the percentage of this mineral in the further recycling process of LIBs where the actual focus arethe valuable metals as lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese. The results and conditions of flotation arecompared in cases where flotation feed material is the bulk material or thermally treated one.

Des matériaux lamellaires d'électrode positive pour batteries lithium-ion, de formule Li1+x(Ni0.425Mn0.425Co0.15)1-xO2 (0 < x < 0.12), ont été synthétisés par coprécipitation. Leurs propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques ont été caractérisées par diffraction (rayons X, neutrons et électrons), spectroscopie XPS, mesures magnétiques ... La surlithiation (Li / (Ni+Mn+Co) > 1) entraîne la présence de lithium en excès dans le site des métaux de transition. Une surstructure de type v3.ahex. x v3.a hex. analogue à celle observée pour Li2MnO3 a été mise en évidence par diffraction électronique. Les propriétés électrochimiques et les modifications structurales observées au cours du cyclage ont été caractérisées pour ces matériaux. La surlithiation entraîne la présence d'un " plateau " de potentiel à ~ 4.5V/Li pour le système Li // Li(Ni0.425Mn0.425Co0.15)0.88O2 ; celui-ci a été associé à des changements structuraux irréversibles mettant en jeu une réorganisation cationique dans les feuillets et une perte d'oxygène.

Deux approches ont été considérées pour l’optimisation de matériaux lamellaires d’électrode positive pour batteries lithium-ion de type Li1+x(Ni1/2-yMn1/2-yCo2y)1-xO2 : la modification de surface (coating) et la substitution partielle. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que la substitution anionique du fluor à l’oxygène n’était pas effective contrairement aux hypothèses proposées dans la littérature par certains auteurs, mais qu’en réalité une couche de LiF était formée à la surface de ces matériaux, quelle que soit la voie de synthèse utilisée. Ces matériaux "coatés" présentent néanmoins une cyclabilité améliorée en batterie au lithium. Leurs propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques ont été caractérisées en combinant notamment la diffraction des rayons X, la spectroscopie RMN MAS du 7Li et du 19F et la spectroscopie d’électrons Auger. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l’effet de la substitution de l’aluminium (électrochimiquement inerte) au cobalt au sein de ces matériaux lamellaires riches en nickel et en manganèse. Les conditions de synthèse ont été optimisées et un matériau intéressant a ainsi été proposé. La structure, et plus particulièrement la distribution cationique, ont été déterminées par des analyses chimiques, par diffraction des rayons X et par des mesures magnétiques : la substitution de l’aluminium au cobalt entraîne une surlithiation moindre, un taux d’échange Li+ / Ni2+ plus important et par conséquent une diminution du caractère bidimensionnel de la structure. Ces matériaux présentent une bonne cyclabilité même à des régimes élevés et une stabilité thermique améliorée à l’état désintercalé
Two approaches were considered for the optimization of Li1+x(Ni1/2-yMn1/2-yCo2y)1-xO2 positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries : the surface modification (coating) and partial substitution. First, we showed that fluorine substitution for oxygen is not effective, on the contrary to the hypotheses proposed in literature by others authors: in fact a thin LiF layer is formed at the surface of these materials irrespective of the synthesis route. These "coated" materials show a better cyclability. Their structural and physicochemical properties were characterized mainly by X-ray diffraction, 7Li and 19F MAS NMR spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Secondly, we studied the effect of aluminum (electrochemically inert) substitution for cobalt within these layered materials rich in nickel and manganese. The synthesis conditions were optimized and an interesting material was thus proposed. The structure and cationic distribution were determined by chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction, magnetic measurements: aluminum substitution leads to a lower overlithiation, to a larger exchange Li+ / Ni2+ ratio and thus to a decreasing bidimensional character for the structure. These materials show a good cyclability even at high rates and an improved thermal stability in the deintercalated state

Die Menschheit steht vor der großen Herausforderung der Energieversorgung des 21. Jahrhundert. Nirgendwo ist diese noch dringlicher geworden als im Bereich der Energiespeicherung und Umwandlung. Konventionelle Energie kommt hauptsächlich aus fossilen Brennstoffen, die auf der Erde nur begrenzt vorhanden sind, und hat zu einer starken Belastung der Umwelt geführt. Zusätzlich nimmt der Energieverbrauch weiter zu, insbesondere durch die rasante Verbreitung von Fahrzeugen und verschiedener Kundenelektronik wie PCs und Mobiltelefone. Alternative Energiequellen sollten vor einer Energiekrise entwickelt werden. Die Gewinnung erneuerbarer Energie aus Sonne und Wind sind auf jeden Fall sehr wichtig, aber diese Energien sind oft nicht gleichmäßig und andauernd vorhanden. Energiespeichervorrichtungen sind daher von großer Bedeutung, weil sie für eine Stabilisierung der umgewandelten Energie sorgen. Darüber hinaus ist es eine enttäuschende Tatsache, dass der Akku eines Smartphones jeglichen Herstellers heute gerade einen Tag lang ausreicht, und die Nutzer einen zusätzlichen Akku zur Hand haben müssen. Die tragbare Elektronik benötigt dringend Hochleistungsenergiespeicher mit höherer Energiedichte. Der erste Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beinhaltet Lithium-Ionen-Batterien unter Verwendung von einzelnen aufgerollten Siliziumstrukturen als Anoden, die durch nanotechnologische Methoden hergestellt werden. Eine Lab-on-Chip-Plattform wird für die Untersuchung der elektrochemischen Kinetik, der elektrischen Eigenschaften und die von dem Lithium verursachten strukturellen Veränderungen von einzelnen Siliziumrohrchen als Anoden in einer Lithium-Ionen-Batterie vorgestellt. In dem zweiten Teil wird ein neues Design und die Herstellung von flexiblen on-Chip, Festkörper Mikrosuperkondensatoren auf Basis von MnOx/Au-Multischichten vorgestellt, die mit aktueller Mikroelektronik kompatibel sind. Der Mikrosuperkondensator erzielt eine maximale Energiedichte von 1,75 mW h cm-3 und eine maximale Leistungsdichte von 3,44 W cm-3. Weiterhin wird ein flexibler und faserartig verwebter Superkondensator mit einem Cu-Draht als Substrat vorgestellt. Diese Dissertation wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts GRK 1215 "Rolled-up Nanotechnologie für on-Chip Energiespeicherung" 2010-2013, finanziell unterstützt von der International Research Training Group (IRTG), und dem PAKT Projekt "Elektrochemische Energiespeicherung in autonomen Systemen, no. 49004401" 2013-2014, angefertigt. Das Ziel der Projekte war die Entwicklung von fortschrittlichen Energiespeichermaterialien für die nächste Generation von Akkus und von flexiblen Superkondensatoren, um das Problem der Energiespeicherung zu addressieren. Hier bedanke ich mich sehr, dass IRTG mir die Möglichkeit angebotet hat, die Forschung in Deutschland stattzufinden
Human beings are facing the grand energy challenge in the 21st century. Nowhere has this become more urgent than in the area of energy storage and conversion. Conventional energy is based on fossil fuels which are limited on the earth, and has caused extensive environmental pollutions. Additionally, the consumptions of energy are still increasing, especially with the rapid proliferation of vehicles and various consumer electronics like PCs and cell phones. We cannot rely on the earth’s limited legacy forever. Alternative energy resources should be developed before an energy crisis. The developments of renewable conversion energy from solar and wind are very important but these energies are often not even and continuous. Therefore, energy storage devices are of significant importance since they are the one stabilizing the converted energy. In addition, it is a disappointing fact that nowadays a smart phone, no matter of which brand, runs out of power in one day, and users have to carry an extra mobile power pack. Portable electronics demands urgently high-performance energy storage devices with higher energy density. The first part of this work involves lithium-ion micro-batteries utilizing single silicon rolled-up tubes as anodes, which are fabricated by the rolled-up nanotechnology approach. A lab-on-chip electrochemical device platform is presented for probing the electrochemical kinetics, electrical properties and lithium-driven structural changes of a single silicon rolled-up tube as an anode in lithium ion batteries. The second part introduces the new design and fabrication of on chip, all solid-state and flexible micro-supercapacitors based on MnOx/Au multilayers, which are compatible with current microelectronics. The micro-supercapacitor exhibits a maximum energy density of 1.75 mW h cm-3 and a maximum power density of 3.44 W cm-3. Furthermore, a flexible and weavable fiber-like supercapacitor is also demonstrated using Cu wire as substrate. This dissertation was written based on the research project supported by the International Research Training Group (IRTG) GRK 1215 "Rolled-up nanotech for on-chip energy storage" from the year 2010 to 2013 and PAKT project "Electrochemical energy storage in autonomous systems, no. 49004401" from 2013 to 2014. The aim of the projects was to design advanced energy storage materials for next-generation rechargeable batteries and flexible supercapacitors in order to address the energy issue. Here, I am deeply indebted to IRTG for giving me an opportunity to carry out the research project in Germany. September 2014, IFW Dresden, Germany Wenping Si

Deux approches ont été considérées pour l'optimisation de matériaux lamellaires d'électrode positive pour batteries lithium-ion de type Li1+x(Ni1/2-yMn1/2-yCo2y)1-xO2 : la modification de surface (coating) et la substitution partielle. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que la substitution anionique du fluor à l'oxygène n'était pas effective contrairement aux hypothèses proposées dans la littérature par certains auteurs, mais qu'en réalité une couche de LiF était formée à la surface de ces matériaux, quelle que soit la voie de synthèse utilisée. Ces matériaux "coatés" présentent néanmoins une cyclabilité améliorée en batterie au lithium. Leurs propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques ont été caractérisées en combinant notamment la diffraction des rayons X, la spectroscopie RMN MAS du 7Li et du 19F et la spectroscopie d'électrons Auger. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l'effet de la substitution de l'aluminium (électrochimiquement inerte) au cobalt au sein de ces matériaux lamellaires riches en nickel et en manganèse. Les conditions de synthèse ont été optimisées et un matériau intéressant a ainsi été proposé. La structure, et plus particulièrement la distribution cationique, ont été déterminées par des analyses chimiques, par diffraction des rayons X et par des mesures magnétiques : la substitution de l'aluminium au cobalt entraîne une surlithiation moindre, un taux d'échange Li+ / Ni2+ plus important et par conséquent une diminution du caractère bidimensionnel de la structure. Ces matériaux présentent une bonne cyclabilité même à des régimes élevés et une stabilité thermique améliorée à l'état désintercalé.

"Des matériaux lamellaires d'électrode positive pour batteries lithium-ion, de formule Li1+x(Ni0. 425Mn0. 425Co0. 15)1-xO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0. 12), ont été synthétisés par coprécipitation. Leurs propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques ont été caractérisées par diffraction (rayons X, neutrons et électrons), spectroscopie XPS, mesures magnétiques. . . La surlithiation (Li / (Ni+Mn+Co) > 1) entraîne la présence de lithium en excès dans le site des métaux de transition. Une surstructure de type √3. Ahex. X √3. A hex. Analogue à celle observée pour Li2MnO3 a été mise en évidence par diffraction électronique. Les propriétés électrochimiques et les modifications structurales observées au cours du cyclage ont été caractérisées pour ces matériaux. La surlithiation entraîne la présence d'un " plateau " de potentiel à ~ 4. 5V/Li pour le système Li // Li(Ni0. 425Mn0. 425Co0. 15)0. 88O2 ; celui-ci a été associé à des changements structuraux irréversibles mettant en jeu une réorganisation cationique dans les feuillets et une perte d'oxygène. "

Li-ion thin film battery technology has attracted much attention in recent years due to its highest need in portable electronic devices. Development of new materials for lithium ion battery (LIB) is very crucial for enhancement of the performance. LIB can supply higher energy density because Lithium is the most electropositive (-3.04V vs. standard hydrogen electrode) and lightest metal (M=6.94 g/mole). LIBs show many advantages over other kind of batteries such as, high energy density, high power density, long cycle life, no memory effect etc. The major work presented in this thesis is on the development of nanostructured materials for anode of Li-ion battery. It involves the synthesis and analysis of grapheme nanosheet (GNS) and its performance as anode material in Li ion battery. We studied the synthesis of GNS over different substrates and performed the anode studies. The morphology of GNS has great impact on Li storage capacity. Tin and Tin oxide nanostructures have been embedded in the GNS matrix and their electrochemical performance has been studied. Chapter 1 gives the brief introduction about the Li ion batteries (LIBs), working and background. Also the relative advantages and characterization of different electrode materials used in LIBs are discussed. Chapter 2 discusses various experimental techniques that are used to synthesize the electrode materials and characterize them. Chapter3 presents the detailed synthesis of graphene nanosheet (GNS) through electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ECR PECVD) method. Various substrates such as metallic (copper, Ni and Pt coated copper) and insulating (Si, amorphous SiC and Quartz) were used for deposition of GNS. Morphology, structure and chemical bonding were analyzed using SEM, TEM, Raman, XRD and XPS techniques. GNS is a unique allotrope of carbon, which forms highly porous and vertically aligned graphene sheets, which consist of many layers of graphene. The morphology of GNS varies with substrate. Chapter 4 deals with the electrochemical studies of GNS films. The anode studies of GNS over various substrates for Li thin film batteries provides better discharge capacity. Conventional Li-ion batteries that rely on a graphite anode have a limitation in the capacity (372 mAh/g). We could show that the morphology of GNS has great effect in the electrochemical performance and exceeds the capacity limitation of graphite. Among the electrodes PtGNS shown as high discharge capacity of ~730 mAh/g compare to CuGNS (590 mAh/g) and NiGNS (508 mAh/g) for the first cycle at a current density of 23 µA/cm2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provides the various cell parameters of the electrodes. Chapter 5 gives the anodic studies of Tin (Sn) nanoparticles decorated over GNS matrix. Sn nanoparticles of 20 to 100nm in size uniformly distributed over the GNS matrix provides a discharge capacity of ~1500 mAh/g mAh/g for as deposited and ~950 mAh/g for annealed Sn@GNS composites, respectively. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) also shows the lithiation and delithiation process on GNS and Sn particles. Chapter 6 discusses the synthesis of Tinoxide@GNS composite and the details of characterization of the electrode. SnO and SnO2 phases of Tin oxide nanostructures differing in morphologies were embedded in the GNS matrix. The anode studies of the electrode shows a discharge capacity of ~1400 mAh/g for SnO phase (platelet morphology) and ~950 mAh/g for SnO2 phase (nanoparticle morphology). The SnO phase also exhibits a good coulumbic efficiency of ~95%. Chapter 7 describes the use of SnO2 nanowire attached to the side walls of the GNS matrix. A discharge capacity of ~1340 mAh/g was obtained. The one dimensional wire attached to the side walls of GNS film and increases the surface area of active material for Li diffusion. Discharge capacity obtained was about 1335 mAhg-1 and the columbic efficiency of ~86% after the 50th cycle. The research work carried out as part of this thesis, and the results have summarized in chapter 8.

博士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
102
Spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) contain lots of valuable metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese, and nickel. The separation and recovery of cobalt and lithium among these metal mixtures are attractive due to their comparatively high price. However, the energy consumption and chemical additives would lead to additional environmental impacts. In this study, eight different scenarios of LIBs recovery technologies were evaluated from the engineering, environmental and economic (3E) aspects. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was implemented in Umberto, and the Eco-invent database in Umberto was used to assess the environmental impact of various LIB recovery technologies. Impact categories including IPCC 2007, Impact 2002+, and CML 2001 were selected. Various impact factors, e.g., global warming, climate change potential, ecosystem quality, human health, aquatic acidification, eutrophication potential and human toxicity, were evaluated for various scenarios. The results indicated that the use of a strong acid could achieve high leaching efficiency, but generation of Cl2, NOx and SOx may cause environmental problems. The addition of HCl would have a greater impact than that of NH2OH and H2SO4, of which the potential was 0.021 kg SO2-Eq for acidification, 0.017 kg CO2-Eq for climate change (GWP-100a), 0.015 kg NOx for eutrophication, 0.0164 kg 1,4-DCB for human health (HTP-100a), and 0.00058 kg ethylene. In addition, since the chemical extraction would result in the greatest impacts on environment, the solvent extraction of Li, Co, Mn, and Ni from spent LIBs was carried out using sodium - di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (Na-D2EHPA) and mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (Na-P507) dissolved in kerosene. The results indicated that the percentage extraction for the metal ions including Li, Co, Mn, and Ni increased as the increase of equilibrium pH. In addition, Mn was preferentially extracted over Li, Co, and Ni with the extractants, where the maximized separation factor was operated under an O/A ratio of 1:1 was maximized with 1.0 M D2EHPA at an equilibrium pH value of 3.5. Lastly, according to the 3E analysis and response surface methodology, the optimum operations of physico-chemical processes for LIB recovery were proposed.

博士
中興大學
材料工程學系所
95
In this study, the electrochemical syntheses of cathodic method was used to prepare the coating of Li3-3xFexPO4 films on Pt substrates. Also, the electrochemical mechanisms of deposition and the characterization of these films for lithium batteries were discussed. This dissertation contained four parts. Ⅰ. Electrochemical deposition of Li3PO4 (Li3-3xFexPO4, x = 0) coating as the solid electrolyte has been carried out on Pt in LiNO3 and NH4H2PO4 aqueous solution. The coated specimens were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrographs (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The orthorhombic β-phase Li3PO4 was existence until 500℃ transition to orthorhombic γ-phase. The lithium ionic conductivity of 100 nm crystalline Li3PO4 thin film was about 8.62×10-8 S cm-1 at 25℃. Also, the mechanism of electrolytic Li3PO4 coating on Pt was discussed in this article. Ⅱ. Electrolytic Li3−3xFexPO4 ( x = 0.20,0.45) coating on Pt as the solid electrolyte has been carried out in the mixture of LiNO3, NH4H2PO4 and Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2．6H2O aqueous solution. The ionic conductivity of Li3−3xFexPO4 was investigated in terms of defect models with an iron level of 0 ≦ x ≦ 0.45. To determine the changes in ionic conductivity and activation energy of Li3−3xFexPO4 with iron content x, AC-IS measurements are carried out at temperatures from 25 to 70℃. The maximum ionic conductivity is 1.77 × 10−7 S cm−1 for x = 0.20 at room temperature, and the activation energy was increased from 0.42 to 0.62 eV with increasing iron contents. Ⅲ. A novel method of FePO4 (Li3-3xFexPO4, x = 1) coatings on Pt by electrochemical synthesis in 0.01 M Fe(NO3)3•9H2O and 0.01 M (NH4)2HPO4 mixed aqueous solution was presented. After deposition, the coated specimens were further annealed and characterized by ICP-AES, XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR, and TG-DTA. It was found that the uniform as-deposited film was amorphous Fe(OH)HPO4•H2O, dehydrated into Fe(OH)HPO4 under 250℃, further condensed into FePO4 below 600℃, and fully crystallized at 600℃. Also, the sponge-like morphology of the annealed specimen was found full of nanopores and tuned with increasing temperature. Ⅳ. The electrochemical properties of the iron phosphates were characterized with a voltage window of 0.2–2.5 V. Annealing at 300℃ had the excellent discharge capacity of 260 mAh/g after 50 cycles, while the cathode LiFePO4 has a theoretical capacity of 170 mAh/g. Based on ex situ Raman spectra, the electrochemical mechanism of FePO4 film with lithium upon cycling was proposed

The layered transition metal oxide composition series of Li1+xV1-xO2 was synthesized using the solid state synthesis technique. X-ray diffraction was used to determine the dependence of structure on composition and clearly indicated a structural anomaly at x = 0 caused by the unusual magnetic ordering on the triangular lattice of the V3+ layer. To prevent magnetic frustration V3+ cations undergo orbital ordering and subsequent periodic displacent to form “trimers”. The periodicity of this phenomena results in a superlattice structure that can be observed as a faint peak in XRD spectra. The relationship between composition, superlattice peak intensity and lattice parameters was clearly documented for the first time. Li/Li1+xV1-xO2 cells were made and tested. Recent literature has shown that the transformation to 1T Li2VO2 upon lithiation is dependant on a nonzero x (ideally x = 0.07 for maximum capacity) to make a small number of tetrahedrally coordinated Li sites accessible. These sites then act as a trigger for shearing into the 1T phase. The cells described within this work intercalated significant amounts of lithium at a higher potential than the to 1T transition, possibly signifying occupation of a large number of the tetrahedral sites. LiVO2 is known to undergo delithiation even in ambient conditons and this can lead to cationic disorder. Cationic disorder is an inhibitor of anion sheet shearing and this suggests that sample handling could be a cause of the observed electrochemical behaviour. The effects of air and water exposure were investigated.

Yes
Ultrasmall SnO2 nanocrystals as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been synthesized by bubbling an oxidizing gas into hot surfactant solutions containing Sn-oleate complexes. Annealing of the particles in N2 carbonifies the densely packed surface capping ligands resulting in carbon encapsulated SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2/C). Carbon encapsulation can effectively buffer the volume changes during the lithiation/delithiation process. The assembled SnO2/C thus deliver extraordinarily high reversible capacity of 908 mA.h.g(-1) at 0.5 C as well as excellent cycling performance in the LIBs. This method demonstrates the great potential of SnO2/C nanoparticles for the design of high power LIBs.
National Natural Science Foundation of China (21103039), Anhui Province Natural Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists, https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/browse?order=ASC&rpp=20&sort_by=-1&etal=-1&offset=6150&type=authorResearch Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20110111120008), Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant (DFG): H1113/3-5. C.Y. acknowledges the support from the “Thousand Talents Program” and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
材料科學與綠色能源工程研究所
102
Since the LiFePO4 compound displays advantages with a high safety and high charge-discharging cycles, it has been widely used as cathode materials of the secondary lithium-ion battery. In the present study, hydrothermally synthesized LiFeO4 powders were used as the raw material, and the LiF-coated LiFeO4 composite cathode materials were also prepared by the hydrothermal synthesizing method at 150oC, 170oC, held for 3hr. and 6hr. to improve electrochemical properties of raw-LiFeO4 cathode powders under a high voltage. The phase composition, crystallinity and particle morphologies were examined by the x-ray diffraction and TEM analysis. The phase stability was examined by the TGA analysis. The binding energy and chemical shift of crystalline LiF/LiFePO4 composite powders were analysized by the XPS. Concluded the above-mentioned results, the optimal powder conditions were selected to deposit on the Al-foil. Then the deposited Al-foils were assembled as a battery for the electrochemical tests. Experimental results showed that the raw-LiFePO4 powders and LiF/LiFePO4 composite cathode powders were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The LiF/LiFePO4 composite powders showed good thermal stability and good crystallinity. After the charge-discharge experiments, it was found that the LiF/LiFePO4 composite powders shows a lower capacity, which is resulted from a lower adding content of the conductive carbon black.

碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
107
Lithium-ion battery(LIB) plays an important role in the modern social energy chain. It is widely used in mobile phones, laptops, solar power plants, and even electric vehicles and other equipment. But these applications are mostly restricted by safety issues such as poor thermal stability, flammable reaction products, and leakage of electrolyte and internal short circuits for the use of liquid electrolytes in LIB. The use of solid electrolyte to replace liquid electrolyte preparation of all solid lithium-ion battery is expected to overcome the above shortcomings, which makes solid electrolyte an important research direction in the field of energy. In the first part, our study focused on Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3(LATP) with a NASICON structure. Al-doped LiTiOPO4 precursor powder was synthesized by a simple solvothermal method with heterovalent ion doping to partially replace Ti4+ by Al3+. According to the materials characterization, the optimal composition is Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3. In the first part, hydrothermal method was used to synthesize orthorhombic structure of LiTiOPO4 powder. The SEM elemental analysis shows that the distribution of Al element is fairly uniform. The second part discusses the different sintering processes involved in obtaining LATP which includes the pre-sintering temperature of the precursor powder and the sintering temperature of the LATP pellets. The structure was analyzed by XRD and Rietveld refinement, and the effects of sintering temperature on porosity, microstructure and electrical conductivity were discussed. The Rietveld refinement results show that the synthesized Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 crystal is a trigonal structure with a R-3c(167) space group. Through the discussion of two-stage sintering, it is found that the good contact between the grains and the lower amorphous content of the second phase between the grain boundaries are the key in obtaining high lithium-ion conductivity. The experimental results show that the optimum pre-sintering temperature of the precursor powder is 900℃. Through the Rietveld refinement calculation, it can be seen that the precursor powder, Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 has the highest phase composition after sintering at 900℃. The optimal sintering temperature of LATP pellet is at 1100℃, which has the activation energy is 0.17 eV, and the highest density is 99.07%. Its grain conductivity, grain boundary conductivity and total lithium-ion conductivity are 6.57*10-4, 4.59*10-4, 2.70*10-4 S cm-1, respectively. Lastly, LATP was applied to lithium-ion batteries, and LATPS/NCM solid-state batteries were successfully assembled. After charging and discharging at 0.1C for 80 cycles, the discharge capacity retention was 95.76%, indicating that the LATPS/NCM solid-state battery has good cyclic stability. Therefore, LATP is a potential candidate as a solid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries.

The present thesis deals with the beneficial influence of nanostructuring on electrochemical performance of certain promising electrode and electrolyte materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Electrochemical performances of chosen electrodes and electrolytes have been presented in a systematic and detailed manner via studies related to both transport and lithium storage. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) or titania, a promising non-carbonaceous anode material for LIBs was chosen for the study. As part of the study, variety of nanostructured titania were synthesized. In general, all materials exhibited high lithium storage ( theoretical value for lithium storage in titania) and some of them showed exemplary rate capability, typically desired for modern lithium-ion batteries. Studies related to performance of these materials and mechanistics of lithium storage and kinetics are presented in Chapters 2-5. “Soggy sand” electrolyte, a promising soft matter electrolyte for LIBs was studied on the electrolyte side. Ion transport, mechanical strength and electrochemical properties of “soggy sand” electrolytes synthesized via dispersion of various surface chemically functionalized silica particles dispersed in model as well as LIB relevant electrolytes were studied in this thesis. Extensive physico-chemical and battery performance studies of “soggy sand” electrolytes are discussed in Chapters 6-8. A brief discussion of the contents and highlights of the individual chapters are described below: Chapter 1 briefly discusses the importance of electrochemical power sources as a viable green alternative to the combustion engine. Various facets of rechargeable LIBs, one of the most important electrochemical storage devices, are presented following the general discussion on electrochemical power devices. The importance of nanostructuring of electrodes with special emphasis on anodes for high lithium storage capacities and rate capabilities are also discussed in the opening chapter. The various advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used electrolytes in LIB i.e. the liquid electrolytes are also discussed in Chapter 1. Suggestions for improvement of the physico-chemical properties of liquid electrolytes especially via nanostructuring (demonstrated via dispersions of fine oxide particles in liquid electrolytes in Chapters 6-8) using the concept of Heterogeneous doping are discussed in detail. A brief description on the importance of rheology for comprehension of soft matter microstructure is also provided in this chapter. Chapter 2 discusses composite of anatase titania (TiO2) nanospheres and carbon grown and self-assembled into micron-sized mesoporous spheres via a solvothermal synthesis route as prospective anode for rechargeable lithium-ion battery. The morphology and carbon content and hence the electrochemical performance are observed to be significantly influenced by the synthesis parameters. Synthesis conditions resulting in a mesoporous arrangement of an optimized amount of carbon and TiO2 exhibited the best lithium battery performance. The first discharge cycle capacity of carbon-titania mesoporous spheres (solvothermal reaction at 150 oC at 6 h, calcination at 500 oC under air, BET surface area 80 m2g-1) was 334 mAhg-1 (approximately 1 Li) at current rate of 66 mAg-1. High storage capacity and good cyclability is attributed to the nanostructuring (i.e. mesoporosity) of TiO2 as well as due to formation of a percolation network of carbon around the TiO2 nanoparticles. The micron-sized mesoporous spheres of carbon-titania composite nanoparticles also show good rate cyclability in the range (0.066-6.67) Ag-1. The electrochemical performance of the mesoporous carbon-TiO2 spheres has been compared with nonporous TiO2 spheres, normal mesoporous TiO2 and bulk TiO2. Implications of nanostructuring and conductive carbon interface on lithium insertion/removal capacity and insertion kinetics in nanoparticles of anatase polymorph of titania is discussed in Chapter 3. Sol-gel synthesized nanoparticles of titania (particle size ~ 6 nm) were hydrothermally coated ex situ with a thin layer of amorphous carbon (layer thickness: 2-5 nm) and calcined at a temperature much higher than the sol-gel synthesis temperature. The carbon-titania composite particles (resulting size  10 nm) displayed immensely superior cyclability and rate capability (higher current rates  4 Ag-1) compared to unmodified calcined anatase titania. The conductive carbon interface around titania nanocrystals enhances the electronic conductivity and inhibits crystallite growth during electrochemical insertion/removal thus preventing detrimental kinetic effects observed in case of un-modified anatase titania. The carbon coating of the nanoparticles also stabilized the titania crystallographic structure via reduction in the accessibility of lithium ions to the trapping sites. This resulted in decrease in the irreversible capacity observed in case of nanoparticles without any carbon coating. Chapter 4 discusses the morphology and electrochemical performance of mixed crystallographic phase titania nanotubes and nanosheets for prospective application as anode in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Hydrothermally grown nanotubes/nanosheets of titania (TiO2) and carbon/silver-titania (C/Ag-TiO2) comprise a mixture of both anatase and TiO2(B) crystallographic phases. The first cycle capacity (at current rate = 10 mAg-1) for bare TiO2 nanotubes was 355 mAhg-1 (approximately 1.06 Li), which is higher than both the theoretical capacity (335 mAhg-1) as well as reported values for pure anatase and TiO2(B) nanotubes. Higher capacity is attributed to a combination of presence of mixed crystallographic phases of titania as well as trivial size effects. The surface area of bare TiO2 nanotubes was very high being equal to 340 m2g-1. Surface modification of the TiO2 nanotubes via amorphous carbon and Ag nanoparticles resulted in significant improvement in battery performance. The first cycle irreversible capacity loss can be minimized via effective coating of the surface. Carbon coated TiO2 nanotubes showed superior performance than Ag nanoparticle coated TiO2 nanotubes in terms of long term cyclability. Unlike Ag nanoparticles which are randomly distributed over the TiO2 nanotubes, the effective homogeneous carbon coating forms an efficient percolation network for the conducting species thus exhibiting better battery performance. The C-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 nanotubes showed a better rate capability i.e. higher capacities compared to bare TiO2 nanotubes in the current range 0.055-2 Ag-1. Although titania nanosheets retains mixed crystallographic phases, the lithium battery performance (first cycle capacity = 225 mAhg-1) is poor compared to TiO2 nanotubes. It is attributed to lower surface area (22 m2g-1) which resulted in lesser electrode/electrolyte contact area and inefficient transport pathways for Li+ and e-. Implications of iron on electrochemical lithium insertion/removal capacity of iron (Fe3+) doped anatase TiO2 is discussed in Chapter 5. Iron doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with different doping concentrations were synthesized by simple sol-gel method. The electrochemistry of anatase TiO2 is observed to be a strong function of concentration of iron (Fe3+). A high 1st cycle discharge capacity of 704 mAhg−1 (2.1 mol of Li) and 272 mAhg−1 (0.81 mol of Li) at the 30th discharge cycle with Coulombic efficiency greater than 96% has been observed for 5% iron (Fe3+) doped TiO2 at a current density of 75 mAg−1. Additional increase in the iron (Fe3+) concentrations deteriorates the lithium storage of TiO2. An improvement in lithium storage of more than 50% is noticed for 5% iron (Fe3+) doped TiO2 compared to pure anatase TiO2 which shows an initial discharge capacity of 279 mAhg−1. The anomalous lithium storage behavior in all the iron (Fe3+) doped TiO2 has been accounted, in addition to homogeneous Li insertion in the octahedral sites, on the basis of formation of metallic Fe and Li2O during initial lithiation process and subsequent heterogeneous interfacial storage between Fe and Li2O interface. Chapter 6 discusses in a systematic manner the crucial role of oxide surface chemical composition on ion transport in “soggy sand” electrolytes. A “soggy sand” electrolytic system comprising of aerosil silica functionalized with various hydrophilic and hydrophobic moeities dispersed in lithium perchlorate ethylene glycol solution ( = 37.7) was used for the study. Detailed rheology studies show that the attractive particle network in case of the composite with unmodified aerosil silica (with surface silanol groups) is most favorable for percolation in ionic conductivity as well as rendering the composite with beneficial elastic mechanical properties. Though weaker in strength compared to the composite with unmodified aerosil particles, attractive particle networks are also observed in composites of aerosil particles with surfaces partially substituted with hydrophobic groups. However, ionic conductivity is observed to be dependent on the size of the hydrophobic moiety. No spanning attractive particle network was formed for aerosil particles with surfaces modified with stronger hydrophilic groups (than silanol) and as a result no percolation in ionic conductivity was observed. The composite with hydrophilic particles was a sol contrary to gels obtained in case of unmodified aerosil and partially substituted with hydrophobic groups. Chapter 7 also discusses the influence of oxide surface chemical composition but additionally the role of solvent on ion solvation and ion transport of “soggy sand” electrolytes. Compared to the liquid electrolyte in Chapter 6, a lower dielectric constant liquid electrolyte was employed for the study in this chapter. A “soggy sand” electrolyte system comprising of dispersions of hydrophilic/hydrophobic functionalized aerosil silica in lithium perchlorate-methoxy polyethylene glycol solution ( = 10.9) was employed for the study. Static and dynamic rheology measurements again showed formation of an attractive particle network in case of the composite with unmodified aerosil silica (i.e. with surface silanol groups) as well as composites with hydrophobic alkane groups. While particle network in the composite with hydrophilic aerosil silica (unmodified) were due to hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic aerosil silica particles were held together via van der Waals forces. The network strength in the latter case (i.e. for hydrophobic composites) were weaker compared with the composite with unmodified aerosil silica. Both unmodified silica as well as hydrophobic silica composites displayed solid-like mechanical strength. However, this time around no enhancement in ionic conductivity compared to the liquid electrolyte was observed in case of the unmodified silica. This is attributed to the existence of a very strong particle network which leads to the “expulsion” of all conducting entities from the interfacial region between adjacent particles. The ionic conductivity for composites with hydrophobic aerosil particles displayed ionic conductivity as a function of the size of the hydrophobic chemical moiety. No spanning attractive particle network was observed for aerosil particles with surfaces modified with stronger hydrophilic groups (than silanol). The composite resembled a sol and no percolation in ionic conductivity was observed. Chapter 8 describes the influence of dispersion of uniformly sized mono-functional or bi-functional (“Janus”) particles on ionic conductivity in lithium battery solutions and it’s implications on battery performance. Mono-functionalized (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) and bi-functionalized Janus (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) particles form physical gels of varying strength over a wide range of concentration (0.1    0.4; , oxide volume fraction). While the composites with mono-functionalized particles display shear thinning typical of gels (due to gradual breaking up spanning particle network held together by hydrogen/van der Walls force), the bi-functionalized “Janus” particles exhibit both complementary properties of gel and sol. The latter observation is interpreted in terms of existence of both hydrogen and van der Waals force arising out of the particle arrangement which get perturbed under the influence of external shear. Composites with homogeneous hydrophilic surface group show the highest ionic conductivity whereas the homogeneous hydrophobic surfaces exhibit superior electrode/electrolyte interface stability and battery cyclability. The Janus particles did not show any enhancement in ionic conductivity however, battery performance is highly satisfactory taking intermediate values between the homogeneously functionalized hydrophilic and hydrophobic particle composites.

Die Menschheit steht vor der großen Herausforderung der Energieversorgung des 21. Jahrhundert. Nirgendwo ist diese noch dringlicher geworden als im Bereich der Energiespeicherung und Umwandlung. Konventionelle Energie kommt hauptsächlich aus fossilen Brennstoffen, die auf der Erde nur begrenzt vorhanden sind, und hat zu einer starken Belastung der Umwelt geführt. Zusätzlich nimmt der Energieverbrauch weiter zu, insbesondere durch die rasante Verbreitung von Fahrzeugen und verschiedener Kundenelektronik wie PCs und Mobiltelefone. Alternative Energiequellen sollten vor einer Energiekrise entwickelt werden. Die Gewinnung erneuerbarer Energie aus Sonne und Wind sind auf jeden Fall sehr wichtig, aber diese Energien sind oft nicht gleichmäßig und andauernd vorhanden. Energiespeichervorrichtungen sind daher von großer Bedeutung, weil sie für eine Stabilisierung der umgewandelten Energie sorgen. Darüber hinaus ist es eine enttäuschende Tatsache, dass der Akku eines Smartphones jeglichen Herstellers heute gerade einen Tag lang ausreicht, und die Nutzer einen zusätzlichen Akku zur Hand haben müssen. Die tragbare Elektronik benötigt dringend Hochleistungsenergiespeicher mit höherer Energiedichte. Der erste Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beinhaltet Lithium-Ionen-Batterien unter Verwendung von einzelnen aufgerollten Siliziumstrukturen als Anoden, die durch nanotechnologische Methoden hergestellt werden. Eine Lab-on-Chip-Plattform wird für die Untersuchung der elektrochemischen Kinetik, der elektrischen Eigenschaften und die von dem Lithium verursachten strukturellen Veränderungen von einzelnen Siliziumrohrchen als Anoden in einer Lithium-Ionen-Batterie vorgestellt. In dem zweiten Teil wird ein neues Design und die Herstellung von flexiblen on-Chip, Festkörper Mikrosuperkondensatoren auf Basis von MnOx/Au-Multischichten vorgestellt, die mit aktueller Mikroelektronik kompatibel sind. Der Mikrosuperkondensator erzielt eine maximale Energiedichte von 1,75 mW h cm-3 und eine maximale Leistungsdichte von 3,44 W cm-3. Weiterhin wird ein flexibler und faserartig verwebter Superkondensator mit einem Cu-Draht als Substrat vorgestellt. Diese Dissertation wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts GRK 1215 "Rolled-up Nanotechnologie für on-Chip Energiespeicherung" 2010-2013, finanziell unterstützt von der International Research Training Group (IRTG), und dem PAKT Projekt "Elektrochemische Energiespeicherung in autonomen Systemen, no. 49004401" 2013-2014, angefertigt. Das Ziel der Projekte war die Entwicklung von fortschrittlichen Energiespeichermaterialien für die nächste Generation von Akkus und von flexiblen Superkondensatoren, um das Problem der Energiespeicherung zu addressieren. Hier bedanke ich mich sehr, dass IRTG mir die Möglichkeit angebotet hat, die Forschung in Deutschland stattzufinden.
Human beings are facing the grand energy challenge in the 21st century. Nowhere has this become more urgent than in the area of energy storage and conversion. Conventional energy is based on fossil fuels which are limited on the earth, and has caused extensive environmental pollutions. Additionally, the consumptions of energy are still increasing, especially with the rapid proliferation of vehicles and various consumer electronics like PCs and cell phones. We cannot rely on the earth’s limited legacy forever. Alternative energy resources should be developed before an energy crisis. The developments of renewable conversion energy from solar and wind are very important but these energies are often not even and continuous. Therefore, energy storage devices are of significant importance since they are the one stabilizing the converted energy. In addition, it is a disappointing fact that nowadays a smart phone, no matter of which brand, runs out of power in one day, and users have to carry an extra mobile power pack. Portable electronics demands urgently high-performance energy storage devices with higher energy density. The first part of this work involves lithium-ion micro-batteries utilizing single silicon rolled-up tubes as anodes, which are fabricated by the rolled-up nanotechnology approach. A lab-on-chip electrochemical device platform is presented for probing the electrochemical kinetics, electrical properties and lithium-driven structural changes of a single silicon rolled-up tube as an anode in lithium ion batteries. The second part introduces the new design and fabrication of on chip, all solid-state and flexible micro-supercapacitors based on MnOx/Au multilayers, which are compatible with current microelectronics. The micro-supercapacitor exhibits a maximum energy density of 1.75 mW h cm-3 and a maximum power density of 3.44 W cm-3. Furthermore, a flexible and weavable fiber-like supercapacitor is also demonstrated using Cu wire as substrate. This dissertation was written based on the research project supported by the International Research Training Group (IRTG) GRK 1215 "Rolled-up nanotech for on-chip energy storage" from the year 2010 to 2013 and PAKT project "Electrochemical energy storage in autonomous systems, no. 49004401" from 2013 to 2014. The aim of the projects was to design advanced energy storage materials for next-generation rechargeable batteries and flexible supercapacitors in order to address the energy issue. Here, I am deeply indebted to IRTG for giving me an opportunity to carry out the research project in Germany. September 2014, IFW Dresden, Germany Wenping Si