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1
Beckert, Steffen. "NMR-Untersuchungen zur kollektiven Diffusion von Wasser und gelösten Ionen: Die dynamische Hydratationszahl und der Einfluss poröser Materialien." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-118874.
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Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der kollektiven Diffusion von Wasser und Ionen in wässrigen Elektrolytlösungen. Dabei wird insbesondere die Dynamik der Wassermoleküle innerhalb der Hydratationshüllen der Ionen und der Einfluss poröser Materialien
untersucht. Nach einer Einführung zur Dynamik der Hydratationshülle folgen Grundlagen der NMR-Diffusometrie, welche genutzt wurde um die Selbstdiffusionskoefifizienten der Wassermoleküle und der Ionen der Lösungen zu messen. Daraus wurden die dynamischen Hydratationszahlen der Ionen bestimmt, welche die Anzahl an Wassermolekülen angeben, die durch die Diffusion des Ions in ihrer translatorischen Bewegung beeinflusst sind. Der Einfluss poröser Materialien auf die Dynamik wird am Beispiel nanoporöser Glasmonolithe und mikroporöser Li-LSX Kristalle untersucht.
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Aojula, Kuldip Singh. "Electrodeposition of lithium from dimethylsulphoxide/lithium chloride medium." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305484.
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Green, Susan. "The optimisation of lithium sulphuryl chloride cells." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1988. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27797.
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Kruesi, William H. "The electrowinning of lithium from chloride-carbonate melts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386113.
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Bradley, Jonathan. "Optimisation of anode characteristics of calcium thionyl chloride cells." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10399.
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In the field of high performance primary battery systems lithium anoded cells have been shown to have an excellent performance and extremely good shelf life. The major drawback with the lithium technology is one of safety, whereby abuse conditions (such as charging of the cell) lead to an unstable system with the very real possibility of a cell explosion. For a commercially available cell consideration of safety issues would preclude the marketing of a high performance lithium cell for general use, rather, it will be reserved for specialist e.g. Military use where the personnel having contact with the power source can be trained in its safe operation. The work described in this thesis is concerned with the development of a high performance battery system utilising calcium as the anode material. Calcium has received attention as an anode material for a high performance battery system because it removes many of the safety problems associated with lithium. The major disadvantages of calcium have been addressed namely the shelf life and discharge performance. The electrochemical techniques of cyclic voltammetry and a.c. impedance have been used in conjunction with physical methods such as scanning electron microscopy to define the mode of operation of these cells.
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周士明 and Shi-ming Chau. "Investigation of the electrochemical, spectroscopic and physical properties of the low melting 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride /alcl3 / licl system for lithium battery application." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31232991.
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Chau, Shi-ming. "Investigation of the electrochemical, spectroscopic and physical properties of the low melting 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride / alcl3 / licl system for lithium battery application /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13880949.
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Cui, Qingzhou. "CURRENT OSCILLATIONS DURING COPPER ELECTRODISSOLUTION IN LITHIUM ION BATTERY AND ACIDIC CHLORIDE ELECTROLYTES." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1162242616.
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Saunders, Tim G. "The performance evaluation of lithium thionyl chloride batteries for long-life meter applications." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13855.
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A research project has been carried out to provide BG plc with service life predictions of lithium primary batteries capable of supplying a continuous pulsed power supply to two new electronic domestic gas meters over a desired design life of 11.5 years, in UK weather conditions. The paper study includes investigations of the range of suitable lithium technologies and test methods, and detailed reviews of the discharge processes, polarisation and self-discharge failure modes of the lithium thionyl chloride system. A new multi-channel load test rig and a high resolution measurement system, and software analysis tools were designed and constructed, and some 440 accelerated discharge tests were carried out at different stress levels on 4 cell types. The results provide a unique database of the voltage/temperature/load trends through discharge, and generate a ranking order of performance. Basic statistical analyses have been carried out to quantify the variability of performance trends. A hitherto unreported behaviour pattern is characterised. Qualitative models are postulated to account for deviations from normal behaviour exhibited by two cell types. The analysis suggests that catholyte additives could predispose a system to early failure (due to modification of the crystal structure of the reaction products), and that manufacturing tolerances define the degree of failure. Mathematical models of self-discharge rate for both low and medium rate discharge were developed from laboratory measurements. Meter load profiles were also measured, which together with the self-discharge model enabled prediction of operational energy utilisation rates. A sample of 50 batteries was extracted from customers homes, after operating in the field for periods of up to 2 years, and the battery capacity loss rates were measured by the residual capacity method. A comparison of predicted and actual capacity utilisation rates yielded a discrepancy of approximately 1.28. Analysis implied that the source of the discrepancy could be adduced to an under estimate of the impact of self-discharge, but that a factor of up to six times the predicted value was required. Evidence was provided to show that self-discharge rate under operational stresses could be significantly higher than that under the steady-state laboratory measurement conditions, but that that the amplitude and time constant associated with a selfdischarge peak was unknown and not predictable. Mean service lives of 14 and 10 years for the respective battery types in the two types of meter are predicted, the worst case (probability of 0.13% of the population) being failure within approximately 5.9 years.
10
Brown, L. D. "The combined electrochemical and microstructural characterisation of the electrochemical reduction of uranium dioxide to uranium metal in molten lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1469912/.
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The electrochemical reduction of uranium (IV) oxide to metallic uranium has been studied in lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic at 450°C using electrochemical and advanced material characterisation techniques. Electrochemical characterisation identified a single reduction peak occurring at -2.57V with respect to the Ag|Ag+ reference electrode. Sweep voltammetry has identified that the electroreduction of uranium dioxide to metallic uranium occurs via a single, 4-electron transfer, process. The electrochemical reduction has also been observed to be dependent on the activity of O2- ions: An increase in the bulk activity of the oxygen anion impeded the electroreduction process. This phenomena was thermodynamically predicted using Littlewood diagrams produced for the system. In addition, in situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction investigations were carried out on the I12 JEEP beamline at the Diamond Light Source which resulted in the direct observation of the formation of uranium metal when a uranium dioxide electrode was exposed to electroreduction potentials. No intermediate phases were observed which supports the electrochemical characterisation of this process occurring in a single step. Moreover, microstructural characterisation has been performed on micro-bucket electrodes and metallic cavity electrodes. A coral-like structure was identified after reduction of uranium dioxide and has been attributed to the volume change associated with the reduction. Microstructural reconstructions were performed on four separate sub-volumes in the direction of propagation of the electroreduction process. The porosity was seen to decrease significantly from 16% to 4%. The pore connectivity was also observed to decrease from 93% to 18%. This drastic change in porosity and pore connectivity is reflected in the pore tortuosity which is seen to increase to infinity. This microstructural evaluation is concluded to impede the diffusion of O2- ions out of the electrode resulting in an increased probability of impediment of the electrochemical reduction process.
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周如琪 and Ruqi Zhou. "Fundamental and applied studies of the low melting 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride system for lithium battery application." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31243940.
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Zhou, Ruqi. "Fundamental and applied studies of the low melting 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride system for lithium battery application /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B24728883.
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Gifford, Nancy Renee. "The Effect of Lithium Chloride on the Distal Insulin Signaling Cascade and on p38 MAPK in the Soleus Muscle of Female Lean Zucker Rats." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193350.
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This project focused on determining the effect of lithium on glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and insulin signaling proteins, protein kinase B (Akt1) and GSK-3, in isolated soleus muscle from female lean Zucker rats. We also investigated the role of the stress-activated p38 MAPK in the action of lithium to activate skeletal muscle glucose transport. In the absence of insulin, lithium (10 mM LiCl) increased basal glucose transport by 62% (p<0.05) and glycogen synthesis by 112%. Lithium did not alter phosphorylation of Akt ser473, but enhanced GSK-3β ser9 phosphorylation by 41%. Lithium further enhanced the effect of insulin on glucose transport (42%), glycogen synthesis (44%), and GSK-3ß phosphorylation (13%). Lithium increased phosphorylated p38 MAPK 31% without and 19% with insulin. Moreover, a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, A304000, completely prevented the lithium-induced enhancement of glucose transport revealing the critical involvement of p38 MAPK phosphorylation in lithium-induced glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle.
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Quinn, Anne Marie. "The determination of lithium and strontium ions using electroneutral-carrier, poly(vinyl chloride)-membrane, ion-selective elecrtrodes /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61794.
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Carver, Alexander Gilman. "Novel chlorine-based chemistry and implementation hardware for the growth of lithium niobate and related complex metal oxides." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33987.
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Oxide related research has increased as standard oxides reach their operational limits and new classes of devices are imagined that can only be realized through the use of man-made compounds. Many of these devices require high quality films in order to reach their highest potential. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is poised to become a key producer of high quality oxides. One of the most promising oxides is lithium niobate, LiNbO3, which can potentially deliver novel electronic, optic, and hybrid devices not currently possible.
Growing lithium niobate using MBE is difficult. Several concepts are presented that will make this task easier. First, high temperature refractory metals can be delivered to the substrate through a novel use of low temperature chloride compounds such as niobium (V) chloride. This chloride chemistry allows low temperature sources to deliver high temperature materials to the substrate. Second, a precision, vapor-phase source and control system is prototyped for these chloride compounds achieving improved flux accuracy and expanding the capability of standard MBEs to support many sources. Chloride sources have high vapor pressures and are sensitive to temperature changes causing flux drift. The vapor-phase source removes the temperature sensitivity and eliminates thermal drifts.
Third, a novel method of measuring flux with spontaneous ionzation current has been developed. This design utilizes a low noise design to measure femtoamp currents generated as an evaporant spontaneously ionizes. The measured current with additional predicted data has the potential for directly counting the atoms evaporated and controlling evaporation from a source. The design is sensitive enough to detect outgassing of the cell and cell "spitting" or other non-idealities. Monitoring these non-idealities can help improve other processes by ensuring the cell is fully outgassed and stable.
Finally, a miniaturized RF induction cell prototype is shown that can eliminate the need for incandescent filaments in an oxide based MBE. The RF cell has the potential to increase reliability of MBEs for oxide work and achieve higher operating temperatures without the need for densely wound incandescent filaments or electron beam sources.
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Kannan, Sarath. "Experimental Investigation of Lithium Nitrate Trihydrate and Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate as Salt Hydrate PCMs for Thermal Energy Storage." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1563273912013393.
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Creson, Thomas Kyle. "Dose-response effects of lithium on spatial memory in the black molly fish." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0829102-150014/unrestricted/CresonT091102f.pdf.
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Wang, Shanshan. "Development of solid polymer electrolytes of polyurethane and polyether-modified polysiloxane blends with lithium salts." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1196139638.
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Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, 2007."December, 2007." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 01/30/2008) Advisor, Kyonsuku Min; Committee members, Mark Soucek, Kevin A. Cavicchi, Gary R. Hamed, Michael H. Cheung; Department Chair, Sadhan C. Jana; Dean of the College, Stephen Z. D. Cheng; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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Drahokoupil, Petr. "Výzkum záporných elektrod pro lithno-iontové akumulátory." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220105.
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This thesis deals with lithiation of negative electrode li-ion batteries. In this thesis is used several electrode materials: carbon, FeCl3, lithiated carbon electrodes and silicon carbide. Reduction of irreversible capacity lithium-ion batteries leads to increased capacity and also we can use new materials as a positive electrode. Thesis deals with the differences in the properties of materials using lithiation and their use in practice
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FERNANDES, DAMARIS. "Estudo tecnologico do reprocessamento eletroquimico de combustiveis de uranio em meio de cloretos fundidos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11020.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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LACHEY, JENNIFER LYNN. "THE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 IN MEDIATING VISCERAL ILLNESS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1022853734.
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Yuskaitis, Christopher Joseph. "Neuroinflammation and Fragile X syndrome regulation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 /." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009p/yuskaitis.pdf.
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Belle, Martin. "Rôle des voies Wnt dans la régulation des gènes de la myéline et le cytosquelette des cellules de Schwann." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00714665.
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Les cellules de Schwann sont responsables de la myélinisation du système nerveuxpériphérique. C'est un phénomène complexe et finement régulé. En effet, des altérationsde l'expression touchant les protéines de la myéline périphérique (P0 et PMP22)peuvent provoquer des pathologies comme la Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth. Par ailleurs, lescellules de Schwann subissent d'importantes modifications de leur cytosquelette aucours du processus de myélinisation.Nous avons identifié la voie Wnt/β‐caténine comme directement impliquées dansla régulation de l'expression des gènes de la myéline P0 et PMP22 à la fois in vitro maiségalement in vivo. De plus, nous avons initié la démonstration de l'implication de la voieWnt non canonique au cours de ce même processus. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré queles ligands Wnts aussi bien canoniques que non canoniques pouvaient provoquerl'allongement des extensions des cellules de Schwann. Le chlorure de lithium est uninhibiteur de la GSK3β, mimant l'activation de la voie Wnt/β‐caténine. Il provoque unimportant allongement des cellules de Schwann accompagné de profonds remaniementsde l'architecture interne. Par la suite nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets d'unelésion sur la remyélinisation. La voie Wnt/β‐caténine est réactivée par une lésion in vitrotandis que le lithium accélère la récupération fonctionnelle du battement des vibrissesde souris après pincement du nerf facial, améliore les structures de la gaine de myélineet induit l'expression des gènes de la myéline in vivo.ConclusionNotre travail a mis en évidence le rôle majeur des voies Wnt canoniques et noncanoniques dans la régulation de l'expression de gènes de la myéline et dans lecytosquelette des cellules de Schwann.
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Eakin, Katharine. "NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF POSTINJURY LITHIUM TREATMENT: DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL DOSING PARADIGM AND ASSESSING POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2174.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a dramatic impact on our society in terms of mortality, morbidity, and inherently high financial costs. Formidable research efforts are being addressed to the identification of neuroprotective agents capable of ameliorating the neurological outcome after TBI. Preclinical studies have recently demonstrated lithium to be a promising neuroprotective agent for both acute ischemic brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disease. In light of these encouraging data, we designed a lateral fluid-percussion injury (FPI) study aimed at investigating the role of early post-traumatic administration of lithium as a strategy for reducing TBI-induced motor and cognitive deficits. The optimal dose of this agent and the time window for its administration have been determined on the basis of data derived from the assessment of motor and cognitive functioning in experimental animals, as well as from the stereological quantification of neuronal survival (PID 7) within the CA3 and hilar regions of the hippocampus ipsilateral to the FPI. In addition, we attempted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective properties of this drug via western blot analysis of levels of the pro-apoptotic marker caspase-3 (PID 1, 7) and two neuroplasticity markers, growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (PID 1, 7, 21). Our findings indicate that low-dose lithium chloride (0.125 or 0.25 mmol/kg), given either 30 min or 8 hr after lateral FPI significantly ameliorates injury-induced cognitive and motor impairment. Specifically, cell survival in the CA3 region of the hippocampus of the injured lithium-treated animals (but not in the hilus) was significantly increased compared to injured vehicle-treated animals. Western blot analyses revealed a significant increase in GAP-43 levels on PID 7 in injured animals when treated with lithium, indicating a possible mechanism for lithium-induced neuroprotection. In contrast, BDNF levels were relatively unchanged until PID 21, and caspase-3 activation was not observed at all, suggesting that these proteins play less significant roles in the observed neuroprotective effects of lithium treatment after lateral FPI. Early administration of lithium, within 8 hours after TBI, holds promise as an effective therapy to ameliorate postinjury neurobehavioral deficits and warrants further investigation in clinical TBI studies.
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Martins, Rodrigues Ana Candida. "Synthèse et propriétés électriques de verres oxydes conducteurs par ion lithium." Grenoble INPG, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPG0010.
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L'etude porte sur la variation de la conductivite electrique des systemes borotellurates et borophosphates suivants : lio::(2)-b::(2)o::(3)-te::(2)o::(4) et li::(2)o-b::(2)o::(3)-p::(2)o::(6)-lix (x=f, cl, br). L'effet de formateur mixte pour le premier systeme et l'effet de sel dopant dans le second systeme ont ete interpretes a l'aide de la theorie de l'electrolyte faible et d'un modele de solutions regulieres
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Denys, Goument Colombe. "Dicétones-1,4 thiosubstituées." Rouen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ROUES023.
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Ngono, Bernadette. "Organométalliques à carbonyle masqué : quelques propriétés du lithio-1 triméthylsiloxy-2 éthylène." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES021.
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La condensation du lithio-1 triméthylsiloxy-2 éthylène avec les chlorotrialkylsilanes et le triflate de t-butyldiméthylsilyle conduit aux éthers d'énols silyles -silyles. L'hydrolyse acide de ces derniers permet d'isoler le t-butyldiméthylsilyl acétaldéhyde. D'autre part, la condensation du lithio-1 triméthylsiloxy-2 éthylène avec les chlorures d'acides non énolisables conduit a des esters d'énols de -cétoaldéhydes
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Paues, Jakob. "Brain Stem Involvement in Immune and Aversive Challenge." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköping University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7579.
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Carvalho, Ana Carolina Souza Ramos de. "Estudo da proliferação e diferenciação de células-tronco hematopoéticas provenientes de sangue de cordão umbilical na presença e ausência de mitógenos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-05012009-115547/.
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Células tronco hematopoéticas (CTH) de sangue de cordão umbilical (SCU) possuem grande potencial em terapia celular. Mesmo sendo bem caracterizadas quanto às suas propriedades funcionais e fenotípicas, a regulação da auto-renovação de CTH e os genes envolvidos são pouco conhecidos. Investigou-se através da curva de crescimento, ensaio clonogênico e citometria de fluxo, a expansão e diferenciação de CTH cultivadas sem e com suplementação dos mitógenos estradiol e LiCl. A expressão da subunidade da telomerase teve aumento significativo em todas as condições, bem como a expressão de Nanog e Oct4 relacionados a pluripotência e auto-renovação. Observou-se também a expressão de Nanog, Oct4, Sox2 e FoxD3 em células CD133, células CD3 de sangue periférico e células de colônias hematopoéticas. Concluiu-se que o meio sem suplementação já é suficiente na expansão de CTH, mantendo suas características, relacionadas à proliferação, auto-renovação e pluripotência celular.Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from umbilical cord blood (UCB) have a great potencial for hematopoietic reconstitution. Although these stem cells have been well characterized by their functional and fenotipics properties, self-renewal regulation and genes involved are still unknown. Analyses of cell growth, clonogenic assay and flow cytometry revealed the expansion and differentiation of HSC grown in medium with or without suplementation of the mitogens estradiol and LiCl. Expression of the subunit of telomerase increased in all treatments. As well as the expression of Nanog and Oct4, related to plutipotency and self-renewal. Nanog, Oct4, Sox2 and FoxD3 expression was also high in CD133 cells, in CD3 cells from peripherical blood and in clonogenic assay derived cells. Conclusion: medium without the suplementation is sufficient for expansion of HSC, keeping their characteristcs, realted to proliferation, self-renewal and pluripotency.
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Drbal, Abed Alnaser A. A. "Studies on Bioactive Lipid Mediators Involved in Brain Function and Neurodegenerative Disorders. The effect of ¿-3PUFA supplementation and lithium treatment on rat brain sphingomyelin species and endocannabinoids formation; changes in oxysterol profiles in blood of ALS patients and animal models of ALS." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6285.
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Lipids are important for structural and physiological functions of neuronal cell membranes. They exhibit a range of biological effects many are bioactive lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as sphingolipids, fatty acid ethanolamides (FA-EA) and endocannabinoids (EC). These lipid mediators and oxysterols elicit potent bioactive functions in many physiological and pathological processes of the brain and neuronal tissues. They have been investigated for biomarker discovery of ageing, neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. The n-3 fatty acids EPA and DPA are thought to exhibit a range of neuroprotective effects many of which are mediated through production of such lipid mediators.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of n-3 EPA and n-3 DPA supplementation on RBC membranes and in this way assess dietary compliance and to investigate brain sphingomyelin species of adult and aged rats supplemented with n-3 EPA and n-3 DPA to evaluate the effects and benefits on age-related changes in the brain. Furthermore, to study the effects of lithium on the brain FA-EAs and ECs to further understand the neuroprotective effects of lithium neuroprotective action on neuroinflammation as induced by LPS. Finally to examine if circulating oxysterols are linked to the prevalence of ALS and whether RBC fatty acids are markers of this action in relation to age and disease stages. These analytes were extracted from tissue samples and analysed with GC, LC/ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS.
It was found that aged rats exhibited a significant increase in brain AA and decrease in ¿n-3 and ¿n-6 PUFAs when compared to adult animals. The observed increase of brain AA was reversed following n-3 EPA and n-3 DPA supplementation. Sphingomyelin was significantly increased when aged animals were supplemented with n-3 DPA. LPS treatment following lithium supplementation increased LA-EA and ALA-EA, while it decreased DHA-EA. Both oxysterols 24-OH and 27-OH increased in ALS patients and SOD1-mice. Eicosadienoic acid was different in ASL-patients compared to aged SOD1-mice.
These studies demonstrated that dietary intake of n-3 EPA and n-3DPA significantly altered RBC fatty acids and sphingolipids in rat brain. They suggest that n-3 DPA can be a potential storage form for EPA, as shown by retro-conversion of n-3 DPA into EPA in erythrocyte membranes, ensuring supply of n-3 EPA. Also, n-3 EPA and n-3 DPA supplementation can contribute to an increase in brain sphingomyelin species with implications for age effects and regulation of brain development. Effects of lithium highlight novel anti-neuroinflammatory treatment pathways. Both 24-hydroxycholesterol and eicosadienoic acid may be used as biomarkers in ALS thereby possibly helping to manage the progressive stages of disease.Libyan Government
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Laboue, Blandine. "Preparation de cetones par acylation de composes organomanganeux : extension et amelioration de la methode." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066464.
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Preparation des cetones acetyleniques fonctionnelles et de divers alcools tertiaires par acylation des composes organomagnesiens en presence de sels de manganese seuls ou associes a des sels de cuivre
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Drbal, Abed Alnaser Anter Amer. "Studies on bioactive lipid mediators involved in brain function and neurodegenerative disorders : the effect of ω-3PUFA supplementation and lithium treatment on rat brain sphingomyelin species and endocannabinoids formation : changes in oxysterol profiles in blood of ALS patients and animal models of ALS." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6285.
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Lipids are important for structural and physiological functions of neuronal cell membranes. They exhibit a range of biological effects many are bioactive lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as sphingolipids, fatty acid ethanolamides (FA-EA) and endocannabinoids (EC). These lipid mediators and oxysterols elicit potent bioactive functions in many physiological and pathological processes of the brain and neuronal tissues. They have been investigated for biomarker discovery of ageing, neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. The n-3 fatty acids EPA and DPA are thought to exhibit a range of neuroprotective effects many of which are mediated through production of such lipid mediators. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of n-3 EPA and n-3 DPA supplementation on RBC membranes and in this way assess dietary compliance and to investigate brain sphingomyelin species of adult and aged rats supplemented with n-3 EPA and n-3 DPA to evaluate the effects and benefits on age-related changes in the brain. Furthermore, to study the effects of lithium on the brain FA-EAs and ECs to further understand the neuroprotective effects of lithium neuroprotective action on neuroinflammation as induced by LPS. Finally to examine if circulating oxysterols are linked to the prevalence of ALS and whether RBC fatty acids are markers of this action in relation to age and disease stages. These analytes were extracted from tissue samples and analysed with GC, LC/ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS. It was found that aged rats exhibited a significant increase in brain AA and decrease in Σn-3 and Σn-6 PUFAs when compared to adult animals. The observed increase of brain AA was reversed following n-3 EPA and n-3 DPA supplementation. Sphingomyelin was significantly increased when aged animals were supplemented with n-3 DPA. LPS treatment following lithium supplementation increased LA-EA and ALA-EA, while it decreased DHA-EA. Both oxysterols 24-OH and 27-OH increased in ALS patients and SOD1-mice. Eicosadienoic acid was different in ASL-patients compared to aged SOD1-mice. These studies demonstrated that dietary intake of n-3 EPA and n-3DPA significantly altered RBC fatty acids and sphingolipids in rat brain. They suggest that n-3 DPA can be a potential storage form for EPA, as shown by retro-conversion of n-3 DPA into EPA in erythrocyte membranes, ensuring supply of n-3 EPA. Also, n-3 EPA and n-3 DPA supplementation can contribute to an increase in brain sphingomyelin species with implications for age effects and regulation of brain development. Effects of lithium highlight novel anti-neuroinflammatory treatment pathways. Both 24-hydroxycholesterol and eicosadienoic acid may be used as biomarkers in ALS thereby possibly helping to manage the progressive stages of disease.
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Guerra, Elidia Maria. "Preparação e caracterização de pentóxido de vanádio mesoporoso e reações de intercalação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59138/tde-25092007-110244/.
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A obtenção de pentóxido de vanádio mesoporoso, bem como a síntese, caracterização e estudo das propriedades de novos compostos híbridos, formado a partir do xerogel de pentóxido de vanádio e do pentóxido de vanádio mesoporoso, intercalados com espécies convidadas, foram os objetivos desta tese. O interesse nestes materiais, que apresentam uma considerável gama de modificações estruturais e químicas, é devido a possibilidade de arquitetar propriedades específicas e produzir novos materiais visando aplicações em óptica, catálise, dispositivos eletrônicos e sensores. Os compostos híbridos foram obtidos mediante a reação de intercalação utilizando espécies diretivas estruturais, como cloreto de cetilpiridínio, e materiais poliméricos, como óxido de polietileno e poli o-metoxianilina, introduzidos no interior do óxido em questão. O método de síntese é simples e relativamente rápido, uma vez que os materiais são obtidos em, no máximo, 10 dias, além de não ser necessário o monitoramento durante o período de preparação e secagem. Os resultados experimentais apontaram que houve uma expansão interplanar, bem como, as propriedades eletroquímicas dos compósitos apresentaram uma maior estabilidade de após vários ciclos quando comparados ao xerogel de pentóxido de vanádio, indicando uma reação de intercalação. Uma outra etapa deste trabalho foi à obtenção de óxido de vanádio mesoporoso. A formação de mesoporos foi confirmada pelas isotermas de adsorção/desorção. Em seguida, foi realizada a reação de intercalação com a introdução de óxido de polietileno e poli o-metoxianilina. A reação de intercalação utilizando esses polímeros na matriz mesoporosa proporcionou o aumento da mobilidade de íons lítio bem como um aumento na carga total, durante a reação redox, resultando num efeito sinérgico. Neste contexto, pode-se afirmar que, o método empregado mostrou-se extremamente atrativo devido a sua simplicidade de realização, além de possibilitar a obtenção de materiais com potencial aplicação como dispositivos eletroquímicos, baterias, e sensores químicos.Synthesis, characterization of vanadium pentoxide mesoporous and studies of properties of hybrids compound based on vanadium oxide xerogel and vanadium pentoxide mesoporous, intercalated with guest species have been the main of this thesis. The interest in those materials, that present a considerable structural and chemical modification, is due to the possibility to tailor specific properties and produce new materials to application in optic, catalysis, electronic displays and sensors. The hybrid compounds were obtained from intercalation reaction utilizing templates agent such cetylpyridinium chloride and polymerics species such polyethylene oxide and poly o-methoxyaniline into the oxide. The synthesis is simple and relatively fast, and those materials are obtained, in a maximum, 10 days, even though it is not necessary the monitoring during the preparation and dry. The experimental results show an increase of interplanar, as well as, electrochemical properties of composites presented a better stability after several cycles as compared to vanadium pentoxide xerogel, indicating an intercalation reaction. Another stage of this work was to obtain the mesoporous vanadium pentoxide. The presence of porous was confirmed by adsorption isothermal method. Afterwards, it was realized the intercalation reaction with the polyethylene oxide and poly o-methoxyaniline into the matrix. The intercalation reaction using polymers into the porous matrix resulted an increase of Li+ ions mobility as well as an increase of total charge during the redox reaction resulting a synergic effect. In this context, it can be state that, the method used showed extremely attractive due to its simple synthesis, as well as it has the possibility of obtain materials with potential application such electrochemical displays, batteries and chemical sensors.
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Zahidi, Assou. "Etudes structurales et dynamiques de complexes macrocycliques par rmn heteronucleaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13171.
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Etude de la complexation de cations et d'anions par des ligands synthetiques a l'aide de la rmn heteronucleaire (**(6)li, **(7)li, **(13)c, **(14)n, **(15)n, **(19)f, **(31)p, **(35)cl et **(109)ag) et de mesures d'effet overhauser homo- et heteronuclaires
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Manuelian, Fusté Carmen L. "Conditioned aversion to woody crops in small ruminants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285562.
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L'objectiu de la tesi va ser avaluar la idoneïtat de l'aversió condicionada (CTA) amb clorur de liti (LiCl), per evitar danys en cultius llenyosos durant el pasturatge de les cobertes vegetals. La CTA és un aprenentatge associatiu pel qual un animal deixa de consumir un aliment gràcies a l'administració d'un agent inductor (LiCl). Actualment, els agricultors no permeten el pasturatge de les cobertes dels cultius llenyosos per l’alta palatabilitat d’aquests.
A l’Exp. 1, es va crear CTA a l'olivera (aliment nou) amb una sola dosi de LiCl (200 mg/kg PV) en cabres (n = 10) i ovelles (n = 10). L'aversió es va comprovar durant els primers 6 d, i la persistència durant 4 mesos. Les ovelles i cabres van rebutjar completament el consum d'olivera durant 23 i 53 d (P < 0.05), respectivament, i van consumir una quantitat inferior als animals control fins al final de l'experiment (ovelles, 40 vs. 83 g, cabres, 24 vs. 60 g; P < 0.05). Una sola dosi de LiCl va ser efectiva per induir CTA l'olivera, presentant major aversió les cabres que les ovelles.
A l’Exp. 2, es va crear aversió a l'olivera en 3 races d'ovelles (Manxega, Lacaune i Ripollesa; n = 15 per raça) utilitzant diferents dosis de LiCl (AV1 i AV2, 200 i 225 mg/kg PV). Les ovelles que van consumir > 10 g d'olivera van rebre una 2a dosi el d 9. La persistència de la CTA es va avaluar oferint com a aliment alternatiu rye-grass durant 70 d. La persistència per AV1 va variar en funció de la raça (Manxega < Lacaune = Ripollesa), mentre que per AV2 no es van detectar diferències. Els resultats van indicar que la dosi de 225 mg LiCl/kg PV va ser igual d'eficaç per les 3 races.
A l’Exp. 3, es va crear CTA de llarga durada (3 anys) a la vinya (aliment nou) en dues races d'ovelles (Lacaune i Manxega; n = 12 per raça) amb una sola dosi de LiCl (225 mg/kg PV). L'efectivitat de la CTA va ser validada en condicions experimentals (any 1) i de vinya comercial (any 2 i 3). Les ovelles CTA van rebutjar totalment consumir les fulles de vinya durant el 1er any, però va ser necessària una 2a dosi de LiCl per mantenir la CTA durant el 2n i 3er any. La coberta vegetal de la vinya es va reduir un 68 i 44% (base MS) com a conseqüència del pasturatge en els anys 2 i 3, respectivament.
A l’Exp. 4, es va mesurar la concentració de Li durant 168 h (cabres en lactació, n = 6) i 192 h (ovelles seques, n = 6) en plasma, orina, femta i llet després de l'administració d'una dosi de LiCl (200 i 225 mg/kg PV per cabres i ovelles, respectivament). Les concentracions plasmàtiques de Li arribar al seu màxim a les 4 h en cabres i 12 h en ovelles. La semivida de Li calculada en plasma va ser de 40,3 i 30,9 h, en cabres i ovelles, respectivament. En les cabres, es va recuperar tot el Li administrat a les 96 h (orina, 92%, femtes, 6,5%; llet, 2,8%); però, el temps d'eliminació estimat establert per la femta va ser del 11 i el 9 d en cabres i ovelles, respectivament. Conseqüentment, l'ús de LiCl es va considerar segur i adequat per induir CTA en els petits remugants.
En conclusió, la CTA induïda amb LiCl en ovelles i cabres podria utilitzar-se com a alternativa per al control de la coberta vegetal en oliveres i vinyes, sense danyar-los durant el pasturatge.This thesis aimed to evaluate the suitability of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), based on the use of lithium chloride (LiCl), to prevent grazing damages in woody crops (i.e., olive groves and vineyards). The CTA is an associative learning behaviour in which an animal avoids consuming a particular feed previously paired with an inductor agent (i.e., LiCl). Currently, grazing sheep and goat for controlling ground cover in crops is not suitable because leaves and stems of woody plants are very palatable for them. In Exp. 1, CTA against olive leaves (novel feed) was induced with a single LiCl dose (200 mg/kg BW) in goats (n = 10) and sheep (n = 10). Aversion was validated individually during the first 6 d and persistence for 4 mo. Ewes and does maintained complete aversion (intake 0 g) until d 23 and 53, respectively (P < 0.05) but their intake was markedly lower (ewes, 40 vs. 83 g; does, 24 vs. 60 g) than control animals throughout the experiment (P < 0.05). A single dose of LiCl was effective to induce CTA against olive leaf, does being more strongly averted than ewes. In Exp. 2, CTA against olive leaves (novel feed) was induced in ewes of 3 breeds (Manchega, Lacaune and Ripollesa; n = 15 for each breed) using different LiCl doses (AV1 and AV2, 200 and 225 mg/kg BW). Ewes that consumed >10 g of olive leaves received a 2nd dose on d 9. Persistence was evaluated by a double-choice feeding assay with rye-grass trough 70 d. Effective aversion length varied by breed (Manchega < Lacaune = Ripollesa) for AV1, but no differences were detected for AV2. We concluded that the 225 mg LiCl/kg BW dose was effective for the 3 breeds. In Exp. 3, long-term CTA (3 yr) against grapevine leaves (novel feed) was induced in ewes of 2 breeds (Lacaune and Manchega; n = 12 for each breed) with a single dose of LiCl (225 mg/kg BW). Effectiveness of CTA was validated under experimental (yr 1) and commercial vineyard conditions (yr 2 and 3). The CTA ewes showed a complete aversion against grapevines throughout yr 1 but a new LiCl dose were needed to maintain CTA during yr 2 and 3. Grazing CTA ewes reduced grass cover between vine lines by 68 and 44% (DM basis), yr 2 and 3, respectively. The use of CTA was effective for controlling ground cover in vineyards. In Exp. 4, Li concentration was measured over 168 h (lactating does; n = 6) and 192 h (dry ewes; n = 6) in plasma, urine, faeces, and milk after a single LiCl dose of 200 and 225 mg/kg BW for does and ewes, respectively. Plasma Li concentrations peaked at 4 h in does and 12 h in ewes, according to their physiological stage. The calculated plasma half-lives were 40.3 and 30.9 h, for does and ewes, respectively. In goats, all Li administered was recovered at 96 h (urine, 92%; faeces, 6.5%; milk, 2.8%); however, the estimated clearance time established by faeces was 11 and 9 d for does and ewes, respectively. Consequently, the use of LiCl was considered as safe and suitable for inducing CTA in small ruminants. In conclusion, induced CTA with LiCl in sheep and goats could be used as an alternative for controlling the ground cover in olive groves and vineyards, without expected damages to the trees and vines during grazing.
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Morgado, Daniella Lury. "Biocompósitos a partir de celulose de linter: filmes de acetatos de celulose/celulose e quitosana/celulose." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75131/tde-25022010-152850/.
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O presente trabalho visou o estudo da modificação química da celulose de linter (obtida de fonte de rápido crescimento e considerada a celulose de maior pureza isolada de fontes vegetais) através da sua derivatização em meio homogêneo, buscando-se a obtenção de materiais com características bem definidas e via um método que apresente boa reprodutibilidade. Dentre os derivados de celulose, os acetatos têm importância industrial significativa. No presente trabalho, acetatos de celulose obtidos no sistema de solvente cloreto de lítio/dimetilacetamida (LiCl/DMAc), com diferentes graus de substituição (GS) foram caracterizados através de 1H NMR, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, viscosimetria e análises térmicas (DSC e TG). Através de métodos quantitativos aplicados às curvas termogravimétricas pode-se obter parâmetros cinéticos relacionados à decomposição térmica como a energia de ativação (Ea). Os resultados para os acetatos mostraram que conforme o GS aumenta, aumenta o grau de substituição de C2 e C3, e observa-se também aumenta Ea. Acetatos de celulose com diferentes GS foram utilizados para a obtenção de filmes a partir do mesmo sistema de solvente. Visando à obtenção de biocompósitos, filmes de acetatos de celulose com diferentes porcentagens de celulose foram preparados. Nestes filmes, os acetatos são considerados como matriz e a celulose como reforço, se tendo como pressuposto que as cadeias de celulose formarão agregados em solução, os quais serão mantidos nos filmes, atuando então como reforço. Este pressuposto é baseado em resultados de trabalhos anteriores, assim como estudos reológicos feitos no presente trabalho, que mostram que as cadeias de celulose se agregam, mesmo a baixas concentrações. Estes materiais foram caracterizados via difração de raios X, análises térmicas (DSC, TG e DMTA), cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho (SEC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), solvatocromismo, dentre outras. A eliminação dos solventes após a obtenção dos filmes é um fator importante a ser considerado, e os resultados mostraram que o processo escolhido não leva a presença residual dos solventes utilizados. As imagens de MEV indicaram que fibras de celulose nos filmes de biocompósitos no geral não são visíveis em escala microscópica. Este resultado é promissor, pois sugere que as fibras de celulose podem estar presentes em escala nanométrica, já que para alguns filmes a ação como reforço foi observada, através da melhora em algumas propriedades. Ainda, a rugosidade dos filmes de biocompósitos foi alterada com a presença de celulose conforme mostram os resultados de AFM. Os resultados de DMTA indicaram que uma baixa porcentagem de celulose (5% de celulose) no filme de acetato de celulose com GS 0,8, foi suficiente para a ação como reforço ser observada, sugerindo que cadeias de celulose interagiram preferencialmente entre si, gerando estruturas supramoleculares de cadeias agregadas quando ainda no meio solvente (LiCl/DMAc), as quais permaneceram na preparação dos filmes. No entanto, para o filme obtido a partir de um GS maior (GS 1,5), o efeito de reforço da celulose nos filmes de biocompósitos ocorre apenas para a maior proporção de celulose (15% de celulose). Os resultados de ensaio à tração mostraram que dependendo da aplicação, ou seja, a necessidade de filmes mais resistentes à tração e maior rigidez, estes podem ser empregados. Adicionalmente, filmes de celulose e quitosana foram preparados no sistema de solvente NaOHaq./tiouréia. Nestes filmes, considera-se a quitosana como matriz e a celulose como agente de reforço. Acredita-se que as cadeias de celulose prefiram interagir entre si, gerando \"domínios\" de cadeias de celulose. Por este motivo, o termo biocompósito foi empregado também para estes filmes. Estes materiais foram caracterizados via difração de raios X, análises térmicas (DSC, TG e DMTA), biodegradação, sorção de umidade, microscopia de força atômica (AFM), dentre outras. Os resultados de difração de raios X mostram que o sistema de solvente não altera significativamente a cristalinidade dos filmes, comparativamente aos materiais de partida. As análises térmicas empregadas (TG e DSC) mostraram que a estabilidade térmica é alterada devido a presença dos dois polissacarídeos nos filmes de biocompósitos. O estudo de biodegradação dos filmes de biocompósitos em solo simulado mostrou que a velocidade de biodegradação está relacionada à proporção das regiões não cristalinas, que são mais acessíveis à água e aos microrganismos, isto é, quanto maior o valor de índice de cristalinidade, menor será a velocidade de biodegradação. Importante ressaltar que o comportamento destes filmes em relação à biodegradação está também relacionado com a morfologia apresentada pelos filmes. A análise de AFM mostrou que o aumento da proporção de quitosana nos filmes de biocompósitos leva a maiores valores de rugosidade. Os resultados obtidos para os filmes de quitosana, celulose e biocompósitos (quitosana/celulose), assim como para os filmes de acetato de celulose, celulose e biocompósitos (acetato de celulose/celulose) se mostraram promissores.This work was aimed at studying the chemical modification of linters cellulose extracted from a source of rapid growth and considered the most pure cellulose from vegetable sources. Derivatization was carried out in a homogeneous medium to obtain materials with well-defined properties via a reproducible method. Here cellulose acetate was obtained with various degrees of substitution (DS) using the lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide system (LiCl/DMAc), being characterized with 1H NMR, infrared spectroscopy, viscometry measurements and thermal analysis (DSC and TG). The thermogravimetric curves were analyzed quantitatively, which allowed the determination of kinetics parameters for the thermal decomposition, including the activation energy (Ea). Ea and the substitution at C2 and C3 increased with increasing DS. Cellulose acetates with distinct DS were obtained in the form of films using the solvents mentioned above. Furthermore, biocomposite films were prepared with different contents of cellulose, in which the acetates were considered as matrices and the cellulose was the loading material. It is assumed that the cellulose chains form aggregates in solution, which will be preserved in the films, thus acting as reinforcement. This hypothesis was based on previous work and confirmed here with rheological data. We show that the cellulose chains are aggregated even at low concentrations. These films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (DSC, TG and DMTA), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy. No residual solvent was present after film preparation. The SEM images indicated that the cellulose fibers in the biocomposite films are not visible at the microscopy scale, thus suggesting the presence of cellulose nanofibers. This is promising due to the possible enhancement in the mechanical properties, which was actually observed with a threshold percentage of only 5% of cellulose with DS 0.8. The cellulose chains apparently interacted among each other, generating supramolecular structures with aggregated chains in the LiCl/DMAc solvent. The film roughness investigated with AFM was altered by the presence of cellulose in the composite film. For the film obtained with cellulose acetate with GS 1.5, the effects from cellulose as reinforcement were only observed with higher content of cellulose (15%). According to the stress-strain tests, the films may be employed in applications requiring rigid, mechanically resistant materials. Cellulose/chitosan films were also prepared using NaOHaq./thiourea as solvent, in which chitosan served as the matrix. As in the biocomposite with cellulose acetate, the cellulose chains formed domains. The films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (DSC, TG and DMTA), biodegradation tests, humidity sorption isotherms and AFM. The solvent did not affect the crystallinity of the sample, according to the XRD data. Through thermal analysis, it was inferred that the thermal stability was affected by the presence of chitosan in the biocomposite films. The study of biocomposite film degradation in a simulated soil showed that the rate of biodegradation is associated with the crystalline regions of the sample, which are more accessible to the water and the microorganisms. In other words, the higher the crystallinity the lower the biodegradation rate is. It is worth mentioning that the biodegradability also depends on the film morphology. The analysis of AFM images indicated that the film roughness increased with the content of chitosan. The results obtained with the films made with chitosan, cellulose and biocomposites (chitosan/cellulose), as well as for the films from cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate/cellulose, are promising.
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Chamseddine, Yssam. "Sondes mecanistiques chirales et/ou regioselectivement deuteriees : application a l'etude de quelques processus de substitution nucleophile." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066133.
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Sitando, Onias. "Beneficiation of Zimbabwean petalite : extraction, purification and compound synthesis." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25842.
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Lithium is one of the most strategically important minerals at the time of writing. The demand for lithium and lithium compounds to be used in lithium-ion batteries is increasing day by day. Zimbabwe possesses a considerable resource of lithium ore, estimated at 23 000 mt Li. Beneficiation of this lithium ore could indeed be a very promising business in the near future. This work focuses on processing of petalite concentrate from the Bikita deposit in Zimbabwe for production of Li2CO3, with subsequent preparation of LiF and LiCl. Analysis performed on the petalite showed that the average Li2O content is 4.10 %. The extraction method used involves roasting the pre-heated concentrate with concentrated H2SO4 followed by water leaching of the resulting Li2SO4, solution purification and precipitation of Li2CO3 with subsequent preparation of LiF and LiCl. Investigation of the roasting and leaching showed that the dissolution rates are significantly influenced by roasting temperature and stirring speed. 97.3 % optimum rate of extraction was attained at 320 rpm and roasting temperature of 300 C. Water-washed lithium carbonate with a purity of 99.21 %( metal basis) and an average particle size of 1.4 ìm was produced. Good quality LiF and LiCl can be produced with purity of 99.36 % and 99.02 % respectively. The pH, concentration and agitation have a great influence on the morphology of the precipitated LiF. Lower pH values and optimum concentration of the Li2CO3 solution results in smaller particle size. High recovery of 96.53 % LiF was realised. Anhydrous LiCl was found to absorb moisture when exposed to air at ambient temperature. The synthesised LiCl melts at 606.2 C with a corresponding enthalpy of fusion of 18.4 kJ mol-1, close to the values reported in the literature. CopyrightDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Chemical Engineering
unrestricted
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Rau, Justus Johannes. "Thermodynamic characteristics of lithium chloride in rotary heat and mass exchangers." 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22834906.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1989.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-117).
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Farhani, Amna-Citra, and 方安娜. "Application of vacuum membrane distillation on generator of lithium chloride absorption refrigeration." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86349895414014027216.
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碩士中原大學
化學工程研究所
100
Vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS) possesses environmental benefit and cheaper energy requirements. However, regenerator in VARS is often too bulky to fit in small area and need high thermal energy to operate. Membrane usage in regenerator of VARS could encounter this problem. Coupling a vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) in VARS is one of the ways since VMD only permeating water vapor. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) applied to investigate the optimal parameter (temperature, initial concentration, feed flow rate) in VMD process with permeate flux as the response. From the experiment, the analysis found that the temperature is the most significant factor with positive effect followed by concentration, which has negative effect. Obtained equation from RSM is Y = 112.3175 – 15.82156X1 + 52.3505 X2– 0.8366 X3+8.7418X1X2 +1.8537X1X3 – 4.4995X2X3– 1.3699X1X1 + 6.7305X2X2 – 4.3651X3X3 with regression value of 0.99. Suggested saddle point condition is at concentration of outside the experiment. However, form the experiment, the best response given by set of parameter of concentration at 36%, feed temperature at 70 0C and feed flow 1.5 L/min.. Heat transport analysis also performed for the experiment, and RSM applied to the result of the calculation. From the RSM calculation result showed that the experiment data used is reliable. This analysis more confirmed that the temperature is the most significant parameters in the process, followed by the concentration. Regarding considerable effect of temperature, it has strong correlation between factors and has positive effect.
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HUANG, BIN-JIE, and 黃彬杰. "Electrolytic refining of magnesium and lithium metals with molten salt chloride electrolyte." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4r4e3n.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
化學工程與材料工程系
103
This study investigated the preparations of lithium and magnesium metal with molten chloride electrolytes. The preparation of lithium was carried out by a direct current (DC) electrolysis with binary 60:40 (mol%) LiCl-KCl molten salt bath,and moreover, the best conductivity and diffusion rate were obtained under this concentration. The electrolysis experiment of binary 60:40 (mol%) LiCl-KCl molten salt bath was proceeded under the DC potential 5-10V. However, at DC constant pontential, 89.70% current efficiency and 98.44% purity of lithium were obtained and discussed.Also, a 9V pulsed electrolysis under different duty cycles (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8) were carried out and the results were discussed. The preparation of magnesium metal was carried out by a DC and pulsed current electrolysis with ternary NaCl-CaCl2-MgCl2 molten salt electrolyte. The result shows that the (70mole%NaCl-30mole%CaCl2)-MgCl2 = 80: 20 (mol%) molten salt has the best diffusion rate from the cyclic voltammetry method. In addition, the average particle size and current efficiency of magnesium metal, obtained by the constant pontential electrolytic preparation, were optimal at 4-5V potential. The pulsed potential electrolysis was also carried out under 4-5V and various duty cycles, the results exhibit that the pulsed current efficiency is 68.96% and magnesium metal purity is above 2N. Keywords: pulsed current electrolysis, magnesium, lithium, molten salt, cyclic voltammetry.
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Churng-Horng, Lan, and 藍丞弘. "The Effects of Food Deprivation and Lithium Chloride-induced Devaluation on Licking Behavior." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23637068397547428419.
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碩士國立政治大學
心理學系
88
The effects of food deprivation and lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced devaluation on licking behavior were studied for the regulatory mechanism of hunger drive on licking behavior. The first experiment for measuring the licking of 15% sucrose solution for 8 days and found that deprived subjects did not lick more than non-deprived ones until the third day. In the second experiment, the rats trained to lick 15% sucrose in a food-deprivation state were shifted to a non-deprivation state and tested under extinction procedure by using the empty tube. This shift in deprivation did not suppress licking in empty tube test for subjects with or without incentive learning experiences. In the third experiment, the rats trained to lick 25% sucrose in a food-deprivation state were shifted to a non-deprivation state and tested in empty tube (Exp. 3A, B, C) or water-licking test (Exp. 3B, C) conditions. Independent of incentive learning, the shift in deprivation did not suppress licking in these two kinds of extinction conditions although the concentration of sucrose was increased. In the fourth experiment, rats were trained to lick 20% sucrose mixed with orange flavor and tested in orange flavor water-licking test condition. Deprived rats licked more than non-deprived ones in the test condition whether they were trained under deprivation or non-deprivation. In the fifth experiment, rats were trained to lick orange flavor saccharin solution (Exp. 5A) or strawberry flavor sodium chloride (NaCl) solution (Exp. 5B) and then tested by the LiCl devaluation procedure. Flavored saccharin or flavored NaCl paired with LiCl suppressed rats to lick flavored water. But none of saccharin paired with LiCl, incentive learning after saccharin devaluation, and flavored water paired with LiCl had any significant effect. Saccharin or NaCl paired with LiCl could induce taste aversion. In conclusion, hunger drive modulating licking behavior was only found in licking sucrose or the flavored water-licking test condition. Further, only flavored saccharin or flavored NaCl solutions paired with LiCl could suppress licking flavored water.
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Chen, Hong-Chang, and 陳宏昌. "Studies of Elastic Properties of Poly(ethylene Glycol)/Lithium Chloride by Brillouin Light Scattering." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71050924026519966264.
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碩士國立中山大學
物理學系研究所
90
Abstract The polymer electrolytes (ion conducting polymers) consist of macromolecules (usually in the form of polyethereal units) that are doped with alkali mental salts. The polymer electrolytes are being used in Li-polymer buttery. It is suggested that conductivity in these systems takes place through two distinct events. The first is associated with the charge migration of ions between coordination sites in the host material, and the second is that the conductivity is generally observed to rise with increasing flexibility of the polymer chains. Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectra of molecular liquids will provide mechanical relaxation information in the frequency range from 10^8 to 10^11 Hz. We have carried out the Brillouin scattering study of PEG400/LiCl mixtures to probe its elastic properties. The change in the flexibility of polymer chains at different temperatures, the fraction of free ion, and their interactions with polymer all effect the Brillouin spectrum and the present work suggests the usefulness of this technique as an useful tool to probe the various interactions in polymer electrolytes.
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Chih-Wei, Chang, and 張志偉. "Effects of Lithium Chloride on Aggregate Formation and Viscometric Property of Dilute MEH-PPV Solution." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43496988482422050359.
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碩士國立中正大學
化學工程研究所
92
Aggregate formation in dilute conjugated polymer solutions has been known to considerably affect the electroluminescent properties of the solution-cast polymer films. In this thesis, we report preliminary results of viscometric measurements on the dilute solutions of a widely studied model conjugated polymer, MEH-PPV, utilizing chloroform, THF, and toluene, respectively, as the solvent. In addition to the general time and temperature dependences of the viscoemtric properties of MEH-PPV solutions, particular attentions are paid to the effects of adding a salt─lithium chloride─in the solution. The primary findings are as follows: (1) the polymer contribution to the solution viscosity exhibits a slow yet persistent decrease with aging time; (2) the same quantity exhibits thermal irreversibility as the solution has been subjected to a short-term thermal treatment; (3) in response to the effect of adding salt, in general, reduces the variations of polymer viscosity with aging or thermal treatment. The significances of these observations are discussed in view of corresponding aggregation properties of the solutions.
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Ho, Chia-Chen, and 何嘉珍. "Modulation of lithium chloride on the functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived dendritic cell." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36779106855394799977.
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碩士臺北醫學大學
細胞及分子生物研究所
94
Bipolar disorder is a common psychiatric disease in the world, its symptoms include alternating depressive and manic episodes. It affects 1.3-1.5％ of population in the U.S. lithium (Li) and valproic acid have been chosen as the first line medicine for bipolar disorder. However, their mechanisms remain unclear. Lithium could protect and prevent apoptosis of neuron cells. Patients with bipolar disorder have higher prevalence of autoimmune disease, but patients treated with LiCl have lower incidence. Therefore, we are interested in the effect of lithium on the functions of dendritic cells (DC), which is a key regulator of immune responses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) derived DCs were generated and treated with lithium for examination of change of surface molecules, mixed lymphocyte reaction and cytokine production. We found that lithium could significantly increase the expression of CD86 and CD83 expression on DCs to 2-3 folds as compared to control. Furthermore, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α secretion were increased by lithium approximately 6-30 folds. We found that lithium had no effect on allogeneic T lymphocytes proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. To assay of culture supernatant for T cell polarization, we found that no apparent secretion of Th1 or Th2 cytokines was observed. DC Treated with GSK-3β inhibitors (SB415286, SB216763, GSK-3β inhibitor I and GSK-3β inhibitor VII) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059) did not alter the profiling of surface markers expression in DCs. In contrast, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 significantly decreased the expression of CD86 and CD83 in DCs. These data suggest that lithium could modulate DC functions, and might have potential role in immunomodulation.
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Yu-Ting, Liu. "Sorption of Arsenate on Lithium/Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Intercalated by Chloride: Macroscopic and Spectroscopic Studies." 2005. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-0707200517045600.
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SUN, XIN-WEI, and 孫心偉. "The study of carbon electrode in lithium thionyl chloride cell by micro-and macro-electrochemical probes." Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05382616262507947550.
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Liu, Yu-Ting, and 劉雨庭. "Sorption of Arsenate on Lithium/Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Intercalated by Chloride: Macroscopic and Spectroscopic Studies." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93406307621064371785.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
93
Arsenic is a commonly occurring toxic metal in natural ecosystems and a known carcinogen in humans. Sorption, however, is one of the most important chemical processes to control the distribution of arsenic in the environment. Phyllosilicates, metal (hydr)oxides, and humic substances adsorb heavy metals by forming of inner- or outer- sphere sorption complexes, creating important sinks for these metals in ecosystem. Lithium / aluminum layered double hydroxide intercalated by chloride, as the sorbent for arsenate in this research, was formed by treatment with lithium chloride intercalated into the host structure of Al(OH)3. Li/Al LDH-Cl has not been well studied until 1977 and it is the first time that Li/Al LDH-Cl was used in environmental remediation for removing toxic anions. In this thesis, sorption of arsenate on Li/Al LDH-Cl was studied through sorption kinetics, isotherms, envelopes and mechanisms of arsenate sorbed on Li/Al LDH-Cl by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The kinetics of arsenate sorption at pH 5.0 was studied at 278, 288, 298 and 308 K in the first research. As the results showed, arsenate sorption on Li/Al LDH-Cl could be divided into the fast and slow reactions described by the second-order rate equation. This biphasic arsenate sorption behavior was partially attributable to the heterogeneity of sorption sites. From the EXFAS analysis, inner-sphere complex occurred between arsenate and Li as well as Al of Li/Al LDH-Cl by bidentate mononuclear and bidentate binuclear configurations, respectively. In the second research, the sorption behavior of arsenate on Li/Al LDH-Cl and gibbsite (α-Al(OH)3) was studied to define how the intercalated lithium chloride participated in the sorption of arsenate through sorption isotherms, envelopes and EXFAS analysis. The sorption maximum of Li/Al LDH-Cl was approximately 6 times higher than that of gibbsite and the amounts of arsenate sorbed on Li/Al LDH-Cl at pH 4.0 – 9.0 were always higher than that on gibbsite. The reason of superior sorption capability of Li/Al LDH-Cl was sorption sites diversity of Li/Al LDH-Cl. The EXAFS analysis showed that arsenate sorbed on Li/Al LDH not only bonded with Al based on edges of Al(OH)3 layers but with Li located in the vacant octahedral sites with in Al(OH)3. However, the reaction between arsenate and Al would diminish with raised pH. In contrast with Al, Li served as permanent sorption sites participating in arsenate sorption and make the surface of Al(OH)3 had high affinity to arsenate.
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Vazey, Elena Maria. "Therapeutic potential of neural progenitor cell transplantation in a rat model of Huntington’s Disease." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/4484.
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Whole document restricted, see Access Instructions file below for details of how to access the print copy.Huntington’s disease [HD] is a debilitating adult onset inherited neurodegenerative disorder with primary degeneration in the striatum and widespread secondary degeneration throughout the brain. There are currently no clinical treatments to prevent onset, delay progression or replace lost neurons. Striatal cell transplantation strategies under clinical evaluation appear viable and effective for the treatment of HD. However, the future of regenerative medicine lies in developing renewable, expandable multipotent neural cell sources for transplantation. This Thesis has investigated a range of novel developments for enhancing the therapeutic potential of neural progenitor cell transplantation in a quinolinic acid [QA] lesion rat model of HD using two cell sources, adult neural progenitor cells and human embryonic stem cell [hESC] derived neural progenitor cells. Chapter Three identified a novel method for in vitro lithium priming of adult neural progenitor cells which enhances their neurogenic potential at the expense of glial formation. Chapter Four demonstrated that lithium priming of adult neural progenitor cells altered their phenotypic fate in vivo after transplantation, enhancing regional specific differentiation and efferent projection formation. The therapeutic potential of this strategy was demonstrated by accelerated acquisition of motor function benefits in the QA model. Chapter Five then demonstrated the ability for post transplantation environmental enrichment to modify therapeutic functional outcomes in the QA lesion model, and through lithium priming and enrichment demonstrated that adult neural progenitors are amenable to combinatorial interventions which can alter their phenotypic fate and enhance anatomical integration. Chapter Six investigated the in vivo effects of in vitro noggin priming of hESC derived neural progenitor cells and identified enhanced safety and neuronal differentiation in the QA lesioned striatum after noggin priming. Furthermore Chapter Seven provided evidence for functional reconstruction and therapeutic functional benefits from transplantation of noggin primed hESC derived neural progenitor cells and also highlighted the need for systematic evaluations of hESC derived transplants to optimise their safety in vivo. These results are beneficial in demonstrating the realistic therapeutic potential held by these two cell sources. They demonstrate how transient interventions can enhance therapeutic outcomes of neural progenitor cell transplantation for HD and have developed the understanding of neural progenitor cell transplantation as a therapeutic tool, bringing transplantation from different cell sources closer to eventual translation for HD sufferers.
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Mügge, Felicitas. "The role of tubulin acetylation in cardiac fibroblasts." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E4AE-E.
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