Academic literature on the topic 'Lithium gel polymer electrolyte system'

Among the various types of polymer electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes have been considered as promising electrolytes for high-performance lithium and non-lithium batteries. The introduction of inorganic fillers into the polymer-salt system of gel polymer electrolytes has emerged as an effective strategy to achieve high ionic conductivity and excellent interfacial contact with the electrode. In this review, the detailed roles of inorganic fillers in composite gel polymer electrolytes are presented based on their physical and electrochemical properties in lithium and non-lithium polymer batteries. First, we summarize the historical developments of gel polymer electrolytes. Then, a list of detailed fillers applied in gel polymer electrolytes is presented. Possible mechanisms of conductivity enhancement by the addition of inorganic fillers are discussed for each inorganic filler. Subsequently, inorganic filler/polymer composite electrolytes studied for use in various battery systems, including Li-, Na-, Mg-, and Zn-ion batteries, are discussed. Finally, the future perspectives and requirements of the current composite gel polymer electrolyte technologies are highlighted.

Polymer gel electrolytes (PGE) have seen a renewed interest in their development because they have high ionic conductivities but low electrochemical degradation and flammability. PGEs are formed by mixing a liquid lithium-ion electrolyte with a polymer at a sufficiently large concentration to form a gel. PGEs have been extensively studied, but the direct connection between their microscopic structure and macroscopic properties remains controversial. For example, it is still unknown whether the polymer in the PGE acts as an inert, stabilizing scaffold for the electrolyte or it interacts with the ionic components. Here, a PGE composed of a prototypical lithium-carbonate electrolyte and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is pursued at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. Specifically, this study focused on describing the microscopic and macroscopic changes in the PGE at different polymer concentrations. The results indicated that the polymer-ion and polymer–polymer interactions are strongly dependent on the concentration of the polymer and the lithium salt. In particular, the polymer interacts with itself at very high PAN concentrations (10% weight) resulting in a viscous gel. However, the conductivity and dynamics of the electrolyte liquid components are significantly less affected by the addition of the polymer. The observations are explained in terms of the PGE structure, which transitions from a polymer solution to a gel, containing a polymer matrix and disperse electrolyte, at low and high PAN concentrations, respectively. The results highlight the critical role that the polymer concentration plays in determining both the macroscopic properties of the system and the molecular structure of the PGE.

In this study, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) system is prepared by the solution cast technique. The system consists of cellulose acetate (CA) as a host polymer, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as a dopant salt and diethylene glycol dibutylether (BDG) from glyme based family as a plasticizer. GPEs (65 wt. % CA–25 wt. % LiTFSI–10 wt. % BDG) sample is the highest conductivity of 2.88×10-3 S.cm−1 at room temperature. The lithium-electrolyte interfaced stability is established and the highest ionic conducting electrolyte is able to withstand up to 3.8V vs Li/Li+.

Lithium-sulfur batteries are next-generation battery systems with low cost and high specific energy. However, it is necessary to solve several deficiencies of these batteries such as shuttle effect, and gel polymer electrolyte is a great candidate. These perspective materials can be used as a replacement for liquid electrolytes, and at the same time, they can help to solve the problems of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this work, gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on methyl methacrylate was prepared by cross-linking strategy. As cross-link ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) was used. Prepared gel with a high electric conductivity was testing in the lithium-sulfur cell (Li/GPE/S). The electrochemical performance of the cell was studied.

This work describes the electrochemical properties of a type of PMMA-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). The gel polymer electrolyte systems at a concentration of (20:80) % w/w were prepared from poly (methyl methacrylate), lithium perchlorate LiClO4 and single plasticizer propylene carbonate (PMMA-Li-PC) and a mixture of plasticizers made by propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate in molar ratio 1:1, (PMMA-Li-PC-EC). Different salt concentrations (0.1 M, 0.5 M, 1 M, 2 M) were studied. The effect of different plasticizers (single and mixed) on the properties of gel polymer electrolytes were considered. The variation of conductivity versus salt concentration, thermal properties using DSC and TGA, anodic stability and FTIR spectroscopy were used in this study. The maximum ionic conductivity of σ = 0.031 S/cm were obtained for PMMA-Li-PC-EC with a salt concentration equal to 1 M. Ion-pairing phenomena and all ion associations were observed between lithium cations, plasticizers and host polymers through FTIR spectroscopy. The anodic stability of the PMMA-based gel polymer electrolytes was recorded up to 4 V. The glass temperatures of these electrolytes were estimated. We found they were dependent on the plasticization effect of plasticizers on the polymer chains and the increase of the salt concentration. Unexpectedly, it was determined that an unreacted PMMA monomer was present in the system, which appears to enhance ion conduction. The presence and possibly the addition of a monomer may be a technique for increasing ion conduction in other gel systems that warrants further study.

Composite polymer electrolytes (CPE) have recently received a great attention due to their potential application in solid state batteries. A novel polyindole based Fe2O3 dispersed CPE containing lithium perchlorate has been prepared by sol-gel method. The crystallinity, morphology and ionic conductivity of composite polymer electrolyte were examined by XRD, scanning electron microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The XRD data reveals that the intensity of the Fe2O3 has decreased when the concentration of the polymer is increased in the composite. This composite polymer electrolyte showed a linear relationship between the ionic conductivity and the reciprocal of the temperature, indicative of the system decoupled from the segmental motion of the polymer. Thus Polyindole-Iron oxide composite polymer electrolyte is a potential candidate for lithium ion electrolyte batteries. The complex impedance data for this has been analyzed in different formalisms such as permittivity (ε) and electric modulus (M). The value of ε' for CPE decreases with frequency, which is a normal dielectric behavior in polymer nanocomposite.

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been considered as next-generation energy storages due to their extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g-1). However, current LMBs, using conventional liquid electrolytes, still could not fulfill the demand of soaring expansion of energy era, such as electrical vehicles, because of their safety issues, originated by uncontrollable electrolytic side reaction on the lithium, resulting unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and vicious lithium dendritic growth [1]. Also, carbonate-based liquid electrolytes have an intrinsic flammability, and the lithium dendrite, which short-circuits a cell, can lead to severe safety hazard with the unfavorable flammability of current liquid system when they are ignited. Therefore, solid-state electrolytes have been spotlighted recently for a pathway for safe, and high energy and power LMBs, due to their superior thermal stability and low vapor pressure, while maintaining suitable electrolytic performances. In this study, solid-state single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SICPEs), utilizing dynamic anion delocalization (DAD), realizing high ionic conductivity and dimensional stability for high-performance LMB, are studied. The SICPEs enable superior lithium transference number, resulting in highly reduced concentration gradient of lithium cation along the electrolyte to suppress the undesirable lithium dendritic growth. However, SICPEs have prominently lower ionic conductivity than dual-ion conducting polymer electrolyte (DICPEs), which is a critical issue to make a slower charge/discharge for SICPEs [2]. Although an approach utilizing gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), using a liquid solvent as a plasticizer, has been exploited to increase the ionic conductivity of SICPEs, GPEs have struggled with lower mechanical stability, compared to solid state, and still existing flammability issue with the plasticizer. The novel plasticizer, which is described here, can interact with bulky anionic polymer matrix, so that the negative charge can be dispersed onto the whole complex by DAD. Once the bulky complex is formed by DAD, the dissociation of lithium cation from anionic matrix can be easier with the decreased activation energy and higher ionic conduction. While increasing the ionic conductivity with DAD, the nature of polymeric plasticizer will highly suppress flammability. DAD allows the membrane endure more tensile strength due to the dynamic structural change in crosslinking state, so that the polymer electrolyte can tolerate dendritic growth of lithium by morphological change on an electrode surface. The obvious advantages of DAD-induced solid polymer electrolytes in this study for a high energy and power, and ultra-safe LMB can present a novel approach of polymer electrolyte design to the astronomical demand of energy storages. [1] F. Ahmed, I. Choi, M.M. Rahman, H. Jang, T. Ryu, S. Yoon, L. Jin, Y. Jin, W. Kim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 34930-34938. [2] D.-M. Shin, J.E. Bachman, M.K. Taylor, J. Kamcev, J.G. Park, M.E. Ziebel, E. Velasquez, N.N. Jarenwattananon, G.K. Sethi, Y. Cui, J.R. Long, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1905771.

Lithium-ion batteries are still efficient and reliable energy storage systems and are widely used in portable electronics and electric vehicles. This review describes the types of currently existing lithium batteries, systems with anodes, cathodes and electrolytes made of various materials, and methods for their study. Specifically, it begins with a brief introduction to the principles of lithium-ion batteries operation and cell structure, followed by an overview of battery research methods. Particular attention is paid to the use of nanosized particles for the modification of electrodes and electrolytes, as well as the copolymerization of individual polymers of the gel-polymer electrolyte. The review analyzes possible future developments and prospects for post-lithium batteries.

One of the main components of electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) is the electrolyte. Gel-type electrolyte has shown good performance in EDLC. However, not much information is available on film-type electrolytes, which are known to provide better mechanical stability than the gel-type electrolyte. In present study, we have reported the performance of film-type poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as electrolyte in electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) systems and compared with the gel-type PMMA electrolytes. This film-type PMMA electrolyte is modified by encapsulating 1-methyl-3-pentamethyldisiloxymethylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [(SiOSi)C1C1 im][NTf2 ], an ionic liquid (IL), into the PMMA matrix, PMMAIL. Doping this PMMAIL film with 30% lithium triflate salt (LiTf), LiTfPMMAIL, provides an EDLC cell with higher breakdown voltage (3.2 V) and higher specific discharge capacity (Csp) (6.59 Fg-1 ) and energy density (0.92 Whkg-1 ) than the selected PMMA-based gel electrolyte systems. These values exceed the minimum requirements for a working supercapacitor. However, this LiTF-PMMAIL cell exhibited lower power density (23.04 Wkg-1 ) than the selected EDLC cells due to the more congested system of LiTF-PMMAIL. Thus, the performance of this LiTF-PMMAIL cell could be improved by adjusting the amount of doping salt and using different types of carbon electrodes. Keywords—capacitors, charging/discharging, polymer electrolyte films, poly (methyl methacrylate) electrolytes, solid electrolytes.

A acrylonitrile (AN)-methyl acrylate (MMA)-methoxy polyethylene glycol(350) monoacrylate (MPGA)-lithium acrylate (LiAc) tetra-copolymer was synthesized by emulsion polymerization, and phase inversion technique was adopted to prepare the as prepared polymer based microporous membrane. The gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) were obtained by soak the as-prepared microporous membrane into 1M LiPF6/ (EC (ethylene carbonate) + DEC (diethylene carbonate)) (1:1 vol) electrolyte. FTIR, NMR and TGA/DSC measurements are used to character the components and structure of the polymer. The GPE’s ionic conductivity exceeds 3.0×10-3S/cm at ambient temperature, and this system also shows a sufficient electrochemical stability with a decomposition voltage as much as 6.0V vs Lithium(Li)/Li+ to allow far wider operation in the rechargeable lithium-ion polymer batteries. What’s more, this membrane also shows good characters in battery’s charge-discharge cycles.

The transition from fossil fuels to renewable resources has created more demand for energy storage devices. Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries have attracted much attention due to their high theoretical energy densities. They, however, are still in their infancy and several fundamental challenges remain to be addressed. Advanced analytical techniques have revealed that all components of a Li-O2 battery undergo undesirable degradation during discharge/charge cycling, contributing to reduced cyclability. Despite many attempts to minimize the anode and cathode degradation, the electrolyte remains as the leading cause for rapid capacity fading and poor cyclability in Li-O2 batteries. In this dissertation, composite gel polymer electrolytes (cGPEs) consisting of a UV-curable polymer, tetragylme based electrolyte, and glass microfibers with a diameter of ~1 µm and an aspect ratio of >100 have been developed for their use in Li-O2 battery application. The Li-O2 batteries containing cGPEs showed superior charge/discharge cycling for 500 mAh.g-1 cycle capacity with as high as 400% increase in cycles for cGPE over gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). Results using in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the source of the improvement was the reduction of the rate of lithium carbonates formation on the surface of the cathode. This decrease in formation rate afforded by cGPE-containing batteries was possible due to the decrease of the rate of electrolyte decomposition. The increase in solvated to the paired Li+ ratio at the cathode, afforded by increased lithium transference number, helped lessen the probability of superoxide radicals reacting with the tetraglyme solvent. This stabilization during cycling helped prolong the cycling life of the batteries. The effect of ion complexes on the stability of liquid glyme based electrolytes with various lithium salt concentrations has also been investigated for Li-O2 batteries. Charge/discharge cycling with a cycle capacity of 500 mAh·g-1 showed an improvement as high as 300% for electrolytes containing higher lithium salt concentrations. Analysis of the Raman spectroscopy data of the electrolytes suggested that the increase in lithium salt concentration afforded the formation of cation-solvent complexes, which in turn, mitigated the tetragylme degradation.

The demand for electric vehicles is increasing rapidly as the world is preparing for a fossil fuel-free future in the automotive field. Lithium battery technologies are the most effective options to replace fossil fuels due to their higher energy densities. However, safety remains a major concern in using lithium as the anode, and the development of non-volatile, non-flammable, high conductivity electrolytes is of great importance. In this dissertation, a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) consisting of ionic liquid, lithium salt, and a polymer has been developed for their application in lithium batteries. A comparative study between GPE and ionic liquid electrolyte (ILE) containing batteries shows a superior cyclic performance up to 5C rate and a better rate capability for 40 cycles for cells with GPE at room temperature. The improvement is attributed to GPE’s improved stability voltage window against lithium as well as higher lithium transference number. The performance of the GPE in lithium-sulfur battery system using sulfur-CNT cathodes shows superior rate capability for the GPE versus ILE for up to 1C rates. Also, GPE containing batteries had higher capacity retention versus ILE when cycled for 500 cycles vii at C/2 rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies reveal interfacial impedances for ILE containing batteries grew faster than in GPE batteries. The accumulation of insoluble Li2S2/Li2S on the electrodes decreases the active material thus contributes to capacity fading. SEM imaging of cycled cathodes reveals cracks on the surface of cathode recovered from ILE batteries. On the other hand, the improved electrochemical performance of GPE batteries indicates better and more stable passivation layer formation on the surface of the electrodes. Composite GPE (cGPE) containing micro glass fillers were studied to determine their electrochemical performance in Li batteries. GPE with 1 wt% micro fillers show superior rate capability for up to 7C and also cyclic stability for 300 cycles at C/2 rate. In situ, EIS also reveals a rapid increase in charge transfer resistance in GPE batteries, responsible for lowering the capacity during cycling. Improved ion transport properties due to ion-complex formations in the presence of the micro fillers, is evidenced by improved lithium transference number, ionic conduction, and ion-pair dissociation detected using Raman spectroscopy.

Dans le but d’améliorer les performances des micro-accumulateurs au lithium, de nouvelles voies de dépôt, compatibles avec des géométries texturées, sont actuellement explorées. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, un nouvel électrolyte solide déposé par voie « humide » a été développé. Ce matériau, composé d’un liquide ionique et d’un sel de lithium confinés dans une matrice solide, a été synthétisé par polymérisation in-situ d’un oligomère diméthacrylate. Afin de définir leurs caractéristiques de conduction ionique, de nouvelles méthodes, comme le suivi de la photo-polymérisation par impédance in-situ ou encore la réalisation d’un nouveau design de cellules à base de peignes interdigités, ont été développées. De plus, le transfert du lithium a été mesuré par RMN diffusionnelle. Une diminution significative de la vitesse de diffusion des ions Li+ après la photo-polymérisation a ainsi été mise en évidence. La spectroscopie Raman a permis de démontrer que celle-ci est due à la complexation des ions par les chaines de poly(oxyde d’éthylène) de la matrice solide. En outre, grâce aux observations de différentes compositions, un mécanisme de diffusion mixte des ions Li+ par migration dans le liquide et par sauts dans le solide a été identifié. Par conséquent, ces résultats nous ont permis de définir une stratégie pour améliorer la diffusion des ions Li+ : l’ajout d’un copolymère monofonctionnel a permis de diminuer la densité de réticulation de la matrice solide et ainsi d’optimiser la mobilité des chaines polymères. En effet, les performances de cyclage dans des empilements de micro-accumulateurs complets ont été améliorées. A température ambiante, ces résultats se sont révélés très proches de ceux obtenus avec l’électrolyte solide standard LiPON. En conclusion, l’analyse établie a permis de comprendre les liens entre structure et performances électrochimiques, ce qui a permis de dégager les voies d’amélioration les plus prometteuses pour ce type d’électrolytes
New deposition techniques compatible with making tridimensional geometries are currently being investigated with the aim of improving the performances of lithium microbatteries. This work focuses on the development of a new quasi-solid electrolyte deposited by a “wet process”. An ionic liquid-based membrane containing a lithium salt was prepared by the photo-induced polymerization of a dimethacrylate oligomer. New methods such as a new type of conductivity cell based on planar interdigitated electrodes to measure ionic conductivity as well as in-situ monitoring of photo-polymerization using impedance spectroscopy were used. Transport properties of lithium ion were measured by PGSE-NMR. Interestingly, a significant reduction of lithium ion mobility was observed after UV-curing while the total ionic conductivity only decreased slightly. This phenomenon is due to the formation of lithium ion complexes with ethylene oxide moieties of the solid matrix, evidenced by Raman spectroscopy measurements. Additionally, we have shown that the structures of the complexes depend on the salt concentration and a dual solid/liquid transport mechanism was suggested. Hence, in order to improve lithium ion diffusion, a co-polymer was added in an attempt to decrease the cross-linking density of the solid matrix thus improving its segmental motion. The cyclability of the all solid state micro batteries was indeed improved. Comparable performances with the standard solid electrolyte LiPON were obtained at room temperature. In summary, it was established that electrochemical performances of the solid state microbatteries depend to a certain extent on the structure of the polymer electrolyte. Therefore it is possible to find new ways in designing these types of electrolytes for further improvement

The optimisation of existing chemistries by the introduction of environmentally friendly materials and the simplification of the device production process are intriguing challenges to promote the future widespread diffusion of LIBs. Moreover, the recent development of the next-generation electronic devices promoted a new research field for the modification of the current systems into light, flexible and/or micro-sized device. The enhancement of mechanical properties through the introduction of flexible electrodes will enable LIBs to be embedded into various functional systems in a wide range of innovative products such as smart cards, displays and implantable medical devices. Moreover, the optimisation of the electrolyte by moving towards an all-solid-state configuration will offer adaptability to various designs and stressful mechanical handling, as well as enhance cell safety and reliability. During the three years of the Ph.D. course, the attention was focused on the optimisation of innovative materials for Li-ion batteries as well as the development of easily up-scalable procedures for the production of electrodes and polymer electrolytes. The basic idea was to start from eco-friendly materials to develop simple, low-cost and easily adaptable processes in order to propose innovative solutions for LIBs with a wide range of possible applications. Moreover, during my experimental activities, I considered the performances and the cycling stability of Li-ion batteries, by studying the mechanisms related to the capacity fade of lab-scale batteries and also by analysing commercial Li-ion batteries for automotive application. The results of the research work are presented in this thesis (Chapters 4-7) following an introductory section that provides the general information needed to follow the discussions (Chapters 1-3). The experimental research work presented in Chapter IV was carried out in collaboration with the Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Graphic Arts (LGP2) in Grenoble (France). A well-known natural material such as cellulose was exploited for the production of innovative low-cost and easily recyclable electrodes for Li-ion batteries. A simple aqueous filtration process, based on a well-known industrialised paper-making technology, was developed and the electrodes (graphite-based anodes and LiFePO4-based cathodes) produced and partly characterized in Grenoble by Dr. Lara Jabbour were electrochemically studied in our Labs in Politecnico di Torino. In particular, cellulose fibres (FBs) were used as natural binder for the production of paper-like electrodes obtained without addition of any synthetic binder and/or solvent and showing electrochemical performance comparable to those produced with the same active materials by a standard process. In Chapter V, results are reported regarding a newly developed procedure where a methacrylic-based polymer electrolyte is directly formed in situ at the interface with the electrodes. Exploiting the versatile nature of UV-induced free-radical photo-polymerisation, novel ready-to-use multiphase electrode/electrolyte composites (MEEC) were developed in which the electrode is conformally coated by the polymer electrolyte. This “one-shot” process was successfully applied to enhance the cycling performances of two nanostructured materials conceived for microbattery application, such as Cu2O (in collaboration with CSHR@Polito IIT research institute in Torino) and V2O5 (in collaboration with Prof. Mustarelli’s group in University of Pavia), prepared in the form of thin films and proposed respectively as anode and cathode. The proposed one-shot process, thanks to the intimate interfacial contact between electrodes surface and electrolyte obtained by in situ process, induced a huge effect of stabilization thus improving the cycling stability of both the nanostructures. All along Chapter VI, the problems related to the assembling of complete Li-ion cells, starting from two well performing electrodes, are progressively discussed and valuable solutions are proposed. A strong capacity fade was initially found, thus the possible causes were studied also considering the failure mechanisms proposed in the literature. Several measures were adopted to improve the cycling stability, considering the effect of all the different cell components as well as the effects of both charging protocol and cell apparatus. Moreover, due the knowhow progressively achieved on the intimate characteristics of complete Li-ion cells and their assembly, even thanks to a three months stage at ENEA Casaccia Research Centre of Rome, the installation of a 10 m2 dry room was personally followed at our Electrochemistry Research Group Labs in Politecnico di Torino and the results obtained are presented in the same Chapter VI. These results include the realisation of an all-paper Li-ion battery with the cellulose-based electrodes and paper hand-sheets as separator. Finally, the cycling stability and the failure prediction issue was studied for a 53 Ah commercial battery. The results obtained, by means of different standard reference tests, are reported in Chapter VII. The commercial battery was also disassembled in the controlled atmosphere of an Ar-filled dry box in order to study the system structure and characterise the various components. A testing protocol was personally developed and the results obtained allowed to evaluate the commercial battery based on the performances requested for HEV and EV application. In particular, an easy measure of the internal resistance was developed, by opportunely modulating the measured parameters, and the obtained results were found to be very useful in directly predicting the cell failure which is fundamental in practical application.

Au cours de cette thèse, un nouvel électrolyte polymère gel pour la réalisation de microbatteries au lithium a été développé. Le gel a été préparé par « confinement » d’une phase de N-propyl-N-méthylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (P13FSI) et de LiTFSI dans un réseau semi-interpénétré (sRip) de polymère (PVdFHFP/ réseau de POE). L’électrolyte gel a tout d’abord été optimisé et étudié en termes de propriétés physicochimiques et de transport ionique en fonction de sa composition. Ensuite, des batteries Li/LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 ont été assemblées en utilisant l’électrolyte sRip. Les performances ont par ailleurs été comparées aux systèmes de références utilisant l’électrolyte à base de POE ou de PVdF-HFP. Outre ses propriétés améliorées par rapport au PVdF-HFP et au réseau de POE (propriétés mécaniques, confinement), l’électrolyte sRip est compatible avec le procédé de dépôt de l’électrode négative en lithium par évaporation sous vide. L’électrolyte sRip optimisé a donc été utilisé pour fabriquer une nouvelle génération de microbatteries en s’affranchissant de l’électrolyte céramique, le LiPON, afin d’abaisser la résistance interne. Les microbatteries Li/sRip gel/LiCoO2 délivrent une capacité nominale stable de 850 μAh à C sur 100 cycles à 25°C
In this thesis, a new polymer gel electrolyte was prepared and optimized for Li based microbatteries. The gel consisted of an ionic liquid based phase (P13FSI/LiTFSI) confined in a semi-interpenetrating polymers (sIPN) network (PVdF-HFP/crosslinked PEO). sIPN electrolytes were prepared and optimized according to the PVdFHFP/ crosslinked PEO ratio and the liquid phase fraction. Furthermore, the sIPN electrolyte was used as an electrolyte in Li/LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 battery. The performances of the battery (specific capacity, efficiency, cyclability) were determined and compared to batteries using a crosslinked PEO or PVdF-HFP based gel. Such a thin and stable sIPN electrolyte film enabled the preparation of Li based microbatteries using thermal evaporation deposition of lithium directly conducted on the sIPN electrolyte film. This assembly (Li/sIPN) was therefore used to prepare a LiCoO2/sIPN gel/Li quasi solid-state microbattery. This microbattery showed a stable nominal capacity of 850 μAh for over 100 cycles of charge and discharge under 1 C rate at 25°C

Předkládaná práce se zabývá výzkumem nových materiálů a metod přípravy gelových polymerních elektrolytů (GPE) na bázi methakrylátů, které lze zejména vzhledem k jejich mechanickým vlastnostem s výhodou využít při konstrukci elektrochromních (EC) prvků.

This master‘s thesis concerns gel polymer electrolytes formed on a methyl methacrylate base with selected types of nanoparticles. In the thesis are also analyzed the methods for measuring electrochemical properties. The practical portion deals with sample preparations of gel polymer electrolytes with different contents of alkaline salt in a solvent, creating gels with different nanoparticle content and comparing gel polymer electrolytes polymerized with heat and UV radiation. The thesis deals with the evaluation of these samples from the viewpoint of electrical conductivity and potential windows as well as thermal analysis of selected samples.

The current upsurge in demand for high energy density batteries for applications across industries ranging from small scale portable electronics, electric automobiles to storage grids, has led to research in next generation, beyond lithium -ion batteries. Alkali metals like lithium and sodium, by virtue of their high theoretical capacity (3860 mAhg-1 for Li and 1165 mAhg-1 for Na) and low electrochemical potentials, are most suitable anodes for producing high energy density batteries. The vigorous reactivity, unstable solid-electrolyte interface and dendrite formation are some of the major hurdles towards use of lithium and sodium as anodes in a conventional liquid electrolyte battery. A well designed and optimised electrolyte plays a paramount role towards safe operation of an alkali metal battery. In the present thesis, we have explored few free-standing, mechanically stable plasticised gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) for lithium and sodium metal battery which has been demonstrated to have a good ionic conductivity with very stable interfacial properties and suppressed dendrite growth. A spectroscopic investigation into the ion-conduction mechanism in a concentrated lithium gel polymer electrolyte system has also been described in detail. Along with the stable performance of alkali metal batteries with the designed GPEs, we have also ventured into few high-capacity cathodes like sulphur and oxygen using modified electrolytes.

The present thesis demonstrates and discusses polymeric ion and mixed ion-electron conductors for rechargeable batteries based on lithium viz. lithium-ion and lithium-sulphur batteries. The proposed polymer ion conductors in the thesis are discussed primarily as potential alternatives to conventional liquid and solid-crystalline electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. These discussions are part of Chapters 2-4. On the other hand, the polymer based mixed ion-electron conductor is demonstrated as a novel electrode for lithium-Sulphur battery in Chapter 5. Possibility of application of polymer ion conductors is discussed in the context of Li-S battery in Chapter 6. A distinct correlation between the physical properties and electrochemical performance of the proposed conductors is highlighted in detail in this thesis. Systematic investigation of the ion transport mechanism in the polymeric ion conductors has been carried out using various spectroscopic techniques at different time and length scales. Such detailed investigations demonstrate the key structural and physical parameters for design of alternative polymer conductors for rechargeable batteries. Though the thesis discusses the various polymeric conductors in the context of lithium-based batteries, it is strongly felt that the design strategies are equally likely to be beneficial for different battery chemistries as well as for other electrochemical generation and storage devices. A brief discussion of the contents and highlights of the individual chapters are described below: The thesis comprises of six Chapters. Chapter 1 briefly reviews the important developments and materials of lithium-based batteries, with specific focus on Li-ion and Li-S batteries. It starts with discussions on different types of liquid, solid crystalline and solid-like electrolytes. Their materials characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are discussed in the context of secondary batteries such as lithium-ion and lithium-sulphur batteries. As prospective alternative electrolytes polymer based soft matter electrolytes are discussed in detail. Special emphasis is given to the recent developments in polymer electrolytes and their ion conduction mechanism, which are central themes to this thesis. The importance of investigation of charge transport, typically ion, on electrochemical processes is also briefly discussed in Chapter 1. A brief discussion about the characteristics, materials and non-trivialities of the electrochemical storage process in Li-S battery is also reviewed. Chapter 2A demonstrates a binary polymer physical network based gel (PN-x) electrolyte, comprising of an ionic liquid confined inside a binary polymer system for electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries. The synthesis, physical property and electrochemical performances are studied as a function of content of one of the polymers in this Chapter. A physical network of two polymers with different functional groups leads to multiple interesting consequences. The polymer physical network characteristics determine all physical properties including electrochemical property of the ionic liquid integrated PN based GPE. The conductivities of the proposed gel are nearly an order in magnitude higher than the unconfined ionic liquid electrolyte and displays good dimensional stability and electrochemical performance in a separator-free battery configuration. The ac-impedance spectroscopy, steady shear viscosity measurement, dynamic rheology are employed to study physical properties of the proposed gel polymer electrolyte. Chapter 2B discusses the detailed investigations of the ion transport mechanism of the gel polymer electrolyte, as discussed in Chapter 2A. Ion conduction mechanism is investigated in the light of ion diffusion and solvent dynamics of the entrapped ionic liquid inside the polymer. The studies reveal a heavy influence of network characteristics on the ion conduction mechanism. The influence of solvent dynamics on the ion transport is drastically altered by polymer physical network. Consequently, a drastic change in the ion mobility and nature of predominant charge carrier is observed in the polymer physical network based gel electrolyte. A clear transformation from dual ion conductivity to a predominantly anion conductivity is observed on going from single polymer to a dual polymer network. The spectroscopic tools such as pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG–NMR), Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy, ac-impedance spectroscopy, FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopy were used to elucidate the ion transport mechanism in the Chapter. Chapter 3 demonstrates a simple design strategy of gel polymer electrolyte comprising of a lithium salt (lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, LiTFSI) solvated by two plastic crystalline solvents, one a solid (succinonitrile, abbreviated as SN) and another a (room temperature) ionic liquid (1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide, (abbreviated as IL) confined inside a linear network of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The concentration of the IL component determines the physical properties of the unconfined electrolyte and when confined inside the polymer network in gel polymer electrolyte. Intrinsic dynamics of one plastic crystal influences the conduction mechanism of gel polymer electrolytes. The enhanced disordering in the plastic phase of succinonitrile by IL doping alters both the local ion environment and viscosity. The proposed plastic crystal electrolytes show predominantly anion conduction (tTFSI ≈ 0.5) however, lithium transference number (tLi ≈ 0.2) is nearly an order higher than the ionic liquid electrolyte (IL-LiTFSI) (tLi ≈ 0.02-0.06), discussed in Chapter 2. The gel polymer electrolyte displayed high mechanical compliability, stable Li-electrode | electrolyte interface, low rate of Al corrosion and stable cyclability. The promising electrochemical performance further justifies simple strategy of employing mixed physical state plasticizers to tune the physical properties of polymer electrolytes requisite for application in rechargeable batteries. Chapter 4A proposes a novel liquid dendrimer–based single ion conducting liquid electrolyte as potential alternative to conventional molecular liquid solvent–salt solutions and conventional solid polymer electrolytes for rechargeable batteries, sensors and actuators. The physical properties are investigated as a function of peripheral functionalities in the first generation poly(propyl ether imine) (G1-PETIM)–lithium salt complexes. The change in peripheral group simultaneously affects the effective physical properties viz. viscosity, ionic conductivity, ion diffusion coefficients, transference numbers and also the electrochemical response. The specific change from ester (–COOR) to cyano (–CN) terminated peripheral group resulted in a remarkable switch over from a high cation (tLi+ = 0.9 for –COOR) to a high anion (tPF6- = 0.8 for –CN) transference number. Chapter 4B presents an analysis of the frequency dependent ionic conductivity of single ion dendrimer conductors by using time temperature scaling principles (TTSPs) and dielectric modeling of the electrode polarization. The TTSP provides information on the salt dissociation and number density of mobile charges and hence provides direct insights into the ion conduction mechanism. Summerfield and Baranovskii–Cordes scaling laws, which are well known TTSPs, have been applied to analyze the ion conductivity. The electrode polarization, which quantifies the number density of mobile charges and ionic mobility, is studied using Macdonald-Coelho model of electrode polarization. The combination of these two theoretical investigations of the experimental data emanating from one technique i.e. ac– impedance spectroscopy, predicts independently the contributions of the effect of mobile ion charges and ionic mobility to ion conduction mechanism. In Chapter 5 focus shifts from polymer ion conductors to polymer mixed ion-electron conductor. The polymer mixed ion-electron conductor is demonstrated as a novel electrode material for Li-S battery. A simple strategy to overcome the challenges towards practical realization of a stable high performance Li–S battery is discussed. A soft mixed conducting polymeric network is utilized to configure sulphur nanoparticle. The soft matter network provides efficient and distinct pathways for lithium and electron conduction simultaneously. A lithiated polyethylene glycol (PEG) based surfactant tethered on ultra-small sulphur nanoparticles and wrapped up with polyaniline (PAni) (abbreviated as S-MIEC) is demonstrated here as an exceptional cathode for Li–S batteries. The S-MIEC is characterized by several methods: powder-X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), ac-impedance spectroscopy and dc current-voltage measurements are performed to evaluate conductivity of S-MIEC cathode. Electrochemical studies such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling, galvanostatic intermittent titration (GITT) are performed to demonstrate feasibility of S-MIEC in the Li–S battery performance. Chapter 6 provides a brief summary of the work carried out as part of this thesis and also demonstrates the future perspective of the present work. Potential of the polymer physical network based gel polymer electrolytes, which are discussed in Chapter 2A-B for lithium-ion batteries, are demonstrated in Li-S battery. The proposed polymer physical network confines higher order lithium polysulfides (typically Li2S8) dissolved in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) based electrolyte (TEGDME-1M LiTFSI). The three dimensional polymer network is proposed to be formed by physical blending of the poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) with the copolymer of AN and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), [ P(AN–co–PEGMA)]. We extend here the similar synthetic approaches as described in Chapter 2A. The approach proposed and demonstrated in this concluding Chapter is expected to mitigate some of the major issues of Li-S chemistry. The proposed Li2S8 confined gel electrolyte exhibits moderately high values of ionic conductivity, 2 × 10-3 Ω-1cm-1 and shows a stable capacity of 350 mAhg-1 over 30 days in a separator free Li-S battery.

The present thesis demonstrates and discusses polymeric ion and mixed ion-electron conductors for rechargeable batteries based on lithium viz. lithium-ion and lithium-sulphur batteries. The proposed polymer ion conductors in the thesis are discussed primarily as potential alternatives to conventional liquid and solid-crystalline electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. These discussions are part of Chapters 2-4. On the other hand, the polymer based mixed ion-electron conductor is demonstrated as a novel electrode for lithium-Sulphur battery in Chapter 5. Possibility of application of polymer ion conductors is discussed in the context of Li-S battery in Chapter 6. A distinct correlation between the physical properties and electrochemical performance of the proposed conductors is highlighted in detail in this thesis. Systematic investigation of the ion transport mechanism in the polymeric ion conductors has been carried out using various spectroscopic techniques at different time and length scales. Such detailed investigations demonstrate the key structural and physical parameters for design of alternative polymer conductors for rechargeable batteries. Though the thesis discusses the various polymeric conductors in the context of lithium-based batteries, it is strongly felt that the design strategies are equally likely to be beneficial for different battery chemistries as well as for other electrochemical generation and storage devices. A brief discussion of the contents and highlights of the individual chapters are described below: The thesis comprises of six Chapters. Chapter 1 briefly reviews the important developments and materials of lithium-based batteries, with specific focus on Li-ion and Li-S batteries. It starts with discussions on different types of liquid, solid crystalline and solid-like electrolytes. Their materials characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are discussed in the context of secondary batteries such as lithium-ion and lithium-sulphur batteries. As prospective alternative electrolytes polymer based soft matter electrolytes are discussed in detail. Special emphasis is given to the recent developments in polymer electrolytes and their ion conduction mechanism, which are central themes to this thesis. The importance of investigation of charge transport, typically ion, on electrochemical processes is also briefly discussed in Chapter 1. A brief discussion about the characteristics, materials and non-trivialities of the electrochemical storage process in Li-S battery is also reviewed. Chapter 2A demonstrates a binary polymer physical network based gel (PN-x) electrolyte, comprising of an ionic liquid confined inside a binary polymer system for electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries. The synthesis, physical property and electrochemical performances are studied as a function of content of one of the polymers in this Chapter. A physical network of two polymers with different functional groups leads to multiple interesting consequences. The polymer physical network characteristics determine all physical properties including electrochemical property of the ionic liquid integrated PN based GPE. The conductivities of the proposed gel are nearly an order in magnitude higher than the unconfined ionic liquid electrolyte and displays good dimensional stability and electrochemical performance in a separator-free battery configuration. The ac-impedance spectroscopy, steady shear viscosity measurement, dynamic rheology are employed to study physical properties of the proposed gel polymer electrolyte. Chapter 2B discusses the detailed investigations of the ion transport mechanism of the gel polymer electrolyte, as discussed in Chapter 2A. Ion conduction mechanism is investigated in the light of ion diffusion and solvent dynamics of the entrapped ionic liquid inside the polymer. The studies reveal a heavy influence of network characteristics on the ion conduction mechanism. The influence of solvent dynamics on the ion transport is drastically altered by polymer physical network. Consequently, a drastic change in the ion mobility and nature of predominant charge carrier is observed in the polymer physical network based gel electrolyte. A clear transformation from dual ion conductivity to a predominantly anion conductivity is observed on going from single polymer to a dual polymer network. The spectroscopic tools such as pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG–NMR), Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy, ac-impedance spectroscopy, FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopy were used to elucidate the ion transport mechanism in the Chapter. Chapter 3 demonstrates a simple design strategy of gel polymer electrolyte comprising of a lithium salt (lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, LiTFSI) solvated by two plastic crystalline solvents, one a solid (succinonitrile, abbreviated as SN) and another a (room temperature) ionic liquid (1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide, (abbreviated as IL) confined inside a linear network of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The concentration of the IL component determines the physical properties of the unconfined electrolyte and when confined inside the polymer network in gel polymer electrolyte. Intrinsic dynamics of one plastic crystal influences the conduction mechanism of gel polymer electrolytes. The enhanced disordering in the plastic phase of succinonitrile by IL doping alters both the local ion environment and viscosity. The proposed plastic crystal electrolytes show predominantly anion conduction (tTFSI ≈ 0.5) however, lithium transference number (tLi ≈ 0.2) is nearly an order higher than the ionic liquid electrolyte (IL-LiTFSI) (tLi ≈ 0.02-0.06), discussed in Chapter 2. The gel polymer electrolyte displayed high mechanical compliability, stable Li-electrode | electrolyte interface, low rate of Al corrosion and stable cyclability. The promising electrochemical performance further justifies simple strategy of employing mixed physical state plasticizers to tune the physical properties of polymer electrolytes requisite for application in rechargeable batteries. Chapter 4A proposes a novel liquid dendrimer–based single ion conducting liquid electrolyte as potential alternative to conventional molecular liquid solvent–salt solutions and conventional solid polymer electrolytes for rechargeable batteries, sensors and actuators. The physical properties are investigated as a function of peripheral functionalities in the first generation poly(propyl ether imine) (G1-PETIM)–lithium salt complexes. The change in peripheral group simultaneously affects the effective physical properties viz. viscosity, ionic conductivity, ion diffusion coefficients, transference numbers and also the electrochemical response. The specific change from ester (–COOR) to cyano (–CN) terminated peripheral group resulted in a remarkable switch over from a high cation (tLi+ = 0.9 for –COOR) to a high anion (tPF6- = 0.8 for –CN) transference number. Chapter 4B presents an analysis of the frequency dependent ionic conductivity of single ion dendrimer conductors by using time temperature scaling principles (TTSPs) and dielectric modeling of the electrode polarization. The TTSP provides information on the salt dissociation and number density of mobile charges and hence provides direct insights into the ion conduction mechanism. Summerfield and Baranovskii–Cordes scaling laws, which are well known TTSPs, have been applied to analyze the ion conductivity. The electrode polarization, which quantifies the number density of mobile charges and ionic mobility, is studied using Macdonald-Coelho model of electrode polarization. The combination of these two theoretical investigations of the experimental data emanating from one technique i.e. ac– impedance spectroscopy, predicts independently the contributions of the effect of mobile ion charges and ionic mobility to ion conduction mechanism. In Chapter 5 focus shifts from polymer ion conductors to polymer mixed ion-electron conductor. The polymer mixed ion-electron conductor is demonstrated as a novel electrode material for Li-S battery. A simple strategy to overcome the challenges towards practical realization of a stable high performance Li–S battery is discussed. A soft mixed conducting polymeric network is utilized to configure sulphur nanoparticle. The soft matter network provides efficient and distinct pathways for lithium and electron conduction simultaneously. A lithiated polyethylene glycol (PEG) based surfactant tethered on ultra-small sulphur nanoparticles and wrapped up with polyaniline (PAni) (abbreviated as S-MIEC) is demonstrated here as an exceptional cathode for Li–S batteries. The S-MIEC is characterized by several methods: powder-X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), ac-impedance spectroscopy and dc current-voltage measurements are performed to evaluate conductivity of S-MIEC cathode. Electrochemical studies such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling, galvanostatic intermittent titration (GITT) are performed to demonstrate feasibility of S-MIEC in the Li–S battery performance. Chapter 6 provides a brief summary of the work carried out as part of this thesis and also demonstrates the future perspective of the present work. Potential of the polymer physical network based gel polymer electrolytes, which are discussed in Chapter 2A-B for lithium-ion batteries, are demonstrated in Li-S battery. The proposed polymer physical network confines higher order lithium polysulfides (typically Li2S8) dissolved in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) based electrolyte (TEGDME-1M LiTFSI). The three dimensional polymer network is proposed to be formed by physical blending of the poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) with the copolymer of AN and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), [ P(AN–co–PEGMA)]. We extend here the similar synthetic approaches as described in Chapter 2A. The approach proposed and demonstrated in this concluding Chapter is expected to mitigate some of the major issues of Li-S chemistry. The proposed Li2S8 confined gel electrolyte exhibits moderately high values of ionic conductivity, 2 × 10-3 Ω-1cm-1 and shows a stable capacity of 350 mAhg-1 over 30 days in a separator free Li-S battery.

Depleting fossil fuels has put pressing need for the search of alternative energy resources. Solar and wind energy resources are being considered one of the viable solutions. However, these intermittent sources require efficient energy storage systems in terms of rechargeable Li batteries. In Li batteries, electrolyte is one of the most important components to determine the performance, as it conducts the ions between the electrodes. In battery, mostly liquid electrolyte is used as it shows high ionic conductivity and electrode/electrolyte contact which help to reduce the internal resistance. But these are not electrochemically very stable and raised some major problems such as reactivity with electrode, dissolution of electrode ions, leakage, volatility, fast Li dendrite growth, etc. Therefore, in order to improve its electrochemical performance, selection of electrolyte is an important issue. In the present study, ionic liquid (IL)-based polymer electrolyte is used over liquid electrolyte in which IL acts as a plasticizer and improves ionic conductivity and amorphicity. These electrolytes have high thermal and electrochemical stability, therefore, can be used in high voltage Li battery. Also, their mechanical stability helps to suppress Li dendrites growth. Therefore, polymer electrolytes can open a new way in the progression of battery application.

Chemists play an enormous role in the creation of new processes that minimize the use of energy. A fundamental understanding of the role of kinetics and thermodynamics in optimizing the space-time yield of a desired product is essential. Processes run at ambient temperatures and pressures minimize the use of energy. BioAmber invented a microbial catalyst to produce commodity succinic acid. Microwave energy is a mixed bag—laboratory-scale microwaves are incredibly inefficient, while large-scale industrial microwave processes are more efficient than conventional heating. Yoon's photocatalyst system uses abundant visible light energy, giving high yields of single-enantiomer cyclobutanes. UniEnergy has commercialized a vanadium water-based redox flow battery for stationary uses, and the Madsen group invented a conducting polymer/ionic liquid electrolyte for lithium batteries that prevents fire. Cargill developed a soybean oil-based transformer fluid that is more efficient and less toxic than PCB fluids. Chemists are also central in converting biomass into liquid transportation fuels and inventing new solar photovoltaic materials for capturing abundant solar energy directly.

We report improved performance of Li-ion polymer batteries through advanced gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). Compared to solid and liquid electrolytes, GPEs are advantageous as they can be fabricated in different shapes and geometries; also ionic properties are significantly superior to that of solid and liquid electrolytes. We have synthetized GPE in form of membranes by trapping ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate in a composite of polyvinylidene fluoride and N-methylpyrrolidinore. By applying phase-transfer method, we synthetized membranes with micro-pores, which led to higher ionic conductivity. The proposed membrane is to be modified further to have higher capacity, stronger mechanical properties, and lower internal resistance. In order to meet those requirements, we have doped the samples with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to form nanoparticle-polymer composites with tunable porosity and conductivity. Membranes doped with nanoparticles are expected to have higher porosity, which leads to higher ion mobility; and improved electrical conductivity. Four-point-probe measurement technique was used to measure the sheet resistance of the membranes. Morphology of the membranes was studied using electron and optical microscopies. Cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic impedance spectroscopy were performed to characterize electrochemical behavior of the samples as a function of weight percentage of embedded AuNPs.

Abstract New gel electrolytes composed of silica powder and organic electrolytes for the application of lithium/seawater batteries were tested with a porous separator. The maximum current density was ∼25mA/cm2. The discharging current was decreased suddenly because of two reasons. One reason is that the porous separator became clogged with lithium hydroxide and the other is because of the deposition of lithiumsilicate on the lithium surface, which was confirmed using SEM, XPS and hydroxide ion flux measurements. The efficiency (5 ∼ 27%) of the lithium oxidation was also obtained by measuring the hydrogen volume. The efficiency is strongly dependent on the ambient temperature. The effect of additives and other gel systems was also investigated.

In this study, a multi-layer structure solid electrolyte (SE) for all-solid-state electrolyte lithium ion batteries (ASSLIBs) was fabricated and characterized. The SE was fabricated by laminating ceramic electrolyte Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) with polymer (PEO)10-Li(N(CF3SO2)2 electrolyte and gel-polymer electrolyte of PVdF-HFP/ Li(N(CF3SO2)2. It is shown that the interfacial resistance is generated by poor contact at the interface of the solid electrolytes. The lamination protocol, material selection and fabrication method play a key role in the fabrication process of practical multi-layer SEs.

Рассматривается исходный неводный электролит TSE 2016 на основе карбонатов и его влияние на электродную систему с катодным кобальтатным покрытием. После эксперимента в электролитебыло определено наличие новых углеродных сигналов m/z =154 1,4-димеркаптобутан-2,3-диол и полимерного соединения m/z =206 Диэтил 2,5-диоксагександиоат. Продуктами анодного окисления электролита при заряде кобальтата лития являются 1,4-димеркаптобутан-2,3-диол и (Е)-бут-2-ен-1,4-дитиол. The initial carbonate-based non-aqueous electrolyte TSE 2016 and its effect on the electrode system with a cathode cobalt coating are considered. After the experiment, the presence of new carbon signals m/z =154 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol and the polymer compound m/z =206 Diethyl 2,5-dioxahexanedioate was determined in the electrolyte. The products of anodic oxidation of the electrolyte during the charging of lithium cobaltate are 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol and (E)-but-2-en-1,4-dithiol.