Journal articles: 'Lithium chlorid'

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Becker, G., B. Eschbach, O. Mundt, M. Reti, E. Niecke, K. Issberner, M. Nieger, et al. "Bis(1,2-dimethoxyethan-O,O′)lithium-phosphanid, -arsanid und -chlorid – drei neue Vertreter des Bis(1,2-dimethoxyethan-O,O′)lithium-bromid-Typs." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 624, no. 3 (March 1998): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3749(199803)624:3<469::aid-zaac469>3.0.co;2-f.

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Schreer, Heike, and Hans-Otto Fröhlich. "Metallacyclische und verbrückte Titaniumverbindungen aus Cp2TiIV- bzw. Cp2TiIII-Chlorid und N,N′-Di(o-lithium-phenyl)-N,N′-di(n-butyl)ethylendiamin." Zeitschrift für Chemie 24, no. 12 (August 31, 2010): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19840241211.

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Novoselova, Alena, Vladimir Shishkin, and Vladimir Khokhlov. "Redox Potentials of Samarium and Europium in Molten Lithium Chloride." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 56, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 754–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2001-1110.

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Abstract The samarium (III)/(II) and europium (III)/(II) redox potentials in molten lithium chloride were measured using the direct potentiometric method in the temperature range from 923 to 1094 K. Glassy carbon was used as the indifferent working electrode, and the standard chlorine electrode as a reference. The total concentration of rare-earth chlorides dissolved in molten lithium chloride did not exceed 4.5 mol%.

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Lima, Thiago Zaqueu, Miriam Marcela Blanco, Jair Guilherme dos Santos Júnior, Carolina Tesone Coelho, and Luiz Eugênio Mello. "Staying at the crossroads: assessment of the potential of serum lithium monitoring in predicting an ideal lithium dose." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 3 (September 2008): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000300007.

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OBJECTIVE: Lithium has been successfully employed to treat bipolar disorder for decades, and recently, was shown to attenuate the symptoms of other pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, ischemic processes, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. However, lithium's narrow therapeutic range limits its broader use. Therefore, the development of methods to better predict its dose becomes essential to an ideal therapy. METHOD: the performance of adult Wistar rats was evaluated at the open field and elevated plus maze after a six weeks treatment with chow supplemented with 0.255%, or 0.383% of lithium chloride, or normal feed. Thereafter, blood samples were collected to measure the serum lithium concentration. RESULTS: Animals fed with 0.255% lithium chloride supplemented chow presented a higher rearing frequency at the open field, and higher frequency of arms entrance at the elevated plus maze than animals fed with a 50% higher lithium dose presented. Nevertheless, both groups presented similar lithium plasmatic concentration. DISCUSSION: different behaviors induced by both lithium doses suggest that these animals had different lithium distribution in their brains that was not detected by lithium serum measurement. CONCLUSION: serum lithium concentration measurements do not seem to provide sufficient precision to support its use as predictive of behaviors.

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Hahn, F. Ekkehardt, and Stefan Rupprecht. "Synthese und Kristallstruktur von [LiCl · 2THF]2 / Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [LiCl · 2THF]2." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 46, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1991-0203.

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The reaction of lithiated catechol ligands with W (0)Cl4 produces LiCl as a side product. The lithium chloride from this reaction crystallizes as (THF)2Li(μ-Cl)-,Li(THF)2. The X -ray analysis shows lithium in the center of a distorted tetrahedron made up from two THF molecules and two bridging chlorides with d(Li-Cl) = 2.342(3) and 2.308(3)Å.

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Rocha e Silva, M., I. T. Velasco, R. I. Nogueira da Silva, M. A. Oliveira, G. A. Negraes, and M. A. Oliveira. "Hyperosmotic sodium salts reverse severe hemorrhagic shock: other solutes do not." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 253, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): H751—H762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.4.h751.

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Severe hemorrhage in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs (25 mg/kg) is reversed by intravenous NaCl (4 ml/kg, 2,400 mosmol/l, 98% long-term survival). This paper compares survival rates and hemodynamic and metabolic effects of hypertonic NaCl with sodium salts (acetate, bicarbonate, and nitrate), chlorides [lithium and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)], and nonelectrolytes (glucose, mannitol, and urea) after severe hemorrhage (44.5 +/- 2.3 ml/kg blood loss). Sodium salts had higher survival rates (chloride, 100%; acetate, 72%; bicarbonate, 61%; nitrate, 55%) with normal stable arterial pressure after chloride and nitrate; near normal cardiac output after sodium chloride; normal acid-base equilibrium after all sodium salts; and normal mean circulatory filling pressure after chloride, acetate, and bicarbonate. Chlorides and nonelectrolytes produced low survival rates (glucose and lithium, 5%; mannitol, 11%; Tris, 22%; urea, 33%) with low cardiac output, low mean circulatory filling pressure, and severe metabolic acidosis. Plasma sodium, plasma bicarbonate, mean circulatory filling pressure, cardiac output, and arterial pressure correlated significantly with survival; other parameters, including plasma volume expansion or plasma osmolarity, did not. It is proposed that high plasma sodium is essential for survival.

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Becchetti, A., and M. Whitaker. "Lithium blocks cell cycle transitions in the first cell cycles of sea urchin embryos, an effect rescued by myo-inositol." Development 124, no. 6 (March 15, 1997): 1099–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.6.1099.

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Lithium is a classical inhibitor of the phosphoinositide pathway and is teratogenic. We report the effects of lithium on the first cell cycles of sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) embryos. Embryos cultured in 400 mM lithium chloride sea water showed marked delay to the cell cycle and a tendency to arrest prior to nuclear envelope breakdown, at metaphase and at cytokinesis. After removal of lithium, the block was reversed and embryos developed to form normal late blastulae. The lithium-induced block was also reversed by myo- but not epi-inositol, indicating that lithium was acting via the phosphoinositide pathway. Lithium microinjection before fertilization caused arrest prior to nuclear envelope breakdown at much lower concentrations (3-5 mM). Co-injection of myo-inositol prevented the block. Microinjection of 1–2 mM lithium led to block at the cleavage stage. This was also reversed by coinjection of myo-inositol. Embryos blocked by lithium microinjection proceeded rapidly into mitosis after photolysis of caged inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. These data demonstrate that a patent phosphoinositide signalling pathway is essential for the proper timing of cell cycle transitions and offer a possible explanation for lithium's teratogenic effects.

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Dippel, Kerstin, Nayla K. Keweloh, Peter G. Jones, Uwe Klingebiel, and Dieter Schmidt. "Synthese und Kristallstruktur eines Lithium(trimethylacetoxy-di-tert-butylsilanolats) / Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Lithium(trimethylacetoxy-di-tert-butylsilanolate)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 42, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 1253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1987-1008.

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Abstract In an acid medium di-tert-butylsilanediol reacts with acyl chlorides to give the di-tert-butylchlorosilanol (2) and the carboxylic acid. A lithium salt of a silanol-carboxylic acid ester (5) is formed in the reaction of the lithiated diol with 2,2-dimethylpropionyl chloride. 5 reacts with phenylacetyl chloride to give the first mixed dicarboxyl-silane. The crystal structure determination of 5 shows a Li-O-cubane with C = 0 ···Li chelate bonds.

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Jürgens, Eva, Oliver Back, Johannes J. Mayer, Katja Heinze, and Doris Kunz. "Synthesis of copper(II) and gold(III) bis(NHC)-pincer complexes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 71, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2016-0158.

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AbstractCuII and AuIII chlorido complexes bearing the bis(NHC) carbazolide pincer ligand (bimca) were synthesized by transmetallation from the respective lithium complex [Li(bimca)] (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene). In the case of copper, two different molecular structures were obtained depending on the copper source. With Cu(II) chloride the paramagnetic mononuclear [Cu(bimca)Cl] complex is formed and has been characterized by EPR spectroscopy and X-ray structure analysis, while copper(I) chloride leads under oxidation to a dinuclear structure in which two cationic [CuII(bimca)] moieties are bridged by one chlorido ligand. The positive charge is compensated by the [CuCl2]− counter ion, as proven by X-ray structure analysis. Transmetallation of [Li(bimca)] with AuCl3 leads to the [Au(bimca)Cl]+ complex with a tetrachloridoaurate counter ion.

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Chen, Gang, Yimin Liang, Fanghu Chen, Haifeng Wang, and Guoming Zhu. "The effect of lithium chloride on the motor function of spinal cord injury–controlled rat and the relevant mechanism." European Journal of Inflammation 17 (January 2019): 205873921985285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058739219852855.

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The objective of this study is to discuss the effect and mechanism of lithium chloride on the rehabilitation of locomotion post spinal cord injury (SCI) by observing the effect of lithium chloride on the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) pathway. In total, 36 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group (n = 12), model group (n = 12), and lithium chloride group (n = 12). The sham operation group underwent laminectomy, while for the model group and the lithium chloride group with the NYU spinal cord impactor the SCI model was established. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score was used to evaluate locomotion after administration for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, and the tissues were gathered for Nissl staining, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. With a statistical difference ( P < 0.05) on the 3rd day and significant difference ( P < 0.01) on the 5th day post administration, a higher BBB score was observed in the lithium chloride group indicating that lithium chloride improved the locomotion function after SCI. A better structure and morphology of neuron were observed by Nissl staining in the lithium chloride group. Lithium chloride promoted BDNF secretion from neurons in the spinal cord anterior horn with a significant difference compared to the model group ( P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, lithium chloride significantly promoted the expression of BDNF protein and phosphorylated TrkB protein ( P < 0.05), but no difference in the expression of TrkB was detected. Lithium chloride can alleviate the locomotion function after SCI with a mechanism that it can promote BDNF secretion from neurons in the spinal cord anterior horn and phosphorylation of TrkB to upregulate the BDNF/TrkB pathway supporting survival of neurons and regeneration and remyelination of axons.

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Fürnsinn, C., C. Noe, R. Herdlicka, M. Roden, P. Nowotny, B. Leighton, and W. Waldhäusl. "More marked stimulation by lithium than insulin of the glycogenic pathway in rat skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 273, no. 3 (September 1997): E514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.3.e514.

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Lithium's impact on glucose metabolism was compared with that of insulin in isolated rat soleus muscle. Lithium chloride (20 mmol/l) induced a 4.8-fold more pronounced increment over basal glycogen synthase activity than insulin (10 nmol/l) (nmol UDP-glucose into glycogen in synthase activity assay.g-1.min-1: lithium, +22.1 +/- 1.8 vs. insulin, +4.6 +/- 3.9; P < 0.01). In parallel, lithium was less efficient than insulin in stimulating glucose transport (counts per minute 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose.mg-1.h-1: lithium, +211 +/- 19 vs. insulin, +311 +/- 57; P < 0.05) and lactate release (mumol.g-1.h-1: lithium, +1.0 +/- 0.5 vs. insulin, +3.9 +/- 0.5; P < 0.01), and similar increments were induced in glycogen synthesis (mumol glucose into glycogen.g-1.h-1: lithium, +3.32 +/- 0.43 vs. insulin, +3.46 +/- 0.47; not significant). Full additivity of glycogenic effects and divergent dependency on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation provided further evidence for different mechanisms of action. In muscle from insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats (fa/fa), failure of lithium to reverse deficits in glucose metabolism suggested a primary deficit in muscle glucose uptake rather than glycogen synthesis. Hence lithium distinctly stimulates glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle and may therefore be regarded as a candidate for the treatment of disorders associated with primary deficits in the glycogenic pathway.

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Wang, Chang Qing. "Research on Preparing Lithium Carbonate by Carbonation from Lithium Chloride in Biphase System." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1335.

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A process has been proposed for carbonation and recovery of lithium carbonate from lithium chloride. Based on distribution coefficients, separation factors of the results, lithium chloride extraction with n-butanol has also been studied. The purity of this lithium carbonate product was as high as 99.6 %.

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Lee, Ji-Hyung, Seon-Wook Kim, Jun-Hyeong Kim, Hyun-Jun Kim, JungIn Um, Da-Woon Jung, and Darren R. Williams. "Lithium Chloride Protects against Sepsis-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Cancer Cachexia." Cells 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051017.

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Inflammation-mediated skeletal muscle wasting occurs in patients with sepsis and cancer cachexia. Both conditions severely affect patient morbidity and mortality. Lithium chloride has previously been shown to enhance myogenesis and prevent certain forms of muscular dystrophy. However, to our knowledge, the effect of lithium chloride treatment on sepsis-induced muscle atrophy and cancer cachexia has not yet been investigated. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of lithium chloride using in vitro and in vivo models of cancer cachexia and sepsis. Lithium chloride prevented wasting in myotubes cultured with cancer cell-conditioned media, maintained the expression of the muscle fiber contractile protein, myosin heavy chain 2, and inhibited the upregulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Atrogin-1. In addition, it inhibited the upregulation of inflammation-associated cytokines in macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide. In the animal model of sepsis, lithium chloride treatment improved body weight, increased muscle mass, preserved the survival of larger fibers, and decreased the expression of muscle-wasting effector genes. In a model of cancer cachexia, lithium chloride increased muscle mass, enhanced muscle strength, and increased fiber cross-sectional area, with no significant effect on tumor mass. These results indicate that lithium chloride exerts therapeutic effects on inflammation-mediated skeletal muscle wasting, such as sepsis-induced muscle atrophy and cancer cachexia.

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Hay, F. R., J. Adams, K. Manger, and R. Probert. "The use of non-saturated lithium chloride solutions for experimental control of seed water content." Seed Science and Technology 36, no. 3 (October 1, 2008): 737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2008.36.3.23.

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Uwai, Yuichi, Riku Yamaguchi, and Tomohiro Nabekura. "Analysis of sex difference in the tubular reabsorption of lithium in rats." Physiological Research 70, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934568.

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Lithium is used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. We previously demonstrated that two types of transporters mediate the tubular reabsorption of lithium in rats, and suggested that sodium-dependent phosphate transporters play a role in lithium reabsorption with high affinity. In the present study, we examined sex differences in lithium reabsorption in rats. When lithium chloride was infused at 60 µg/min, creatinine clearance and the renal clearance of lithium were lower, and the plasma concentration of lithium was higher in female rats. These values reflected the higher fractional reabsorption of lithium in female rats. In rats infused with lithium chloride at 6 µg/min, the pharmacokinetic parameters of lithium examined were all similar in both sexes. The fractional reabsorption of lithium was decreased by foscarnet, a representative inhibitor of sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, in male and female rats when lithium chloride was infused at the low rate. Among the candidate transporters mediating lithium reabsorption examined herein, the mRNA expression of only PiT2, a sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, exhibited sexual dimorphism. The present results demonstrated sex differences in the tubular reabsorption of lithium with low affinity in rats.

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Tofeti Lima, Thamara, and Ki Yong Ann. "Efficiency of Different Electrolytes on Electrochemical Chloride Extraction to Recover Concrete Structures under Chloride-Induced Corrosion." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (July 15, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6715283.

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Chloride-induced corrosion is one of the main causes of concrete deterioration and imposes a challenge to sustainability. Traditional techniques to repair corroded structures consisted of basically removing the damaged area, which was either economical or sustainable. Therefore, electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) gained popularity for being an efficient nondestructive treatment applied temporarily to structures. On this line, this manuscript aims to raise the efficiency of ECE by an optimal decision of the treatment setup concerning the electrolyte choice. Three different electrolytes were tested, namely, tap water, calcium hydroxide, and lithium borate. Experimental results pointed to lithium borate as the most efficient electrolyte for extracting chlorides while calcium hydroxide was a better choice to repassivate the structure and even heal cracks, due to a possible electrodeposition of the electrolyte ions on the cement matrix. Thus, depending on the main goal of the treatment, different electrolytes achieve a better performance, which highlights the importance of pretreatment evaluation to see in which stage of corrosion damage is the structure.

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Knochel, Paul, Andreas Steib, Sarah Fernandez, Olesya Kuzmina, Martin Corpet, and Corinne Gosmini. "Chromium(II)-Catalyzed Amination of N-Heterocyclic Chlorides with Magnesium Amides." Synlett 26, no. 08 (February 26, 2015): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1380178.

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We report a ligand-free chromium(II)-catalyzed amination reaction of various N-heterocyclic chlorides. CrCl2 regioselectively catalyzes the reaction of chloropyridines and dichloropyridines, dichloroquinolines, dichloroisoquinolines and dichloroquinoxalines with a range of aliphatic, allylic, benzylic and saturated (hetero)cyclic magnesium amides in the presence of lithium chloride as additive. The reactions were performed at 50 °C in THF and led to the desired aminated products in 56–96% yield.

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Yang, Hong Jun, Bing Li, Xiao Li Chai, and Wu Li. "Studies on the Interaction Mechanism between Lithium Chloride and Amorphous Al(OH)₃." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.126.

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Experiments on the interaction mechanism between lithium chloride and amorphous Al(OH)3 were designed and conducted applying simulated brines and aqueous solutions, respectively. The concentrations of lithium ion in the different solutions were determined and XRD patterns of solids formed between lithium chloride and amorphous Al(OH)3 were obtained. The data were fitted according to related dynamic equations. The results show that the variation of the concentration of lithium ion with time obeys the first order reaction dynamic equation, and the mechanism of the interaction should be chemical reaction between lithium chloride and amorphous Al(OH)3. Li/Al ratio should be 1:2 in the formula of the solid products.

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Sroor, Farid M., Phil Liebing, Cristian G. Hrib, Daniel Gräsing, Liane Hilfert, and Frank T. Edelmann. "Formation and structure of the first metal complexes comprising amidinoguanidinate ligands." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 72, no. 11 (October 4, 2016): 1526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989016015322.

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The first metal complexes comprising amidinoguanidinate ligands have been prepared and structurally characterized, namely bis[μ-N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetraisopropyl-1-(1-butylamidinato)guanidinato-κ3N1,N2:N2]bis[(tetrahydrofuran)lithium], [Li2(C18H37N4)2(C4H8O)2], (2), and [bis(tetrahydrofuran)lithium]-di-μ-chlorido-{(N,N′-dicyclohexyl-1-butylamidinato-κ2N1,N2)[N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetracyclohexyl-1-(1-butylamidinato)guanidinato-κ2N1,N2]holmate(III)}, [HoLiCl2(C4H8O)2(C17H31N2)(C30H53N4)], (3). The novel lithium amidinoguanidinate precursors Li[nBuC(=NR)(NR)C(NR)2] [1:R= Cy (cyclohexyl),2:R=iPr) were obtained by treatment ofN,N′-diorganocarbodiimides,R—N=C=N—R(R=iPr, Cy), with 0.5 equivalents ofn-butyllithium under well-defined reaction conditions. An X-ray diffraction study of2revealed a ladder-type dimeric structure in the solid state. Reaction of anhydrous holmium(III) chloride within situ-prepared2afforded the unexpected holmium `ate' complex [nBuC(=NCy)(NCy)C(NCy)2]Ho[nBuC(NCy)2](μ-Cl)2Li(THF)2(3) in 71% yield. An X-ray crystal structure determination of3showed that this complex contains both an amidinate ligand and the new amidinoguanidinate ligand.

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Ahmad, Faizan. "Thermodynamic characterization of the partially denatured states of ribonuclease A in calcium chloride and lithium chloride." Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 63, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1058–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o85-131.

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The denaturations of ribonuclease A by calcium chloride and lithium chloride were studied by circular dichroism measurements in the far-ultraviolet region. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for the unfolding of the protein by calcium chloride and lithium chloride gave values of 46 and 52 kcal mol−1 (1 cal = 4.1868 J) for the enthalpy of denaturation at 25 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters for the denaturation by calcium chloride and lithium chloride are compared with those for the heat and guanidine hydrochloride denaturation. It has been observed that the thermodynamic quantity, be it free energy, entropy, or enthalpy, cannot be related quantitatively to the extent of unfolding measured by various conformational properties of the protein.

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Lutz, Heinz Dieter, Klaus Wussow, and Peter Kuske. "Ionic Conductivity, Structural, IR and Raman Spectroscopic Data of Olivine, Sr2PbO4, and Na2CuF4 Type Lithium and Sodium Chlorides Li2ZnCl4 and Na2MCl4 (M = Mg, Ti, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Cd)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 42, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1987-1103.

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The ionic conductivities (complex impedance measurements) of the olivine type Li2ZnCl4, Na2ZnCl4 and Na2CoCl4, the Sr2PbO4 type Na2MgCl4, Na2MnCl4, and Na2CdCl4, and the novel Na2CrCl4 with monoclinically distorted Sr2PbO4 structure (Na2CuF4 type) are presented. The specific conductivities of Li2ZnCl4 and the Na2MCl4 are about three orders of magnitude lower than those of the fast ionic conducting lithium chloride spinels Li[LiM ]Cl4 (M = Mg, Mn. Fe. Cd. etc.) indicating that in the latter compounds the tetrahedrally coordinated lithium ions exhibit higher mobility than those on octahedral sites. The X-ray data including those of Sr2PbO4 type Na2TiCl4 and both the IR and Raman spectra (together with a group theoretical treatment) are also given. The spectra obtained confirm the different structure types of the ternary chlorides.

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Nakamura, C. V., and A. S. Pinto. "Biological effects of lithium chloride on the insect trypanosomatidHerpetomonas samuelpessoai." Parasitology 99, no. 2 (October 1989): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000058637.

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SummaryEffects of lithium chloride on growth, differentiation and respiration ofHerpetomonas samuelpessoai, cultivated in a synthetic medium were studied both at 28 and 37 °C. Low concentration of lithium chloride (15 mM) stimulated growth at 37 °C. In addition, the protozoon tolerated high concentrations (60–150 mM) of the salt at both incubation temperatures. In general, 15 mM lithium chloride increased and 150 mM decreased oxygen uptake when glucose, glutamic acid and proline were used as substrates. However, at 28 °C after incubation for 96 h, the highest concentration increased oxygen uptake in the presence of glucose. Sodium butyrate induced cell differentiation inH. samuelpessoaiboth at 28 and 37 °C. High concentration (150 mM) of lithium chloride inhibited cell differentiation ofH. samuelpessoaiinduced by both controlled growth conditions and butyrate addition. The results obtained are described in this paper.

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Архипов, В. А., А. И. Коноваленко, В. Т. Кузнецов, and А. С. Жуков. "Экспериментальная оценка взрыво- и пожароопасности литиевых источников тока." Письма в журнал технической физики 45, no. 15 (2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.15.48082.17561.

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The method of quantitative assessment of explosion and fire hazard of lithium - thionyl chloride elements is proposed, the experimental setup is described and the results of experiments with lithium-thionyl chloride elements of sizes D and DD are presented.

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Kahn, LP. "The use of lithium chloride for estimating supplement intake in grazing sheep: estimates of heritability and repeatability." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 8 (1994): 1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941731.

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The suitability of lithium chloride as a marker for supplement intake was examined in grazing sheep. Eight merino weaners (10 months), grazing improved pasture, were individually fed cottonseed meal pellets coated with lithium chloride, and plasma lithium concentrations were then measured over the next 29 h. The results of this study showed that after ingestion of lithium, plasma lithium concentrations rose to reach a maximum 4 h later. This maximum remained substantially constant between 4 and 14 h after lithium ingestion and then declined slowly. The use of plasma lithium concentration (scaled for liveweight) 4-9 h after lithium ingestion facilitated accurate prediction of supplement intake. In a following experiment, 732 Merino weaners (10 months) were split into two groups by randomized stratification. These groups were fed a cottonseed meal supplement at either 55 or 110 g head-1 day-1 In order to estimate individual supplement intake over a 62 day period the supplement was coated with lithium chloride on three occasions at monthly intervals. The results of the three estimates of intake showed that within mobs (n = 366/mob) large variation in supplement intake existed. Both the heritability (0.17) and repeatability (0.48) of supplement intake as estimated from paternal half-sib analysis were significantly different from zero.

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&NA;. "Suxamethonium chloride/lithium." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1346 (April 2011): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113460-00132.

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Ramazanov, Arsen Sh, David R. Ataev, and Miyasat A. Kasparov. "OBTAINING HIGH QUALITY LITHIUM CARBONATE FROM NATURAL LITHIUM-CONTAINING BRINES." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 64, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20216404.6238.

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The aim of this work is to develop a new effective technology for producing high-quality lithium carbonate from natural lithium-containing brines. Freshly deposited aluminum hydroxide was used to separate lithium from the trace amounts of sodium and calcium. It was found that the completeness of lithium extraction from brines purified from magnesium depends on the sorbent dosage, phase contact time, mineralization, pH, and brine temperature. To extract lithium from brines with a mineralization of less than 100 g/dm3, it is necessary to introduce 4 mol of aluminum hydroxide per 1 mol of lithium in the brine. For brines with a mineralization greater than 200 g/dm3, the consumption of the sorbent providing the extraction of lithium more than 96% is 2.5 mol of aluminum hydroxide. Desorption of lithium chloride from lithium-aluminum concentrate is carried out by processing 4-5 canopies of concentrate in a Soxlet type apparatus with the same volume of distilled water. The resulting concentrated solution of lithium chloride is purified from calcium impurities in contact with a saturated solution of lithium carbonate. From a heated aqueous solution of lithium chloride purified from calcium impurities, lithium carbonate is precipitated by dosing a stoichiometric amount of a saturated solution of sodium carbonate into it. The precipitate of lithium carbonate is separated from the mother solution, washed with three portions of a saturated solution of lithium carbonate at a ratio of solid to liquid by weight equal to one to five, in order of decreasing the concentration of sodium in each portion of the wash water. The dried product contains at least 99.6% Li2CO3.

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Al-Farayedhi, A. A., P. Gandhidasan, M. A. Antar, and M. S. Abdul Gaffar. "Experimental study of an aqueous desiccant mixture system: Air dehumidification and desiccant regeneration." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 219, no. 8 (December 1, 2005): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765005x69233.

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This article presents the results of an experimental study on the performance of a structured packing dehumidifier and the regenerator system. The system is tested using different proportions of an aqueous desiccant mixture of calcium chloride and lithium chloride solutions with an overall concentration of 40 wt%. The instantaneous effectiveness and the time-average effectiveness of the dehumidification process as well as the regeneration process are defined for the hybrid cooling system. It is found that as the lithium chloride content in the solution increases, the effectiveness of the dehumidifier as well as the regenerator increases. Moreover, the regeneration of the lithium chloride solution is found to be more effective than that of calcium chloride solution. The dehumidifier effectiveness using the desiccant mixture of 20 wt% CaCl2 and 20 wt% LiCl is found to be close to that of 45 wt% solution of calcium chloride and improves by ɛ80 per cent over the 40 wt% solution of calcium chloride.

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Lewitt, MS, K. Brismar, J. Ohlson, and J. Hartman. "Lithium chloride inhibits the expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1." Journal of Endocrinology 171, no. 3 (December 1, 2001): R11—R15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.171r011.

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Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) regulates IGF availability for glucose homeostasis. The IGFBP-1 promoter shares common regulatory response elements with phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), the expression and activity of which is inhibited by lithium chloride, associated with an inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 activity, in the rat hepatoma cell line H4-II-E. We therefore determined the effect of lithium chloride on IGFBP-1 expression and secretion in H4-II-E cells. Lithium chloride inhibited IGFBP-1 secretion in a dose response and reversible manner by approx 80% during 5-h and 16-h incubations. An inhibitory effect on IGFBP-1 mRNA expression was observed at 2 h. The inhibitory effect of lithium and insulin were not additive when used alone, but inhibition by lithium occurred when insulin action was blocked by activating AMP-activated protein kinase with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-riboside (AICAR). These findings suggest that GSK-3 inhibition, or another pathway activated by lithium, may be involved in a pathway controlling IGFBP-1, inhibiting synthesis when insulin activity is absent or impaired.

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Szymczyk, Halina, Zofia Danilczuk, and Marian Wielosz. "The effect of short-term lithium treatment on head twitches induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2015-0086.

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Abstract The effectiveness of lithium in the treatment of affective disorders is well documented. However, the mechanism of this effect is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lithium on serotonergic neurons. The evaluation of the serotoninergic system activity was performed on the basis of an experimental model of head twitch response triggered by direct or indirect stimulation of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the brain. The obtained results indicated that the lithium chloride co-applied with a direct precursor of serotonin - 5-hydroxytryptophan used in a threshold dose and with carbidopa, generated head twitch response in mice. What is more, an enhancement of head twitch response in mice was observed after repeated 5-hydroxytryptophan application in head twitch-evoking doses. Moreover, inhibition of the serotonine storage in nerve endings in mice was evoked by reserpine administration. Furthermore, lithium increased the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan given in a threshold dose and a head twitchevoking dose, respectively. In addition, when P-chlorphenylalanine (pCPA), an inhibitor of the serotonin synthesis within the serotonergic neurons, was given simultaneously with the lithium chloride, carbidopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the threshold dose, as well as with the lithium chloride and 5-hydroxytryptophan given at head twitchevoking dosage, pCPA administration decreased the number of head twitches responses in both experimental models, as well as in the reserpinized mice subjected to the lithium chloride and 5-hydroxytryptophan application. Finally, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamineevoked serotoninergic nerve endings destruction led to absolute inhibition of headtwitch response when observed after the lithium and 5-hydroxytryptophan application. Moreover, the increase by lithium 5-hydroxytryptophan-evoke head twitch response was inhibited by administration of the ritanserine - a 5-HT2 serotonin receptor blocking agent. In summary, our data show that lithium induced an enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission due to its action on presynaptic serotonergic terminals.

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Varbanets, E. I., V. V. Godovan, A. A. Shandra, and O. A. Kaschenko. "A comparative study of the new xylarate germanium (IV) complexe with lithium (xygerm-1), lithium chloride and valproic acid to the amphetamine-enhanced self-stimulation reactions in rats." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 3 (June 15, 2013): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2182.

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Aim. To estimate the effect of novel lythium bis(µ-xylarato)dihydrogermanate (IV) (Xygerm-1) on reinforcing properties of the lateral hypothalamus self-stimulation in rats compared to the reference drugs (lithium chloride and valproic acid) in rats with amphetamine-induced self-stimulation. Methods. To form a model of the brain self-stimulation, nichrome monopolar electrodes were implanted bilaterally in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, followed by morphological control, and 7-10 days after the operation, the rats were trained to press a pedal for electrical stimulation of the brain. The effects of self-stimulation were assessed by analyzing the maximum rate of pedal pressing and the self-stimulation threshold. Study of the test compounds effects had been started when average self-stimulation threshold values varied by less than 10% for three consecutive sessions of the brain self-stimulation. Xygerm-1 (300-1800 mg/kg), valproic acid (30-300 mg/kg) and lithium chloride (25-200 mg/kg) were introduced as intraperitoneal injections to animals of the corresponding study groups (6 rats each). At the next stage of the experiment, effects of Xygerm-1, lithium chloride and valproic acid on amphetamine-induced (dose 0.5 mg/kg) brain self-stimulation reaction increase were studied at the same animal groups. Results. At the first stage of the experiment Xygerm-1 (1200 and 1800 mg/kg), lithium chloride (100 and 200 mg/kg) and valproic acid (300 mg/kg) had significantly increased self-stimulation threshold. High doses of Xygerm-1 and lithium chloride (1800 and 200 mg/kg correspondingly) had relevantly decreased the average self-stimulation rate. There was also a tendency for the average self-stimulation rate to decrease in animals administered valproic acid, though, not statistically significant. The use of Xygerm-1 and lithium chloride induced the dose-dependant self-stimulation threshold increase, decreased by the use of amphetamine sulfate. Rather high doses of Xygerm-1 and lithium chloride (1800 and 100 mg/kg correspondingly) had also blocked amphetamine-induced increase in pedal pressing rate. Studied doses of valproic acid did not altered the amphetamine-induced brain self-stimulation reaction increase. Conclusion. The novel compound bis(µ-xylarato)dihydrogermanate (IV) has a strong influence on behavior, in particular on the brain reward systems, which is similar to the action of lithium chloride and differs from the effect of valproic acid.

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Alavia, Wilson, Ismael Soto, and Jorge A. Lovera. "Modeling of the Refractive Index for the Systems MX+H2O, M2X+H2O, H3BO3+MX+H2O, and H3BO3+M2X+H2O. M = K+, Na+, or Li+ and X = Cl− or SO42−." Processes 9, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030525.

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The modeling of the refractive index for binary aqueous solutions of boric acid, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, lithium sulfate, and potassium sulfate, as well as ternary aqueous solutions of boric acid in the presence of sodium sulfate, lithium sulfate, or potassium chloride, is reported. The refraction index was represented by molar refraction. It was described as the sum of solutes’ partial molar refraction and solvent molar refraction. The solutes’ partial molar refraction was estimated from the molar refraction of the binary solutions. The excess molar refraction for these systems was described with the equation of Wang et al. The polarizability of the solutes present in the studied systems was estimated using the Lorenz–Lorenz relation. The results showed the model is appropriate for describing the systems studied; the interactions of boric acid, sodium, potassium, lithium, chloride, and sulfate ions with water molecules are relevant to explain the molar refraction and refractive index, and those for the binary systems of lithium chloride and sodium chloride are also relevant the ion–ion interactions. The model is robust and presents estimation capabilities within and beyond the concentrations and temperature range studied. Therefore, the outcomes represent valuable information to understand and follow the industrial processing of natural brines.

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Гребенчиков, О. А., И. С. Касаткина, А. Н. Кузовлев, А. В. Лобанов, and А. В. Ершов. "Influence of lithium chloride on neutrophil activation in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in patients after on-pump cardiac surgery." ZHurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia», no. 4() (December 18, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25557/0031-2991.2020.04.47-53.

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Цель исследования - изучение in vitro действия хлорида лития на активность нейтрофилов человека при действии сывороток пациентов с синдромом системного воспалительного ответа, развившемся после операций на сердце с искусственным кровообращением. Методика. Исследование проводили in vitro на нейтрофилах, выделенных из крови 6 здоровых доноров. Нейтрофилы активировали при помощи сыворотки пациентов с синдромом системного воспалительного ответа (ССВО), перенесших операции на сердце с искусственным кровообращением (ИК). Активность нейтрофилов оценивали с использованием флуоресцентных антител к маркерам дегрануляции CD11b и CD66b. Уровень апоптоза и некроза нейтрофилов оценивали через 22 ч после выделения из крови здоровых доноров; количественная оценка была проведена с использованием аннексина V и иодистого пропидия на проточном цитофлуориметре. Интактные и активированные нейтрофилы обрабатывали раствором хлорида лития в концентрациях 0,3; 3,0 и 9,0 мМ. Результаты. Инкубация нейтрофилов с сывороткой крови пациентов с ССВО после операций на сердце с ИК увеличивала экспрессию CD11b в 1,5 раза и экспрессию CD66b в 1,4 раза в сравнении с экспрессией на интактных нейтрофилах. Инкубация нейтрофилов с сывороткой крови пациентов с ССВО и раствором хлорида лития в концентрациях 3,0 и 9,0 мМ приводило к статистически значимому снижению уровня экспрессии CD11b CD66b на поверхности нейтрофилов в сравнении с активированными контрольными. Установлено, что хлорид лития в концентрациях 3,0 и 9,0 мМ возвращал уровни экспрессии CD11b и CD66b на активированных нейтрофилах к уровню экспрессии на интактных нейтрофилах. В концентрации 0,3 мМ хлорид лития, используемый при инкубации с активированными нейтрофилами, не вызывал значимого снижения экспрессии CD11b и CD66b относительно контрольных активированных нейтрофилов. Экспрессия CD11b и CD66b на активированных нейтрофилах при их инкубации с хлоридом лития в концентрации 0,3 мМ была значимо выше относительно экспрессии данных молекул на интактных нейтрофилах. Сыворотка пациентов с развившемся ССВО снижала спонтанный апоптоз нейтрофилов, а раствор хлорида лития в концентрации 3,0 или 9,0 мМ, добавленный в среду инкубации, увеличивал способность нейтрофилов к спонтанному апоптозу. Заключение. Хлорид лития оказывал противовоспалительный эффект снижал дегрануляцию и активацию нйтрофилов посредством уменьшения уровня экспрессии молекул CD11b и CD66b на поверхности нейтрофилов, которые предварительно были активированы сыворотками пациентов с ССВО. В концентрации 3,0 мМ и выше хлорид лития индуцировал спонтанный апоптоз нейтрофилов, активированных сыворотками пациентов с ССВО после операций на сердце с ИК. The aim of this work was to study the anti-inflammatory effect of lithium chloride on human neutrophils in vitro under the action of the serum of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which developed after on-pump cardiac surgery. Methods. The study was performed on neutrophils isolated from the blood of five healthy donors, which was activated using serum from patients with SIRS. Neutrophil activity was assessed using fluorescent antibodies to CD11b and CD66b degranulation markers. The level of apoptosis and necrosis of human neutrophils was evaluated 22 hours after isolation. Quantification was performed using annexin V and propidium iodide on a flow cytometer. Intact and activated neutrophils were treated with 0.3, 3.0 аnd 9.0 mM lithium chlorides. Results. Incubation of neutrophils with the blood serum of patients with SIRS after on-pump cardiac surgery increased the expression of CD11b by 1.5 times and the expression of CD66b by 1.4 times compared to expression on intact neutrophils. Incubation of neutrophils with blood serum of patients with SIRS and 3.0 and 9.0 mM lithium chloride solutions led to a statistically significant decrease in the level of expression of CD11b CD66b on the surface of neutrophils in comparison with control activated neutrophils. It was found that 3.0 and 9.0 mM lithium chloride solutions returned the expression levels of CD11b and CD66b on activated neutrophils to the expression level on intact neutrophils. 0.3 mM of lithium chloride, used during incubation with activated neutrophils, did not cause a significant decrease in the expression of CD11b and CD66b relative to control activated neutrophils. The expression of CD11b and CD66b on activated neutrophils during their incubation with 0.3 mM of lithium chloride was significantly higher relative to the expression of these molecules on intact neutrophils. The serum of patients with advanced SIRS decreased the ability of neutrophils to spontaneous apoptosis. 3.0 or 9.0 mM lithium chloride solutions added to the incubation medium increased the ability of neutrophils to spontaneous apoptosis. Conclusion. Lithium chloride reduced the degranulation and activation of neutrophils by reducing the expression level of CD11b and CD66b molecules on the surface of neutrophils that were previously activated by the serum of patients with SIRS. This effect determines the anti-inflammatory influence of lithium chloride. Lithium chloride at 3.0 mM and higher induced spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils activated by the serum of patients with SIRS after on-pump cardiac surgery.

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Grebenchikov, O. A., I. S. Kasatkina, K. K. Kadantseva, M. A. Meshkov, and A. A. Bayeva. "The Effect of Lithium Chloride on Neutrophil Activation on Exposure to Serum of Patients with Septic Shock." General Reanimatology 16, no. 5 (November 6, 2020): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2020-5-45-55.

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The aim of the study: to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of lithium chloride by exposing the human neutrophils to serum of patients with septic shock in vitro.Material and methods. The study was carried out on neutrophils extracted from the blood of 6 healthy donors, which were activated with serum from patients with septic shock. The neutrophil activity was evaluated with fluorescent antibodies to the CD11b and CD66b markers of degranulation. The level of human neutrophil apoptosis and necrosis was assessed 22 hours after extraction; quantitative assessment was made using annexin V and propidium iodide with flow cytofluorimetry. Intact and activated neutrophils were treated with 0.3, 3.0 and 9.0 mmol lithium chloride solution.Results. The level of CD11b expression on the surface of intact neutrophils (healthy donors) was 3434.50 [3311.0-3799.0] arbitrary fluorescence units (AFU). Incubation of neutrophils with serum of patients with septic shock increased CD11b expression 2.5 times to 8589.0 [7279.0-11258.0] AFU (P=0.005) vs intact leukocytes, and increased CD66b expression 2.7 times up to 27 600.0 [22 999.0-28 989.0] AFU ((P=0.005) vs intact neutrophils. Lithium chloride in concentrations of 0.3, 3.0 and 9.0 mmol in a dose-dependent manner reduced the level of expression of CD11b and CD66b molecules on the surface of activated neutrophils. Septic serum reduced spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis, and 3.0 mmol and higher lithium chloride solution induced spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis.Conclusion. Lithium chloride reduces the activation of neutrophils preactivated by serum of patients with septic shock, reduces expression of CD11b and CD66b molecules on the neutrophil surface, inhibiting the process of their activation (degranulation). Lithium chloride in concentration of 3.0 mmol and higher is able to induce spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils activated by serum of patients with septic shock.

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Prömper, Stephan W., and Walter Frank. "Lithium tetrachloridoaluminate, LiAlCl4: a new polymorph (oP12,Pmn21) with Li+in tetrahedral interstices." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 73, no. 10 (September 8, 2017): 1426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205698901701235x.

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Dissolving lithium chloride and aluminium chloride in boilingpara- ormeta-xylene and keeping the colourless solution at room temperature led to crystal growth of a new modification of lithium tetrachloridoaluminate, LiAlCl4, which represents a second modification (oP12,Pmn21) of the ternary salt besides the long known monoclinic form [LiAlCl4(mP24,P21/c); Mairesseet al.(1977).Cryst. Struct. Commun.6, 15–18]. The crystal structures of both modifications can be described as slightly distorted hexagonal closest packings of chloride anions. While the lithium cations in LiAlCl4(mP24) are in octahedral coordination and the aluminium and lithium ions in the solid of orthorhombic LiAlCl4occupy tetrahedral interstices with site symmetriesmand 1, respectively, the lithium cation site being half-occupied (defect wurtz-stannite-type structure). From differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, no evidence for a phase transition of the orthorhombic modification is found until the material melts at 148 °C (Tpeak= 152 °C). The melting point is nearly identical to the literature data for LiAlCl4(mP24) [146 °C; Weppner & Huggins (1976).J. Electrochem. Soc.124, 35–38]. From the melts of both polymorphs, the monoclinic modification recrystallizes.

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Sun, Ze, Haiou Ni, Hang Chen, Suzhen Li, Guimin Lu, and Jianguo Yu. "Designing and optimizing a stirring system for a cold model of a lithium electrolysis cell based on CFD simulations and optical experiments." RSC Advances 5, no. 103 (2015): 84503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13856f.

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Sohr, Julia, Horst Schmidt, and Wolfgang Voigt. "Higher hydrates of lithium chloride, lithium bromide and lithium iodide." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 74, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229618001183.

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For lithium halides, LiX (X = Cl, Br and I), hydrates with a water content of 1, 2, 3 and 5 moles of water per formula unit are known as phases in aqueous solid–liquid equilibria. The crystal structures of the monohydrates of LiCl and LiBr are known, but no crystal structures have been reported so far for the higher hydrates, apart from LiI·3H2O. In this study, the crystal structures of the di- and trihydrates of lithium chloride, lithium bromide and lithium iodide, and the pentahydrates of lithium chloride and lithium bromide have been determined. In each hydrate, the lithium cation is coordinated octahedrally. The dihydrates crystallize in the NaCl·2H2O or NaI·2H2O type structure. Surprisingly, in the tri- and pentahydrates of LiCl and LiBr, one water molecule per Li+ ion remains uncoordinated. For LiI·3H2O, the LiClO4·3H2O structure type was confirmed and the H-atom positions have been fixed. The hydrogen-bond networks in the various structures are discussed in detail. Contrary to the monohydrates, the structures of the higher hydrates show no disorder.

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Thanh Nguyen, Huynh Le. "HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF NANO BILAYERED V2O5 AND ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR IN NON–AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES LiPF6 AND NaClO4." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 1B (March 23, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/1b/12087.

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This work aimed to prepare bilayered V2O5 by hydrothermal route from vanadium (III) chloride (VCl3). According to XRD results, bilayered V2O5 showed a large interlayer spacing around 11.3 Å. The electrochemical properties of bilayered V2O5 were carried out by cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge testing in non–aqueous electrolytes LiPF6 and NaClO4. The curves charge–discharge showed that mechanism of insertion/extraction of Li+ ions and Na+ ions were occurred on a solution solid without the phase transition. Moreover, specific capacity for lithium and sodium intercalation of bilayered V2O5 were found out 250 mAh/g and 200 mAh/g, respectively. The kinetic of lithium’s and sodium’s insertion was evaluated by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS results exhibited a stabilization of charge transfer in both case and a slow kinetic of sodium’s diffusion compared to lithium’s case due to the large ionic radius of sodium.

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Gupta, Lekha, Alexander C. Hoepker, Kanwal J. Singh, and David B. Collum. "Lithium Diisopropylamide-Mediated Ortholithiations: Lithium Chloride Catalysis." Journal of Organic Chemistry 74, no. 5 (March 6, 2009): 2231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo802713y.

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He, Ping, and Keith E. Johnson. "Electrochemical and 1H NMR studies of proton behavior of ImCl and LiCl solution in acetonitrile." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-606.

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The role of the proton in extending the electrochemical window and promoting the stripping efficiency of alkali metals has been studied in acetonitrile solution. The platinum hydride surface generated in the hydrogen evolution was considered responsible for the potential shift of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium (Im+) reduction in the absence of lithium. In lithium chloride solution, the lithium layer deposited on the electrode may be the main cause for the stretch of the solvent electrochemical window because of the high overpotential of Im+ reduction on that surface. The proton may affect the properties of the passive layer on newly deposited alkali metal surfaces and then improve the performance of the alkali metal anodes. Keywords: 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium chloride, protons, acetonitrile, lithium reduction.

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Darlington, M. E. "Equilibria in the system lithium/bismuth with magnesium chloride in lithium chloride/potassium chloride eutectic." Journal of Applied Chemistry 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2007): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010100507.

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Kora, Mahmoud Abdelaziz, Yassin Salah Yassin, Ahmed Mohamed Zahran, Ahmed Ragheb, Safwa Othman Abdellatif, Maha Elbatsh, Wael Mohamed Yousef, Hala Said El-Rebey, and Asmaa Shams El-Dein Mohamed. "Study of the Potential Use of Lithium in Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Rat Model." Journal of Nobel Medical College 6, no. 2 (April 5, 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v6i2.19564.

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Background: Management of acute kidney injury is still facing a big problem. It is only dependent up till now on supportive measures, like fluid resuscitation and renal replacement therapy. No current drug therapy has been approved for the treatment of acute kidney injury. Acute kidney injury situations in a lot of cases can be predicted so, finding a drug for AKI will really benefit many patients. The pathophysiology of AKI is complex and many signaling pathways are involved in it. The Glycogen synthase kinase 3B enzyme is an important member in some of these pathways. The effect of its inhibition by the FDA approved drug, lithium on AKI is still under study.Material & Methods: The current study was conducted on28 Male Sprague–Dawley rats. We classified the rats into groups. We induced acute kidney injury to rats with cisplatin. We administered lithium chloride to treat AKI in comparison with saline treatment. We have done renal functions and histopathological examinations to all rats enrolled in our study.Results: Single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) in rat induced acute kidney injury. The effect of lithium chloride treatment with dose (80 mg/kg) on serum creatinine and blood urea levels showed significant regression in the rising of serum creatinine and blood urea in lithium chloride treated rats in comparison to saline-treated rats. Pathological pictures and scores demonstrated an improvement in lithium chloride treated rats than saline-treated but results were not significant.Conclusion:Administration of lithium may be a promising treatment for acute kidney injury.Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeVolume 6, Number 2, Issue 11 (July-December, 2017) Page:14-19

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Hagan, W. P., and N. A. Hampson. "The solubility of lithium chloride in 1.8M lithium tetrachloroaluminate in thionyl chloride." Electrochimica Acta 32, no. 12 (December 1987): 1787–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(87)80016-6.

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Lin, Liangdong, Feng Liang, Kaiyuan Zhang, Hongzhi Mao, Jian Yang, and Yitai Qian. "Lithium phosphide/lithium chloride coating on lithium for advanced lithium metal anode." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 32 (2018): 15859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05102j.

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Pataskar, Suryakant G., Suguna D. Adyanthaya, Sukumar Devotta, and F. Anthony Holland. "Performance of an experimental absorption heat transformer using aqueous lithium bromide, lithium chloride, and lithium bromide/lithium chloride solutions." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 29, no. 8 (August 1990): 1658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00104a013.

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Grover, Gursharn S., Sukumar Devotta, and F. Antony Holland. "Performance of an experimental absorption cooler using aqueous lithium chloride and lithium chloride/lithium bromide solutions." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 28, no. 2 (February 1989): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00086a021.

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Kim, Jin-Soo, Huen Lee, and Seung-Ho Won. "Vapor Pressures of Water + Lithium Chloride + Ethylene Glycol and Water + Lithium Chloride + Lithium Bromide + Ethylene Glycol." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 40, no. 2 (March 1995): 496–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00018a031.

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Jalil, AbdelAziz, Rebecca N. Clymer, Clifton R. Hamilton, Shivaiah Vaddypally, Michael R. Gau, and Michael J. Zdilla. "Structure of salts of lithium chloride and lithium hexafluorophosphate as solvates with pyridine and vinylpyridine and structural comparisons: (C5H5N)LiPF6, [p-(CH2=CH)C5H4N]LiPF6, [(C5H5N)LiCl] n , and [p-(CH2=CH)C5H4N]2Li(μ-Cl)2Li[p-(CH2=CH)C5H4N]2." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 73, no. 3 (February 13, 2017): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205322961700064x.

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Due to the flammability of liquid electrolytes used in lithium ion batteries, solid lithium ion conductors are of interest to reduce danger and increase safety. The two dominating general classes of electrolytes under exploration as alternatives are ceramic and polymer electrolytes. Our group has been exploring the preparation of molecular solvates of lithium salts as alternatives. Dissolution of LiCl or LiPF6 in pyridine (py) or vinylpyridine (VnPy) and slow vapor diffusion with diethyl ether gives solvates of the lithium salts coordinated by pyridine ligands. For LiPF6, the solvates formed in pyridine and vinylpyridine, namely tetrakis(pyridine-κN)lithium(I) hexafluorophosphate, [Li(C5H5N)4]PF6, and tetrakis(4-ethenylpyridine-κN)lithium(I) hexafluorophosphate, [Li(C7H7N)4]PF6, exhibit analogous structures involving tetracoordinated lithium ions with neighboring PF6 − anions in the I\overline{4} and Aea2 space groups, respectively. For LiCl solvates, two very different structures form. catena-Poly[[(pyridine-κN)lithium]-μ3-chlorido], [LiCl(C5H5N)] n , crystalizes in the P212121 space group and contains channels of edge-fused LiCl rhombs templated by rows of π-stacked pyridine ligands, while the structure of the LiCl–VnPy solvate, namely di-μ-chlorido-bis[bis(4-ethenylpyridine-κN)lithium], [Li2Cl2(C7H7N)4], is described in the P21/n space group as dinuclear (VnPy)2Li(μ-Cl)2Li(VnPy)2 units packed with neighbors via a dense array of π–π interactions.

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48

O'Kelly, JC, and WG Spiers. "Effect of lithium chloride intake in drinking water on bulls fed lucerne hay." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 3 (1994): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940307.

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Four experiments were conducted to examine the effects of administering lithium chloride (LiCl) in a portion of the drinking water on feed intake and blood electrolytes of bulls fed lucerne hay at either restricted intake or ad libitum. In Hereford bulls on restricted intake, LiCl at 1 mmol/kg LW. day caused gross inappetence when given dissolved in 1 L water, but did not affect feed intake when given dissolved in a larger volume of water (10 L). This volume was subsequently used for administration of all doses of the salt. Lithium chloride (1 mmol/kg LW. day) given for 5 days to Hereford bulls on restricted intake did not affect body temperature or haematocrit. Lithium concentrations (mmol/L) of 0.62 and 0.31 were established in plasma and red blood cells, and Li+ was excreted at the rate of 14.2 mmol/L urine. Lithium chloride (0.5 mmol/kg LW. day) given for 30 days to Brahman bulls on either restricted intake or ad libitum feeding established Li+ concentrations (mmol/L) of 0.31 in plasma and 0.16 in red blood cells without altering blood concentrations of Na+ or K+. However, lithium treatment of bulls on ad libitum feeding caused a 10% reduction in feed intake, with an associated 15% decrease in liveweight gain. It is proposed that reduction in feed intake due to lithium treatment of bulls on ad libitum feeding was mediated through the calming effect of the drug decreasing eating activity.

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49

Vejdělek, Zdeněk, and Miroslav Protiva. "1-(4-Cyclopentylphenyl)piperazine and its 4-substituted derivatives; Synthesis and biological screening." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 7 (1987): 1834–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19871834.

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Heating the hydrochlorides of 4-cyclopentylaniline and diethanolamine to 250 °C gave 1-(4-cyclopentylphenyl)piperazine (I). Acylation of I with ethyl formate and the corresponding acyl chlorides gave the amides II, VI, and VII which were reduced with lithium aluminium hydride to the piperazines III, VIII, and IX. Treatment of I with benzyl chloride and with 4-chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one under different conditions led to compounds IX and XI. Addition reaction of I to 1,2-epoxybutane resulted in the amino alcohol V. The products showed marginal tranquillizing activity (especially compound VIII), some antimicrobial activity in vitro and some anthelmintic activity.

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50

Schumann, Herbert, and Gerald Jeske. "Metallorganische Verbindungen der Lanthanoide, XXXIII [1] Dicyclopentadienyllanthanoid-alkyle und -hydride von Neodym, Samarium und Lutetium [2] / Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanides, XXXIII [1] Dicyclopentadienyllanthanide Alkyls and Hydrides of Neodymium, Samarium and Lutetium [2]." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 40, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 1490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1985-1112.

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Tricyclopentadienylneodymium and -lutetium react with sec-butyl lithium and terf-butyl lithium to form sec-butyl- and tert-butyl(dicyclopentadienyl)neodymium and -lutetium, which decompose to the corresponding dicyclopentadienyllanthanide hydride complexes. Dicyclopentadienyl-bis-(trimethylsilyl)methylsamarium and -lutetium are made from dicyclopentadienylsamarium or -lutetium chloride and bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl lithium. They react with hydrogen to form the corresponding dicyclopentadienyllanthanide hydride complexes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithium chlorid'

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