Journal articles: 'Lithium gel polymer electrolyte system'

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Hoang Huy, Vo Pham, Seongjoon So, and Jaehyun Hur. "Inorganic Fillers in Composite Gel Polymer Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium and Non-Lithium Polymer Batteries." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030614.

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Among the various types of polymer electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes have been considered as promising electrolytes for high-performance lithium and non-lithium batteries. The introduction of inorganic fillers into the polymer-salt system of gel polymer electrolytes has emerged as an effective strategy to achieve high ionic conductivity and excellent interfacial contact with the electrode. In this review, the detailed roles of inorganic fillers in composite gel polymer electrolytes are presented based on their physical and electrochemical properties in lithium and non-lithium polymer batteries. First, we summarize the historical developments of gel polymer electrolytes. Then, a list of detailed fillers applied in gel polymer electrolytes is presented. Possible mechanisms of conductivity enhancement by the addition of inorganic fillers are discussed for each inorganic filler. Subsequently, inorganic filler/polymer composite electrolytes studied for use in various battery systems, including Li-, Na-, Mg-, and Zn-ion batteries, are discussed. Finally, the future perspectives and requirements of the current composite gel polymer electrolyte technologies are highlighted.

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Rushing, Jeramie C., Anit Gurung, and Daniel G. Kuroda. "Relation between microscopic structure and macroscopic properties in polyacrylonitrile-based lithium-ion polymer gel electrolytes." Journal of Chemical Physics 158, no. 14 (April 14, 2023): 144705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0135631.

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Polymer gel electrolytes (PGE) have seen a renewed interest in their development because they have high ionic conductivities but low electrochemical degradation and flammability. PGEs are formed by mixing a liquid lithium-ion electrolyte with a polymer at a sufficiently large concentration to form a gel. PGEs have been extensively studied, but the direct connection between their microscopic structure and macroscopic properties remains controversial. For example, it is still unknown whether the polymer in the PGE acts as an inert, stabilizing scaffold for the electrolyte or it interacts with the ionic components. Here, a PGE composed of a prototypical lithium-carbonate electrolyte and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is pursued at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. Specifically, this study focused on describing the microscopic and macroscopic changes in the PGE at different polymer concentrations. The results indicated that the polymer-ion and polymer–polymer interactions are strongly dependent on the concentration of the polymer and the lithium salt. In particular, the polymer interacts with itself at very high PAN concentrations (10% weight) resulting in a viscous gel. However, the conductivity and dynamics of the electrolyte liquid components are significantly less affected by the addition of the polymer. The observations are explained in terms of the PGE structure, which transitions from a polymer solution to a gel, containing a polymer matrix and disperse electrolyte, at low and high PAN concentrations, respectively. The results highlight the critical role that the polymer concentration plays in determining both the macroscopic properties of the system and the molecular structure of the PGE.

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Razalli, S. M. M., S. I. Y. S. M. Saaid, Tengku Ishak Tengku Kudin, Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya, Oskar Hasdinor Hassan, and Ab Malik Marwan Ali. "Electrochemical Properties of Glyme Based Plasticizer on Gel Polymer Electrolytes Doped with Lithium Bis(Trifluoromethanesulfonyl)Imide." Materials Science Forum 846 (March 2016): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.846.534.

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In this study, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) system is prepared by the solution cast technique. The system consists of cellulose acetate (CA) as a host polymer, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as a dopant salt and diethylene glycol dibutylether (BDG) from glyme based family as a plasticizer. GPEs (65 wt. % CA–25 wt. % LiTFSI–10 wt. % BDG) sample is the highest conductivity of 2.88×10-3 S.cm−1 at room temperature. The lithium-electrolyte interfaced stability is established and the highest ionic conducting electrolyte is able to withstand up to 3.8V vs Li/Li+.

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Veselkova, Iuliia, Kamil Jasso, Tomas Kazda, and Marie Sedlaříková. "Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Methyl Methacrylate for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Transactions 105, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10501.0239ecst.

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Lithium-sulfur batteries are next-generation battery systems with low cost and high specific energy. However, it is necessary to solve several deficiencies of these batteries such as shuttle effect, and gel polymer electrolyte is a great candidate. These perspective materials can be used as a replacement for liquid electrolytes, and at the same time, they can help to solve the problems of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this work, gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on methyl methacrylate was prepared by cross-linking strategy. As cross-link ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) was used. Prepared gel with a high electric conductivity was testing in the lithium-sulfur cell (Li/GPE/S). The electrochemical performance of the cell was studied.

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Rizzuto, Carmen, Dale C. Teeters, Riccardo C. Barberi, and Marco Castriota. "Plasticizers and Salt Concentrations Effects on Polymer Gel Electrolytes Based on Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) for Electrochemical Applications." Gels 8, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8060363.

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This work describes the electrochemical properties of a type of PMMA-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). The gel polymer electrolyte systems at a concentration of (20:80) % w/w were prepared from poly (methyl methacrylate), lithium perchlorate LiClO4 and single plasticizer propylene carbonate (PMMA-Li-PC) and a mixture of plasticizers made by propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate in molar ratio 1:1, (PMMA-Li-PC-EC). Different salt concentrations (0.1 M, 0.5 M, 1 M, 2 M) were studied. The effect of different plasticizers (single and mixed) on the properties of gel polymer electrolytes were considered. The variation of conductivity versus salt concentration, thermal properties using DSC and TGA, anodic stability and FTIR spectroscopy were used in this study. The maximum ionic conductivity of σ = 0.031 S/cm were obtained for PMMA-Li-PC-EC with a salt concentration equal to 1 M. Ion-pairing phenomena and all ion associations were observed between lithium cations, plasticizers and host polymers through FTIR spectroscopy. The anodic stability of the PMMA-based gel polymer electrolytes was recorded up to 4 V. The glass temperatures of these electrolytes were estimated. We found they were dependent on the plasticization effect of plasticizers on the polymer chains and the increase of the salt concentration. Unexpectedly, it was determined that an unreacted PMMA monomer was present in the system, which appears to enhance ion conduction. The presence and possibly the addition of a monomer may be a technique for increasing ion conduction in other gel systems that warrants further study.

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Rajasudha, G., V. Narayanan, and A. Stephen. "Effect of Iron Oxide on Ionic Conductivity of Polyindole Based Composite Polymer Electrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 584 (October 2012): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.536.

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Composite polymer electrolytes (CPE) have recently received a great attention due to their potential application in solid state batteries. A novel polyindole based Fe2O3 dispersed CPE containing lithium perchlorate has been prepared by sol-gel method. The crystallinity, morphology and ionic conductivity of composite polymer electrolyte were examined by XRD, scanning electron microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The XRD data reveals that the intensity of the Fe2O3 has decreased when the concentration of the polymer is increased in the composite. This composite polymer electrolyte showed a linear relationship between the ionic conductivity and the reciprocal of the temperature, indicative of the system decoupled from the segmental motion of the polymer. Thus Polyindole-Iron oxide composite polymer electrolyte is a potential candidate for lithium ion electrolyte batteries. The complex impedance data for this has been analyzed in different formalisms such as permittivity (ε) and electric modulus (M). The value of ε' for CPE decreases with frequency, which is a normal dielectric behavior in polymer nanocomposite.

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Park, Habin, Anthony Engler, Nian Liu, and Paul Kohl. "Dynamic Anion Delocalization of Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolyte for High-Performance of Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023227mtgabs.

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Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been considered as next-generation energy storages due to their extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g-1). However, current LMBs, using conventional liquid electrolytes, still could not fulfill the demand of soaring expansion of energy era, such as electrical vehicles, because of their safety issues, originated by uncontrollable electrolytic side reaction on the lithium, resulting unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and vicious lithium dendritic growth [1]. Also, carbonate-based liquid electrolytes have an intrinsic flammability, and the lithium dendrite, which short-circuits a cell, can lead to severe safety hazard with the unfavorable flammability of current liquid system when they are ignited. Therefore, solid-state electrolytes have been spotlighted recently for a pathway for safe, and high energy and power LMBs, due to their superior thermal stability and low vapor pressure, while maintaining suitable electrolytic performances. In this study, solid-state single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SICPEs), utilizing dynamic anion delocalization (DAD), realizing high ionic conductivity and dimensional stability for high-performance LMB, are studied. The SICPEs enable superior lithium transference number, resulting in highly reduced concentration gradient of lithium cation along the electrolyte to suppress the undesirable lithium dendritic growth. However, SICPEs have prominently lower ionic conductivity than dual-ion conducting polymer electrolyte (DICPEs), which is a critical issue to make a slower charge/discharge for SICPEs [2]. Although an approach utilizing gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), using a liquid solvent as a plasticizer, has been exploited to increase the ionic conductivity of SICPEs, GPEs have struggled with lower mechanical stability, compared to solid state, and still existing flammability issue with the plasticizer. The novel plasticizer, which is described here, can interact with bulky anionic polymer matrix, so that the negative charge can be dispersed onto the whole complex by DAD. Once the bulky complex is formed by DAD, the dissociation of lithium cation from anionic matrix can be easier with the decreased activation energy and higher ionic conduction. While increasing the ionic conductivity with DAD, the nature of polymeric plasticizer will highly suppress flammability. DAD allows the membrane endure more tensile strength due to the dynamic structural change in crosslinking state, so that the polymer electrolyte can tolerate dendritic growth of lithium by morphological change on an electrode surface. The obvious advantages of DAD-induced solid polymer electrolytes in this study for a high energy and power, and ultra-safe LMB can present a novel approach of polymer electrolyte design to the astronomical demand of energy storages. [1] F. Ahmed, I. Choi, M.M. Rahman, H. Jang, T. Ryu, S. Yoon, L. Jin, Y. Jin, W. Kim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 34930-34938. [2] D.-M. Shin, J.E. Bachman, M.K. Taylor, J. Kamcev, J.G. Park, M.E. Ziebel, E. Velasquez, N.N. Jarenwattananon, G.K. Sethi, Y. Cui, J.R. Long, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1905771.

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Podlesnov, E., M. G. Nigamatdianov, and M. V. Dorogov. "Review of Materials for Electrodes and Electrolytes of Lithium Batteries." Reviews on Advanced Materials and Technologies 4, no. 4 (2022): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/2687-0568-2022-4-4-39-61.

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Lithium-ion batteries are still efficient and reliable energy storage systems and are widely used in portable electronics and electric vehicles. This review describes the types of currently existing lithium batteries, systems with anodes, cathodes and electrolytes made of various materials, and methods for their study. Specifically, it begins with a brief introduction to the principles of lithium-ion batteries operation and cell structure, followed by an overview of battery research methods. Particular attention is paid to the use of nanosized particles for the modification of electrodes and electrolytes, as well as the copolymerization of individual polymers of the gel-polymer electrolyte. The review analyzes possible future developments and prospects for post-lithium batteries.

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Zailani, N. A. M., F. A. Latif, Z. S. M. Al Shukaili, Pramod K. Singh, S. F. M. Zamri, and M. A. A. Rani. "Ionic Liquid Encapsulated Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Electrolyte Film in Electrical Double Layer Capacitor." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae1122_10.

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One of the main components of electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) is the electrolyte. Gel-type electrolyte has shown good performance in EDLC. However, not much information is available on film-type electrolytes, which are known to provide better mechanical stability than the gel-type electrolyte. In present study, we have reported the performance of film-type poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as electrolyte in electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) systems and compared with the gel-type PMMA electrolytes. This film-type PMMA electrolyte is modified by encapsulating 1-methyl-3-pentamethyldisiloxymethylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [(SiOSi)C1C1 im][NTf2 ], an ionic liquid (IL), into the PMMA matrix, PMMAIL. Doping this PMMAIL film with 30% lithium triflate salt (LiTf), LiTfPMMAIL, provides an EDLC cell with higher breakdown voltage (3.2 V) and higher specific discharge capacity (Csp) (6.59 Fg-1 ) and energy density (0.92 Whkg-1 ) than the selected PMMA-based gel electrolyte systems. These values exceed the minimum requirements for a working supercapacitor. However, this LiTF-PMMAIL cell exhibited lower power density (23.04 Wkg-1 ) than the selected EDLC cells due to the more congested system of LiTF-PMMAIL. Thus, the performance of this LiTF-PMMAIL cell could be improved by adjusting the amount of doping salt and using different types of carbon electrodes. Keywords—capacitors, charging/discharging, polymer electrolyte films, poly (methyl methacrylate) electrolytes, solid electrolytes.

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Zhang, Lan, and Shi Chao Zhang. "Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Gel Polymer Membrane Based on a Tetra-Copolymer." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 1755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1755.

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A acrylonitrile (AN)-methyl acrylate (MMA)-methoxy polyethylene glycol(350) monoacrylate (MPGA)-lithium acrylate (LiAc) tetra-copolymer was synthesized by emulsion polymerization, and phase inversion technique was adopted to prepare the as prepared polymer based microporous membrane. The gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) were obtained by soak the as-prepared microporous membrane into 1M LiPF6/ (EC (ethylene carbonate) + DEC (diethylene carbonate)) (1:1 vol) electrolyte. FTIR, NMR and TGA/DSC measurements are used to character the components and structure of the polymer. The GPE’s ionic conductivity exceeds 3.0×10-3S/cm at ambient temperature, and this system also shows a sufficient electrochemical stability with a decomposition voltage as much as 6.0V vs Lithium(Li)/Li+ to allow far wider operation in the rechargeable lithium-ion polymer batteries. What’s more, this membrane also shows good characters in battery’s charge-discharge cycles.

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Daud, N. M. A. C., N. Tamchek, and I. M. NOOR. "Preparation and Characterization of GG-LiCF3SO3-DMSO Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Potential Lithium-Ion Battery Application." Journal of Advanced Thermal Science Research 9 (October 20, 2022): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-5826.2022.09.6.

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This work uses gellan gum (GG) natural polymer as the base polymer to prepare gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) salt is used as a charge supplier, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) acts as a plasticizer to keep the electrolyte in gel form. Two electrolyte systems are formed, which are LiCF3SO3-DMSO liquid electrolytes and GG-LiCF3SO3-DMSO GPEs. Liquid electrolyte with a composition of 12.42 wt.% LiCF3SO3-87.58 wt.% DMSO (LN3 electrolyte) revealed the highest room temperature conductivity (σrt) of 9.14 mS cm-1. The highest σrt value obtained by the LN3 electrolyte is strongly influenced by the charge carrier concentration (n) relative to the mobility (µ). To form GPEs, GG is added to the LN3 electrolyte since this sample composition gave the highest σrt. The electrolyte of 2.00 wt.% GG-12.18 wt.% LiCF3SO3-85.82 wt.% DMSO (GN3 electrolyte) showed the highest σrt of 9.96 mS cm-1. The highest σrt value obtained by GN3 electrolyte is strongly influenced by µ rather than n. The conductivity-temperature study showed that the increase in conductivity for GG-LiCF3SO3-DMSO GPEs is controlled by an increase in n, not µ. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) for the GN3 electrolyte showed high electrochemical stability up to 4.8 V. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) illustrated the redox process in the GN3 electrolyte is reversible. A lithium-ion battery fabricated with GN3 electrolyte showed a good discharge performance up to 480 hours with an average voltage of 1.50 V discharged at a current of 0.001 mA. Based on this work, it can be concluded that natural polymer GG-based GPE has great potential for use in LIBs as a charge transport medium.

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Sa’adun, Nurul Nadiah, Ramesh Subramaniam, and Ramesh Kasi. "Development and Characterization of Poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) Copolymer Based Polymer Electrolytes." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/254215.

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Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are developed using poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) [P(VP-co-VAc)] as the host polymer, lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide [LiTFSI] as the lithium salt and ionic liquid, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [EMImTFSI] by using solution casting technique. The effect of ionic liquid on ionic conductivity is studied and the optimum ionic conductivity at room temperature is found to be 2.14 × 10−6 S cm−1for sample containing 25 wt% of EMImTFSI. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity from 303 K to 353 K exhibits Arrhenius plot behaviour. The thermal stability of the polymer electrolyte system is studied by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) while the structural and morphological properties of the polymer electrolyte is studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), respectively.

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Chernyak, Alexander V., Nikita A. Slesarenko, Anna A. Slesarenko, Guzaliya R. Baymuratova, Galiya Z. Tulibaeva, Alena V. Yudina, Vitaly I. Volkov, Alexander F. Shestakov, and Olga V. Yarmolenko. "Effect of the Solvate Environment of Lithium Cations on the Resistance of the Polymer Electrolyte/Electrode Interface in a Solid-State Lithium Battery." Membranes 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111111.

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The effect of the composition of liquid electrolytes in the bulk and at the interface with the LiFePO4 cathode on the operation of a solid-state lithium battery with a nanocomposite polymer gel electrolyte based on polyethylene glycol diacrylate and SiO2 was studied. The self-diffusion coefficients on the 7Li, 1H, and 19F nuclei in electrolytes based on LiBF4 and LiTFSI salts in solvents (gamma-butyrolactone, dioxolane, dimethoxyethane) were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with a magnetic field gradient. Four compositions of the complex electrolyte system were studied by high-resolution NMR. The experimentally obtained 1H chemical shifts are compared with those theoretically calculated by quantum chemical modeling. This made it possible to suggest the solvate shell compositions that facilitate the rapid transfer of the Li+ cation at the nanocomposite electrolyte/LiFePO4 interface and ensure the stable operation of a solid-state lithium battery.

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Ari, Muhammad Syahir Sak, Siti Zafirah Zainal Abidin, Mohamad Fariz Mohamad Taib, and Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya. "Electrical and Electrochemical Studies of Polymer Gel Electrolytes Based on Agarose-LiBOB and P(VP-co-VAc)-LiBOB." Solid State Phenomena 317 (May 2021): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.317.385.

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This study focuses on preparation and characterization of polymer gel electrolytes (PGEs) based on agarose–LiBOB–DMSO and poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate)–LiBOB–DMSO. Two systems of PGEs were prepared by dissolving a different amount (1-8 wt.%) of agarose and (1-8 wt.%) P(VP-co-VAc) as host polymer in 0.8 M of LiBOB–DMSO solution. The addition of host polymer into 0.8 M of LiBOB–DMSO solution will result an optimum conductivity which is 6.91 x 10-3 S.cm-1 for agarose–LiBOB–DMSO system and 7.83 x 10-3 S.cm-1 for P(VP-co-VAc)–LiBOB–DMSO system. In the temperature range of conductivity studies discovered that the agarose–LiBOB–DMSO and P(VP-co-VAc)–LiBOB–DMSO polymer gel electrolytes abide by Arrhenius rule indicating that this PGEs could run at elevated temperature conditions. Furthermore, lithium transference number confirms that both electrolyte systems have 0.03 and 0.12 respectively at room temperature (298 K). Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements demonstrate the agarose–LiBOB–DMSO system has a potential of 4.26 V and P(VP-co-VAc)–LiBOB–DMSO system has a potential of 4.50 V which is good in electrochemical stability.

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Wright, Peter V. "Developments in Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 8 (August 2002): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.194.

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AbstractRecent developments in polymer electrolyte materials for lithium batteries are reviewed in this article. Four general classifications are recognized: (1) solvent-containing systems in which a liquid electrolyte solution either is fully miscible with a single-phase swollen polymer matrix (gel) or is a two-phase system in which “free” liquid occupies micropores within a swollen polymer network (hybrid), and conductivity (≥∼1 mS cm-1 at ambient temperature) is essentially independent of the polymer segmental motion (the thermal motion of segments of atoms along the backbone of a flexible polymer chain); (2) solvent-free, ion-coupled systems (typically polyether–Li salt complexes) in which both anions and cations are mobile within an amorphous, rubbery phase (conductivity ≤0.1 mS cm-1 at ambient temperature); (3) “single-ion” systems with anions fixed to the polymer backbone or systems with anion mobilities reduced by incorporation within larger molecules or by associations with the chain (conductivity ∼10-5 Scm-1 at ambient temperature); and (4) decoupled systems in which ionic mobility through channeled structures involves minimal local segmental displacements (conductivity 0.1–1 mS cm-1 at ambient temperature).

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Slesarenko, Nikita A., Alexander V. Chernyak, Kyunsylu G. Khatmullina, Guzaliya R. Baymuratova, Alena V. Yudina, Galiya Z. Tulibaeva, Alexander F. Shestakov, Vitaly I. Volkov, and Olga V. Yarmolenko. "Nanocomposite Polymer Gel Electrolyte Based on TiO2 Nanoparticles for Lithium Batteries." Membranes 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13090776.

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In this article, the specific features of competitive ionic and molecular transport in nanocomposite systems based on network membranes synthesized by radical polymerization of polyethylene glycol diacrylate in the presence of LiBF4, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, ethylene carbonate (EC), and TiO2 nanopowder (d~21 nm) were studied for 1H, 7Li, 11B, 13C, and 19F nuclei using NMR. The membranes obtained were studied through electrochemical impedance, IR-Fourier spectroscopy, DSC, and TGA. The ionic conductivity of the membranes was up to 4.8 m Scm−1 at room temperature. The operating temperature range was from −40 to 100 °C. Two types of molecular and ionic transport (fast and slow) have been detected by pulsed field gradient NMR. From quantum chemical modeling, it follows that the difficulty of lithium transport is due to the strong chemisorption of BF4– anions with counterions on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. The theoretical conclusion about the need to increase the proportion of EC in order to reduce the influence of this effect was confirmed by an experimental study of a system with 4 moles of EC. It has been shown that this approach leads to an increase in lithium conductivity in an ionic liquid medium, which is important for the development of thermostable nanocomposite electrolytes for Li//LiFePO4 batteries with a base of lithium salts and aprotonic imidasolium ionic liquid.

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Navarra, Maria, Lucia Lombardo, Pantaleone Bruni, Leonardo Morelli, Akiko Tsurumaki, Stefania Panero, and Fausto Croce. "Gel Polymer Electrolytes Based on Silica-Added Poly(ethylene oxide) Electrospun Membranes for Lithium Batteries." Membranes 8, no. 4 (December 5, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes8040126.

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Solid polymer electrolytes, in the form of membranes, offering high chemical and mechanical stability, while maintaining good ionic conductivity, are envisaged as a possible solution to improve performances and safety in different lithium cell configurations. In this work, we designed and prepared systems formed using innovative nanocomposite polymer membranes, based on high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and silica nanopowders, produced by the electrospinning technique. These membranes were subsequently gelled with solutions based on aprotic ionic liquid, carbonate solvents, and lithium salt. The addition of polysulfide species to the electrolyte solution was also considered, in view of potential applications in lithium-sulfur cells. The morphology of the electrospun pristine membranes was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Stability and thermal properties of pristine and gelled systems were investigated uisng differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the conductivity of both swelling solutions and gelled membranes, allowing insight into the ion transport mechanism within the proposed composite electrolytes.

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Domalanta, Marcel Roy, and Julie Anne del Rosario. "(Digital Presentation) An Electrochemical-Thermal Coupled Thermal Runaway Multiphysics Model for Lithium Polymer Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012439mtgabs.

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With the rising energy demand, safe and efficient energy storage technologies have been increasing in importance. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been dynamically prevalent as energy storage and power sources for various electrical systems, from communication purposes to transportation applications. Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries are a subcategory of LIBs that use a solid or semisolid (gel) polymer to act as both a separator and electrolyte for the system. Compared to a conventional liquid electrolyte, gel polymer electrolyte is more thermally and electrochemically stable and relatively safer. Various companies produce a vast number of different LiPo batteries; however, a limited number of studies have been conducted concerning modeling and simulation. Besides exploring new materials for performance enhancement, engineering a reliable model is equally vital to exploit and optimize existing LiPo batteries' potential. In this study, a multiphysics model for a mobile Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)-graphite- Poly(vinylidene fluoride - hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) pouch LiPo battery was established to characterize the battery's behavior. The pseudo-2-dimensional electrochemical model and 3D thermal-thermal runaway model were coupled with temperature and heat generation variables. Working voltage and temperature during galvanostatic discharge were examined for the electrochemical-thermal model. In contrast, temperature as a function of time during an oven test was analyzed for thermal runaway models. The electrochemical-thermal and thermal runaway behavior was investigated using the simulation model, and validations were compared with experimental data. Overall, the models can be employed as a design tool to evaluate the component design and estimate the system performance of LiPo batteries for commercial applications. KEYWORDS: Multiphysics model, Lithium-polymer battery, Thermal runaway

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Liu, Feng-Quan, Wen-Peng Wang, Ya-Xia Yin, Shuai-Feng Zhang, Ji-Lei Shi, Lu Wang, Xu-Dong Zhang, et al. "Upgrading traditional liquid electrolyte via in situ gelation for future lithium metal batteries." Science Advances 4, no. 10 (October 2018): eaat5383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat5383.

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High-energy lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are expected to play important roles in the next-generation energy storage systems. However, the uncontrolled Li dendrite growth in liquid electrolytes still impedes LMBs from authentic commercialization. Upgrading the traditional electrolyte system from liquid to solid and quasi-solid has therefore become a key issue for prospective LMBs. From this premise, it is particularly urgent to exploit facile strategies to accomplish this goal. We report that commercialized liquid electrolyte can be easily converted into a novel quasi-solid gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) via a simple and efficient in situ gelation strategy, which, in essence, is to use LiPF6 to induce the cationic polymerization of the ether-based 1,3-dioxolane and 1,2-dimethoxyethane liquid electrolyte under ambient temperature. The newly developed GPE exhibits elevated protective effects on Li anodes and has universality for diversified cathodes including but not restricted to sulfur, olivine-type LiFePO4, and layered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, revealing tremendous potential in promoting the large-scale application of future LMBs.

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Feng, Ningning, Chaoqiang Wang, Jing Wang, Yang Lin, and Gang Yang. "A High-Performance Li-O2/Air Battery System with Dual Redox Mediators in the Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte." Batteries 9, no. 5 (April 25, 2023): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050243.

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Lithium–oxygen (Li-O2) batteries have captured worldwide attention owing to their highest theoretical specific energy density. However, this promising system still suffers from huge discharge/charge overpotentials and poor cycling stability, which are related to the leakage/volatilization of organic liquid electrolytes and the inefficiency of solid catalysts. A mixing ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolyte (IL-GPE)-based Li-O2 battery, consisting of a 20 mM 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ) 40 mM N-methylphenothiazine (MPT)-containing IL-GPE and a single-walled carbon nanotube cathode, is designed for the first time here. This unique dual redox mediators-based GPE, which contains a polymer matrix immersed with mixed ionic liquid electrolyte, provides a proper ionic conductivity (0.48 mS cm−1) and effective protection for lithium anode. In addition, DBBQ, as the catalyst for an oxygen reduction reaction, can support the growth of discharge products through the solution–phase pathway. Simultaneously, MPT, as the catalyst for an oxygen evolution reaction, can decompose Li2O2 at low charge overpotentials. Hence, the DBBQ-MPT-IL-GPE-based Li-O2 battery can operate for 100 cycles with lower charge/discharge overpotentials. This investigation may offer a promising method to realize high-efficiency Li-O2/air batteries.

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Wang, Jingwei, Zejia Zhao, Shenhua Song, Qing Ma, and Renchen Liu. "High Performance Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Li-Ion Conducting Gel Polymer Electrolyte Films for Electric Double-Layer Capacitors." Polymers 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10111179.

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With 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) as the solvent, the biodegradable gel polymer electrolyte films are prepared based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI), and 1-ethyl-3 methylimidazoliumbis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMITFSI) by means of solution casting. The films are characterized to evaluate their structural and electrochemical performance. The 60PVA-40LiTFSI + 10 wt.% EMITFSI system exhibits excellent mechanical properties and a high ionic transference number (0.995), indicating primary ionic conduction in the film. In addition, because of the flexibility of polymer chain segments, its relaxation time is as low as 5.30 × 10−7 s. Accordingly, a high ionic conductivity (3.6 × 10−3 S cm−1) and a wide electrochemical stability window (~5 V) are obtained. The electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) based on this electrolyte system shows a specific capacitance of 101 F g−1 and an energy density of 10.3 W h kg−1, even after 1000 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 0.4 A g−1 under a charging voltage of 2 V. All these excellent properties imply that the NMP-soluble 60PVA-40LiTFSI + 10 wt.% EMITFSI gel polymer electrolyte could be a promising electrolyte candidate for electrochemical device applications.

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22

Khatmullina, Kyunsylu G., Nikita A. Slesarenko, Alexander V. Chernyak, Guzaliya R. Baymuratova, Alena V. Yudina, Mikhail P. Berezin, Galiya Z. Tulibaeva, Anna A. Slesarenko, Alexander F. Shestakov, and Olga V. Yarmolenko. "New Network Polymer Electrolytes Based on Ionic Liquid and SiO2 Nanoparticles for Energy Storage Systems." Membranes 13, no. 6 (May 24, 2023): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13060548.

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Elementary processes of electro mass transfer in the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte system by pulse field gradient, spin echo NMR spectroscopy and the high-resolution NMR method together with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are examined. The new nanocomposite polymer gel electrolytes consisted of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), salt LiBF4 and 1—ethyl—3—methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4) and SiO2 nanoparticles. Kinetics of the PEGDA matrix formation was studied by isothermal calorimetry. The flexible polymer–ionic liquid films were studied by IRFT spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and temperature gravimetric analysis. The total conductivity in these systems was about 10−4 S cm−1 (−40 °C), 10−3 S cm−1 (25 °C) and 10−2 S cm−1 (100 °C). The method of quantum-chemical modeling of the interaction of SiO2 nanoparticles with ions showed the advantage of the mixed adsorption process, in which a negatively charged surface layer is formed from Li+ BF4— ions on silicon dioxide particles and then from ions of the ionic liquid EMI+ BF4−. These electrolytes are promising for use both in lithium power sources and in supercapacitors. The paper shows preliminary tests of a lithium cell with an organic electrode based on a pentaazapentacene derivative for 110 charge–discharge cycles.

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Virya, Alvin, Julian Rosas, Jobey Chua, and Keryn Lian. "LiNO₃-Based Polymer Electrolytes for Solid Electrochemical Capacitors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351513mtgabs.

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Solid-state, thin, and flexible electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are promising power sources for wearable electronics such as smart textiles and medical sensors. One of the key enablers for safe and high performance solid electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) is aqueous-based neutral pH polymer electrolytes (NPPEs) [1-2]. NPPEs containing chloride [3-5] or sulfate salts [6-8] as ion conductors, have been demonstrated high ionic conductivities with wide cell voltage window (>1.5 V, beyond the typical limit of aqueous-based systems). While nitrate solution can also offer similarly wide potential window (demonstrated in liquid electrolytes [9]), their polymer electrolytes may offer several additional advantages: (i) better compatibility with wide-range of polymers from its chaotropic nature, (ii) good thermal stability from deep eutectic temperature with water, and (iii) good water-retaining ability from hygroscopic nature that allows for higher retention than sulfates while maintaining better structural integrity than chlorides. In this study, we aim to: (i) develop a class of high performance LiNO3 based NPPEs, (ii) investigate the underlying material characteristics of the NPPE that support good electrochemical performance, and (iii) demonstrate its application in solid EDLC devices using carbon-based electrodes. The polymer electrolytes utilizing either polyacrylamide or poly(vinyl alcohol) host with various amount of LiNO3 have been systematically studied for their ionic conductivities and performance in solid capacitive devices. While increasing the salt content can lead to higher ionic conductivity, the mechanical properties may be compromised from excessive water absorption. The optimized electrolytes exhibited a high ionic conductivity (>20 mS cm-1) at ambient, relatively high conductivity retention at sub-zero temperatures, and long shelf-life (>30 days). These electrolytes maintained well-hydrated ions and would enable solid-state double layer capacitors, without any separator. References: [1] K. Fic et al., "Novel insight into neutral medium as electrolyte for high-voltage supercapacitors," Energy & Env. Sci., 2, 2012. [2] C. Zhong et al., "A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors," Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 2015. [3] G. Wang et al., “LiCl/PVA Gel Electrolyte Stabilizes Vanadium Oxide Nanowire Electrodes for Pseudocapacitors,” ACS Nano, 6, 2012. [4] X. Peng et al., “A zwitterionic gel electrolyte for efficient solid-state supercapacitors,” Nat. Comm., 7, 2016. [5] A. Virya and K. Lian, “Polyacrylamide-lithium chloride polymer electrolyte and its applications in electrochemical capacitors,” Electrochem. Comm., 74, 2016 [6] N. Batisse and E. Raymond- Piñero, “A self-standing hydrogel neutral electrolyte for high voltage and safe flexible supercapacitors,” J. Power Sources, 348, 2017. [7] A. Virya et al., "Na2SO4-polyacrylamide electrolytes and enabled solid-state electrochemical capacitors," Batteries & Supercaps, 2019. [8] T. Gu and B. Wei, “High-performance all-solid-state asymmetric stretchable supercapacitors based on wrinkled MnO2/CNT and Fe2O3/CNT macrofilms,” J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 2016. [9] K. Fic et al., “Comparative operando study of degradation mechanisms in carbon-based electrochemical capacitors with Li2SO4 and LiNO3 electrolytes,” Carbon, 120, 2017.

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Huang, Y., X. Y. Ma, G. Z. Liang, H. X. Yan, X. Qu, and F. Chen. "Preparation and characterization of organic rectorite composite gel polymer electrolyte." Clay Minerals 42, no. 1 (March 2007): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2007.042.1.05.

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AbstractIn liquid-filled batteries, the liquid electrolytes may escape or present a fire hazard and an inert spacer is needed to separate the electrodes. Alternative polymer-based electrolytes are of current technological interest. Solid polymer electrolytes are non-volatile, non-corrosive materials, which can readily be processed into any shape or size. However, despite possessing the required mechanical properties, they have inherently lower conductivity. Gel-based systems are an attempt to strike a balance between the high conductivity of organic liquid electrolytes and the dimensional stability of a solid polymer.Rectorite was modified with dodecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride to form organic-modified rectorite (OREC). OREC was used as a filler additive to modify gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) and prepare composite gel polymer electrolytes (CPEs) which consisted of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) used as a polymer matrix, propylene carbonate (PC), used as a plasticizer, and LiClO4, used as a lithium ion producer. A variety of physical and chemical techniques was used to characterize the CPEs. The interlayer d spacing of OREC was much larger than that of the initial rectorite (2.22 nm). OREC also possesses a fine microscopic structure, and has a hydrophobic surface. Molau and XRD analysis of CPEs indicate that OREC has good compatibility with the components of CPEs and can be dispersed well. The effects of temperature and OREC dose on properties were studied. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of CPEs is well fitted by the VTF (Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher) relation. OREC doses of 5 phr gave the greatest ionic conductivity. This amount also greatly increased the plasticizer maintenance levels. Due to the occupancy of free volume space in the polymer matrix of CPEs by OREC, the bulk resistance of the CPEs was lowered and the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased. The sheet structure of OREC is thought to improve the decomposition temperature of CPEs.

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Huang, Huijia, Fei Ding, Hai Zhong, Huan Li, Weiguo Zhang, Xingjiang Liu, and Qiang Xu. "Nano-SiO2-embedded poly(propylene carbonate)-based composite gel polymer electrolyte for lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 20 (2018): 9539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta03061h.

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All-solid-state electrochemical energy storage devices are highly in demand for future energy storage, where quasi-solid-state systems, such as gel polymer electrolytes, represent an important step towards this goal.

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He, Xiang Ming, Wei Hua Pu, Jian Jun Li, Chang Yin Jiang, Chun Rong Wan, and Shi Chao Zhang. "Nano Sulfur Composite for Li/S Polymer Secondary Batteries." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.541.

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The Li/S polymer secondary batteries presents higher capacity, lower materials cost and much better performance in higher operation temperature. A nano-scale sulfur polymer composite cathode material has been developed for these batteries, and its cycle capacity is over 700mAh/g when the lithium metal is used as the anode; A nano-scale Cu/Sn alloy powder has been synthesized by a novel micro-emulsion process, its cycle capacity is over 300 mAh/g; The performance of PVdF gel electrolyte has been improved through the addition of the nanometer SiO2 synthesized in-situ. The advanced Li/S polymer secondary batteries will be a promising alternative for next generation energy storage system.

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27

Mahmud, Zaidatul Salwa, N. H. M. Zaki, R. Zakaria, Mohamad Faizul Yahya, and Ab Malik Marwan Ali. "Conductivity-Temperature Dependent Studies on MG49 Doped Lithium Triflate Salt." Advanced Materials Research 1107 (June 2015): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.181.

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This paper reports on the conductivity-temperature studies of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on 49% poly (methyl methacrylate) grafted-natural rubber (MG49) doped with lithium triflate salt (LiTf) and plasticized with ethylene carbonate (EC). The GPE films are prepared by solution cast technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies reveal the polymer electrolyte systems are amorphous. AC impedance spectroscopy is carried out in the temperature range between 303 and 373 K. The magnitudes of conductivity observed are strongly dependent on salt concentration and temperature. The high ionic conductivity at elevated temperatures of GPE is attributed to the high ionic mobility of charge carriers. The ionic migration is seen to follow the VTF behavior and approaches to Arrhenius rule at high and low at temperature. Ionic conductivity relaxation appears to be a characteristic of the ionic polarization and the modulus formalism studies confirmed the GPEs in the present investigation are ionic conductors.

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Mohd Noor, Siti Aminah, Chow Peng Wong, Mariah Zuliana Dzulkipli, Mohd Sukor Su'ait, Lee Tian Khoon, and Nur Hasyareeda Hassan. "Properties of Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based Poly(Vinylidine Fluoride-сo-Hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO₄) and 1-Butyl-3-Methylimmidazoliumhexafluorophosphate [PF₆]." Solid State Phenomena 317 (May 2021): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.317.434.

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This study reported the preparation and characterization of gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) using poly (vinylidine fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) and 1-butyl-3-metilimmidazoliumhexafluorophosphate [PF6]. The GPE were prepared by solution casting technique. [Bmim] [PF6] ionic liquid is used as an additive for the purpose of increasing the ionic conductivity of GPE. Morphological analysis showed that the electrolyte gel polymer sample had a smooth and flat surface with the addition of [Bmim] [PF6] and no phase separation effect was observed. This shows the compatibility between PVdF-HFP and [Bmim] [PF6]. ATR-FTIR analysis showed that C-F bond related peaks experienced peak changes in terms of intensity and peak shifting. This proves the interaction of the imidazolium ion with the fluorine atom through the formation of coordinate bonds. Ionic conductivity analysis showed that PVdF-HFP-[Bmim][PF6] samples reached a maximum room temperature ionic conductivity value of 2.44 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 60 wt.% [Bmim] [PF6]. When 20 wt.% of LiClO4 added to the system, the ionic conductivity increased one magnitude order to 2.20 × 10-3 S cm-1.

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Nazir, Khuzaimah, Mohamad Fariz Mohamad Taib, Rosnah Zakaria, Muhamad Kamil Yaakob, Oskar Hasdinor Hassan, Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya, and Ab Malik Marwan Ali. "Conductivity Studies of Epoxidized PMMA Grafted Natural Rubber Doped Lithium Triflate Gel Polymer Electrolytes." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.14 (December 24, 2019): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27778.

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A gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) comprising of 62.3 mol% of epoxidized-30% poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted natural rubber (EMG30) as a polymer host, LiCF3SO3 as a dopant salt and ethylene carbonate (EC) as a plasticizer was prepared by solution-casting technique. The effect of plasticizer on the EMG30- LiCF3SO3 on the ionic conductivity is explained in terms of the plasticizer loading of the film. The temperature dependence of the conductivity of the polymer films obeys the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) relationship. The ionic transference number is calculated using Wagner’s polarization technique shows that the conducting species are predominantly due ions and hence showed the system is an ionic conductor. Surface morphological analysis showed the sample with the highest conductivity exhibited most homogenous in nature.

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30

Anderson, Ethan, Antranik Jonderian, and Eric McCalla. "High Throughput Studies of Li-La-Zr-O Garnet Solid Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023226mtgabs.

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Development of next-generation Li-ion batteries has increasingly focused on all-solid batteries employing either ceramic, polymer, or glass electrolytes in order to address shortcomings in currently commercialized liquid electrolyte Li-ion batteries including safety, limited lifetime, and lower energy densities resulting from instability with respect to Li metal anodes.[1] Lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) is a leading candidate for solid Li-batteries due to its high Li-ion conductivity, stability in air and against Li metal, and compatibility with high-voltage cathodes.[2],[3] Despite significant progress being made, our understanding of LLZO is limited by the relatively small number of compositions which have been studied; especially considering the leading contender is a pseudo-quaternary oxide (Ga-doped LLZO) and many studies are now utilizing multiple dopants.[4] Herein, we have applied a high-throughput methodology for synthesizing, characterizing, and testing sets of 64 LLZO electrolytes at the mg-scale. We employ a citrate sol-gel synthesis method whereby reagent solutions are dispensed across a well-plate to give a composition gradient. After drying the samples and burning off the citrates, the resulting powders are pressed into pellets using a custom-made 64-pellet die and the pellets are sintered at the desired temperature. The high-throughput characterization techniques utilized include powder X-ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectrometry and electrochemical cycling in order to test electrolyte stability; with each method performed on up to 64 samples simultaneously. Using our methodology, we have studied over 700 samples to produce a full phase stability diagram for the Li-La-Zr-O pseudoternary system. We find that within the Li-La-Zr-O system, there is significant solubility of Li into the La2Zr2O7 pyrochlore structure commonly found as an impurity in LLZO synthesis due to lithium loss. We also find that LLZO appears as both tetragonal and cubic forms throughout the system, with the cubic LLZO appearing in an extremely restricted region that is difficult to access as pure phase due to lithium loss, while excess lithium leads to the tetragonal LLZO. Li conductivity measurements show that both cubic and tetragonal undoped LLZO have similar bulk conductivities, but there is only a limited region near the formal Li7La3Zr2O12 composition where grain boundary conductivity is high. Our methodology is also applied to a comprehensive doping study where over 40 different dopants are evaluated and promising dopants are tested in co-doped compositions. [1] D. Aurbach et al., Electrochimica Acta 2004, 50, 247-254. [2] Q. Liu, et al., J. Power Sources 2018, 389, 120-134. [3] T. Thompson, et al., ACS Energy Letters 2017, 2, 462-468. [4] F. Zheng, et al., J. Power Sources 2018, 389, 198-213.

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Shah, Vaidik, and Yong Lak Joo. "Incorporating Heteroatom-Doped Graphene in Electrolyte for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 8 (October 9, 2022): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-028656mtgabs.

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Despite dominating the current commercial energy storage landscape, Li-ion batteries are fast approaching their theoretical limit. Meanwhile, Lithium Sulphur (Li-S) batteries, owing to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density of about 2600 Whkg-1, low-cost, Earth-abundant, and environmentally friendly sulfur (S) cathode, are seen as promising replacements to realize energy densities beyond 500 Whkg-1. Despite these advantages, the large-scale implementation of Li-S technology has been stymied due to several issues, one of the most deleterious of them is the dissolution and shuttling of polysulfide intermediates during cycling resulting in severe self-discharge, lowered S utilization and coulombic efficiency. Over the past decades, substantial amount of research towards mitigating ‘polysulfide shuttling’ shuttling has been focused on cathodic modification strategies such as infiltration of S in porous carbon, metal oxide or conducting polymer scaffold matrix which retard the mobility and loss of active material. However, such simple confinement strategies have been shown to be lacking over long cycling due to the relatively weak intermolecular interactions between the host and polysulfide molecules. An effective solution comes in the form of engineering ‘sulfiphilic’ materials that adsorb polysulfide species. For example, surface modification of cathodes with rGO and functionalized carbon species have shown success in reducing the redox shuttling. However, these approaches require elaborate preparation and hence, are limited in their practical usage. To overcome this, we propose a facile approach to improve cell performance via incorporation of functionalized graphenic species in the Li-S electrolyte. In this work, we have probed the impact of using tailored single-layer, heteroatom-doped graphene as electrolyte additives. We have studied the impact of their morphology and functionalization on the electrochemical performance of the cell. Results show a marked improvement in the discharge capacity and a high capacity retention of 84% over 105 cycles at 0.2 C cycling rate. The GCD cycle analysis showed an improvement in first cycle discharge plateau suggesting improved S utilization which was further substantiated by extensive postmortem analysis and polysulfide adsorption testing. Further, the electrolyte-modified cells showed an impressive three-fold and two-fold improvement in capacity at 1C and 2C cycling rates, respectively. These results demonstrated that tailored heteroatom-doped graphene in the form of electrolyte additive is an effective strategy to improve electrochemical performance via enhanced polysulfide encapsulation, cell conductivity and anode stabilization. Finally, we will present the effect of heteroatom-doped graphenic species on mitigation of polysulfide shuttling and cell performance when they are incorporated in the gel electrolyte system.

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NARA, Hiroki, Toshiyuki MOMMA, and Tetsuya OSAKA. "Feasibility of an Interpenetrated Polymer Network System Made of Di-block Copolymer Composed of Polyethylene Oxide and Polystyrene as the Gel Electrolyte for Lithium Secondary Batteries." Electrochemistry 76, no. 4 (2008): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.76.276.

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Aruchamy, Kanakaraj, Subramaniyan Ramasundaram, Sivasubramani Divya, Murugesan Chandran, Kyusik Yun, and Tae Hwan Oh. "Gel Polymer Electrolytes: Advancing Solid-State Batteries for High-Performance Applications." Gels 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2023): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9070585.

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Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) hold tremendous potential for advancing high-energy-density and safe rechargeable solid-state batteries, making them a transformative technology for advancing electric vehicles. GPEs offer high ionic conductivity and mechanical stability, enabling their use in quasi-solid-state batteries that combine solid-state interfaces with liquid-like behavior. Various GPEs based on different materials, including flame-retardant GPEs, dendrite-free polymer gel electrolytes, hybrid solid-state batteries, and 3D printable GPEs, have been developed. Significant efforts have also been directed toward improving the interface between GPEs and electrodes. The integration of gel-based electrolytes into solid-state electrochemical devices has the potential to revolutionize energy storage solutions by offering improved efficiency and reliability. These advancements find applications across diverse industries, particularly in electric vehicles and renewable energy. This review comprehensively discusses the potential of GPEs as solid-state electrolytes for diverse battery systems, such as lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), lithium metal batteries (LMBs), lithium–oxygen batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, zinc-based batteries, sodium–ion batteries, and dual-ion batteries. This review highlights the materials being explored for GPE development, including polymers, inorganic compounds, and ionic liquids. Furthermore, it underscores the transformative impact of GPEs on solid-state batteries and their role in enhancing the performance and safety of energy storage devices.

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Volkov, Vitaly I., Olga V. Yarmolenko, Alexander V. Chernyak, Nikita A. Slesarenko, Irina A. Avilova, Guzaliya R. Baymuratova, and Alena V. Yudina. "Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Studied by NMR Techniques." Membranes 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12040416.

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This review is devoted to different types of novel polymer electrolytes for lithium power sources developed during the last decade. In the first part, the compositions and conductivity of various polymer electrolytes are considered. The second part contains NMR applications to the ion transport mechanism. Polymer electrolytes prevail over liquid electrolytes because of their exploitation safety and wider working temperature ranges. The gel electrolytes are mainly attractive. The systems based on polyethylene oxide, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, etc., modified by nanoparticle (TiO2, SiO2, etc.) additives and ionic liquids are considered in detail. NMR techniques such as high-resolution NMR, solid-state NMR, magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, NMR relaxation, and pulsed-field gradient NMR applications are discussed. 1H, 7Li, and 19F NMR methods applied to polymer electrolytes are considered. Primary attention is given to the revelation of the ion transport mechanism. A nanochannel structure, compositions of ion complexes, and mobilities of cations and anions studied by NMR, quantum-chemical, and ionic conductivity methods are discussed.

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Luo, Wenhan, Kuirong Deng, Shuanjin Wang, Shan Ren, Dongmei Han, Yufei Wang, Min Xiao, and Yuezhong Meng. "A Novel Gel Polymer Electrolyte by Thiol-Ene Click Reaction Derived from CO2-Based Polycarbonate for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (July 17, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5047487.

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Here, we describe the synthesis of a CO2-based polycarbonate with pendent alkene groups and its functionalization by grafting methoxypolyethylene glycol in view of its application possibility in gel polymer electrolyte lithium-ion batteries. The gel polymer electrolyte is prepared by an in-situ thiol-ene click reaction between polycarbonate with pendent alkene groups and thiolated methoxypolyethylene glycol in liquid lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte and exhibits conductivity as remarkably high as 2.0×10−2 S cm−1 at ambient temperature. To the best of our knowledge, this gel polymer electrolyte possesses the highest conductivity in all relevant literatures. A free-standing composite gel polymer electrolyte membrane is obtained by incorporating the gel polymer electrolyte with electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride as a skeleton. The as-prepared composite membrane is used to assemble a prototype lithium iron phosphate cell and evaluated accordingly. The battery delivers a good reversible charge-discharge capacity close to 140 mAh g-1 at 1 C rate and 25°C with only 0.022% per cycle decay after 200 cycles. This work provides an interesting molecular design for polycarbonate application in gel electrolyte lithium-ion batteries.

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Boz, Buket, Hunter O. Ford, Alberto Salvadori, and Jennifer L. Schaefer. "Porous Polymer Gel Electrolytes Influence Lithium Transference Number and Cycling in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Electronic Materials 2, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat2020013.

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To improve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, the development of advanced electrolytes with enhanced transport properties is highly important. Here, we show that by confining the conventional electrolyte (1 M LiPF6 in EC-DEC) in a microporous polymer network, the cation transference number increases to 0.79 while maintaining an ionic conductivity on the order of 10−3 S cm−1. By comparison, a non-porous, condensed polymer electrolyte of the same chemistry has a lower transference number and conductivity, of 0.65 and 7.6 × 10−4 S cm−1, respectively. Within Li-metal/LiFePO4 cells, the improved transport properties of the porous polymer electrolyte enable substantial performance enhancements compared to a commercial separator in terms of rate capability, capacity retention, active material utilization, and efficiency. These results highlight the importance of polymer electrolyte structure–performance property relationships and help guide the future engineering of better materials.

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Isken, P., M. Winter, S. Passerini, and A. Lex-Balducci. "Methacrylate based gel polymer electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 225 (March 2013): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.09.098.

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Tillmann, Selina Denise, Philipp Isken, and Alexandra Lex-Balducci. "Lithium Coordination in Cyclic-Carbonate-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, no. 27 (June 19, 2015): 14873–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b01769.

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Zhu, Yuhao, Yu Han, Qingpeng Guo, Hui Wang, Huize Jiang, Haolong Jiang, Weiwei Sun, Chunman Zheng, and Kai Xie. "Lithium- gel polymer electrolyte composite anode with large electrolyte-lithium interface for solid-state battery." Electrochimica Acta 394 (October 2021): 139123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139123.

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Bhute, Monali V., Subhash B. Kondawar, and Pankaj Koinkar. "Fabrication of hybrid gel nanofibrous polymer electrolyte for lithium ion battery." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 19 (July 18, 2018): 1840066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218400660.

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Fibrous membranes are promising separators for high-performance lithium ion battery because of their high porosity and superior electrolyte uptake. In this paper, the fabrication of hybrid gel polymer electrolyte (HGPE) by introducing SnO2 nanoparticles in poly(vinylidine fluoride) by electrospinning technique and soaking the electrospun nanofibrous membranes in 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1:1, v/v). The as-prepared electrospun HGPE with SnO2 nanofiller was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The influence of SnO2 on the structure of polymer membrane, physical, and electrochemical properties is systematically investigated. HGPE shows significant high ionic conductivity 4.6 × 10[Formula: see text] S/cm at room-temperature and better cell performance such as discharge C-rate capability and cycle performance. The hybrid gel polymer nanofibrous membrane favors high uptake of lithium electrolyte so that electrolyte leakage is reduced. The gel polymer electrolyte with SnO2 filler was used for the fabrication of Li/PVdF-SnO2/LiFePO4 coin cell. The fabricated cell was evaluated at a current density of 0.2 C-rate and delivered stable and excellent cycle performance. This study revealed that the prepared HGPE can be employed as potential electrolyte for lithium ion batteries.

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Luo, Wen-Bin, Shu-Lei Chou, Jia-Zhao Wang, Yong-Mook Kang, Yu-Chun Zhai, and Hua-Kun Liu. "A hybrid gel–solid-state polymer electrolyte for long-life lithium oxygen batteries." Chemical Communications 51, no. 39 (2015): 8269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc01857a.

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A gel–solid state polymer electrolyte has been used as the separator and an electrolyte for lithium oxygen batteries, which can not only avoid electrolyte evaporation but also protect the lithium metal anode during reactions over long-term cycling.

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42

Li, Linge, Mingchao Wang, Jian Wang, Fangmin Ye, Shaofei Wang, Yanan Xu, Jingyu Liu, et al. "Asymmetric gel polymer electrolyte with high lithium ion conductivity for dendrite-free lithium metal batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 16 (2020): 8033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta01883j.

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43

Zhang, Ruisi, Yuanfen Chen, and Reza Montazami. "Ionic Liquid-Doped Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Flexible Lithium-Ion Polymer Batteries." Materials 8, no. 5 (May 20, 2015): 2735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma8052735.

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44

Li, Wei-Li, Yan-Ming Gao, and Shao-Ming Wang. "Gel polymer electrolyte with semi-IPN fabric for polymer lithium-ion battery." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 125, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.33963.

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45

Ryu, Ho Suk, Jae Won Choi, Jou Hyeon Ahn, Gyu Bong Cho, and Hyo Jun Ahn. "The Electrochemical Properties of Poly(acrylonitrile) Polymer Electrolyte for Li/S Battery." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.50.

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The lithium ionic conductivity of Poly (acrylonitrile) (PAN) gel polymer electrolyte with PC/EC was found to be about 1.3 x 10-3S/cm at room temperature. The discharge curve of Li/ PAN (PC+EC)/S battery showed only one plateau region, which is different from that using PVdF(TEGDME) gel polymer electrolyte. Also, the first discharge capacity was 556mAh/g-sulfur in Li/S battery using PAN (PC+EC) gel electrolyte at room temperature.

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46

Hosseinioun, Ava, Pinchas Nürnberg, Monika Schönhoff, Diddo Diddens, and Elie Paillard. "Improved lithium ion dynamics in crosslinked PMMA gel polymer electrolyte." RSC Advances 9, no. 47 (2019): 27574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05917b.

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Ionic transport was investigated in a PMMA gel electrolyte by electrochemical, Raman, PFG-NMR, e-NMR spectroscopies and ab initio calculations. The presence of the PMMA matrix reduces anionic mobility and decorrelates cationic and anionic transport.

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47

Kim, Jae-Kwang. "Hybrid gel polymer electrolyte for high-safety lithium-sulfur batteries." Materials Letters 187 (January 2017): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.10.069.

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Egashira, Minato, Hirotaka Todo, Nobuko Yoshimoto, and Masayuki Morita. "Lithium ion conduction in ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolyte." Journal of Power Sources 178, no. 2 (April 2008): 729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.10.063.

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Choudhury, Soumyadip, Tuhin Saha, Kinsuk Naskar, Manfred Stamm, Gert Heinrich, and Amit Das. "A highly stretchable gel-polymer electrolyte for lithium-sulfur batteries." Polymer 112 (March 2017): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.021.

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Kuo, Han-Hsin, Wei-Chih Chen, Ten-Chin Wen, and A. Gopalan. "A novel composite gel polymer electrolyte for rechargeable lithium batteries." Journal of Power Sources 110, no. 1 (July 2002): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00214-8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithium gel polymer electrolyte system'

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